Classification of Salt Affected Soils

Saline Soil:

Contains soluble salts, mostly chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium in quantities
sufficient to interfere with the physiological activities of most crop plants. The soil PH of saturation
extract is 8.5 , Ec > 4 ds/m , ESP> 15.

Saline Sodic Soil:

Saline sodic soil is a soil with sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with the growth of most
crops plants and containing appreciable quantities of soluble salts.

Alkali Soils:

Alkali soils contain salt dominated by bicarbonates or have sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere
with physiological activities of most crop. The PH of alkali soils is > 8.5 Ec > 4 ds/m and ESP>15.

Classification of Salt Affected Soils:

Class ECe ESP PH Local Names

Thur, Vippu, Lona, Soula,

Saline soil >4 <15 <8.5 Khama and Kari

Usar, Kallar, Kari,

Chopan, Bari, Reh,
Choudv, Kshar and
Saline Alkali Soil >4 15 Variable Fougu.

Alkali Soils <4 >15 > 8.5 Usar, Rakkar

Bases of Insect Classification

1. Presence of Absence of Wings:

a) Apterygota: e.g. Silverfish.

b) Pterygota: e.g. Butterfly.
Pterygota is divided into:
i. Exopterygota: e.g. Red Cotton Bug and Cockroach.
ii. Endopterygota: e.g. Moths and Butterflies.

2. Types of Mouth Parts:a. Chewing and biting: e.g. Cockroach and Grasshopper.
b. Chewing and lapping: e.g. Honeybee.
c. Piercing and sucking: e.g. Red Cotton Bug.
d. Sponging: e.g. Housefly.
e. Siphoning: e.g. Moths Butterflies.
f. Rasping and sucking; e.g. Thrips.

3. Types of Metamorphosis:
a. Ametabolous: e.g. Silverfish.
b. Hemimetabolous: e.g. Cockroach and Grasshopper.
c. Holometabolous: e.g. Moths and Butterflies, Beetle and Weevils.
d. Hypermetabolous: e.g. Blister Beetle.

4. On the Basis of Feeding Habits:

a) Herbivorous: e.g. Stem borer, Aphids and Grasshopper.

b) Carnivorous: e.g. Preying mantid and Lady bird beetle.
c) Omnivorous: e.g. Cockroach.

Herbivorous insects are classified into following groups:

a) Monophagous: e.g. Jowar shoot fly.
b) Oligophagous: e.g. Groundnut leaf miner.
c) Polyphagous: e.g. Helicoverpa armigera.

5. On the basis of reproduction:

a) Viviparous: e.g. Aphid.

b) Oviparous: e.g. Aphid.
c) Parthenogenesis: e.g. Aphid.
d) Polyembryoni: e.g. Larva of Cecidomyiids.
e) Hermaphroditism: e.g. Earthworms.

6. Economic Classification of Insects

A) Possessing Economic Importance

B) No Economic Importance (Harmless insects)

I) Harmful

a. Pests of Crops (soil, leaf, tissue fruit borer)

b. Pests of stored products (Rice weevil, Rice moth)
c. Pests of human being & animals (Mosquito, Housefly, Cattle fly, Horsefly, Louse)

II) Beneficial

A) Productive B) Helpful
* Products from secretion of insects * Aid in pollination honey bee
* (silk, honey, lac) * Parasitoids (Trichogramma spp.)
* Useful bodies * & Predators (Lady Bird beetle)
i) Cochineal insect Dye * Scientific investigation -Drosophilla spp.
ii) Blister beetle Cantharidin
iii) Stonefly fish bait
* Collect plant products (Nectar-Honeybee) * Destroy Weed Lantana flies
* Products from plant galls Tannic acid * Scavenger Springtails, Dun
roller