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Detector
Flame
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Classification of Atomic
Absorption vs. Emission
Spectroscopy
Every element has a specific number of electrons
Atomic Absorption amount of radiation associated with its nucleus.
absorbed by ground state atoms created in the The normal & most stable orbital configuration of
flame. an atom is known as the .
Atomic Emission amount of radiation emitted If energy is applied to an atom, the energy will be
to return to the ground state. absorbed & an outer electron will be promoted to
Atomic Fluorescence amounts of radiation a less stable configuration known as the
which emit the same wavelength that was .
absorbed (external lamp or laser) or fall to the
lower state and emit longer wavelength.
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Instrumentation : Performance
Instrumentation Checking
The basic design in AAS includes a radiation
source, chopper, atomizer (burner),
monochromator, detector & data system.
Single & double beam instruments are available,
however, double beam AAS are more sensitive &
accurate.
Instrumentation Instrumentation
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Instrumentation Instrumentation
Double-Beam AAS Basic Component AAS
Light
source
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Basic Component AAS 5 Basic Components
Light source - emits the spectrum of the element of
interest.
An absorption cell - in which atoms of the sample
are produced (flame, graphite furnace).
Monochromator for light dispersion.
Detector which measures the light intensity and
amplifies the signal.
A readout device : A display that shows the reading
after it has been processed by the instrument
electronics.
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Light Sources for Atomic Absorption a) Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL)
Necessary to use a narrow-line source which HCL is an excellent, bright, stable line source for
emits a narrow-line spectra of the element of most elements.
interest. Hollow cylindrical cathode is made of element
Narrow-line sources provide high intensity & of interest.
make atomic absorption a specific analytical The tube is filled with argon or neon.
technique.
Main sources used are:
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Instrumentation Instrumentation
Hollow Cathode Lamp b) Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL)
To improve the limitations of the HCL.
A high voltage is impressed across the electrodes, cause the More intense & brighter, more stable, more
gas atoms to be ionized at the anode. sensitive offer better precision & lower detection
Positive ions are accelerated toward the negative cathode. limits for some elements.
When they bombard the cathode, they cause some of the
metal to sputter and become vaporized. Using the RF generator to create the RF field.
The vaporized metal is excited to higher electronic levels by RF will vaporize & excite the
continued collision with the high-energy gas ions. atoms inside the bulb, causing
When the electrons return to the ground state, the them to emit their
characteristic lines that metallic element are emitted. characteristic spectrum.
Sharp line of light came out from the lamp when the electrons
(in the metal) return to the ground state and emit photon of light.
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Chopper Chopper
Used to fluctuate the source output.
Is a circular disc with four quarters :
mirror
open
The disc rotates at high constant speed,
when the mirrored quarter in-front of the lamp,
it reflects the radiation.
When the open quarter is in-front of the lamp,
the radiation will pass.
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Atomizer a) Flame Atomizer
component used for atomization of analyte.
Atomization : Conversion of the liquid
is separation of particles into individual molecules sample to a fine spray.
& breaking molecules into atoms.
To convert our sample to free atoms Solid atoms are mixed with
Two approaches are used: the gaseous fuel.
Flame atomizer
Graphite furnace
Solid atoms are converted to
a vapor in the flame.
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Instrumentation Instrumentation
a) Flame Atomizer
Use flame to convert liquid sample to free atoms.
Three types of particles that exist in the flame: Mg : atomized by longer exposure
- Atoms - Ions - Molecules to flame, but is eventually
oxidized.
Flame Structure Ag : slow to oxidize, the
Interzonal region = the hottest part number of atoms increases
& the best for atomic absorption. with flame height.
Fuel rich flames are the best for Cr : oxidizes readily, highest
atoms because the likelihood of concentration of atoms at
oxidation of the atoms is reduced. the base of the flame.
Oxidation occur at secondary zone