France-United States Relations - Wikipedia

8/1/2017 FranceUnited States relations - Wikipedia
FranceUnited States relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
FrenchAmerican relations refers to the relations between

France and the United States since 1776. France was the first Franco-American relations
ally of the new United States due to its 1778 treaty and military
support in the American Revolutionary War. The relations are
part of FranceAmericas relations. The Franco-American
relationship has been generally peaceful (except for large-scale
fighting in 1798 and small-scale fighting in 1942) and the
relationship is important for both nations.
In 2002, 62% of French people viewed the United States

favorably; this number dropped below 50% for each year
France United States
between 2003 and 2008, due in part to differences between the
two countries during the Iraq War. As of 2013, 64% of French Diplomatic Mission
people viewed the U.S. favorably, increasing up to 75% in
French Embassy, United States Embassy,
2014.[1] According to a 2015 Gallup poll, 82% of Americans
view France favorably.[2] Washington, D.C. Paris
Envoy
Ambassador Grard Charg d'affaires Uzra
Contents Araud Zeya
1 Country comparison
2 France and the American Revolution
2.1 Peace treaty
3 The French Revolution and Napoleon
3.1 Quasi War 17981800
3.2 Napoleon
4 183460
5 Civil War
6 18661906
7 World War I (191419)
The Statue of Liberty is a gift from
7.1 The Great War (191718)
7.2 The peace settlement (1919) the French people to the American
8 Interwar years (191939) people in memory of the United
9 World War II (193945) States Declaration of Independence.
9.1 Vichy France (194044)
9.2 Free French Forces
10 Postwar years
10.1 Cold War
10.2 De Gaulle
10.3 19701989
11 Iraq War and Middle East conflict
12 Sarkozy administration
13 Hollande administration
14 Macron administration
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 Further reading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations 1/21
18.1 Diplomacy and politics

18.2 Cultural relationships
19 External links
Country comparison
French Republic United States of America
Coat of arms
Flag
Population 66,628,000 (2016)[3] 323,561,000 (2016)

Demonym French American
Area 674,843 km2 (260,558 sq mi) 9,526,468 km2 (3,794,101 sq mi )[4]
Population Density 99/km2 (256/sq mi) 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
Capital Paris Washington, D.C.
Paris 2,234,105 (12,161,542 Metro) New York City 8,244,910 (18,897,109

Largest city
Metro)
Unitary semi-presidential constitutional
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic
republic
First Leader President Charles de Gaulle (1959 - 1969) President George Washington (1789 - 1797)
President Emmanuel Macron President Donald Trump
Current Leader(s)
Prime Minister douard Philippe Vice President Mike Pence
4 October 1958 - Fifth Republic 4 July 1776 - Independence declared
Establishment
established 3 September 1783 - Independence recognized
Official language French English (de facto)
58% Christianity 70.6% Christianity
31% Irreligious 22.8% Irreligious
4% Islam 1.9% Judaism
Main religions
1% Judaism 0.9% Islam
1% Buddhism 0.7% Buddhism
5% Other 0.7% Hinduism[5]
77.1% White
84% French 13.3% Black
7% Other European 2.6% Other/multiracial
Ethnic groups
7% North African 5.6% Asian
2% Other 1.2% Native
0.2% Pacific Islander[6]
GDP (PPP) $2.657 trillion, $35,613 per capita $17.311 trillion, $54,980 per capita
GDP (nominal) $2.712 trillion, $42,793 per capita $17.311 trillion, $54,980 per capita
Expatriate
145,000 French-born living in the U.S. 100,000 American-born living in France
populations
Military $62.5 billion $711.0 billion

expenditures
Leaders of France and United States from 1958
France and the American Revolution

As long as Great Britain and France remained at peace in Europe, and as long as the precarious balance in the
American interior survived, British and French colonies coexisted without serious difficulty. However, beginning
in earnest following the Glorious Revolution in England (1688), the simmering dynastic, religious, and factional
rivalries between the Protestant British and Catholic French in both Europe and the Americas triggered four
"French and Indian Wars" fought largely on American soil (King William's War, 168997; Queen Anne's War,
170213; King George's War, 174448; and, finally the Seven Years' War, 175663). Great Britain finally removed
the French from continental North America in 1763 following French defeat in the Seven Years' War. Within a
decade, the British colonies were in open revolt, and France retaliated by secretly supplying the independence
movement with troops and war materials.
After Congress declared independence in July 1776, its agents in Paris

recruited officers for the Continental Army, notably the Marquis de
Lafayette, who served with distinction as a major general. Despite a
lingering distrust of France, the agents also requested a formal alliance.
After readying their fleet and being impressed by the U.S. victory at the
Battle of Saratoga in October 1777, the French on February 6, 1778,
concluded treaties of commerce and alliance that bound them to fight
Britain until independence of the United States was assured.[7][8]
The military alliance began poorly. French Admiral d'Estaing sailed to

The Marquis de Lafayette visiting
North America with a fleet in 1778, and began a joint effort with American
George Washington in 1777 during
General John Sullivan to capture a British outpost at Newport, Rhode
the American Revolutionary War.
Island. D'Estaing broke off the operation to confront a British fleet, and
then, despite pleas from Sullivan and Lafayette, sailed away to Boston for
repairs. Without naval support, the plan collapsed, and American forces under Sullivan had to conduct a fighting
retreat alone. American outrage was widespread, and several French sailors were killed in anti-French riots.
D'Estaing's actions in a disastrous siege at Savannah, Georgia further undermined Franco-American relations.[9]
The alliance improved with the arrival in the United States in 1780 of the Comte de Rochambeau, who maintained
a good working relationship with General Washington. French naval actions at the Battle of the Chesapeake made
possible the decisive FrancoAmerican victory at the siege of Yorktown in October 1781, effectively ending the
war as far as the Americans were concerned. The French went on fighting, losing a naval battle to Britain in 1782.
Peace treaty
In the peace negotiations between the Americans and the British in Paris in
1782, the French played a major role. Indeed, the French Foreign Minister
Vergennes had maneuvered so that the American Congress ordered its
delegation to follow the advice of the French. However, the American
commissioners, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and particularly John Jay,
correctly realized that France did not want a strong United States. They
realized that they would get better terms directly from Britain itself. The
key episodes came in September, 1782, when Vergennes proposed a
solution that was strongly opposed by the United States. France was The Battle of the Chesapeake where
exhausted by the war, and everyone wanted peace except Spain, which the French Navy defeated the Royal
insisted on continuing the war until it captured Gibraltar from the British. Navy in 1781
Vergennes came up with the deal that Spain would accept instead of
Gibraltar. The United States would gain its independence but be confined
to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain would take the area
north of the Ohio River. In the area south of that there would be set up an
independent Indian state under Spanish control. It would be an Indian
barrier state and keep the Americans from the Mississippi River or New
Orleans, which were under Spanish control. John Jay promptly told the
British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them, cutting off
France and Spain. The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed. He
was in full charge of the British negotiations and he now saw a chance to
split the United States away from France and make the new country a Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
valuable economic partner. [10] The western terms were that the United depicting the English surrendering to
States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River, north of French (left) and American (right)
Florida, and south of Canada. The northern boundary would be almost the troops.
same as today. [11] The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian
coasts, and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property. It was a highly
favorable treaty for the United States, and deliberately so from the British point of view. Prime Minister Shelburne
foresaw highly profitable two-way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States, as it indeed came
to pass. Trade with France was always on a much smaller scale.[12][13][14]
The French Revolution and Napoleon

Six years later, the French Revolution toppled the Bourbon regime. At first, the United States was quite
sympathetic to the new situation in France, where the hereditary monarchy was replaced by a constitutional
republic. However, in the matter of a few years, the situation in France turned sour, as foreign powers tried to
invade France and King Louis XVI was accused of high treason. The French revolutionary government then
became increasingly authoritarian and brutal, which dissipated some of the United States' warmth for France.
A crisis emerged in 1793 when France found itself at war again with Great Britain and its allies, this time after the
French revolutionary government had executed the king. The new federal government in the United States was
uncertain how to respond. Should the United States recognize the radical government of France by accepting a
diplomatic representative from it? Was the United States obliged by the alliance of 1778 to go to war on the side of
France? The treaty had been called "military and economic", and as the United States had not finished paying off
the French loan, would the military alliance be ignored as well?
President George Washington (responding to advice from both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson)
recognized the French government, but did not support France in the war with Britain, as expressed in his 1793
Proclamation of Neutrality. The proclamation was issued and declared without Congressional approval. Congress
instead acquiesced, and a year later passed a neutrality act forbidding U.S. citizens to participate in the war and
prohibiting the use of U.S. soil as a base of operation for either side. Thus, the revolutionary government viewed
Washington's policy as partial to the enemy.
The first challenge to U.S. neutrality came from France, when its first diplomatic representative, the brash
Edmond-Charles Gent, toured the United States to organize U.S. expeditions against Spain and Britain.
Exasperated, Washington demanded Gent's recall, but by then the French Revolution had taken yet another turn
and the new French ministers arrived to arrest Gent. Washington refused to extradite Gent (knowing he would
otherwise be guillotined). Gent became a U.S. citizen and married Cornelia Tappan Clinton, daughter of New
York governor George Clinton.
France regarded Jay's Treaty (November 1794) between Britain and the United States as hostile. It opened a decade
of trade when France was at war with Britain.
Timothy Pickering (1745-1829) was the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to
1800 under Washington and John Adams. Biographer Gerald Clarfield says he was a "quick-tempered, self-
righteous, frank, and aggressive Anglophile," who handled the French poorly. In response the French envoy Pierre
Adet repeatedly provoked Pickering into embarrassing situations, then ridiculed his blunderings and blusterings to
appeal to Republican Party opponents of the Administration.[15]
Quasi War 17981800
To overcome this resentment John Adams sent a special mission to Paris in 1797 to meet the French foreign
minister Talleyrand. The American delegation was shocked, however, when it was demanded that they pay
monetary bribes in order to meet and secure a deal with the French government. Adams exposed the episode,
known as the "XYZ Affair", which greatly offended Americans even though such bribery was not uncommon
among the courts of Europe.[16]
Tensions with France increased to the point that the period is described as an undeclared war. Two years of
hostilities at sea, or the "Quasi-War", followed. The Federalists imposed severe restrictions on French
sympathizers in the Alien and Sedition Acts. It ended in September 1800 with the Treaty of Morfontaine, which
ended the "entangling" French alliance with the United States. In truth, this alliance had only been viable between
1778 and 1783.
Napoleon
By 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte forced Spain to turn over Louisiana, which he envisioned as the base (along with
Haiti) of a New World empire. President Thomas Jefferson could tolerate weak Spain but not powerful France in
the west. He considered war to prevent French control of the Mississippi River. At first, though, Jefferson sent his
close friend, James Monroe, to France to buy as much of the land around New Orleans as he could. Surprisingly,
Napoleon agreed to sell the entire territory. Because of an insuppressible slave rebellion in St. Domingue, modern-
day Haiti, among other reasons, Bonaparte's North American plans collapsed. To keep Louisiana out of British
hands in an approaching war he sold it in April 1803 to the United States for $15 million. The size of the United
States was doubled without going to war.[17]
A foreign crisis loomed as warring Britain and France challenged U.S. neutrality and desire to trade with both
nations. Jefferson's presupposition was that small neutral nations could benefit from the wars of the great powers.
He distrusted both Napoleon and Great Britain, but saw Britain (with its great navy and position in Canada) as the
more immediate threat to American interests. Therefore, he and Madison took a generally pro-French position and
used the embargo to hurt British trade. Both Britain and France infringed on U.S. maritime rights. The British
infringed more and also impressed thousands of American sailors into the Royal Navy; France never did anything
like impressment.[18] President Jefferson signed the Embargo Act in 1807, which forbade all exports and imports.
Designed to hurt the British, it hurt U.S. commerce far more. The destructive
Embargo Act, which had brought U.S. trade to a standstill, was rescinded in 1809,
although both Britain and France remained hostile to the United States. The War of
1812 was the logical extension of the embargo program as the United States
declared war on Britain. However, there was never any sense of being an ally of
France and no effort was made to coordinate military activity.[19]
France and Spain had not defined a boundary between Louisiana and neighboring
territory retained by Spain, leaving this problem for the U.S. and Spain to sort out.
The U.S. inherited the French claims to Texas, then in the 1819 AdamsOns
Treaty traded these (and a little of the Mississippi drainage itself) in return for U.S.
possession of Florida, where American settlers and the U.S. Army were already
encroaching, and acquisition of Spain's weak claims to the Pacific Northwest. Bas-relief of Napoleon I in
Before three more decades had passed, the United States had taken Texas as the chamber of the United
well.[20] States House of
Representatives.
183460
In 1834, when Andrew Jackson demanded payment for property destroyed during
the Napoleonic Wars, France severed diplomatic relations. After the incident
subsided, modest cultural exchanges resumed, as in visits to the United States by
Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville, the author of Democracy in
America (1835).
In the 1840s Britain and France considered sponsoring continued independence of

the Republic of Texas and blocking U.S. moves to obtain California. Balance of
power considerations made Britain want to keep the western territories out of U.S.
hands to limit U.S. power; in the end, France opposed such intervention in order to
limit British power, the same reason for which France had sold Louisiana to the
U.S. and earlier supported the American Revolution.[21] Thus the great majority of
the territorial growth of the continental United States was accomplished with
French support. Alexis de Tocqueville
(180559)
Civil War
During the American Civil War, 186165, France was neutral. However Napoleon III favored the seceding
Southern states of the Confederacy, hoping to weaken the United States, create a new ally in the Confederacy,
safeguard the cotton trade and protect his large investment in controlling Mexico. France was too weak to declare
war alone (which might cause Prussia to attack), and needed British support. The British were unwilling to go to
war and nothing happened. Napoleon III took advantage of the war in 1863, when he installed Austrian archduke
Maximilian of Habsburg on the throne in Mexico. The United States protested and refused to recognize the new
government.[22]
U.S. celebration of the anniversary of the Mexican victory over the French on Cinco de Mayo, 1862 started the
following year and has continued up to the present. In 1865, the United States used increasing diplomatic pressure
to persuade Napoleon III to end French support of Maximilian and to withdraw French troops from Mexico. When
the French troops left the Mexicans executed the puppet emperor Maximilian.[23]
18661906
The removal of Napoleon III in 1870 after the Franco-Prussian War helped
improve FrancoAmerican relations. During the Siege of Paris, the small
American population, led by the United States Minister to France Elihu B.
Washburne, provided much medical, humanitarian, and diplomatic support to
peoples of all nations, gaining much credit to the Americans.[24] In subsequent
years the balance of power in the relationship shifted in favor of the United
States. The United States, rising to the status as a great power, came to
overshadow Europe.
All during this period the relationship remained friendlyas symbolized by the
Statue of Liberty, presented in 1884 as a gift to the United States from the French
people. From 1870 until 1918, France was the only major republic in Europe,
which endeared it to the United States. Many French people held the United
States in high esteem, as a land of opportunity and as a source of modern ideas
a trend which lasted well into the 1950s until the mention of a "friendly Construction of the Statue of
colonisation of France" by the Eisenhower administration in 1956 (though few Liberty in Paris, France.
French people emigrated to the United States).
In 1906, when the German Empire challenged French influence in Morocco (see Tangier Crisis and Agadir Crisis),
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt sided with the French.
World War I (191419)

The Great War (191718)
During World War I the United States was initially neutral but eventually entered
the conflict in 1917 and provided much-needed funding, food and ammunition for
the French effort. In 1918 the United States sent over a million combat troops
who were located to the south of the main French lines. They gave the Allies a
decisive edge, as the Germans were unable to replace their heavy losses and lost
their self-confidence by September 1918. The American troops were sent over
without their heavy equipment (so that the ships could carry more soldiers). They
used French artillery, airplanes and tanks, such as the SPAD XIII fighter biplane
and Renault FT light tank serving in the aviation and armored formations
respectively, of the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in 1918.
The peace settlement (1919)
Wilson had become the hero of the war for Frenchmen, and his arrival in Paris
was widely hailed. However, the two countries clashed over France's policy to United States patriotic poster
weaken Germany and make it pay for the entire French war. The burning depicting the French heroine
ambition of French Premier Georges Clemenceau was to ensure the security of Joan of Arc during the World
France in the future; his formula was not friendship with Germany restitution, War I.
reparations, and guarantees. Clemenceau had little confidence in what he
considered to be the unrealistic and utopian principles of US President Woodrow Wilson: "Even God was satisfied
with Ten Commandments, but Wilson insists on fourteen" (a reference to Wilson's "Fourteen Points"). The two
nations disagreed on debts, reparations, and restraints on Germany.
Clemenceau was also determined that a buffer state consisting of the German territory west of the Rhine River
should be established under the aegis of France. In the eyes of the U.S. and British representatives, such a crass
violation of the principle of self-determination would only breed future wars, and a compromise was therefore
offered Clemenceau, which he accepted. The territory in question was to be occupied by Allied troops for a period
of five to fifteen years, and a zone extending fifty kilometers east of the Rhine was to be demilitarized. Wilson and
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George agreed that the United States and Great Britain, by treaty, would
guarantee France against German aggression. Republican leaders in Washington were willing to support a security
treaty with France. It failed because Wilson insisted on linking it to the Versailles Treaty, which the Republicans
would not accept without certain amendments Wilson refused to allow.[25]
While French historian Duruoselle portrays Clemenceau as wiser than Wilson, and equally compassionate and
committed to justice but one who understood that world peace and order depended on the permanent suppression
of the German threat.[26] Blumenthal (1986), by contrast, says Wilson's policies were far sounder than the harsh
terms demanded by Clemenceau. Blumenthal agrees with Wilson that peace and prosperity required Germany's full
integration into the world economic and political community as an equal partner. One result was that in the 1920s
the French deeply distrusted the Americans, who were loaning money to Germany (which Germany used to pay its
reparations to France and other Allies), while demanding that France repay its war loans from
Washington.[27][28][29]
Interwar years (191939)

During the interwar years, the two nations remained friendly. Beginning in
the 1920s, U.S. intellectuals, painters, writers, and tourists were drawn to
French art, literature, philosophy, theatre, cinema, fashion, wines, and
cuisine.
A number of American artists, such as Josephine Baker, experienced

popular success in France. Paris was also quite welcoming to American
jazz music and black artists in particular, as France, unlike a significant part
The French ambassador's residence in
of the United States at the time, had no racial discrimination laws.
Washington, D.C. It served as the
Numerous writers such as William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest
French embassy from 1936 to 1985.
Hemingway, and others were deeply influenced by their experiences of
French life.
However, anti-Americanism came of age in the 1920s, as many French traditionalists were alarmed at the power of
Hollywood and warned that America represented modernity, which in turn threatened traditional French values,
customs, and popular literature.[30] The alarm of American influence escalated half a century later when
Americans opened a $4 billion Disneyland Paris theme park in 1992. It attracted larger crowds than the Louvre,
and soon it was said that the iconic American cartoon character Mickey Mouse had become more familiar than
Asterix among French youth.[31][32]
In 1928 the two nations were the chief sponsors of the KelloggBriand Pact which informally outlawed war. The
pact, which was endorsed by most major nations, renounced the use of war, promoted peaceful settlement of
disputes, and called for collective force to prevent aggression. Its provisions were incorporated into the United
Nations Charter and other treaties and it became a stepping stone to a more activist American policy.[33]
World War II (193945)

In the Second World War the United States again favored France over Nazi Germany.
Vichy France (194044)
Langer (1947) argues that Washington was shocked by the sudden collapse
of France in spring 1940, and feared that Germany might gain control of
the large French fleet, and exploit France's overseas colonies, led the
Roosevelt administration to maintain diplomatic relations. FDR appointed
his close associate Admiral William D. Leahy as ambassador. Vichy regime
was officially neutral but it was helping Germany.
The United States severed diplomatic relations in late 1942 when Germany
took direct control of areas that Vichy had ruled, and Vichy France became
American Cemetery and Memorial in
a Nazi puppet state.[34] More recently, Hurstfield (1986) concluded that
Suresnes, France.
Roosevelt, not the State Department, had made the decision, thereby
deflecting criticism from leftwing elements of his coalition onto the hapless
State Department. When the experiment ended FDR brought Leahy back to Washington as his top military advisor
and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Free French Forces
Relations were strained between Roosevelt and Charles De Gaulle, the leader of the Free French, who had refused
to participate in the Normandy landings in June 1944. After Normandy the Americans and the Allies knew it was
only a matter of time before the Nazis lost. Eisenhower did give De Gaulle his word that Paris would be liberated
by the French as the Americans had no interest in Paris, a city they considered lacking tactical value. It was
therefore easy for Eisenhower to let De Gaulle's FFI take the charge. There was one important aspect of Paris that
did seem to matter to everyone: it was its historical and cultural significance. Hitler had given the order to bomb
and burn Paris to the ground; he wanted to make it a second Stalingrad. The Americans and the Allies could not let
this happen.[35] The French 2nd armored division with Maj. Gen Phillipe Leclerc at its helm was granted this
supreme task of liberating Paris.[36] General Leclerc was ecstatic at this thought because he wanted to wipe away
the humiliation of the Vichy Government.[35][37]
General George S. Patton was at the command of the U.S. Third Army that swept across northern France. It
campaigned in Lorraine for some time, but it was one of the least successful of Pattons career. While in Lorraine,
he annexed the Maj. Gen. Phillipe Leclercs battalion into his army.[35] Leclerc did not respect his American
counterparts because like the British he thought that they were new to the war. Therefore, he thought the
Americans did not know what they were doing on the field. After being more trouble than help Patton let Leclerc
go for Paris. The French then went on to liberate Paris from the east while the 4th U.S. Infantry (they were
originally part of Pattons Army) came from the west. Because of Eisenhowers deal with De Gaulle, the
Liberation was left to the Frenchs 2nd armored division.[35][36][38] With De Gaulle becoming the head of state, the
Americans and the British had no other choice, but to accept him. Eisenhower even came to Paris to give De
Gaulle his blessing.[39]
Postwar years
In the postwar years, both cooperation and discord persisted. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment
had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States
forgave all $2.8 billion in debt, and gave France a new loan of $650 million. In return French negotiator Jean
Monnet set out the French five-year plan for recovery and development.[40]
The United States helped revive the French economy with the Marshall Plan whereby it gave France $2.3 billion
with no repayment. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953, amounted to $4.9
billion.[41]
Cold War
In 1949 the two became formal allies through the North Atlantic treaty,
which set up the NATO military alliance. Although the United States
openly disapproved of French efforts to regain control of colonies in Africa
and Southeast Asia, it supported the French government in fighting the
Communist uprising in French Indochina.[42] However, in 1954, U.S.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower declined French requests for aerial strikes
to relieve besieged French forces at Dien Bien Phu.[43][44]
Both countries opposed the Soviet Union in Cold War confrontations but
Charles de Gaulle, Heinrich Lbke went through another crisis in 1956. When France, Britain, and Israel
and Lyndon Johnson, 1967 attacked Egypt, which had recently nationalized the Suez Canal and shown
signs of warming relations with the Soviet Union and China, Eisenhower
forced them to withdraw. By exposing their diminished international
stature, the Suez Crisis had a profound impact on the UK and France: the UK subsequently aligned its Middle East
policy to that of the United States,[45] whereas France distanced itself from what it considered to be unreliable
allies and sought its own path.[46]
While occasional tensions surfaced between the governments, the French public, except for the Communists,
generally had a good opinion of the United States throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. Despite some cultural
friction, the United States was seen as a benevolent giant, the land of modernity, and French youth took a taste to
American culture such as chewing gum, Coca-Cola, and rock and roll.
De Gaulle
In the 1950s France sought American help in developing nuclear weapons;

Eisenhower rejected the overtures for four reasons. Before 1958, he was troubled
by the political instability of the French Fourth Republic and worried that it might
use nuclear weapons in its colonial wars in Vietnam and Algeria. Charles de
Gaulle brought stability to the Fifth Republic starting in 1958, but Eisenhower
knew him too well from the war years. De Gaulle wanted to challenge the Anglo-
Saxon monopoly on Western weapons by having his own Force de frappe.
Eisenhower feared his grandiose plans to use the bombs to restore French
grandeur would weaken NATO. Furthermore, Eisenhower wanted to discourage
the proliferation of nuclear arms anywhere.[47]
DeGaulle also quarreled with Washington over the admission of Britain into the
European Economic Community. These and other tensions led to de Gaulle's
decision in 1966 to withdraw French forces from the integrated military structure
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and forced it to move its headquarters
to Belgium. De Gaulle's foreign policy was centered on an attempt to limit the Franois Mitterrand and
power and influence of both superpowers, which would increase France's Ronald Reagan, 1981
international prestige in relative terms. De Gaulle hoped to move France from
being a follower of the United States to a leading first-world power with a large
following among certain non-aligned Third World countries. The nations de Gaulle considered potential
participants in this grouping were those in France's traditional spheres of influence, Africa and the Middle East.[48]
The two nations differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because French leaders were convinced that
the United States could not win. The recent French experience with the Algerian War of Independence was that it
was impossible, in the long run, for a democracy to impose by force a government over a foreign population
without considerable manpower and probably the use of unacceptable methods such as torture. The French popular
view of the United States worsened at the same period, as it came to be seen as an imperialist power.[49][50]
19701989
Relations improved somewhat after de Gaulle lost power in 1969. Small tensions reappeared intermittently. France,
more strongly than any other nation, has seen the European Union as a method of counterbalancing American
power, and thus works towards such ends as having the Euro challenge the preeminent position of the United
States dollar in global trade and developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO. Overall, the
United States had much closer relations with the other large European powers, Great Britain, Germany and Italy. In
the 1980s the two nations cooperated on some international matters but disagreed sharply on others, such as
Operation El Dorado Canyon and the desirability of a reunified Germany. The Reagan administration did its best
efforts to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia, through the
construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline. The European governments, including the French, were undeterred
and the pipeline was finally built.[51]
Interior Minister Charles Pasqua expelled CIA officers from France in 1995, on charges of economic
espionage.[52]
Iraq War and Middle East conflict

France under President Franois Mitterrand supported the 1991 Persian Gulf War in Iraq as a major participant
under Operation Daguet. The French Assemblee Nationale even took the "unprecedented decision" to place all
French forces in the Gulf under United States command for the duration of the war.[53]
In March 2003 France, along with Germany, China, and Russia, opposed the proposed UN resolution that would
have authorized a U.S. invasion of Iraq.[54] During the run-up to the war, French foreign minister Dominique de
Villepin emerged as a prominent critic of the George W. Bush administration's Iraq policies. Despite the recurring
rifts, the often ambivalent relationship remained formally intact. A few days after the September 11, 2001 attacks,
President Jacques Chiraclater known for his frosty relationship with Bushhad ordered the French secret
services to collaborate closely with U.S. intelligence, and created Alliance Base in Paris, a joint-intelligence
service center charged with enacting the Bush administration's War on Terror.
Public attempts in 2003 to boycott French goods in retaliation for perceived

French "active hostility toward America" ultimately fizzled out, having had
no impact.[55] Nonetheless, the Iraq war, the attempted boycott, and anti-
French sentiments routinely whipped up by American commentators and
politicians bred increased suspicion of the United States among the French
public in 2003, just as anti-war demonstrations, hostile treatment of
American tourists in Europe,[56] and the actions of the French government
bred a similar level of increased distrust of France in the United States. By
2006, only one American in six considered France an ally of the United
George W. Bush and Jacques Chirac
States.[57]
during the 27th G8 summit, 2001
The ire of American popular opinion towards France during the run-up to
the 2003 Iraq Invasion was primarily due to the fact that France decided not to intervene in Iraq (because the
French did not believe the reasons given to go to war, such as the supposed link between Saddam Hussein and Al-
Qaeda, and the purported weapons of mass destruction to be legitimate). This contributed to the perception of the
French as uncooperative and unsympathetic in American popular opinion at the time. This perception was quite
strong and persisted despite the fact that France was and had been for some time a major ally in the campaign in
Afghanistan (see for example the French forces in Afghanistan) where both nations (among others in the US-led
coalition) were dedicated to the removal of the rogue Taliban, and the subsequent stabilization of Afghanistan, a
recognized training ground and safe haven for terrorists intent on carrying out attacks in the Western world.
As the Iraq War progressed, relations between the two nations began to improve. In June 2006 the Pew Global
Attitudes Project revealed that 52% of Americans had a positive view of France, up from 46% in 2005.[58] Other
reports indicate Americans are moving not so much toward favorable views of France as toward ambivalence,[59]
and that views toward France have stabilized roughly on par with views toward Russia and China.[60] However a
2012 Gallup poll shows Americans to have a 75% approval rating towards France.[61]
Following issues like Hezbollah's rise in Lebanon, Iran's nuclear program and the stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace
process, George Bush urged Jacques Chirac and other world leaders to "stand up for peace" in the face of
extremism during a meeting in New York on September 19, 2006.
Strong French and American diplomatic cooperation at the United Nations played an important role in the Cedar
Revolution, which saw the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon. France and the United States also worked
together (with some tensions) in crafting UN resolution 1701, intended to bring about a ceasefire in the 2006
IsraeliLebanese conflict.
Sarkozy administration
Political relations between France and the United States became
friendlier after Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of France in
2007.[62][63][64][65] Sarkozy, who has been called "Sarko the
American", has said that he "love[s] America" and that he is "proud of
his nickname".[66]
In 2007, Sarkozy delivered a speech before the U.S. Congress that was
seen as a strong affirmation of FrenchAmerican ties; during the visit,
he also met with President George W. Bush as well as senators John
McCain and Barack Obama (before they were chosen as presidential
candidates).[67] U.S. President Barack Obama and French
President Nicolas Sarkozy in the White
Obama and McCain also met with Sarkozy in Paris after securing their House in 2010.
respective nominations in 2008. After receiving Obama in July,
Sarkozy was quoted saying "Obama? C'est mon copain",[68] which
means "Obama? He's my buddy." Because of their previous acquaintance, relations between the Sarkozy and
Obama administrations were expected to be warm.[69]
Since 2008, France has been back to the integrated command of NATO,[70] a decision that has been greatly
appreciated by the United States.[71]
In 2011 the two countries were part of the multi-state coalition which launched a military intervention in Libya
where they led the alliance and conducted 35% of all NATO strikes.
Hollande administration
In 2013, France launched a major operation in Mali to free the country from an ad-hoc alliance of terrorists and
Azawa rebels. The United States provided France with logistical support for Operation Serval.[72]
After president Franois Hollande pledged support for military action against Syria, U.S. Secretary of State John
Kerry referred to France as "our oldest ally".[73]
On February 10, 2014, Hollande arrived in the U.S. for the first state visit by a French leader in nearly two
decades.[74] Obama and Hollande published jointly in the Washington Post and Le Monde:[75][76]
...we have been able to take our alliance to a new level

because our interests and values are so closely aligned.
Rooted in a friendship stretching back more than two

centuries, our deepening partnership offers a model for
international cooperation.[77][78]
During his state visit Hollande toured Monticello where he stated:
U.S. President Barack Obama and French

We were allies in the time of Jefferson and Lafayette. We President Franois Hollande in the White
are still allies today. We were friends at the time of House in 2012.
Jefferson and Lafayette and will remain friends
forever[79]
On September 19, 2014 it was announced that France had joined the United States in bombing Islamic State targets
in Iraq as a part of the 2014 American intervention in Iraq. United States president, Barack Obama & the Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Martin Dempsey, praised Hollande's decision to join the operation:
"As one of our oldest and closest allies, France is a strong partner in our efforts against terrorism and
we are pleased that French and American service members will once again work together on behalf of
our shared security and our shared values."[80]
Said Obama,
"the French were our very first ally and they're with us again now."
Stated Dempsey, who was visiting the Normandy landing beaches and the Normandy American Cemetery and
Memorial with his French counterpart, General Pierre de Villiers.[81]
On April 18, 2015, the Hermione (a replica of the famous 1779 French frigate Hermione) departed La Rochelle,
France, bound for Yorktown, Virginia, USA, where it arrived in early June. After that it has visited ports along the
eastern seaboard en route to New York City for Independence Day celebrations. The original Concorde class
frigate became famous when she ferried General Lafayette to the United States in 1780 to allow him to rejoin the
American side in the American Revolutionary War. French President Franois Hollande was at La Rochelle to see
the replica off, where he stated:[82]
"L'Hermione is a luminous episode of our history. She is a champion of universal values, freedom,
courage and of the friendship between France and the United States,"[83]
President Barack Obama in a letter commemorating the voyage stated:
For more than two centuries, the United States and France have stood united in the freedom we owe to
one another. From the battlefields where a revolution was won to the beaches where the liberation of a
continent began, generations of our peoples have defended the ideals that guide us-overcoming the
darkness of oppression and injustice with the light of liberty and equality, time and again.
As we pay tribute to the extraordinary efforts made by General Lafayette and the French people to
advance the Revolutionary cause, we reflect on the partnership that has made France our Nations
oldest ally. By continuing to renew and deepen our alliance in our time, we ensure generations to come
can carry it forward proudly.[84]
The ship was given a copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen by the French President to be
presented to the American President upon its arrival.[85]
Macron administration
See also
Francophile
Francophobia
French American
Freedom fries
Notes
1. ^ Christina Bellantoni Hill fries free to be French again (http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20060802-125318-3981r.ht
m) The Washington Times, Retrieved August 3, 2006
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Further reading
Diplomacy and politics
Berthon, Simon. Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle. (2001). 356
pp.
Blackburn, George M. French Newspaper Opinion on the American Civil War (1997) online (http://www.qu
estia.com/read/15104973/french-newspaper-opinion-on-the-american-civil-war)
Blumenthal, Henry. A Reappraisal of Franco-American Relations, 1830-1871 (1959).
Blumenthal, Henry. France and the United States: Their Diplomatic Relations, 17891914 (1979) excerpt
and text search (http://www.amazon.com/France-United-States-Diplomatic-Relations/dp/0807896217/);
online edition (http://www.questia.com/read/94814313/france-and-the-united-states-their-diplomatic-relation
s)
Blumenthal, Henry. Illusion and Reality in Franco-American Diplomacy, 19141945 (1986)
Bowman, Albert H. The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era
(1974), on 1790s.
Bozo, Frdric. "'Winners' and 'Losers': France, the United States, and the End of the Cold War," Diplomatic
History Nov. 2009, Volume 33, Issue 5, pages 927956, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00818.x (https://dx.d
oi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2009.00818.x)
Brogi, Alessandro. Confronting America: the cold war between the United States and the communists in
France and Italy (2011).
Bush, Robert D. The Louisiana Purchase: A Global Context (2013).
Case, Lynn Marshall, and Warren F. Spencer. The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (1970)
Cogan, Chales. Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France Since 1940 (1994) online
edition (http://www.questia.com/read/94814313/france-and-the-united-states-their-diplomatic-relations)
Costigliola, Frank. France and the United States: the cold alliance since World War II (1992), Scholarly
history.
Creswell, Michael. A Question of Balance: How France and the United States Created Cold War Europe
(Harvard Historical Studies) (2006) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Question-Balance-Cre
ated-Harvard-Historical/dp/0674022971/)
Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. "Relations between Two Peoples: The Singular Example of the United States and
France," Review of Politics (1979) 41#4 pp. 483500 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406739), by
leading French diplomatic historian
Hill, Peter P. Napoleon's Troublesome Americans: Franco-American Relations, 1804-1815 (2005).
Hoffman, Ronald and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of
1778 (1981), Topical essays by scholars.
Hurstfield, Julian G. America and the French Nation, 19391945 (1986). online (http://www.questia.com/rea
d/23609866/america-and-the-french-nation-1939-1945); replaces Langer's 1947 study of FDR and Vichy
France
Kuisel, Richard F. The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power
(2011).
Langer, William l. Our Vichy Gamble (1947), defends FDR's policy 1940-42
McCullough, David. The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris, (Simon & Schuster, 2011)
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers; the Great Powers and American Independence (1965), the standard
scholarly history
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983)
Vol. 95, pp 2951, a summary of his long book in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/25080922)
Noble, George. Policies and opinions at Paris, 1919: Wilsonian diplomacy, the Versailles Peace, and French
public opinion (1968).
Pagedas, Constantine A. Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960-1963: A
Troubled Partnership (2000).
Paxton, Robert O., ed. De Gaulle and the United States (1994)
Reyn, Sebastian. Atlantis Lost: The American Experience with De Gaulle, 19581969 (2011)
Roger, Philippe. (trans Sharon Bowman, 2005), The American Enemy: the history of French anti-
Americanism, University of Chicago Press excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/The-American-
Enemy-History-Anti-Americanism/dp/0226723690/)
Sainlaude Stve, France and the Confederacy (18611865), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2011
Sainlaude Stve, The Imperial Government and the American Civil War (18611865). The diplomatic
action", Paris, L'Harmattan, 2011
Stinchcombe, William C. The American Revolution and the French Alliance (1969)
Viorst, Milton. Hostile Allies: FDR and de Gaulle (Macmillan, 1965)
Wall, Irwin M. France, the United States, and the Algerian War (2001).
White, Elizabeth Brett. American opinion of France from Lafayette to Poincar (Knopf, 1927).
Williams, Andrew J. France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 19001940 (2014). 133-
171.
Young, Robert J. American by Degrees: The Extraordinary Lives of French Ambassador Jules Jusserand
(2009). On the 1920s
Zahniser, Marvin R. "The French Connection: Thirty Years of French-American Relations," Reviews in
American History (1987) 15#3 pp. 486492 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2702049) reviews books
by Blumenthal (1986) and Hurstfield (1986)
Zahniser, Marvin R. Uncertain friendship: American-French diplomatic relations through the cold war
(1975).
Cultural relationships
Blumenthal, Henry. American and French Culture, 1800-1900: Interchanges in Art, Science, Literature, and
Society (1976).
Clarke, Jackie. "France, America and the metanarrative of modernization: From postwar social science to the
new culturalism." Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 8.4 (2004): 365-377.
Gagnon, Paul A. "French Views of the Second American Revolution" French Historical Studies 2#4 (1962),
pp. 430-449, regarding Ford & industry in 1920s; online (http://ucparis.fr/files/4813/4728/1547/PCC131_Du
foix_Gagnon_FA12.pdf.pdf)
Hultquist, Clark Eric. "Americans in Paris: The J. Walter Thompson Company in France, 19271968."
Enterprise and Society 4#3 (2003): 471-501; American advertising industry.
Jackson, Jeffrey H. "Making Jazz French: the reception of jazz music in Paris, 1927-1934." French
Historical Studies 25.1 (2002): 149-170. online (http://baresmusic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Making
-Jazz-French.pdf)
Kennedy, Sean. "Andr Siegfried and the Complexities of French Anti-Americanism." French Politics,
Culture & Society (2009): 1-22. in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/42843597)
Kuisel, Richard F. The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power
(Princeton University Press, 2013) online (http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n)
Kuisel, Richard F. Seducing the French: the dilemma of Americanization (U of California Press, 1993).
Matsumoto, Reiji. "From Model to Menace: French Intellectuals and American Civilization." The Japanese
Journal of American Studies 15 (2004): 163-85. online (http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2004/
No.15-163.pdf)
Meunier, Sophie. "Anti-Americanisms in France." French politics, culture & society 23.2 (2005): 126-141.
Quintero, Diana. "American Television and Cinema in France and Europe." Fletcher Forumn World Affairs.
18 (1994): 115. online (http://hdl.handle.net/10427/76689)
Shields-Argeles, Christy. "Imagining Self and the Other: food and identity in france and the united states."
Food, Culture & Society 7.2 (2004): 13-28.
Vines, Lois Davis. "Recent Astrix: Franco-American Relations and Globalization." Contemporary French
Civilization 34.1 (2010): 203-224.
Willging, Jennifer. "Of GMOs, McDomination and foreign fat: contemporary Franco-American food fights."
French Cultural Studies 19.2 (2008): 199-226.
External links
Interview with U.S. Ambassador to France (https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552595)
from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives (https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handl
e/10822/552494)
History of France U.S. relations (https://history.state.gov/countries/france)
French Negotiating Style (http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr70.html) U.S. Institute of Peace Special
Report, April 2001
U.S.-France Relations (1763 present) (http://www.cfr.org/france/us---france-relations-1763---present/p176
82) Council on Foreign Relations
A short history of Franco-US discord (http://mondediplo.com/2003/03/07franceusa) Le Monde
diplomatique, English edition March 2003
History, Economic ties, culture... (http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?rubrique100) French Embassy in
the US French-American relations page.
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FranceUnited States relations

FrenchAmerican relations refers to the relations between

In 2002, 62% of French people viewed the United States

18.1 Diplomacy and politics

French Republic United States of America

Population 66,628,000 (2016)[3] 323,561,000 (2016)

Paris 2,234,105 (12,161,542 Metro) New York City 8,244,910 (18,897,109

Military $62.5 billion $711.0 billion

Leaders of France and United States from 1958

France and the American Revolution

After Congress declared independence in July 1776, its agents in Paris

The military alliance began poorly. French Admiral d'Estaing sailed to

The French Revolution and Napoleon

Quasi War 17981800

In the 1840s Britain and France considered sponsoring continued independence of

World War I (191419)

The peace settlement (1919)

Interwar years (191939)

A number of American artists, such as Josephine Baker, experienced

World War II (193945)

Vichy France (194044)

Free French Forces

In the 1950s France sought American help in developing nuclear weapons;

Iraq War and Middle East conflict

Public attempts in 2003 to boycott French goods in retaliation for perceived

...we have been able to take our alliance to a new level

Rooted in a friendship stretching back more than two

During his state visit Hollande toured Monticello where he stated:

U.S. President Barack Obama and French

President Barack Obama in a letter commemorating the voyage stated:

67. Sarkozy Is Greeted Warmly by Congress (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/washington/07cnd-sarkozy.

Diplomacy and politics

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