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WATER GLOBALLY
Water A Limited Resource?
0.0075%
Historical Perspective
WATER IN SINGAPORE
National water demand: 400 MGD ( 665 Mm3/yr)
Rainfall: 719.2 x (2,350-1,000) 967 Mm3/yr
70% of rainfall alone should be sufficient to meet water
demand
40 years ago
History
Water
resources were
scarce
Proper sanitary
facilities were
lacking
Public health
conditions were
poor
History
Rain Sea
otable Use
Indirect P
Direct Non-
Potable Use
History
Suppose we could
capture every drop
of rain in Singapore,
could we become self sufficient?
Relocating businesses
and industries into
proper facilities
1970s 1990s
barrage
Aeration to improve circulation in the reservoir
Expected water quality problems
Sources
Sewer leakage
Construction Improper
Sites Storage Litters
Animals
After
Closure Level : Higher (Without Dilution from Seawater Flushing)
Recirculation Strategy
Reduces stagnation and improves water quality in the main tributaries and reservoir
REVISED MARINA RESERVOIR RECIRCULATION SCHEME -
Chestnut Ave
Waterworks
5mgd Kallan
g
MacRitche
Reservoir Woodleigh
Pumping Stn
95mgd
35mgd
MacRitche
Pumping Stn
25mgd
15mgd 5mgd
15mgd 10mgd 15mgd
Marina 5mgd
Pumping
Stn
Alexandra Stamford Pelton Geylang
Canal Canal Rochore Canal Canal
95mgd Canal
Marina Reservoir
Landuse types based upon Master Plan 2003
Kallang
River
Bukit Timah
Canal
Stamford
Canal
Geylang
River
Marina
Singapore Reservoir
River Marina South
Water quality
Water quality
Water from Local Catchment
Protected Catchments
Punggol
Unprotected Catchments
WATER IN SINGAPORE
However, urbanisation is not
without challenges
Hot, Impervious & Crowded
(Hot, Flat & Crowded, Tom Friedman)
In ci0es, roads alone easily take 25% of
urban area
Reduced inltra0on alters the natural
ow and reduces groundwater recharge
Much higher peak stream ows require
large (and ironically underu0lized) drains
and associated infrastructure
Increased sediment transport and
polluted runo
Elevated temperature of the ground
surface and make already warm ci0es
much hoTer
Which in turn needs more energy for air
condi0oning (i.e. pumping warm air
outside the buildings)
Which requires even more energy (i.e.
carbon emissions)
Traverse data (14.03.2000, 9-11 pm)
Temperature sensor mounted on on car reveals large nocturnal
air temperature dierences across urban land-uses:
30
Commercial CBD
29
High-rise residential Semi-detached
(HDB) low-rise residential
28
Industrial
Detached low-rise
Temperature/ C
Air temperature (C)
0
27 residential
Rural
26
25
24
23
d
t
En
St
Energy Associated
with Uses of Water ENERGY FOR WATER source: Paul Reiter
Nexus of Urban Sustainability
Water
Temperature Energy
Urbanization and Hydrological Processes
One of Consequences
hTp://www.coastal.ca.gov/nps/watercyclefacts.pdf
Flash Floods
Flash Flood, Orchard Road
(June 16, 2010)
Flash Flood @ NUS
28 Nov 2011
Flood Protection: Information
Traditional reduction of floods by storm water:
Drainage
Channelization
Levee construction or improvement
large peak ow
relevant
reducDon
delay
Dmes
Flood Protection: Information
Low Impact Development
detention
Flood Protection: Information
Hydraulic capacity extension of the sewer systems
Flow monitoring
Reclamation of
used water
Collection
Stormwater of wastewater
Dir
Desalination
management
ect
in sewers
non
-po
tab
le u
e
us
se
ta ble
t po
ec
Indir
Collection Supply of
of rainfall in water to the
drains and population and
reservolirs Treatment Industry
of raw to
potable water
Fig. 1: Singapores Water Cycle. With desalination and wastewater reclamation, water resources are managed within a closed water loop.
Sustainable water resource management
4 National Taps 3P Approach
10% 20%
Local Catchments
30%
Imported Water
40%
NEWater
Desalinated Water
Water Supply: NEWater
NEWater is high-grade reclaimed water produced
from treated used water.
Science
Integrated Water Management
A river canal in China
Source of pollution
Manila 2009
Qingdao in China 2008
Future Perspective
WATER IN SINGAPORE
Water Supply: Issues
Biosorp0on
techniques
Vegeta0ve roof top
plants for
phytoremedia0on
9
8
7
6
5
2
4 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5
3 0 dag 0
1 Pandan 2
-2
Pandan 3 dag 2
diepte (cm)
dag 3
0
-4 dag 4
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
Time (days) dag 6
-6 dag 11
dag 16
Ecohydraulics and
-8 dag 23
-10
Understanding physico-bio-chemical
ooding risks
processes
Bioremediation
NO3
Cd
PO4
Pb
Hoagland conc
Studies on Improvement of Water Quality
35 70
A4 30 60
A2 25 50
NO3 (mg/L)
PO4 (mg/L)
A3 A1 20 40
15 30
10 20
5 10
0 0
Rain Control Soil Green Daku Rain Control Soil Green Daku
roof roof
100
50
-100 Amberlite
Chitosan
-200 Sawdust
Peat
-250
Crab shell Bagasse Sawdust Peat Performance of dierent sorbents to remove metal
Dierent sorbents used to treat urban runo ions from urban storm water runo
Peak reduction and runoff delay
through Green Roofs
0.6 m
0.1 m
0.2 m
Bioremediation ability of plants
How ecient are tropical, terrestrial plants in remedia8on?
12 PO4
Concentration (ppm)
10 NO3
8
0
Bioretention systems
Selec8on of tropical plants suitable for growth in bioreten8on systems
Control Drought Recovery
1 mth-
drought
2 mth- 1 mth-
drought drought
Osmoxylum lineare
1 mth-
2 mth- drought
drought
Bougainvillea
2 mth-
drought
Before
Kallang River @
Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
After
ABC Waters Programme
Kallang River @ Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
After
Bishan River
ABC Waters Programme
Rochor Canal
ABC Waters Programme
Alexandra Canal
ABC Waters Programme
Sungei Tampines / Sungei Api Api
Balance of Water Systems: Issues
WATER IN SINGAPORE