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Forced
Convection:
Inside Pipe

HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI

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OUTLINE
u Introduction and Dimensionless Numbers

u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow inside a Pipe

u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent flow inside a Pipe

u Heat transfer coefficient for transition flow inside a pipe

u Heat transfer coefficient: Entrance-Region Effect

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Introduction and Dimensionless
Numbers
Where weve been

uIntroduction to internal flow, basic concepts.

ro

Where were going:

uDeveloping heat transfer coefficient relationships and

correlations for internal flow
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Introduction and Dimensionless
Numbers
u As
with all external flows, the boundary layers develop freely
without constraint.

u The
convective coefficient for heat transfer through a fluid is
given by:

u Boundary layer conditions may be entirely laminar, laminar and

turbulent, or entirely turbulent.

u To determine the conditions, compute:

+ Introduction and Dimensionless
Numbers
u Value
of Re depends on free stream turbulence and surface
roughness.

u Surface
thermal conditions are commonly idealized as being of
uniform temperature T or uniform heat flux q.

u We see there are two important dimensionless similarity

parameters associated with the heat transfer in this case. These
are the Reynolds, Pradatl and Nusselt numbers.
The Reynolds number represents the ratio of the inertia to the
viscous forces
The Nusselt number to relate data for the heat transfer
coefficient h to the thermal conductivity k of the fluid and con
a characteristic dimension D
The Pradatl number is the ratio of the shear component of
diffusivity of momentum to the diffusivity for heat and
physically relates the relative thickness of hydrodynamic layer
and thermal boundary layer
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Introduction and Dimensionless
Numbers
u Reynolds number:

u Nusselt number:

u Pradatl number:
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Laminar Flow
u Different types of correlation for the convective coefficient are
needed such that:
Laminar flow: NRe< 2100
Transition region: 2100<NRe<6100
Turbulent region: Nre> 6000

u For Laminar Flow inside a pipe:

Where D= diameter of pipe (m); L=length of pipe before mixing

occurs (m); b=fluid viscocity at bulk temperature; w= viscocity
at the wall temperature, cp= heat capacity; k= thermal conductivity,
ha= average heat transfer coefficient, NNu== Nusselt number
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Laminar Flow
u Inlaminar flow the average coefficient ha depends strongly
on heated length. The average temperature drop Ta is used
to calculate the heat transfer q:

Where Tw= wall temperature; Tbi inlet bulk fluid temperature,

Tbo outlet bulk fluid temperature
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Turbulent flow
u When Reynolds number is above 6000, the flow is fully
turbulent.

u Thefollowing equation has been found to hold for tubes but

is also used for pipes. It holds Nre > 6000, NPr of 0.7 and 16
000 and L/D>60.

u For
an L/D< 60, where the entry has sudden contraction,
approximate correction is provided (in next section)
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Turbulent flow
u Forair at 1 atm total pressure, the simplified equation holds
for turbulent flow:

u For Water temperature range T= 4- 105C (40-220F)

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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Turbulent flow
u For organic liquids:

u For
flow inside helical coils and Nre above 104, the predicted
film coefficient for straight pipes should be increased by the
factor (1+3.5D/Dcoil)
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Transition flow
u Intransition region between 2100 and 6000, the empirical
equation are not well defined. No simple equation exist for
accomplishing a smooth transition from heat transfer in
laminar and in turbulent flow

u Graphrepresent an approximate relationship to use between

the various heat transfer parameters and the reynolds
number between 2100 and 6000.
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Heat coefficient inside a pipe:
Transition flow
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Entrance-Region Effect on Heat
Transfer Coefficient
u Nearthe entrance of a pipe where fluid is being heated,
temperature profile is not fully developed and the local
coefficient h is greater than the fully developed heat-transfer
coefficient hL for turbulent flow.

u Atthe entrance, no temperature gradient has been

established, thus creating infinite h.

u Thevalue of h drops rapidly and is approximately the same

as hL at L/D60, where L is the entrance length. These relation
for turbulent flow inside pipe are as follow:
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Entrance-Region Effect on Heat
Transfer Coefficient

Where h is the average value for tube of infinite length L and hL

is the value for a very long tube.
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THANK YOU J