COURSES OF STUDIES FOR THE BACHELOR

OF PHYSIOTHERAPY EXAMINATION

The tabloid contain details of Syllabus for the B.P.T. Course

Of 31/2 years duration. This contains 32 pages.

1ST YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

Subject Theory Practical

1) Anatomy 120 Hours 60Hours

2) Physiology & Biochemistry 60+60 Hours 30+30 Hours
3) General & Social Psychology 40+40 Hours -
4) Exercise Therapy & Massage 120 Hours 320 Hours
5) Electrotherapy & Actinotherapy 100 Hours 320 Hours

2ND YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

1) Pathology, Microbiology and

Pharmacology 40+20 Hours -
2) Medicine - Part I 50 Hours 75 Hours
3) Surgery - Part - I 50 Hours 50 Hours
4) Physiotherapy in Medical
Conditions Part - I 90 Hours 160 Hours
5) Physiotherapy in Surgical
Conditions- Part - I 90 Hours 160 Hours
6) Bio-mechanics, Kinesiology &
Bio-Engineering 80 Hours 40 Hours
7) Clinicals 500 Hours

III YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

1) Medicine Part - II 50 Hours 75 Hours

2) Surgery Part - II 100 Hours 100 Hours
3) Physiotherapy in Medical
Conditions Part-II 70 Hours 130 Hours
4) Physiotherapy in Surgical conditions
Part-II 70 Hours 130 Hours
5) Disability prevention
And rehabilitation 80 Hours -
6) Mathematics & Statistics
(Non-examination) 40 Hours -
7) Clinicals 520 Hours

Internship including Research Methodology-8 hrs/day x 6 days/week x 26 weeks =

1248 Hours.

Theory Hours 33.77% Practical & Clinicals 66.33%

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1ST YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

Subject MAXIMUM MARKS TOTAL

THEORY VIVA PRACTICAL Marks
1) Anatomy 100 50 50 200
2) Physiology & Biochemistry 100 50 50 200
3) General & Social Psychology 100 - - 100
4) Exercise Therapy & Massage 100 - 100 200
5) Electrotherapy & Actinotherapy 100 - 100 200

----- GRAND TOTAL 900

2ND YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

1) Pathology, Microbiology
& Pharmacology 100 - - 100
2) Medicine - Part - I 100 30 70 200
3) Surgery - Part - I 100 30 70 200
4) Physiotherapy in Medical
Conditions Part - I 100 - 100 200
5) Physiotherapy in
Surgical conditions Part - I 100 - 100 200
6) Bio-mechanics, Kinesiology &
Bio-Engineering 100 - - 100

----- GRAND TOTAL 1000

3RD YEAR PHYSIOTHERAPY

1) Medicine Part - II 100 30 70 200

2) Surgery Part - II 100 30 70 200
3) Physiotherapy in
Medical conditions Part - II 100 - 100 200
4) Physiotherapy in
Surgical conditions Part - II 100 - 100 200
5) Disability Prevention &
Rehabilitation 100 - - 100
6) Mathematics & Statistics - - - -
(Non-examination)
------- GRAND TOTAL 900

Exams will be conducted at the end of each academic year:

A student should pass with:
Minimum 40% mark in Theory and Viva,
Minimum 50% mark in Practical (Separately)
Minimum 50% Aggregate.

ANATOMY

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Section - A Theory - 120 Hours
Section - B Practical - 60 Hours

Detailed Syllabus:
Anatomy, there shall be only one paper in theory carrying 100 marks which will have
two sections.

Section - A:
Carrying 50 marks shall contain questions from the Brain, Spinal Cord and
Extremities only, more emphasis being given to the muscles, joints and nerve supply
of the limbs.

Section-B:
Carrying 50 marks shall cover the rest of the body including histology. Questions in
Section B should be in a general way ; not details.
N.B.: There shall be objective type questions of 10 marks in such section (Total 20
Marks).
There shall be only two examiners; one internal and one external for the practical.

General Anatomy: Introduction

Bones: Classification, Blood supply, Composition, Function, Ossification and Repair.
Joints: Classification, Synovial joints in detail including Applied Anatomy.
Muscles: Classification, Functional groups Synovial sheath, Nerve supply.
Nerves: Sub division of Nervous system structure of Neurons Synapse, Reflex arc,
typical special nerve, Dermatomes, Autonomic nervous system (General outline
only).
Cardio Vascular system: General out line of heart, arterial system, venous system
and lymphatic system.
Histology: Cell, Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, muscle, nervous
tissue.

Regional Anatomy:
(a) Head & Neck Cranial bones, Cervical vertebrae Tempero-mandible joint, Cranial
nerves-Optic, Mandibular, Abducent&Facial with Applied Anatomy,
Atlanto-Occipital & Atlanto-axial joints, Mid-Sagittal section of Head & neck.

(b) Thorax: Ribs, Vertebrae, Intercostals space, intercostal nerve, pleural reflection,
outline of respiratory system as a whole, Mediastinal surface of lungs, Broncho-
pulmonary segments, Mediastinal, Heart & Coronary vessels, Joints of Thoracic
Vertebral column & its applied anatomy.

(c) Abdomen & Pelvis: Lumbar vertebra, Sacrum, Bony Pelvis, Anterior abdominal
wall, Inguinal canal & hernia, Testis, Scrotum, General outline of digestive system,
Liver, Gall bladder, Kidney, Ureter.

(d) Superior Extremity: Bones in details. Brachial Plexus, including applied anatomy,
Main muscle groups and their action, Joints & their applied anatomy, Axillary lymph
nodes and lymphatic drainage of Mammary gland, venous drainage of upper limb.

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(e) Inferior Extremity: Bones in detail, lumbar and Sacral plexus, main nerves and
muscles, arches of foot and its applied anatomy, arterial anatomises around knee
joint, Venous drainage, Inguinal lymph nodes, Joints & their applied anatomy.

(f) Brain & Spinal Cord: Connection & main functions of each part, internal capsule,
and blood supply.
(g) Surface anatomy: Bony landmarks and surface anatomy of
Important structures.

PRACTICALS - (60 Marks)

1) Histology - Elementary tissues - 5 hrs.

2) Dissection of Superior Extremity - 17 hrs.
3) Dissection of Inferior Extremity - 17 hrs.
4) Demonstration of Dissected Parts :
(a) Head & neck - 6 hrs.
(b) Brain & spinal cord - 5 hrs.
(c) Abdominal & pelvic viscera - 6 hrs.
(d) Thorax - 4 hrs.

During the training, more emphasis shall be given on the study of bones including the
process of Ossification, muscles, joints and nerve supply of the limbs in details. A
general outline of the respiratory system, digestive system, cardio-vascular system
and urogenital system shall be taught to the students. Details should be avoided. As
far as practicable the students should be encouraged to dissect the limbs. Other
regions including the brain and spinal cord should only be demonstrated Embryology
need not be taught at all.

Examinations:
There shall be two terminal examinations. First terminal, at the end of 6 months of
training and the second terminal (Test) Examination at the completion of training.
Students will be sent up on the basis of their performance in the terminal examination
after having attended at least 75% of classes.
For passing the University Examination, the students should secure a minimum of
40% of marks in theory and 50% marks in practical and a minimum of 50% marks in
theory and practical taken together for each subject.

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PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (THEORY- 120 Hours)
Sec. A - PHYSIOLOGY Theory 60 Hours.

1) INTRODUCTION: Cell: Its structure, principal constituents, properties and

Functions including cell division.

2) TISSUES : Various tissues - their functions,

Blood: Composition and general functions of plasma,
Blood Cells: Structure, and function - Red Blood Cells - White Blood Cells - including
numbers and approximate length of life, Position, structure and function of cells of
Reticulo-endothelial system, Blood clotting including bleeding time and clotting time -
factors accelerating or slowing the process,
Blood groups and their significance - Rh - factor, Haemoglobin and E.S.R.

3. CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM:

Structure and arrangement of cardiac muscle - conducting system of heart, Events of
cardiac cycle - events of change of heart beat - heart sounds, Pulse - changes in
pulse and their significance - cardiac output/minute and stroke volume - Starlings law
- effects of venous return,
Heart rate - Regulation, Cardio Vascular reflexes,
Blood pressures - Regulation, Physiological variation,
Peripheral resistance - factors on which this depends & control, Structure and
functions of arteries, Arterial capillaries and veins including venules, Formation of
tissue fluid and lymph - including maintenance of the internal environmental changes
in hydrostatic and osmotic pressure factor responsible for maintaining venous and
lymphatic flow,
Position and distribution of main arteries and deep veins,
Structure and function of spleen.

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
Mechanism of Respiration quite and forced, Changes in diameters of thorax_-_Intra
pleural and intra pulmonary pressure.
Quantities of lung volume tidal and residual air - vital capacity, Gaseous inter
changes in lung and tissues, Control of respiration - Nervous and chemical
significance of changes in rate and depth transport of O2 & CO2 - Physiological
effects of muscular exercises on respiratory and cardiovascular system.

5. NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM:
I) Muscle: Types of muscular tissue - Gross and Microscopic structure - function,
Basis of muscle contraction - changes in muscle contraction, Electrical Biphasic and
Mono phasic action potentials, Chemical, Thermal and physical changes, Isometric
and Isotonic contraction, Motor units and its properties - clonus, tetanus, All or None
law, Fatigue.
II) Nerve: Gross and microscopic structure of nervous tissue, neurone - Generation of
action potential - Nerve impulse conduction.
Neuromuscular junction, Degeneration - Regeneration of peripheral nerves Wallerian
Degeneration - Electro tonus and Diflagus law, Types and properties of receptors -
Types of sensations, synapse reflux and - its properties, occlusion, summation, sub
minimal fatigue etc,

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Tracts - Ascending and descending and extrapryamidal tracts, Function of EEQ,
Functions of cerebral cortex, cortex, cerebrum, cerebellum, Basal ganglia,
Thalamus - connection and functions, Reticular formation of tone, posture and
equilibrium.
Autonomic nervous system, Special Senses - Eye - Errors of refraction - lesions of
visual pathways, Speech and its disorders, Ear and Vestibular apparatus.

6) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
General arrangement of Alimentary canal, liver, pancreas position - structure and
functions,
Food - carbohydrates, protein, fat, salts, water, vitamins and minerals,
Diet: Digestion and absorption,Metablism of each food stuff.

7) GENITO URINARY SYSTEM:

Structure and functions of kidney - Fundamental unit of kidney - Nephron - Ureter
and bladder and urethra.

8) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Position, Structure and function of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal and
Thymus glands - ovaries - Testies and pancreas.

9) TEMPERATURE:
Maintenance and regulation of body temperature.
Skin: structure and function.

PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICALS AND DEMONSTRATIONS: 30 Hours.

Haemoglobinometer and total R.B.C. count, Total W.B.C. count. Preparation and
staining of blood smears, Determination of differential W.B.C. count. Blood grouping,
E.S.R., Bleeding and Clotting time, Blood pressure, Artificial respiration, pulmonary
function test.

Heart sound, Arterial Blood Pressure, Cardiac efficiency test, Recording and study of
E.C.G. Testing of peripheral sensations, Superficial and deep reflexes.

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Sec. - B - Biochemistry (Theory 60 Hours.)

1) BIOPHYSICS: Concepts of pH and buffers, Acid-base equilibrium, osmotic

pressure and its physiological applications.

2) CELL: Morphology, Structure and functions of cell, cell membrane, Nucleus,

Chromatin, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosome.

3)CARBOHYDRATES:Definition,Functions,Sources,Classification, Monosaccharides,
Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Mucopoly saccharides and its importance.

4) LIPIDS: Definition, functions, sources, classification, simple lipids, compound

lipids, derived lipids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids &
their importance, Blood lipids and their implications, cholesterol and its importance.

5) PROTEINS: Definition, Sources, Functions, classification, Simple protein,

Conjugated proteins and Derived proteins, Properties and reactions of proteins.

6) NUCLIC ACIDS: Structure and functions of DNA, RNA, Nucleotides, Nucleotides

Genetic code, Biologically important Nucleotides.

7) ENZYMES: Definition, Classification, Mode of action, factors affecting enzyme

action, Clinical importance of enzymes.

8) VITAMINS: Classifications, Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, Water soluble

Vitamins-B Complex and Vitamin C. Daily requirement, Physiological functions, and
diseases of vitamins deficiency.

9) BIOENERGETICS: Concept of free energy change, Exogenic reaction and

endogenic reactions, Concepts regarding energy rich compounds, Respiratory chain
and Biological oxidation.

10) CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM: Glycolysis, HMP shunt pathway, TCA cycle,

Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Maintenance of blood Glucose,
Interconversion of different sugars.
11) LIPID METABOLISM: Fatty acid oxidation, Fatty acid synthesis, Metabolism of
cholesterol, Ketone bodies, Atheroscleriosis and obesity.

12) PROTEIN METABOLISM :Transamination, Transmethylation, Deamination, Fate

of ammonia, Urea synthesis and synthesis of creatinine, Inborn Errors of Metablism.

13) WATER AND ELECTROLYTES :Fluid compartments, Daily intake and output,
Dehydration, Sodium and Pottasium Metabolism.

14) MINERAL METABLISM :Iron, Calcium, Phosphorous, Trace elements

15) NUTRITION: Nutritional aspects of carbohydrate, fat and proteins. Balance diet,
Metabolism in exercise and injury, Diet for chronically ill and terminally ill patients.

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16) CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Mucopolysaccharides, Connective tissue, Proteins,
Glyco proteins, Chemistry and Metabolism of bone and teeth. Metabolism of skin.

17) NERVE TISSUE: Composition, Metabolism, Chemical mediators of nerve

activities.

18) MUSCLE TISSUE : Structure, Metabolism of muscles, Muscle contraction.

19) HORMONES: General Characteristic and Mechanism of Hormone action, Insulin,

Glucagon, Thyroid and Parathyroid hormones, Cortical and sex hormones.

20) ISOTOPES :Isotopes and their role in diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICALS 30 Hours.

1) Preparation of solution of different strengths (Normal and molar)

2) Identification of Carbohydrate, Lipids and Proteins in Biological fluids.
3) Preparation of proteins free filtrate.
4) Test for constituents of milk.
5) Test for constituents of normal urine.
6) Test for detection of Pathological constituents in urine.
7) Demonstration of the estimates of blood, sugar, serum, urea, creatinine,
cholesterol and calcium.
8) Demonstration of the functioning of photoelectric calorimeter, Spectrophotometer,
Flame photometer.
9) Electrophoresis and Chromatography Equipments and Spectroscopy.

Book Reference :
1) Human physiology by Chandi Ch Banerjee.
2) Samson Wrights Applied Physiology.
3) Hand Book of Human Physiology - Vidya Ratan.

Book References - Bio-Chemistry

1) Comprehension Biochemistry - Michel Yudinin
2) Biochemistry - S.K. Dasgupta
3) Test Book of Biochemistry by S. Ramakrishnan.

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GENERAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Theory - 80 Hours

A) GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY:

A sound knowledge of psychology is essential to help the student to understand him

or herself and other people, and how to develop interpersonal relationships. This
knowledge would then be applied in working with any patient and as a member of the
treatment team.
This subject will form the basis for later study of psychiatry.

1) Introduction :
i) Nature of Psychology-Behaviour and Experiences: Conscious, sub-conscious and
unconscious mind.
ii) Fields of psychology: Introspective and Experimental Method.

2) Heredity Environment - Physical, Psychological and Social.

3) Motivation - Kinds of Motives - Physiological, Psychological, Interests on attitudes.

4) Emotion-James-Longs theory of Emotion; Madogalls theory of Emotion, Emotions

and feeling: Physical basis and changes, central and Emotions.

5) Conflict and frustration: common defensive mechanisms - (about 10 important

ones).

6) Learning - Role of Learning in Human life: Types of Learning (a) Throndike Trial
and Error Learning, (b) Associative (1 conditioning) Learning, Transfer of Learning,
Learning by insight.

7) Memory: Type of memory - Recall, Recognition and rate memory, causes of

forgetting, Reproductive inhibition, preactive inhibition, Thinking, concept formation,
Creative thinking.

8)Attention and reception - Nature of attention, Factor determining attention: Nature

of perception, principles of perceptual grouping illusion.

9) Intelligence_-_Definition, intelligence tests_-_their uses; Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

10) Personality - Definition: Types, Measurement of personality - Interview,

Questionnaire Rating, Performance, Projective methods. Factors contributing Towers
development of personalities.

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B) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

1) Nature and scope of Social Psychology.

2) Social interaction - Primary and Social Stimulation 3) Psychological Groups and
their classification.
4) Socialisation of the individual.
5) Morals, Customs, Fashions; Propaganda - its technique.
6) Leadership - Functions, Roles and Qualities.
7) Attitudes and Prejudices.
8) Crowds and public opinion.
9) Social changes and progress.

Book References:

1) General Psychology - Chaubi.

2) Psychology Dr. K.C. Panda.
3) Psychology for Physiotherapist.
4) Social Psychology - A practical Maneuver by Brakewell.

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EXERCISE THERAPY AND MASSAGE (Theory)
Theory - 120 Hours
Practical - 320 Hours

Basic Physics in Exercise Therapy

1) Mechanics : Force, Gravity, line of gravity, centre of gravity in human body, Base,
equilibrium, Axes and planes, Mechanical principles - Lever, order of lever, examples
in human body, pendulum, spring.

2) Massage : Definition of massage, types of massage, general effects and uses of

massage, local effects of individual manipulation (Physiological effects), contra-
indications, techniques of application of all manipulations - stroking, Effleurage,
Kneading and picking up, skin rolling (back), clapping tapping, friction, etc.
Practicals: Demonstration and practice of all types of massage manipulations:
Stroking, Effleurage, Kneading - circular kneading, Thumb kneading, finger kneading
(to joints) etc, picking up, skin rolling (back), clapping etc.
The above various types of manipulations should be demonstrated and practiced to
upper limbs, lower limbs, back and face appropriately.

3) Suspension Therapy: Principles of suspension, types of suspension therapy,

effects and uses of suspension therapy - their application either to mobilise a joint to
increase joint range of motion or to increase muscle power - explaning the full details
of components used for suspension therapy.
Practicals : Demonstration and practice of putting suspension to shoulder joint &
elbow joint in upper limb, hip joint and knee joint in lower limb for all movements
(except circumduction at shoulder and hip joints) Demonstration of total suspension.

4) Introduction to Exercise therapy.

5) Starting Positions - Fundamental starting positions - standing, sitting, kneeling,

lying and hanging. All the derived positions of the above five fundamental starting
positions. Muscle work for all the fundamental starting positions.

6) Classification of movements in details:

Active Movement: Voluntary movements, Involuntary movements.
Passive movements

7) Voluntary movements: Free exercise, assisted exercises, resisted exercises.

8) Assisted exercises: Technique and uses.

9) Free exercises - Classification, technique, effects of free exercises on various

systems etc.

10) Resisted exercise - Technique and types of resistance, SET system (Heavy
resisted exercises, Oxford method, Delormes method, Mcqueens method).

11) Relaxed passive movements, basic knowledge of classification of relaxed passive

movements, definition technique, effects and uses of relaxed passive movements.

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12) Practicals : Demonstration and practice of relaxed passive movements to upper
limb, lower limb and cervical spine.

13) Muscle strength: Anatomy and physiology of muscle tissue, causes of muscle
weakness/paralysis, prevention of muscle weakness/paralysis. Types of muscle work
and contractions, Ranges of muscle work. Muscle assessment M.R.C. grading.
Principles of muscles strengthening/Re-education, early re-education of a paralysed
muscle etc. Technique of re-education/strengthening of a paralysed/weak muscles.

14) Joint movement: Classification of joint movements causes for restriction of joint
movement, prevention of restriction of joint range of motion etc.
Principles of mobilisation of a joint in increasing its range of motion. Technique of
mobilisation of stiff joints.

15) Relaxation : Technique of relaxation, principles obtaining relaxation in various

positions.

16) P.N.F.: Basic theory of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation techniques -

Functional re-education.

17) Crawling exercises, types, effects and uses.

18) Posture: Types, factors responsible for good posture, factors for poor posture,
and principles of development of good posture.

19) Co-ordination exercises:

Definition of co-ordinated movements, in-co-ordinated movements, factors for co-
ordinated movements, causes of in co-ordination, principles of re-education of co-
ordinated movements, technique of co-ordination exercises.

20) Gait: Analysis of normal gait with muscle work. Various pathological gaits.

21) Crutch gait: Introduction, crutch measurement, crutch balance, and various types
of crutch gait in details.

22) Breathing exercises: Physiology of respiration, types of breathing exercises,

techniques of various types of breathing exercise, its effects and uses.

23) Hydrotherapy: Introduction, various types of hydrotherapy units, construction and

equipments used in hydrotherapy. Principles, indications and contraindications,
effects and uses of hydrotherapy. Precautions towards patient - towards therapist,
equipment-unit, etc.

24) Individual, group and mass exercises. Maintenance exercises, plan of treatment,
tables and schemes.

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EXERCISE THERAPY PRACTICALS 320 Hours.

Muscle strength: Demonstration and practice of strengthening/re-educating

weak/paralysed muscles of both upper and lower extremity muscles,
(individual/group muscles) Abdominal muscle exercises, spinal extension exercises,
Free exercises.

Upper Limb: Shoulder Flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, Elbow Flexors.

Extensors, Wrist Flexors, Extensors, Inviduals muscles.

Lower Limb: Hip flexors, Extensors, Abductors, Adductors, Knee Flexors, Abductors,
Adductors, knee Flexors, Extensors. Ankle Foot Dorsiflexors, plantar flexors,
invertors & evertors.

Joint movement: Demonstration and practice of techniques to improve joint range of

motion, of hip joint, knee joint, ankle foot in lower limb, shoulder joint, elbow joint,
radio-ulnar joint, wrist in upper limb.

Demonstration and practice of free exercises to improve joint range of motion (smalls
e.g. hand, finger, toe etc.)

Demonstration and practice of all crawling exercises, Faulty posture, correcting

technique.

Demonstration and practice of technique of Dr. Frenkels exercise to improve co-

ordination.

Demonstration of various pathological gaits.

Measurement of crutches, walking aids, strengthening of crutch muscles, crutch

balance, demonstration and practice to all crutch gaits.

Breathing exercises: Demonstration and practice of Diaphragmatic breathing,

localised expansion exercises.
Passive stretching: Technique of passive stretching to Sternomastoid muscle,
shoulder abductors, flexors, elbow flexors, supinator, wrist and finger flexors in upper
limb. Passive stretching to hip flexors, adductors, Ilio-tibial band, tensor-fascia-lata,
Quadriceps, knee flexors, tendo achilis etc.

Book Reference (Both Theory & Practicals)

1) Principles of Exercise therapy - by Dena - Gardiner

2) Progressive exercise - by Colson
3) Human Movement - by Galli
4) Exercises in Water - by Doffiold
5) Practical exercise therapy - by Hollis
6) Muscle testing - by Daniels.

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ELECTROTHERAPY AND ACTINOTHERAPY (Theory)
Theory - 100 Hours
Practical - 320 Hours

Electrical fundamentals - Physical Principles - Structure and properties of matter,

molecular atom, proton, neutron, electron, ion, etc.
Electrical Energy: Nature of electricity - Current - Static electricity Current - Electric
potentials generated by cell - Gems Law, Joules Law.
Magnetic Energy: Nature and property of a magnet, magnetic induction - Snow rule -
Maxwells cork & screw rule.
Electro magnetic induction - Principle and working of choke coil- Transformer -
Rectification of AC to DC. Metal Oxide rectifier, Semiconductor - Diode and Triode
Valves - Principle of working - condenser- principle - Details of charging and
discharging etc. Transistors measurement of current intensity, EME and power -
moving coil mill ammeter and voltmeter. Wiring of components in series and parallel,
Distribution of electrical energy - Earth Shock and electrical Shock, Safety Devices.

Currents: Nature and principles of production of muscle stimulating currents - Types

of Low frequency currents - Types of Low frequency currents used for treatment -
Therapeutic electric stimulation - Iontophoresis.
Electrogenic membrane response - chemo responsive electrogenic system,
Neuromuscular junction - synapses - Muscle electrogenic - Electro physiology of
C.N.S.
Constant direct and interrupted direct currents - Modified current - Physiological and
therapeutic effects and uses, Technique and method of application - precautions
against dangers. Accident and treatment of them if they occur,
Muscle stimulating current - To innervated and denervated muscle - Long and short
duration - various pulses - Accommodation,
Principles of electro diagnosis - Strength duration curve - Chronaxe and Rheobase -
Their relationship etc.

Practicals : Low frequency current treatment

Preparation of electro-therapy, preparation of apparatus, patient treatment technique.

Following treatment techniques should be demonstrated and practiced by students :
a) Stimulating the muscles of extremity, back and face through the motor points,
b) Quardriceps inhibition
c) Deltoid inhibition
d) Faradic foot bath
e) Faradism under pressure
f) Nerve conduction method
g) Re-education of a transferred muscle.

Various techniques in LF Current treatment using interrupted/modified D.C.

i) Stimulation of motor points

ii) Stimulation of muscles directly
iii) Diagnostic tests:
* FG Test
* SD Curve

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 * Fatigue Test
Uses of surged faradism and interrupted Galvanism in various peripheral
nerve lesions:
a) Neuropraxia
b) Axonotmesis
c) Neurotmesis

High frequency current treatments:

Physics of high frequency currents - production of high frequency currents -
principles - Bio Physics of heat physiology of heat and cold. Production, physiological
and therapeutic effects and uses, technique of treatment, Dangers and precautions -
contra-indications of the following :
a) Shortwave Diathermy
b) Microwave Diathermy
c) Ultrasonic therapy

Principles of radiation therapy - physics of radiation therapy - laws governing

radiation. Production, Physiological and therapeutic effects and uses, technique of
treatment, dangers and precautions - contraindication etc. of the following :
a) Infrared radiation therapy
b) Ultraviolet radiation therapy .
Basic principles of transcutaneous nerve stimulation and interferential therapy,
Wax therapy- physics-physiological and therapeutic effects and uses, Technique of
application.

Electromyography : Basic principles of amplifiers, Oscillators, cathode ray tube,

Records, Sigma processing, display devices and indication their principles and uses
in Electromyography.

Practical :
(High frequency current treatment)
a) Short wave diathermy - setting up of apparatus including selection of method and
electrodes. Technique - preparation of patient - checking contra indications -
Application of SWD for various conditions and various parts of the body - These must
be practiced by the students.
b) Microwave diathermy - Same as above,
c) Ultraviolet radiation : Setting up of apparatus selection of lamp - technique of
application of UVR for various conditions like test dose, general body bath, acne
vulgaris, alopecia areats and toialis, ulcers, psoriasis, rickets and general debility
patients.
Ultrasonics : Setting up of apparatus - selection of dose -
Technique of application of various conditions and to various parts of the body.

Books Reference for both Theory & Practicals

1) Claytons Electrotherapy & Actinotherapy
2) Principles & Practice of Electrotherapy - by Kahn
3) Electrotherapy by Wolfe.

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SECOND YEAR
PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY (theory)
40 + 20 = 60 Hours

SECTION A - PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY:

1) Aims and objectives of study of pathology. Meaning of terms, aetiology,
pathogenesis and lesions.

2) Various causes of disease and an approach to laboratory studies an diagnosis of

diseases and clinical pathology.

3) Brief out line to sick cells, degenerations, necrosis, gangrene etc.

4) Inflammation: Definition, Vascular and cellular, phenomenon, tissue changes

exudates and pus formation, Difference between acute and chronic inflammation.

5) Repair

6) Circulatory disturbance with emphasis on Ischemia, thrombosis, embolism,

infarction.

7) General approach to bacterial and mycotic viral infections, Emphasis on

tuberculosis, Syphilis, Leprosy, Fungal infections and parasitic infestations.

8)General approach to immunity and hypersensitivity.

9) Neoplasia, Benign and malignant, spread of tumours.

10) Diseases of nervous system, joints, bones and muscles.

11) Brief out line of blood disorders.

12) Deficiency diseases, pigments and pigmentations.

13) Physical irritants and chemical poisons, ionising radiations.

14) Regional pathology of heart, blood vessels, nervous system, bones, joints, the
muscles etc.

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SECTION - B PHARMACOLOGY - 20 hours

1) General action of drugs

2) Drug allergy and idiosyncrasy

3) Drug toxicity

4) Metabolic forte of drug

5) Method of administration
6) Chemical character of drugs

7) Drugs acting on central nervous system - Anaesthetics, alcohols, alkaloids,

Narcotics, antipyretics, sedatives, stimulants and psychotherapeutics.

8) Drugs acting on peripheral nervous system - stimulating and/or inhibiting

cholinergic and adrenergic activity.

9) Drugs acting on neuro muscular junction and muscles.

10) Drugs acting on cardiovascular system

11) Drugs acting on respiratory system

12) Chemotherapeutic agents

13) Harmones and drugs affecting endocrine functions

14) Vitamins

15) Metabolic and other in organic compounds

16) Immunologic agents

17) Diagnostic agents

Book References:

PATHOLOGY & BACTRIOLOGY

1) Pathology by Anderson
2) Aids to Pathology - Dixson
3) Boyds Text Book of Pathology

PHARMACOLOGY
1) Pharmacology - Satoskar
2) Clinical Pharmacology - Lawrence

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MEDICINE PART - I (THEORY & CLINICALS)
Theory - 50 Hours
Clinicals - 75 Hours.

Under this, the students should be taught various medical conditions and diseases
on the following headings :
i) Definition
ii) Aetiology
iii) Signs & Symptoms
iv) Pathology
v) Investigations
vi) Differential Diagnosis
vii) Management

GENERAL MEDICINE

1) Introduction to general medicine-Infection and diseases,

2) Poisons and venoms

3) Chemical & Physical agents causing diseases

4) Diseases of metabolism

5) Deficiency diseases

6) Diseases of endocrine glands

7) Disease of Digestive system

8) Disease of lymphatic system

9) Diseases of Blood

10) Diseases of cardiovascular system - Circulatory heart diseases, congenital heart

diseases, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular diseases, embolism and
thrombosis, Hypertension.

11) Diseases of Respiratory system: Diseases of lungs, Bronchitis, Bronchial asthma,

Bronchiectasis pulmonary embolism, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess and
emphysema etc. pleurisy and empyema.

12) Diseases of Kidney

13) Rheumatoid arthritis

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II.DERMATOLOGY:

Diseases of skin, psoriasis, Acne vulgaris, Leprosy, skin and veneral disease
(Syphilitic Arthritis), Scleroderma, Dermatitis, Tropical skin diseases.

III. PAEDIATRICS & GERIATRICS:

Special problems of children and elderly related to special condition to which they are
prone.

Book of Reference:
1) Common diseases by Mukherjee
2) A textbook of Medicine - Golowala
3) Davidsons Principle & Practice of Medicine by Churchill Living stone.

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SURGERY - PART - I (THEORY AND CLINICALS)
Theory - 50 Hours
Practical - 50 Hours

I. GENERAL SURGERY:

1) Description of events frequently accompanying in general anaesthesia, blood

transfusion and physiologycal response of the body to surgery.
2) Common pre and post operative complications.
3) Wounds, Sinuses and Ulcers.
4) Burn - Degree of burns and management and reconstructive surgery following
burns and complications of Burns.
5) Abdominal surgery: Incisions, complications and management of various
abdominal surgery.

II. CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY:

Incisions for cardio thoracic surgery - General pre and post operative management of
cardio-thoracic surgery - various surgical procedures for various chest and cardiac
conditions/diseases.

III. OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY:

Pregnancy - stage of pregnancy - labour - stages of labour - delivery. Common

gynaecological problems.

IV. PLASTIC SURGERY:

Principles of cineplasty, tendon transplant, cosmetic surgery, types of grafts, surgery

of hand with emphasis on management of traumatic and leprosy.

Book of References
1) Surgery by Nan
2) Baily & Love - Short practice of surgery by Rains & Ritelife.

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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS - PART - I (THEORY)
Theory - 90 Hours
Practical - 160 Hours

Brief review of the following medical conditions and various physiotherapy modalities,
aims, means and technique of physiotherapy should be taught.

I. General Medicine, Oedema, Asthma, Non-Articular Rheumatism, rickets, Vit.

deficiency syndromes, myopathy and various types of muscular Dystrophy, Diabetic
neuropathy, Hemiplegia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, General debility.

II. Disease of Respiratory System : (Chest Diseases)

Bronchitis, Asthma, Bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary tuberculosis,
emphysema, Pleurisy and empyema. Other miscellaneous chest conditions which
are commonly treated by physiotherapy.
Prior to begin with various conditions, brief introduction of breathing exercises and
postural drainage in detail should be taken.

III. Cardiovascular System : Congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction,

congenital valvular diseases, P.D.A., Thrombosis, phlebitis and Phlebothrombosis,
Buergers disease, varicose veins and ulcers.

IV. Dermatology : Psoriatic arthritis, syphylitic arthritis, Scleroderma, leprosy.

V. Paediatrics :

PHYSIOTHERAPY IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS PART - I (PRATICAL)

PRACTICALS : Various physiotherapy modalities and treatment techniques for above

mentioned medical conditions should be demonstrated and practiced by the student.

Books of reference for Theory & Clinical

1) Cashs Text book of General Medical & Surgical conditions for Physiotherapists.
2) Cashs Text book of Chest, Heart and Vascular disorders for physiotherapists.
3) The Bromptons Guide to Chest Physiotherapy complied by B.U. Gasker.
4. Physiotherapy in Leprosy A Study by Merrill Meddis.
5) A text book of Medical conditions for Physiotherapists.
6) Physiotherapy in Paediatrics - by Shepherd.

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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SURGICAL CONDITIONS PART - I
Theory - 90 Hours
Practicals - 160 Hours

1. Abdominal Surgery :
Pre and post operative Physiotherapy management of the following abdominal
surgical conditions. (Incision, pre and post operative complications must be
explained).
Total Gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, appendectomy,
Herniorrhaphy, Cholesistectomy and Colostomy, Radical mastectomy.

2. Cardiothoracic Surgery :
Introduction - Incisions for cardiothoracic surgery - Drainage tubes and bottles -
ventilators - uses and functions of ventilators - Pre and post operative physiotherapy
management of the following conditions.
(a) Thoracotomy
(b) Lobectomy
(c) Thoraco plasty
(d) Pneumonectomy
Management of atelectasis, pneumethorax, and Bronchopulmonary fistula.

Pre and post operative management of cardiac surgery, Open heart surgery, mitral
valvetomy surgery on pericardium, Tetralogy of Fallot.
Obstetrics and Gynaecology : Antenatal and post natal training, prolapsed uterus, pre
and post operative management of pelvic floor surgery.

3. Plastic Surgery and Burns :

Physiotherapy management of burns - Degrees of burns - Physiotherapy approach.
Pre and post operative physiotherapy of skin grafting, re-constructive surgery
of hand.

PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SURGICAL CONDITION PART - I (PRACTICAL)

PRACTICALS : Various physiotherapy modalities and treatment techniques for the

above mentioned conditions to be demonstrated and to be practiced by the students.

Books of Reference for both Theory and Practical :

1) Cashs Text book of General Medical & Surgical conditions for physiotherapists.
2) Cashs Text book of physiotherapy in some surgical conditions.
3) Cashs Text book of chest, heart, vascular disorders for physiotherapist.
4) Bromptons guide to Chest Physiotherapy.

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BIO-MECHANICS, KINESIOLOGY AND BIO-ENGINEERING (THEORY)
Theory - 80 Hours
Practical - 40 Hours

1) Definition of kinesiology and Bio-Mechanics.

2) General principles.

3) Force, Axis and planes, centre of gravity, levers, classification of force system.

4) The lever forces system, resultant force, equilibrium.

5) Development of kinesiology.

6) Definition of kinetics and kinematics.

7) Origin of human movements and its significance.

8) Forms of human movements, their characteristics and factors affecting them.

9) Analysis of movement.

10) Body links and motion parts.

11) Chain Systems.

12) Bio-mechanics of spine.

13) Bio-mechanics of of lower extremity.

14) Bio-mechanics of upper extremity.

15) Locomotion.

16) Gait analysis - gait devitations.

17) Bio-mechanics of squatting.

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BIO-ENGINEERING

1) Definition and principles of Bioengineering.

2) Designing and construction of upper and lower extremity orthosis and spinal
orthosis.

3) Upper extremity and lower extremity prosthesis : Prescription, fitting and checking.

4) Prescription and design of foot wear modifications.

5) Wheel chairs.

6) Design and construction of adaptive devices.

Books of Reference :

1) Normal Human Locomotion - Published by ALIMCO

2) Applied Kinesiology and Biomechanics.

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THIRD YEAR
MEDICINE - PART II (THEORY & CLINICAL)
Theory - 50 Hours
Clinical - 75 Hours

SECTION - A
I) NEUROLOGY - Theory - 40 Hours

1) General principles of neurological diagnosis.

2) Vascular disorders of the brain.

3) Space occupying lesions with in the skull, Tumour, haematomas and abscess.

4) Acute infections of nervous system - Encephalitis, Meningitis, poliomyelitis,

polyneuritis, neuritis and neuralgia.

5) Common affections of peripheral, spinal and cranial nerves.

6) Injuries of brain and spinal cord.

7) Disc lesions and low back pain.

8) Cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, spinabifida, myopathies.

9) Degenerative neurological conditions : Syringo myeilia, Parkinsons disease, sub-

acute combined degeneration, disseminated sclecrosis and lateral sclerosis.

10) Tabes dorsalis.

11) Multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis.

12) Pyramidal and extra pyramidal lesions.

13) Peripheral neuropathy and peripheral nerve injuries.

14) Epilepsy Petitmal and Grandmal.

SECTION - B

II) PSYCHIATRY: Theory -10 Hours

1) Brief History.

2) Causes of mental disturbances - Hereditary and embryonic developmental factors,

birth injuries, cerebral diseases or accidents.

3) Preventive measures.

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4) Symptoms of mental illness: Disturbances of consciousness, reasoning and
judgement, disturbance of memory, though perception, volition, motor behaviour
speech.

5) Methods of treatment - psychotherapy, drug therapy, E.C.T. etc.

6) Clinical Syndromes:
Psychoneurosis - Anxiety and depressive state, exhaustion and obsessional status,
hysteria and phobia.
Psychosis: Mania, involutional depression schizophrenia and paranoid state.
Psychiatric disturbances associated with organic illness toxaemia, enoximia
metabolic disorders and cerebrovascular disorders, dementia and head injuries drug
induced psychosis and Menopausal syndrome.
Drug addiction and alcoholism.
Personality disorders
Epilepsies
Mental deficiencies
Psychiatric disorders of children
Psychosomatic syndrome

Books of Reference for Theory & Clinicals

1) Brains Neurology
2) Rehabilitation in Psychiatry and Introductory Hand book by Hume.
3) Hand book of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Practice.

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SURGERY PART - II (theory & clinical)
Theory - 100 Hours
Clinical - 100 Hours

TRAUMATOLOGY, ORTHOPAEDIC AND RHEUMATOLOGY

1) Fractures and Dislocations including soft tissue injuries

Pathology for union, non-union and delayed union, fibrous union, excepts callous
and myositis.
Common fractures of upper extremity, lower extremity including Spine - Management,
Complications etc.
Dislocation of Shoulder, Elbow, Hip, Knee and Spine.
Rupture, Contusion and sprain of muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Knee injuries - Injury to medial ligament, internal derangement and meniscus tear.
Lateral ligament strain of ankle.
Volkmens Ischemic contracture.
Tennis Elbow.

2) Deformities: Common Congenital and acquired deformities of foot, knee, hip,

shoulder, elbow and wrist including hand and spine, cervical rib, torticollis,
metatarsalgia, claw hand.

3) Inflammatory conditions and lesions of joints and bones : Osteomyelitis

tuberculosis, pyogenic infections. Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, T.B. joints,
Teno-synovitis, synovitis, capsulitis, tendinitis, Osteoporesis and osteomalacia,
sciatica, low back pain, brachial neuralgia.

4) Operative Procedure :
Amputation : Common sites, causes and management.
Arthoplasty of joints, joint replacement (total and partial), osteotomy.
Menisectomy
Laminectomy
Tendon transfers and repair
Spinal fusion.

NEUROSURGERY :
Theory-20 Hours
Clinicals-20 Hours
Surgery, pre and post operative management of peripheral nerve lesions, Head
injury, Craniotomy, Steriotaxic Surgery, Laminectomy, Brain Tumours.

E.N.T.:
Theory -5 Hours
Clinicals-5 Hours
Sinusitis, Rhinitis, Otitis media functional aphonia and deafness.

Books of Reference :
1) Crawfords Adams Orthopaedics
2) Crawford Adams Fracture
3) Severe accidental Head injury by Robberts.

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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS - PART - II (THEORY)
Theory - 70 Hours
Practicals - 130 Hours

Introduction :
Brief review of the following medical conditions and various modalities of
physiotherapy, aims, means and techniques of physiotherapy should be taught.
I. NEUROLOGY :
1) Hemiplegia
2) Cerebral Palsy
3) Tetra Plegic Syndrome
4) Multiple sclerosis
5) Tabes dorsalis
6) Transverse myelitis
7) Poliomyelitis
8) Parkinsons disease
9) Motor neuron disease
10) Poly neuritis
11) Ataxia
12) Extra pyramidal lesions
13) Peripheral neuropathy
14) Peripheral nerve injuries
15) Sciatica
16) Brachial neuritis and neuralgia
17) Facial palsy and Bells palsy
18) Syringomyelia
19) Monoplegia
20) Myopathy and muscular dystrophies
21) Sub-acute combined degeneration of spinal cord.

II. General and physiotherapeutic management of psychiatric patients.

III. E.N.T. Sinusitis - Mastoidectomy - complications - Facial nerve Palsy

Management.

PHYSIOTHERAPY IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS PART - II

Practicals :
Various Physiotherapy modalities and treatment techniques for the above mentioned
conditions/disease should be demonstrated and practiced by the student.

Books of Reference:
1) Cashs Text Book of Neurology for Physiotherapists.
2) Physiotherapy is Psychiatry
3) Physiotherapy in disorder of Brain by Carr and Shepherd.
4) Cashs Text Book of Medical conditions for Physiotherapists.
5) Adult Hemiplegia Berta bobath.
6) Steps to follow P.M.Davis

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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SURGICAL CONDITIONS PART - II (THEORY)
Theory - 70 Hours
Practicals - 130 Hours

Introduction:
Brief review of the following surgical conditions and various physiotherapy modalities,
aims, means and techniques of physiotherapy should be taught.

1) Traumatology and Orthopaedics : General physiotherapeutic approach for

traumatic conditions :
Fractures and Dislocations : Classification - Types of displacement Methods of
immobilisation. Healing of fractures and factors influencing union, non-union, delayed
union etc.
Common sites of fracture. Specific fracture and their complete physiotherapy
management upper limb: clavicle, humerus, Ulna and radius, Colles fracture & crush
injuries of hand.
Lower limb : Fracture neck of femur, shaft of femur, patella, tibia and fibula, Potts
fracture, fractures of tarsal and metatarsal bones.
Management of fracture spine with (paraplegia) as well as without neurological
deficit.
Pre and post operative management of corrective surgery like arthroplasty,
arthodosis, osteotomy, tendon transplant, soft tissue release, grafting.

Injuries:
Soft tissue injuries, synovitis, capsulitis, Volkmans Ischemic Contracture etc.
Tear of semilunar cartilage and cruciate ligaments of knee, Menisectomy and
patellectomy, Internal derangement of knee.

Amputations : Levels of amputation of upper and lower. Extremity-stump care, stump

bandaging, pre and post fitting prosthesis management (check out of prosthesis,
training etc.)

Deformities : Congenital : Torticollis and Cervical rib, C.T.E.V., pes cavus and pes
planus and other common deformities.
Aquired : Scoliosis, Kyphosis, lordosis, coxa vera, genu valgum, genu varum and
recurvatum.

Degenerative and infective conditions :

Osteoarthritis of major joints, Spondylosis, spondylitis, spondylisthesis prolapsed
intervertebral disc lesion. Periarthritis (Rotator cuff lesion) of shoulder, Tuberculosis
of spine, bone and major joints. Perthes disease.

II. Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis etc. And other miscellaneous

orthopaedic conditions commonly treated by physiotherapy.

III. Neurosurgery : Pre and post operative management of neurosurgery conditions -

Complications etc. of : Peripheral nerve injuries - (Non-Operative) - Pre and post
operative management of nerve.Head Injury, Laminectomy, Surgery following brain
Tumour etc.

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PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SURGICAL CONDITIONS PART - II
(PRACTICAL)

Various Physiotherapy modalities and treatment techniques for the above mentioned
conditions to be demonstrated and practiced by the students.

Books of Reference : Both for (Theory and Practical)

1) Cashs text book of orthopaedics & Rheumatology.

2) Physiotherapy in Rheumatology.
3) Physiotherapy in disorders of brain.
4) Cash Text Book of surgical conditions for Physiotherapists.

30
Disability prevention and rehabilitation (theory)
Theory - 80 Hours

1) Introduction
2) Definition concerned in the phases of disability process.
3) Definition concerned with causes of impairment, functional limitation disability.
4) Rehabilitation and disability prevention.
5) Present rehabilitation services.
6) Reservation and Legislation for rehabilitation services for the disabled.
7) Community and Rehabilitation.
8) Basic principles of Administration, Budget, approach, personnel and spare etc.
9) Contribution of social working towards rehabilitation.
10) Vocational evaluation and goals for disabled.
11) Rural rehabilitation in-corporated with Primary Health Centres.
12) Principles of Communication: Impairment
i) Speech production.
ii) Communication disorders secondary to Brain Damage
iii) Aphasia and its treatment.
iv) Evaluating language
v) Dysarthria and its treatment.
vi) Non-aphasic language disorders.
13) Code and Conduct
14) Ethics and Management.
15)
i) Principles in management of social problems :
a) Social needs of the patient.
b) Rehabilitation Centre Environment.
c) The social worker as a member of the Rehabilitation Team.
d) Community Resources.
ii) Principles in Management of Vocational Problems :
a) Vocational Evaluation
b) Vocational Goals for the severely disabled.

Books References :

1) Rehabilitation by Evans
2) Directory for disabled people
3) Improving residential life for disabled people by Tully
4) Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation by Okawata
5) Community diagnosis & health action by Bennoth
6) Hand Book of Physical & Medicine Rehabilitaiton - by Husk.

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MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
THEORY (NON-EXAM. SUBJECT)
Theory - 40 Hours

Mathematics: General algebra : Factorials - Logarithms - Meaning of o - basis ideas

of probability.
Calculus: Some definite integral - Taylors theorem - differential equation - equation
for wave motion - linear differential equations.
Vector Algebra - Vector Addition, subtraction and products
Grade Curl - Divergence in Cartesian, spherical and polar co-ordinate.
Graph: Representation of data by Graphs-Kibar and non-linear relations sample,
sumi-log , slopes and intercepts - frequency distribution curves integration by graphs.

Statistics:
1) Questionnaire for use in planning investigations and in evolutionary reports.
2) Purpose and general method of investigation.
3) The population and sampling.
4) Sub-division of population and samples.
5) Skeleton layouts for results.
6) Interpretation after an experiment.
7) Measures of central tendency.
8) Dispersion.
9) Measures of Skewness, Kurtosis.
10) Correlation and Regression.
11) Probability - Expectations.
- Condition probability.
12) Interpretation after a survey.
13) Sample sizes
14) Collecting, recording and examining the data.
15) Last information.
16) Estimating population percentages from samples of frequency data on
introduction to random/processes.
17) Comparison of samples of frequency data.
18) Variation between measurements.
19) Comparison by measurement.
20) Concomitant variation and trends.
21) Special lectures on Computer Sciences.

32