BG Mang AD HOC Khong Day

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING
MNG AD HOC KHNG DY

TEL 1430
KHOA VIN THNG 1

TS. NGUYN VIT HNG (CH BIN)
ThS. NGUYN TH THU HNG
ThS. L TNG HOA
TS. NGUYN VIT HNG
TS. NGUYN QU S
TS. V TRNG THNH
H Ni - 2014
Li M u
LI M U
Cc thit b cm tay khng dy v ang tr nn ph bin v ng mt vi tr ln

trong cc hot ng ca x hi loi ngi, cng nh ng gp to ln vo vic thay i cch
m loi ngi sng v lm vic. Cc mng thng tin v tuyn truyn thng thng i hi
phi c phc v bi mt c s h tng mng no , v d trong cng ngh 2G-GSM, 3G-
WCDMA, 4G-LTE ng dng cho mng din rng WAN, trong cng ngh WiMAX ng dng
cho mng th MAN, trong cng ngh WiFi ng dng trong mng cc b LAN. Mc d xt
k th c nhng cu hnh k thut cho php cc thit b trong cc cng ngh ni trn kt
ni vi nhau theo m hnh s khai ca mng Ad hoc. Khi nim v m hnh mng Ad hoc l
tng theo ngha cht l mng khng cn ti s h tr ca bt c h tng c nh no.
Ngy nay cng vi vic thng minh ha cc thit b u cui ni chung v cc thit b
di ng cm tay ni ring, cc thit b trong mng cng c kh nng thch ng t cu hnh.
Nhng iu ny to nn s trng thnh ca mng Ad hoc, ni m ngi s dng c th
mong i cc thit b cm tay ca h c kh nng t kt ni to ra mt mng din rng,
m bo nhu cu thng tin lin lc ca nhng ngi tham gia. Do vy cun bi ging Mng
Ad hoc Khng Dy ny ra i vi hi vng cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc lin quan
n mt xu hng ln v tt yu ny ca mng thng tin v tuyn. Cun bi ging ny c
chia lm 8 chng trnh by v nhng khi nim v c im c bn ca mng Ad hoc cng
nh nhng kha cnh quan trng trong vic thit k v s dng mng Ad hoc. Cc chng
trong cun bi ging bao gm:
Chng 1: Tng Quang Mng Ad hoc Khng Dy
Chng 2: Lp iu Khin Truy Nhp Mi Trng
Chng 3: nh Tuyn trong Mng Ad hoc
Chng 4: Lp Truyn Ti trong cc Mang Ad hoc
Chng 5: Qun L Nng Lng trong Mng Ad hoc
Chng 6: Cc Vn QoS trong Mng Ad hoc
Chng 7: An Ninh trong mng Ad hoc
Chng 8: ng Dng v Hng Pht Trin ca Mng Ad hoc
y l phin bn u tin ca cun bi ging v tt nhin khng trnh c nhng sai st. Rt
mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip v cc bn sinh vin.
NHM BIN SON
i
Mc Lc
MC LC
LI M U ............................................................................................................................. i
MC LC .................................................................................................................................. ii
T VIT TT ........................................................................................................................... ix
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN MNG AD HOC KHNG DY ............................................ 1
1.1. nh ngha v khi nim v mng Ad hoc ................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Mng Ad hoc l g ................................................................................................ 1
1.1.2. S khc nhau gia mng di ng v mng Ad hoc .............................................. 2
1.2. Mt s cng ngh khng dy cho Ad hoc .................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Cng ngh Bluetooth ............................................................................................ 3
1.2.2. Cng ngh IrDA ................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Cng ngh SWAP HomeRF ................................................................................. 5
1.2.4. H cng ngh IEEE 802.11-WiFi......................................................................... 7
1.2.5. H cng ngh IEEE 802.16-WiMAX................................................................... 9
1.2.6. Cng ngh 4G-LTE .............................................................................................. 9
1.3. Cc c tnh k thut ca mng Ad hoc .................................................................... 19
1.3.1. Cc giao thc MAC ............................................................................................ 19
1.3.2. nh tuyn .......................................................................................................... 21
1.3.3. iu khin truyn ti .......................................................................................... 25
1.3.4. Cht lng dch v ............................................................................................. 26
1.3.5. Qun l nng lng ............................................................................................ 27
1.3.6. Cc vn v thit k lin lp............................................................................ 29
1.3.7. Cc th thch an ninh trong mng Ad hoc khng dy........................................ 30
1.4. Tng kt chng 1 ..................................................................................................... 31
1.5. Cu hi n tp chng 1 ............................................................................................ 31
1.6. Ti liu tham kho chng 1 ..................................................................................... 31
CHNG 2: LP IU KHIN TRUY NHP MI TRNG....................................... 33
ii
Mc Lc
2.1. Gii thiu chung......................................................................................................... 33

2.2. Nhng vn quan trng v cn thit cho cc giao thc lp MAC .......................... 34
2.3. Phn loi giao thc MAC .......................................................................................... 36
2.3.1. Cc giao thc MAC da trn s hi lng ........................................................... 38
2.3.2. Cc giao thc MAC hi lng vi cc c ch t ch ......................................... 38
2.3.3. Cc giao thc MAC s dng anten tnh hng .................................................. 44
2.3.4. Cc giao thc MAC a knh .............................................................................. 45
2.3.5. Cc giao thc MAC tnh n nng lng ........................................................... 49
2.4. Tng kt chng 2 ..................................................................................................... 53
2.5. Cu hi n tp chng 2 ............................................................................................ 54
CHNG 3: NH TUYN TRONG CC MNG AD HOC........................................... 55
3.1. M u ....................................................................................................................... 55
3.2. Nhng vn thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn cho mng Adhoc............................ 57
3.2.1. Kin trc nh tuyn ........................................................................................... 57
3.2.2. H tr cc lin kt n hng ............................................................................ 57
3.2.3. S dng siu trm ............................................................................................... 58
3.2.4. nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v (QoS) .................................................. 58
3.2.5. H tr a im .................................................................................................... 59
3.3. nh tuyn ch ng (Proactive) ............................................................................... 60
3.3.1. Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV .............................................................................. 61
3.3.2. Giao thc nh tuyn OLSR ............................................................................... 63
3.3.3. Giao thc nh tuyn FSR .................................................................................. 65
3.4. nh tuyn theo yu cu ............................................................................................ 68
3.4.1. Giao thc nh tuyn AODV .............................................................................. 68
3.4.2. Giao thc nh tuyn DSR.................................................................................. 72
3.4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn TORA .............................................................................. 74
3.4.4. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu khc ................................................. 76
3.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn khc ................................................................................... 79
iii
Mc Lc
3.5.1. Giao thc nh tuyn lai gia giao thc nh tuyn ch ng v theo yu cu.. 79
3.5.2. Giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr .......................................................................... 80
3.5.3. Giao thc nh tuyn phn cp ........................................................................... 80
3.6. Tng kt chng 3 ..................................................................................................... 80
3.7. Cu hi n tp chng 3 ............................................................................................ 80
CHNG 4: LP TRUYN TI TRONG MNG AD HOC ............................................ 83
4.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................... 83
4.2. Nhng thch thc v vn thit k TCP trong cc mng Ad hoc ........................... 83
4.2.1. Cc thch thc .................................................................................................... 83
4.2.2. Cc rng buc nng lng .................................................................................. 88
4.2.3. Cc mc tiu thit k .......................................................................................... 88
4.3. Hiu nng TCP trn mng di ng Ad Hoc (MANETs)............................................ 89
4.3.1. Hiu nng TCP ................................................................................................... 89
4.3.2. Cc vn khc .................................................................................................. 90
4.4. Giao thc truyn ti Ad Hoc ...................................................................................... 91
4.4.1. Phng php tip cn chia tch .......................................................................... 91
4.4.2. Phng php tip cn u cui n u cui ..................................................... 92
4.4.3. Giao thc truyn ti Ad hoc (ATP) .................................................................. 100
4.4.4. Giao thc ATP .................................................................................................. 102
4.5. Giao thc truyn ti c ng dng iu khin (ACTP) ......................................... 108
4.6. Tng kt chng 4 ................................................................................................... 109
4.7. Cu hi n tp chng 4 .......................................................................................... 110
4.8. Ti liu tham kho chng 4 ................................................................................... 110
CHNG 5: QUN L NNG LNG TRONG MNG AD HOC............................. 111
5.1. Gii thiu chung....................................................................................................... 111
5.1.1. Ti sao qun l nng lng li cn thit i vi mng Adhoc ......................... 111
5.1.2. Phn loi cc ch qun l nng lng ......................................................... 112
5.1.3. Tng quan v cng ngh pin............................................................................. 113
iv
Mc Lc
5.1.4. Nguyn l x pin............................................................................................... 114

5.1.5. nh hng ca cc c tnh x ti dung lng pin .......................................... 115
5.1.6. M hnh ha pin................................................................................................ 121
5.1.7. H Thng pin thng minh ................................................................................. 123
5.2. Giao thc nh tuyn tit kim nng lng ............................................................. 125
5.2.1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................... 125
5.2.2. Giao thc xut kim sot truy cp ng truyn tit kim nng lng....... 126
5.3. Truyn ch qun l cng sut ............................................................................. 128
5.3.1. Qun l cng sut ca mng Ad Hoc ............................................................... 128
5.3.2. Giao thc nh tuyn tnh ton cn bng chi ph nng lng PCCB ................ 131
5.3.3. Phn tch giao thc nh tuyn PCCB .............................................................. 133
5.3.4. Giao thc MAC ................................................................................................ 133
5.3.5. Tit kim nng lng........................................................................................ 134
5.3.6. Chc nng ng b ha thi gian ..................................................................... 135
5.3.7. Chc nng tit kim nng lng....................................................................... 135
5.3.8. Tim nng Tit kim nng lng ..................................................................... 137
5.4. iu khin cng sut truyn ti ............................................................................... 138
5.4.1. p ng cng sut truyn theo trng thi ca knh.......................................... 139
5.4.2. K thut MAC .................................................................................................. 139
5.4.3. iu khin lin kt logic ................................................................................... 141
5.5. Giao thc AODV ..................................................................................................... 143
5.5.1. Gii thiu chung v giao thc AODV .............................................................. 143
5.5.2. Tm ng ........................................................................................................ 143
5.5.3. Bo tr nh tuyn ............................................................................................. 144
5.6 nh tuyn tnh n nng lng cc b da trn AODV ............................................. 144
5.5.4. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 144
5.5.5. Tm ng ........................................................................................................ 144
5.5.6. Bo tr nh tuyn ............................................................................................. 144
5.6. nh tuyn tnh n cng sut da trn AODV (PAR-AODV) .............................. 145
v
Mc Lc
5.6.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 145

5.6.2. Tm ng ........................................................................................................ 145
5.6.3. Bo tr nh tuyn ............................................................................................. 146
5.7. nh tuyn d bo thi gian tn ti da trn AODV (LPR-AODV) ....................... 146
5.7.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 146
5.7.2. Tm ng ........................................................................................................ 146
5.7.3. Bo tr nh tuyn ............................................................................................. 147
5.8. Tng kt chng 5 ................................................................................................... 147
5.9. Cu hi n tp chng 5 .......................................................................................... 148
5.10. Ti liu tham kho chng 5 ................................................................................ 148
CHNG 6: CC VN QOS TRONG MNG AD HOC ......................................... 150
6.1. M u ..................................................................................................................... 150
6.2. Thch thc khi trin khai QoS cho mng ad hoc khng dy ................................... 150
6.3. Phn loi gii php QoS ........................................................................................... 153
6.3.1. Gii php lp MAC .......................................................................................... 153
6.3.2. Gii php lp mng .......................................................................................... 154
6.4. QoS- Giao thc nh tuyn vecto khong cch Ad Hoc On-demand ...................... 155
6.4.1. M rng QoS cho giao thc AODV ................................................................. 155
6.4.2. u v nhc im ............................................................................................ 155
6.5. M hnh QoS cho mng khng dy Ad Hoc ............................................................ 156
6.5.1. Cc m hnh QoS.............................................................................................. 157
6.6. M hnh QoS INSIGNIA ......................................................................................... 159
6.6.1. Hot ng ca m hnh INSIGNIA .................................................................. 160
6.6.2. u v nhc im ............................................................................................ 162
6.7. M hnh QoS INORA .............................................................................................. 162
6.7.1. M hnh phn hi km ...................................................................................... 163
6.7.2. M hnh phn hi tt da trn lp .................................................................... 163
6.7.3. u im ............................................................................................................ 164
6.8. Tng kt chng 6 ................................................................................................... 164
vi
Mc Lc
6.9. Cu hi n tp chng 6 .......................................................................................... 165

6.10. Ti liu tham kho chng 6 ................................................................................ 165
CHNG 7: AN NINH TRONG MNG AD HOC.......................................................... 166
7.1. M u ..................................................................................................................... 166
7.2. Cc yu t an ninh chnh ca mng Ad hoc............................................................. 166
7.2.1. Tnh kh dng (Availability) ........................................................................... 167
7.2.2. Tnh bo mt (Confidentiality) ......................................................................... 167
7.2.3. Tnh ton vn (Integrity)................................................................................... 167
7.2.4. Nhn thc (Authentication) .............................................................................. 168
7.2.5. Chng t chi (non-repudiation) ...................................................................... 168
7.2.6. Chng pht li (non-replay) .............................................................................. 168
7.3. Cc thch thc an ninh c trng ca mng Ad hoc................................................ 168
7.4. Cc giao thc tha thun v phn phi kha trong mng ad hoc ............................ 170
7.4.1. Qun l kha trong cc mng v tuyn ............................................................ 170
7.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn an ton ............................................................................. 174
7.5.1. Cc m hnh tn cng lp mng [9] ................................................................. 174
7.5.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn an ton ..................................................................... 181
7.5.3. nh tuyn thng k ngu nhin ....................................................................... 185
7.6. Tng kt chng 7 ................................................................................................... 186
7.7. Cu hi v bi tp chng 7 .................................................................................... 187
CHNG 8: NG DNG V HNG PHT TRIN CA MNG AD HOC ............ 191
8.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 191
8.2. Cc ng dng in hnh ........................................................................................... 192
8.2.1. PAN .................................................................................................................. 193
8.3. Cc ng dng v cc c hi ..................................................................................... 194
8.3.1. Cc ng dng trong mi trng hc thut ........................................................ 194
8.3.2. Cc ng dng quc phng ................................................................................ 195
8.3.3. Cc ng dng trong mi trng cng nghip ................................................... 196
vii
Mc Lc
8.3.4. Cc ng dng chm sc sc khe ..................................................................... 196

8.3.5. Cc ng dng tm kim v cu h .................................................................... 197
8.3.6. Cc mng ad hoc xe c gii.............................................................................. 197
8.4. Nhng thch thc ..................................................................................................... 198
8.4.1. An ninh ............................................................................................................. 200
8.5. Mt s nghin cu ni bt gn y trong lnh vc .................................................. 201
8.5.1. Cc b cm bin ............................................................................................... 201
8.5.2. Cc mng cm bin Ad hoc v tuyn ............................................................... 202
8.6. Tng kt chng 8 ................................................................................................... 202
8.7. Cu hi n tp chng 8 .......................................................................................... 202
DANH MC HNH V ......................................................................................................... 204
DANH MC BNG .............................................................................................................. 206
viii
T Vit Tt
T VIT TT
T Vit Tt Vit y Ngha Ting Vit
ADC Analog Digital Converter B chuyn i tng t s
AKA Auxiliary Key Agreement Tha thun kha tr gip
AKM Autonomous Key Management Qun l kha t tr
Giao thc nh tuyn Multicast

Adhoc Multicast Routing protocol
AMRIS trong mng Ad hoc s dng s
utilizing Increasing ID numbers
nhn dng tng dn
Vector khong cch theo yu

AODV Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector
cu trong mng ad hoc
AP Access Point im truy nhp
Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc nh tuyn c xc thccho

ARAN
Network mng ad hoc
Ch chuyn giao khng

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ng b
BH Black Hole H en
BTMA Busy Tone Multiple Access a truy nhp s dng m bn
CA Certificate Authority Ch th chng thc
CAMP Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol Giao thc hn hp h tr li
CB Cell Broadcast Qung b
CBM Condition Based Maintenance Bo dng da trn iu kin
ix
T Vit Tt
a truy nhp phn chia theo

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
m
CLIQ CLIQues
CoA Care of Address Quan tm a ch
Composite Key Management for Ad hoc Qun l kha tng hp cho

COMP
Network mng ad hoc
CPO Control Packet Overhead Tiu gi iu khin
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra vng thng d
CRL Certificate Revocation List Danh sch thu hi chng ch
a truy nhp cm nhn sng

CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
mang
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with a truy nhp cm nhn sng

CSMA/CA
Collision Avoidance mang vi trnh xung t
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with a truy nhp cm nhn sng

CSMA/CD
Collision Detection mang vi pht hin xung t
Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure H thng c s h tng xe c

CVIS
System hp tc
Distributed and Coperative Intrusion H thng pht hin xm nhp

D&C IDS
Detection System hp tc phn b
DBTMA Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access a truy nhp m bn hai chiu
Dynamic Channel Assignment with Gn knh ng vi iu khin

DCA-PC
Power Control nng lng
D-H Diffe-Hellman
DM Desirable Matrix Ma trn mong mun
DoS Denial of Service T chi dch v
x
T Vit Tt
DOT Department Of Transportation B phn vn chuyn
DPSM Dynamic Power-Saving Mechanism C ch tit kim bng tn ng
DS Data-Sending Gi d liu
DSDV Destination Sequence Distance Vector Vec t khong cch chui ch
DSR Dynamic Source Routing nh tuyn ngun ng
Thng tin khong ngn dnh

DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication
ring
EC Europe Council Hi ng chu u
ECDH Elliptic Curve Diffe-Hellman
ERP2 Electronic Road Project 2 D n ng in t
EU Europe Union Lin minh chu u
FAMA Floor Acquisition Multiple Access a truy nhp gi nn

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
tn s
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spectrum Spread Tri ph nhy tn
FSK Frequency Shift Key Kha chuyn tn
FSR Fishey State Routing nh tuyn trng thi Fishey
Group Allocation Multiple Access with a truy nhp phn b nhm

GAMA-PS
Packet Sensing vi cm nhn gi
GH Gray Hole L xm
Giao thc pht hin xm nhp

GIDP General Intrusion Detection Protocol
tng qut
GPS Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton cu
xi
T Vit Tt
H&O Hypercube and Octopus
Qun l ng hng dn bng

Hop-by-Hop Authentication Routing-
HARD-KM nh tuyn xc thc theo tng
driven Dynamic Key Management
chng
HMAC Hash Message Authentication Code M xc thc bn tin bm
a truy nhp phn chia t

HRMA Hop-Reservation Multiple Access
trc chng
Kha cng cng da trn nhn

IBC-K Identity-Based Public Key
dng
ID Identification Nhn dng
IDS Intrusion Detection System H thng pht hin xm nhp
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhm lm vic v internet
IFS Interframe Spacing Slot Khe gia cc khung
IKA Initial Key Agreement Tha thun kha ban u
ING Ingemarsson, Tang and Wong
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc internet
IrDA Infrared Data Association Lin kt s liu hng ngoi
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical band Bng tn t do
ISO International Standard Organization H thng tiu chun quc t
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v internet
ITS Intelligent Transport System H thng giao vn thng minh
ITU International Telecomunication Union Lin minh vin thng quc t
KBID Knowledge-Based Intrusion Detection Pht hin xm nhp da trn
xii
T Vit Tt
thng tin c trc
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
LKH Logical Key Hierarchy Phn cp kha logic
LSU Link State Update Cp nht trng thi lin kt
LZRW3 Lempel-Ziv Ross Williams
iu khin truy nhp mi

MAC Medium Access Control
trng
iu khin truy nhp mi

MAC Media Access Control
trng
MAC Message Authentication Code M xc thc bn tin
MACA Multiple Access Collision Avoidance Trnh xung t a truy nhp
MACAW MACA for Wireless LANs
MANET Mobile Ad hoc Network Mng Ad hoc di ng
Vec t khong cch theo yu

Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance
MAODV cu cho mng Ad hoc pht
Vector
multicast
MIM Man In the Middle gia hai bn
iu khin truy nhp mi

MMAC Multichannel Medium Access Control
trng a knh
M hnh qun l kha da trn

MOB Mobility-Based Key Management Scheme
tnh di dng
Nh qun l chng nhn di

MOCA MObile Certificate Authority
ng
MPR Multi-Point Relay Chuyn tip a im
MSAODV Vec t khong cch theo yu

Modified Secure Ad hoc On-demand
cu cho mng Ad hoc m bo
xiii
T Vit Tt
Distance Vector an ninh c chnh sa
NAV Network Allocation Vector Vec t phn b mng
NCM Network Characteristic Matrix Ma trn c tnh mng
OBU On-Board Unit n v trn bng mch
Giao thc nh tuyn multicast

ODMRP On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol
theo yu cu
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt

OLSR Optimized Link State Routing
ti u
OSI Open System Interconnection H thng tham chiu m
iu khin truy nhp mi

Power-Aware Medium Access Control
PAMAS trng c cm nhn nng
with Signaling
lng vi bo hiu
PAN Personal Area Network Mng c c nhn
Lin kt ni thnh phn ngoi

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
vi
iu khin a truy nhp theo

PCM Power-Control Medium Access Control
nng lng
a truy nhp iu khin bng

PCMA Power-Controlled Multiple Access
nng lng
PDA Personal Digital Assitant Thit b h tr s
PDR Packet Dropped Rate T l mt gi
PKG Private Key Generator B to kha ring
PKI Public Key Infrastructure C s h tng kha cng cng
PSGK Pre-Shared Group Key Kha nhm chia s trc
xiv
T Vit Tt
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RDP Route Discovery Packet Gi khm ph tuyn
RERR (ERR) Route Error Li tuyn
RREP (REP) Route Reply Tr li tuyn
RREQ (REQ) Route Request Yu cu tuyn
RSA Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Len Adleman
RSU RoadSide Unit n v bn cnh ng
RSVP Reservation Protocol Giao thc t trc
RTS/CTS request-to-send/clear-to-send Yu cu gi/tt gi
Giao thc nh tuyn ngun

Secure Ad hoc On-Demand Source
SAHODSR theo yu cu ca mng ad hoc
Routing protocol
an ninh
Secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vec to khong cch theo yu

SAODV
Vector cu ca mng ad hoc an ninh
Pht hin xm nhp da trn

SBID Specified-Based Intrustion Detection
xc nh
SCK Self-Certified Key Kha t xc nhn
SD Sleep Deprivation Chng ng
Vc t khong cch hiu qu

SEAD Secure Efficient Distance Vector
an ninh
Giao thc nh tuyn theo yu

Secure Efficient Ad hoc on-demand
SEAR cu ca mng ad hoc hiu qu
Routing protocol
an ton
SEKM Secure and Efficient Key Management Qun l kha hiu qu v an
xv
T Vit Tt
ton
SHA1 Secure Hash Algorithm 1 Thut ton hm bm an ton
Phn b kha phin t sa

S-HEAL Self-Healing Session Key Distribution
cha
Giao thc qun l kha i

SKiMPy Symmetric Key Management Protocol
xng
Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi

SLSP Secure Link State routing Protocol
ng an ton
Phng thc linh hot ca

SMOCK Scalable Method of Cryptographic Key
kha bo mt
Giao thc truyn ti bn tin

SMTP Secure Message Transmission Protocol
bo mt
SRM Secure Route Maintenance Bo dng tuyn an ton
SRP Secure Routing Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn an ton
SSID Service Set Identification Nhn dng nhm dch v
SSR Signal Stability Routing nh tuyn n nh tn hiu
im truy nhp v tuyn chia

SWAP Shared Wireless Access Point
s
Chuyn tip ng t trc

Topology dissemination Based on
TBRPF da trn thng tin cu hnh
Reserve Path Forwarding
mng
TBTTs Target Beacon Transmission Times Thi gian pht n hiu ch
TCP Transport Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn ti

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
thi gian
TESLA Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Nhn thc c li trn lung
xvi
T Vit Tt
Authentication hiu qu c nh thi
Giao thc nh tuyn c t

TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
tm thi
TSF Timing Synchronization Function Chc nng ng b thi gian
TTL Time To Live Thi gian sng
UBIQ Ubiquitous Security Support H tr an ninh mi ni
Unobservable Secure On-demand Routing Giao thc nh tuyn theo yu

USOR
protocol cu an ton khng quan trc
T phng tin n c s h
V2I Vehical to Infrastructure
tng
T phng tin n phng

V2V Vehical to Vehical
tin
Mng ad hoc cho phng tin

VANET Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork
giao thng
VLSI Very Large-Scale Integration circuit Mch tch hp kch c ln
WAN Wide Area Network Mng din rng
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity trung thc v tuyn
Worldwide Interoperability for H thng tng thch ton cu

WiMAX
Microwave Access cho truy nhp v tuyn
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mng c b v tuyn
WSN Wireless Sensor Network Mng cm bin v tuyn
Z-H Zhou and Haas
Giao thc nh tuyn da theo

ZRP Zone-based Routing Protocol
vng
xvii
T Vit Tt
xviii
Chng 1: Tng quan mng Ad hoc khng dy
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN MNG AD HOC KHNG DY
Nguyn Vit Hng
1.1. nh ngha v khi nim v mng Ad hoc
1.1.1. Mng Ad hoc l g

Mt mng ad hoc l mt tp cc nt (thit b) di ng khng dy to thnh mt mng
tm thi, v mng ny khng cn s dng bt k h tng mng hay h thng qun l tp trung
no. Cc nt c th t do di chuyn ngu nhin v c kh nng t t chc. iu ny lm cho
topo khng dy ca mng ad hoc c th thay i nhanh chng v khng th on trc c.
Mng ad hoc l mng c th hot ng trong mt m hnh c lp hoc c th c kt ni
vi ti mng Internet. Tnh a chng, tnh di ng v vic kch thc mng ln kt hp vi s
khng ng nht v mt thit b, bng thng v nng lng pin khin cho vic thit k mt
giao thc nh tuyn y cho mng ad hoc l mt th thch khng h nh. Trn Hnh 1.1
cho ta mt v d v hai nt mong mun trao i cc gi d liu vi nhau, vic trao i thng
tin ny c th khng c thc hin trc tip m phi thng qua nhng nt trung gian.
Mng ad hoc
Hnh 1.1: Mng di ng ad hoc
Nhng ngi dng di ng s mun truyn thng trong cc tnh hung m trong
khng h tng mng c dy c nh no l c sn. V d, mt nhm cc nh nghin cu trn
ng ti mt hi ngh c th gp ti sn bay v yu cu kt ni ti mng din rng, cc sinh
vin c th cn tng tc trong sut bi ging hay nhng nhn vin cu ha cn kt ni ti xe
cu thng trn ng ti mt trng hp khn cp. Trong cc tnh hung , mt tp cc
nt di ng vi cc giao din mng khng dy c th to thnh mt mng tm thi m khng
cn s tr gip ca bt k h tng c thit lp hay qun l tp trung no. tng hnh
thnh mt mng gia cc nh nghin cu, gia sinh vin hay gia cc thnh vin ca mt i
cu h, nhng ngi m c th d dng c trang b vi cc thit b c kh nng kt ni vi
1
nhau, l kh thi. Cc mng nh vy nhn c s quan tm ng k trong nhng nm gn y

c kha cnh thng mi v ng dng qun s do nhng thuc tnh hp dn ca vic xy
dng mt mng khng dy v khng i hi bt k h tng c ln k hoch trc cng nh
trm gc hay trm iu khin trung tm.
1.1.2. S khc nhau gia mng di ng v mng Ad hoc

Bng 1.1 a ra nhng s khc nhau chnh gia mng di ng v mng ad hoc trn
nhng gc nhn lin quan n kin trc mng, cht lng kt ni, c ch hot ng v chi ph
v thi gian v gi c xy dng v lp t mng.
Bng 1.1: S khc nhau gia mng di ng v mng ad hoc
Mng di ng Mng ad hoc
C s h tng mng c nh, topo C s h tng mng khng c nh,

mng backbone c nh, trm gc c nh. khng c trm gc v trin khai nhanh
chng, topo mng thay i lin tc vi nhiu
chng.
Cc kt ni n nh hn Kt ni km n nh hn
Phi c k hoch chi tit trc khi Mng ad hoc t hnh thnh v thch
trm gc c th c lp t. nghi vi thay i.
Chi ph lp t ln. Chi ph hiu qu.
Tn nhiu thi gian lp t. Tn t thi gian lp t.
1.2. Mt s cng ngh khng dy cho Ad hoc

Thit lp truyn thng gia cc thit b khc nhau trong mng gip cho vic cung cp
cc dch v sng to v c o tr nn d dng hn, mc d cng vic ny c th i hi
nhng k thut phc tp v khin cho h thng km linh hot. Bn cnh , khi tn ti nhiu
chun cho vic kt ni nh hin nay, th mi thit b phi h tr nhiu chun hn gip cho
vic tng thch vi cc thit b khc. Ly v d v vic thit lp truyn thng trong mt mng
trong vn phng. Ton b ta nh vn phng phi cung cp s cp c chiu di nhiu km
thng qua cc ng dn trong tng, di sn v trn trn nh i ti cc bn lm vic, ni
t cc my tnh bn v laptop. Nu nh cng tc thit k v trin khai khng hiu qu, th
vic gp rc ri trong qun l v s dng mng ny l iu ng nhin s gp khi phi i
mt vi mt s lng ln dy dng kt ni hng trm thit b nh th.
gim bt chi ph v mong mun to ra mt mi trng thun tin hn, mt vi nm
trc y, nhiu chun v cc cng ngh kt ni khng dy c nghin cu trin khai.
Cc cng ngh ny cho php ngi dng kt ni mt phm vi rng cc thit b tnh ton v
truyn thng mt cch d dng hn, n gin hn m khng cn mua, lp t hay kt ni
2
hng km cp. Thm vo , cc cng ngh ny mang ti c hi cho cc kt ni Ad hoc nhanh

chng v kh nng kt ni t ng gia cc thit b. Chng s loi b s cn thit ca cp kt
ni gia cc thit b c nhn, do thit lp kh nng s dng d liu di ng trong nhiu ng
dng khc nhau. Cc mng ni b s dng dy (LAN) tng rt thnh cng trong mt vi
nm trc y v by gi, vi s h tr ca cc cng ngh kt ni khng dy ny, mng ni
b khng dy (WLAN) bt u ni ln nh mt s thay th linh hot v mnh m. Tc ca
WLAN b hn ch vo khong 2Mbps trong nhng giai on u nhng vi s xut hin ca
cc chun mi th tc ny hin ti c th h tr hng Gbps vi nhng chun gn y
nh IEEE 802.11ac v IEEE 802.11ad.
Nhn chung, c kh nhiu cc chun v cng ngh dnh cho mng khng dy nhng
ng ch hn c l Bluetooth, IrDA, SWAP HomeRF, v c bit l nhm chun IEEE
802.11. Cc cng ngh ny cnh tranh trn mt s kha cnh ng dng v i khi, b sung
cho nhau. Bi vy, vi vic thc t c qu nhiu cng ngh tn ti th cng ngh no l tt
nht v gii php no nn c la chn cho mt ng dng c th? c th gii quyt c
vn ny th ta cn nhn vo nhng im mnh, im yu v phm vi ng dng ca mi
cng ngh cng nh mi chun em li.
Tin ng sau tt c cc chun ny l s dng mt s cng ngh v tuyn c s
nhm phc v cho vic truyn dn khng dy ca d liu, cung cp nhng h tr cho s hnh
thnh ca cc mng v cng vic qun l cc thit b khc nhau bng cc phn mm cao cp.
Tuy nhin, phi ghi nh rng, tnh kh thi ca mt cng ngh ph thuc vo kh nng ng
dng v tt nhin l c chi ph ca n na.
1.2.1. Cng ngh Bluetooth

Bluetooth l mt cng ngh kt ni khng dy trong phm vi ngn, cng sut thp,
c thit k kt ni cc my in thoi, my tnh laptop, cc thit b h tr s c nhn
PDA v cc thit b cm tay khc vi t hoc khng cn s can thip ca ngi dng. Khng
ging nh sng hng ngoi, Bluetooth khng yu cu v tr nm trong tm nhn trc tip ca
cc thit b kt ni. Cng ngh ny s dng nhng thay i ca cc k thut WLAN trc ,
nhng ng ch nht l kch thc nh v chi ph thp ca n. Bt k ni no c thit b
c h tr Bluetooth trong phm vi ca chng, chng s ngay lp tc truyn dn thng tin v
thit lp cc mng nh gia cc thit b khc nhau m khng cn s can thip ca ngi dng.
Bluetooth l mt chun cng ngh khng dy phc v cho vic trao i d liu qua
khong cch ngn t cc thit b c nh v di ng, thit lp cc mng ni b c nhn (PAN)
vi mc an ninh cao. c thit k bi nh cung cp dch v vin thng Ericsson vo nm
1994, Bluetooth c t theo tn ca vua Harald Blat (trong ting Anh c ngha l vua
Harold Bluetooth), ngi cai tr vng quc an Mch trong th k 10 sau cng nguyn.
Nhng ti nm 1998, Bluetooth mi c gii thiu ln u tin v ban u n c cho l
mt s thay th cho cc cp d liu RS-232. Bn cnh , n c th kt ni vi thit b v
khc phc cc vn ng b. Hin nay, Bluetooth c pht trin bi SIG.
3
Vi Bluetooth, ti bt k thi im no, d liu c th c truyn gia thit b ch v

mt thit b khc. Thit b ch c quyn la chn thit b m mnh s kt ni, sau , n c
th chuyn nhanh chng t mt thit b ny sang mt thit b khc theo quy tc la chn xoay
vng round-robin. Thit b ch c vai tr trung tm, n c th kt ni 7 thit b khch cng
mt lc, trong khi cc thit b khch ch c th c mt thit b ch v chng cng ch c th
lng nghe trong mi khe thi gian nhn.
Cc c im ca cng ngh Bluetooth c trnh by tm tt di y:
Hot ng bng ISM 2.56GHz, bng tn ny c sn trn phm vi ton cu
m khng cn phi ng k.
S dng k thut tri ph nhy tn FHSS.
C th h tr ti 8 thit b trong mt mng nh (piconet) v ti a 10 piconet
trong mt vng ph sng.
Truyn dn a hng v khng cn trong tm nhn thng.
Phm vi kt ni 10-100m.
Chi ph thp.
Cng sut 1mW.
Phm vi m rng vi b khuch i cng sut m rng l 100m.
1.2.2. Cng ngh IrDA

IrDA l mt t chc quc t c nhim v thit lp v qung b cc chun kt ni d
liu hng ngoi chi ph thp v tng thch vi nhau. IrDA c mt tp cc giao thc tri khp
cc lp trong m hnh truyn ti d liu v thm na n c mt s thit k qun l v tng
tc. Trong cc giao thc IrDA, IrDA DATA ng vai tr l phng tin cho vic chuyn pht
d liu v IrDA CONTROL dnh cho vic gi thng tin iu khin. Ni chung, IrDA c s
dng cung cp cc cng ngh kt ni khng dy cho cc thit b m thng thng chng
vn s dng cp kt ni. IrDA l mt chun truyn dn d liu s dng cho mng Ad hoc,
gc hp 300, im - im, c thit k hot ng trong phm vi khong 0-1m ti tc
9600 bps 16 Mbps.
Cc c im ca IrDA c trnh by tm tt di y:
Phm vi s dng t 0-1m v c th m rng ti 2m, phin bn cng sut thp
c th ko gin tm hot ng t nht l 20cm gia cc thit b cng sut thp
v 30cm gia cc thit b cng sut tiu chun v cng sut thp. Vic ny c
th lm cho vic tiu th cng sut thp hn 10 ln.
Truyn thng song hng l c s ca mi c t k thut.
Truyn dn d liu vi cc tc 9600 bps, 115 kbps v 4 Mbps.
4
Cc gi d liu c bo v s dng m kim tra vng CRC (CRC-16 cho tc

ln ti 1.152 Mbps v CRC-32 ti 4Mbps).
1.2.2.1. So snh Bluetooth v IrDA
C Bluetooth v IrDA, mi cng ngh u c nhng li th, bt li khc nhau, v
khng cng ngh no p ng c ht cc yu cu ca ngi dng. Kh nng ca Bluetooth
l c th xm nhp qua cc vt th rn v h tr di ng ti a trong mng pic (piconet) v
cho php cc ng dng trao i d liu, trong khi vic m rt kh thc hin c trong
IrDA. V d, vi Bluetooth, mt ngi c th ng b in thoi ca mnh vi mt my tnh
PC m khng cn b in thoi ra khi ti, trong khi th iu ny l khng th i vi
IrDA. Kh nng a hng ca Bluetooth cho php vic ng b c bt u ngay khi in
thoi di chuyn vo trong phm vi ca my tnh PC.
Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu mt mt, IrDA li c
li th hn. Ta hy xt mt v d m trong c nhiu ngi ngi trong cng mt bn hi
ngh. Cc th in t c th c trao i gia hai ngi bng cch ch nh cc thit b IrDA
ti mi ngi khc (v IrDA l mi trng nh hng). i lp vi n, v Bluetooth l a
hng trong mi trng, nn cc thit b Bluetooth s pht hin tt c cc thit b tng t
trong phng v ngi dng phi chn ngi no mnh c nh kt ni. Xt v mt an ninh,
cc thit b Bluetooth cung cp cc c ch an ninh tt hn, iu ny khng c trong IrDA.
Tuy nhin, vi phm v kt ni hp ca IrDA, mc d cung cp mc an ninh thp hn nhng
IrDA vn nh bi Bluetooth trn phng din chi ph. Chun Bluetooth nh ngha cc hot
ng ti lp 1 v 2 ca m hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI.
1.2.3. Cng ngh SWAP HomeRF

HomeRF l mt nhm lm vic ca ITU v c nhim v chnh l pht trin mt chun
cho vic truyn thng d liu v thoi ti tn s v tuyn vi chi ph thp. Nhm ny cng
cng pht trin giao thc truy nhp khng dy chia s (SWAP). SWAP l mt c t k thut
cng nghip cho php cc PC, thit b ngoi vi, in thoi khng dy v cc thit b khc
truyn thng thoi v trao i d liu m khng cn s dng cp. SWAP tng t nh giao
thc CSMA/CA ca IEEE 802.11 nhng m rng vi lu lng thoi.
H thng SWAP hot ng va l mt mng Ad hoc va l mt mng h tng di s
iu khin ca mt im kt ni. Trong mt mng Ad hoc, tt c cc trm u c vai tr
ngang nhau, im iu khin c phn b gia cc trm v ch h tr cho d liu. Trong mt
mng h tng, mt im kt ni l cn thit phi hp h thng m n cung cp cng ra v
d nh trong mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN). Cc chc nng ca SWAP
khng b nh hng bi cc bc tng chn hay sn nh. Bn cnh , mt s c ch an ninh
cng c cung cp thng qua vic s dng mt nhn dng mng duy nht. H thng ny
mnh m v ng tin cy, c th ti thiu ha tc ng ca nhiu v tuyn.
Cc c im ca HomeRF c trnh by tm tt di y:
5
Hot ng di tn 2.45GHz ca bng ISM.

Phm vi ng dng 150 feet (khong 45 m).
S dng nhy tn 50 chng/giy.
H tr c 2 kiu a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) cung cp
chuyn pht thoi tng tc v a truy nhp cm bin sng mang (CSMA/CA)
cho chuyn pht cc gi d liu tc cao.
Kh nng h tr ti a 127 nt.
Cng sut truyn dn 100mW.
Tc d liu: 1 Mbps s dng iu ch kha dch tn s 2-FSK v 2 Mbps s
dng iu ch 4-FSK.
Kt ni thoi cho php cung cp ti a 6 kt ni song cng.
C ch an ninh m bo trn c s s dng thut ton mt m blowfish1 (trn
1 t m).
Phng php nn d liu c thc hin bng thut ton LZRW3.
1.2.3.1. So snh Bluetooth v SWAP
Hin ti, SWAP c mt nn tng ci t ln hn so vi Bluetooth, nhng mi ngi
u tin rng Bluetooth cui cng s thng th, nh chng ta cng ang thy trn th trng
in thoi thng minh hin nay. Bluetooth l mt cng ngh kt ni khng dy vi mc ch
cung cp cc kt ni phm vi ngn gia cc thit b di ng v t cc thit b ny ti Internet
thng qua cc cu ni hay ti cc mng khc (c dy v khng dy), ti ni cung cp kh
nng truy nhp Internet.
Trong khi , SWAP l mt cng ngh khng dy c ti u ha cho mi trng
mng trong nh. ng dng chnh ca n l cung cp kt ni mng d liu gia cc thit b
nh PC, in thoi khng dy, tablet v modem thu bao s (DSL) hay modem cp bng
rng. C hai cng ngh ny u chia s ph tn s ging nhau nhng khng gy nhiu cho
nhau khi hot ng trong cng mt vng khng gian. Khi so snh vi IrDA, SWAP gn hn
vi Bluetooth trong v ngoi phm vi ca n, v th, gia Bluetooth v IrDA c nhiu im
khc nhau hn l vi SWAP. Nhng so snh ny c lit k trong Bng 1.2.
1
Blowfish l mt m khi kha i xng, c thit k bi Bruce Schneiner vo nm 1993. Kch thc kha
trong Blowfish l 32-448 bit, kch thc khi 64 bit. (theo https://www.schneier.com/blowfish.html)
6
1.2.4. H cng ngh IEEE 802.11-WiFi

Cng ngh IEEE 802.11 l c s to nn mt mng khng dy in hnh bao gm
mt im truy cp AP cung cp sng v tuyn c s dng bi mi thu bao (hay thit b
truy cp c h tr chun kt ni ny). im truy cp AP l mt ni tp trung cung cp dch v
kt ni cho khong 1-100 thu bao hay thit b. Nhiu AP c th c yu cu trong cc khu
vc a l rng hay phc v nhiu ngi dng hn. Mt AP c th kt ni ti cc AP khc
hay kt ni trc tip ti mng m t c th ra c Internet. AP thng c t trong mt
v tr trung tm ca mt nhm thu bao v ca mt nhm cc AP khc hay vi mt kt ni
mng ti mt im hin din PoP.
AP qun l lu lng thng tin gia cc thu bao v ti cc thc th khc trong mng.
N qung b mt ID hay dch v mng (SSID) c hiu l tn mng v x l cc chc nng
an ninh gii hn truy cp. Khi mt thu bao kt ni ti mng khng dy cng cng, sng v
tuyn ca thu bao c cu hnh s dng SSID ca AP v cc thng s an ninh lin
quan. Sng v tuyn ca thu bao sau thit lp mt kt ni ti mng khng dy v mt lin
kt trao i d liu c hnh thnh.
Mt h thng my tnh c kt ni ti mt thit b khng dy s dng mt cp
Ethernet. Thng tin c gi t my tnh ny (hay cc my tnh khc trong cng mt mng
Ethernet) c chuyn pht ti thit b khng dy theo c ch sau:
My pht gi tn hiu v tuyn vi thng tin ti mt anten.
Anten gi tn hiu v tuyn v nh hng chng vo trong mi trng khng
gian ri ti mt v tr vt l c th.
My thu nghe thy tn hiu v tuyn bng cch s dng anten ca n v
chuyn i chng thnh nh dng m my tnh c th hiu v s dng.
Mt khi tn hiu v tuyn ri anten pht, n di chuyn qua khng gian v c
nhn bi anten thu. V tn hiu di chuyn qua khng gian, n c th suy gim
v cui cng mt nng lng cn thit my thu c th thu c chnh
xc.
Cc mng khng dy c th nhiu dng khc nhau nh pht thanh VHF, pht thanh
FM-AM, mng in thoi di ng t bo v v tuyn qung b cell (CB), nhng chng c
nhng mc ch c th (trc y thng l mc ch trao i thng tin thoi, hin nay trao
i d liu ngy cng chim a s). D liu c trao i c th l thoi, s liu cho kt ni
Internet hay bt k kiu thng tin no.
C nhiu cng ngh khng dy ph hp cho mng d liu. Khi khi nim s dng cc
tn hiu v tuyn kt ni cc my tnh khc nhau trong mt ta nh c gii thiu, IEEE
thnh lp mt y ban thit lp cc chun cho cng ngh. y ban ny c gi l IEEE
802.11 v cc chun khc nhau m h pht trin c bit ti nh l 802.11a, 802.11b,
7
802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac v 802.11ad. Nhm cc chun ny sau khi c thng mi ha

th cng c xem nh l chun cho cng ngh Wi-Fi. Cng vi s pht trin ny, cng ngh
Wi-Fi nhanh chng tr nn ph bin v chi ph cho cc thit b Wi-Fi cng gim ng k theo
thi gian. Nhiu t chc v cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) bt u vi Wi-Fi.
Wi-Fi l mt cng ngh khng dy ph bin c s dng bi cc h gia nh, cng ty
nh v cc ISP mi. Cc thit b Wi-Fi lun sn c cc ca hng my tnh v cc thit b
Wi-Fi nng cao th c thit k cho cc ISP.
Cc li ch c th k ti ca Wi-Fi nh sau:
Ph bin v c lp vi cc nh cung cp; bt k thit b Wi-Fi no cng s lm
vic vi thit b Wi-Fi khc m khng cn quan tm ti nh sn sut ca
chng.
Gi thnh hp l.
C th m rng phm vi v hiu nng ca mt mng Wi-Fi.
Cc bt li ca Wi-Fi:
c thit k cho LAN, khng cho WAN
S dng k thut CSMA. Trong , ch duy nht mt trm khng dy c th
ni chuyn ti mt thi im, c ngha l mt ngi dng c th chim ton
b ti nguyn ca mng. Mi ng dng nh l hi ngh video, VoIP v a
phng tin c th lm sp mng.
Nhng so snh ca cc cng ngh mng k trn, c trnh by trong Bng 1.2 di
y:
Bng 1.2: So snh gia cc cng ngh khng dy
Tc d Phm vi Chi ph H tr thoi H tr d

liu nh liu
lin quan
IEEE 2 Mpbs 50 m Trung bnh IP TCP/IP

802.11
IrDA 16 Mpbs <2 m Thp IP PPP
Bluetooth 1 Mpbs <10 m Trung bnh IP v mng PPP

cellular
SWAP 1.6 Mpbs 50 m Trung bnh IP v PSTN TCP/IP

HomeRF
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1.2.5. H cng ngh IEEE 802.16-WiMAX

WiMAX c pht trin t nn tng chun 802.16 vo nm 1999, cho ti nm 2003,
th WiMAX forum mi c thnh lp nhm pht trin v qung b cng ngh truy nhp
bng rng ny. N l mt s m rng ca Wi-Fi, c thit k c bit dnh ring cho phn
b v di ng chng cui (last-mile). WiMAX cung cp tc cao hn 30Mbps. Phm vi ph
sng trung bnh t 5 km ti 10 km.
WiMAX di ng l mt cng ngh truy nhp bng rng tc cao, cho php cc ng
dng truy cp Internet vi chi ph thp. N l s hi t ca truy nhp bng rng c nh v di
ng trong mt kin trc mng v giao din v tuyn duy nht. WiMAX kt hp OFDMA v
MIMO cng vi bng thng linh hot v kh nng thch ng nhanh, to ra mt giao din v
tuyn hiu qu. Cc mng WiMAX c xy dng hon ton trn kin trc mng IP, c th
h tr nhiu m hnh dch v v ng dng khc nhau. Cng vi xu hng chung hi t cc
mng BAN, PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, WiMAX c nhng chuyn i tng thch vi
4G-LTE.
1.2.6. Cng ngh 4G-LTE

1.2.6.1. Tin trnh pht trin ca h thng di ng trc LTE.
Vo nm 1946, y ban Truyn thng Lin bang M (FCC) ph duyt dch v
thng mi u tin ca h thng thoi, c cung cp bi tp on AT&T. Nm 1947,
AT&T gii thiu khi nim di ng: ti s dng tn s v tuyn - khi nim ny tr thnh
nn tng cho tt c cc h thng thng tin di ng tip theo. Cc h thng tng t c iu
hnh bi mt s cng ty in thoi c quyn v cc nh khai thc mng hu tuyn trong
sut nhng nm 1950 v 1960, s dng thit b cng knh, lun thiu ngun cung cp v nng
lng v cung cp dch v cho mt s lng rt hn ch ca ngi s dng.
Nh mt tt yu cc h thng thng tin di ng quc t u tin ra i vo u nhng
nm 1980; ni ting nht l NMT bt u t cc nc Bc u, AMPS Bc M, TACS
chu u v J-TACS ti Nht Bn. Thit b cng knh, bo mch l ch yu, cht lng m
thanh thng khng p ng c cuc gi l nhng vn ph bin. Cc h thng di ng
th h u tin l h thng tng t h tr POTS-plain old telephony services c ngha l,
dch v thoi vi mt s dch v b sung lin quan.
9
Hnh 1.2: Tin trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng
Cng ngh k thut s pht trin a n vic nng cao nng lc ca h thng,
cung cp mt cht lng nht qun hn ca dch v pht trin cc thit b hp dn hn
nhiu v di ng thc s.
Ti chu u vo gia nhng nm 1980, khi GSM ang c trin khai rng khp th
d n pht trin mt h thng in thoi di ng c khi xng chu u bi CEPT
(Hi ngh cc nh qun l v Bu Chnh vin thng Chu u, gm nh qun l vin thng t
48 nc) v sau tip tc trong Vin tiu chun Vin thng chu u (ETSI). Cc tiu chun
GSM da trn TDMA, cng nh cc tiu chun ca M-TDMA v tiu chun PDC Nht Bn
c gii thiu cc khung thi gian tng t nhau. Mt phn sau s pht trin ca tiu
chun CDMA c gi l IS-95 c hon thnh ti M trong nm 1993.
Th h th hai thng tin di ng k thut s a n c hi cung cp dch v d
liu qua mng in thoi di ng. Cc dch v d liu chnh c gii thiu trong 2G l tin
nhn vn bn (SMS) v cc dch v d liu chuyn mch cho php email v cc ng dng d
liu khc, trc ht mt tc d liu ti a khim tn 9,6 kbps. Tc d liu cao hn
c gii thiu sau ny trong cc h thng 2G pht trin bng cch gn nhiu khe thi gian
cho mt ngi dng v thng qua cc chng trnh m ha sa i. D liu gi trn h thng
di ng tr thnh thc t vo na sau nhng nm 1990, vi GPRS gii thiu trong GSM v
d liu gi cng thm vo cng ngh di ng khc nh tiu chun PDC Nht Bn. Nhng
cng ngh ny thng c gi l 2.5G, nh ch ra trn Hnh 1.2.
S ra i ca 3G v giao din v tuyn bng thng cao hn ca UTRA a n c hi
ra i cho mt lot cc dch v mi m vi 2G v 2.5G mi ch l tng. 3G/UTRA pht
trin truy cp v tuyn ngy nay l x l trong 3GPP. Tuy nhin, nhng bc u tin cho 3G
c thc hin vo u nhng nm 1990, rt lu trc khi 3GPP c hnh thnh. GSM l
10
mt d n ca chu u, nhng n nhanh chng thu ht s quan tm trn ton th gii khi cc
tiu chun GSM c trin khai mt s quc gia ngoi chu u. Li ch ton cu trong
kinh t khin cho vic m rng hn cc sn phm v dch v di ng trn th trng. iu ny
thc y vic hp tc quc t cht ch hn xung quanh cng ngh di ng 3G so vi cc
th h trc .
Hot ng ca h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba bt u trong ITU trong nhng
nm 1980, u tin di tn gi h thng thng tin di ng mt t cng cng tng lai
(FPLMTS), sau thay i thnh IMT-2000. Hi ngh nh qun l v tuyn WARC-92 xc
nh tn s 230 MHz ph tn cho IMT-2000 trn ton th gii. Trong s ny 230 MHz, 2x 60
MHz c xc nh l cp ph i vi FDD v 35 MHz l n ph cho TDD, c hai u s
dng trn mt t. Mt s quang ph cng c dnh cho cc dch v truyn hnh v tinh.
Song song vi vic trin khai rng ri v pht trin ca cc h thng di ng 2G trong
nhng nm 1990, nhng n lc ng k v nghin cu 3G cng c trin khairng ri trn
khp th gii. Ti chu u, mt s d n do EU ti tr phn noa ra khi nim a truy
nhp, bao gm thnh phn CDMA bng thng rng l vi tin thn l ETSI vo nm 1996.
Nht Bn, Hip hi thng mi v cng nghip v tuyn (ARIB) cng ng thi xc nh 3G
cng ngh truyn thng khng dy da trn CDMA bng thng rng. M mt khi nim
gi l WCDMA WIMS c pht trin trong y ban T1.P1. Hn Quc cng bt u lm
vic vi WCDMA ti thi im ny.
Sau nhng thnh cng t vic trin khai 3G vo thc t, c nhiu bc pht trin c
v dch v thoi, cng nh nhng tin ch v truyn tin cht lng cao c p dng. Th
trng vin thng quc t khng ch si ng m cn a dng v a ra nhiu hng pht
trin tip theo y ha hn. Vi vic khng ngng pht trin, cc t chc nghin cu hng
u dn dn a ra tng v mt th h di ng tip theo, mng di ng th h th 4, c
trng bi cng ngh LTE, vi nhng tnh nng ni bt hn hn 3G v khc phc nhng hn
ch t 3G.
11
1.2.6.2. Cc phin bn 4G- LTE
Hnh 1.3: S tin ha ca 3GPP
T nm 2004 sau mt vi nm pht trin LTE vn ang trong qu trnh tp trung vo

vic pht trin UTRA. LTE bng thng rng hay ph bin hn c gi l 4G c pht trin
t d n i tc th h th ba (3GPP) v c thng qua bi Vin Tiu chun Vin thng
chu u (ETSI). Trn thc t, mc ch ca d n LTE l phi to ra thng lng s dng
trung bnh bng 3-4 ln so vi phin bn 6 HSDPA trong ng xung (100 Mbps) v 2-3 ln
so vi mc HSUPA trong ng ln (50 Mbps).
Bng 1.3 lit k cc phin bn m 3GPP a ra t s ra i ca UMTS, cng vi
cc thng tin quan trng nht ca mi bn pht hnh.
Bng 1.3: Cc phin bn ca 3GPP cho UMTS v LTE
Phin bn Pht hnh Thng tin chnh
Quy nh u tin cho cc mng 3G UMTS, tch hp

R99 3/2000
giao din khng dy WCDMA.
Ban u gi l Phin bn 2000, thm cc c tnh bao

R4 3/2001 gm: mt mng li ton IP v giao din khng dy TS-
SCDMA.
R5 6/2002 Gii thiu a phng tin IMS, HSDPA.
Tch hp hot ng vi cc mng Wireless LAN v thm

R6 3/2005
HSUPA, tng cng cho IMS.
12
Tp trung vo vic gim tr, ci thin QoS v cc ng

R7 12/2007 dng thi gian thc nh VoIP v tp trung ci tin
HSPA+.
Phin bn LTE u tin v mng ton IP SAE. Giao din

R8 12/2008
v tuyn mi da trn OFMDA, FDE v MIMO.
Ci tin, tng cng LTE v SAE, lin kt gia WiMAX

R9 12/2009
v LTE/UMTS.
LTE-A hon thnh cc yu cu ca 4G IMT-A. Tng

R10 3/2011
thch ngc vi phin bn 8.
Ci tin LTE-A. Lin kt IP tin tin gia cc dch v.

R11 9/2012 Lin kt lp dch v gia cc nh khai thc quc t cng
nh cc nh cung cp ng dng bn th ba.
Trong nm 2007, cng ngh truy cp v tuyn th h th ba - EUTRA pht trin t

giai on nghin cu kh thi thnh d n vi cc thng s k thut c ph duyt. n
cui nm 2008, thng s k thut n nh cho ln pht sng u tin ca thit b LTE
trong phin bn 8. Nhng yu t t chc 3GPP a ra Phin bn th 8 l:
Cn phi m bo tnh lin tc ca kh nng cnh tranh vi h thng 3G trong
tng lai;
Nhu cu ngi dng cao hn v tc d liu v cht lng dch v;
H thng chuyn mch gi c ti u ha;
Nhu cu gim chi ph;
phc tp thp;
Trnh phn mnh khng cn thit i vi cc cp bng thng hay bng thng
n ang vn hnh
ITU t ra thut ng IMT-Advanced xc nh h thng in thoi di ng c
kh nng tin xa hn IMT-2000. p ng thch thc mi ny, cc t chc i tc ca
3GPP ng m rng phm vi ca 3GPP bao gm c vic nghin cu v pht trin cc
h thng ngoi 3G.
Tuy nhin, mt s li ch gia tng t vic ci tin c gii thiu trong phin bn 9,
phin bn ny c ng trong thng 12 nm 2009. Release 9 c pht trin da trn
nhng ci cha hon thin Rel-8 vi cc cng ngh nh:
13
Dch v qung b a phng tin (MBMS).

MIMO s dng hai lp beamforming, nh v LTE.
H thng cnh bo cng cng (PWS), yu cu RF cho BS a sng mang.
Mang c im k thut ca eNtB (Femto-cell).
Mng li t t chc (SON).
Thng 09 nm 2009, cc i tc 3GPP trnh chnh thc cho ITU xut rng
LTE Phin bn 10 v xa hn na (LTE-Advanced) c nh gi l mt ng c vin cho
cng ngh IMT-Advanced vi cc cng ngh chnh:
Pht trin thm SON
Cc nt thng minh.
H tr cho tr, phn b ti nguyn thch ng.
a sng mang.
Phi hp beamforming.
Cho tc 500Mbps vi UL.
1Gbps cho ng xung DL.
Bng thng 40MHz.
Release 11 c pht trin t cui nm 2012 cho n u nm 2013 l tiu chun cho
HSPA+ v LTE-Advance ci tin h tr cht lng ca cc dch v mc cao. i vi
HSPA, trn DL s dng 8 sng mang vi MIMO 4x4 t l thng lng t 336Mbps. UL s
dng MIMO 2x2 khp kn v m truyn a dng s dng iu ch 64QAM cho tc rt cao.
i vi LTE, Rel-11 cung cp cc ci tin cho LTE-A gm:
Tp hp cc sng mang (CA).
Dch v qung b a phng tin (MBMS).
SON.
Phi hp a im (CoMP).
Tng cng knh vt l iu khin (EPDCCH).
Tng cng phi hp nhiu lin (FeICIC).
Release 12 c pht trin t thng 3/2013 v c pht hnh trong nm nay
8/2014 vi nhng cng ngh ni tri nh:
Phi hp gia TDD v FDD.
14
Ci tin MIMO DL/3D MIMO.

Loi truyn thng chi ph thit b thp.
Loi sng mang mi (NCT), phi hp cc cell nh.
Pht thanh qua 3GPP/WIFI.
Ci tin tnh di ng Hetnet.
Release 13 c pht trin t thng 9/2014. Trong tng li, s pht trin ca Rel-13
vi nhng cng ngh mnh m c p dng vo thc t em li nhng li ch to ln cho
ngi s dng vi tc cao v chi ph thp cho nh khai thc.
1.2.6.3. c im ca LTE
LTE l mt gii php bng thng rng di ng cung cp mt tp hp tnh nng phong
ph vi s linh hot ln v cc ty chn trin khai v dch v cung cp tim nng. Mt s tnh
nng quan trng v ni bt nh lit k trong Bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4: Cc thng s c bn ca LTE
Thng s Gi tr
K thut truy cp ng ln SC- FDMA
K thut truy cp ng xung OFDMA
Bng thng 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
TTI ti thiu 1ms
Khong cch sng mang ph 15Khz
Vng ph Ging nh LTE
Tin t chu k ngn 4.7 s
Tin t chu k di 16.7s
Cc bng thng m rng Ln ti 20-100MHz
iu ch QPSK. 16QAM, 64QAM
Ghp knh khng gian Lp n cho ng ln, trn tng UE; ln ti 4

lp cho ng xung, trn tng UE. H tr MU-
MIMO cho ng ln v ng xung
15
OFDM cho hiu sut ph cao l nn tng lp vt l: OFDM c s dng trong ng

xung c c chng nhiu a ng vi k thut tin tin nh lp lch min tn s knh
ph v MIMO, trong khi SC-FDMA c s dng trong ng ln c c mt t s cng
sut nh trung bnh (PAPR) thp, min tn s c s dng trc giao v ng dng a n-ten.
H tr TDD v FDD: LTE h tr c TDD v FDD. TDD c u tin s dng trong
mt phn ln ca vic trin khai cng ngh v li th: (1) tnh linh hot trong vic la chn t
l tc d liu ng ln, ng xung (2) kh nng khai thc knh tng h, (3) kh nng
thc hin tri ph khng ghp i v (4) thit k b thu pht t phc tp hn.
iu ch v m ho tng thch (AMC): LTE h tr mt s chng trnh iu ch v
m ha FEC v cho php chng trnh ny thay i trn tng ngi dng v tng khung d
liu, da trn cc iu kin knh. AMC l mt c ch hiu qu ti a ha thng lng
trong mt knh thi gian khng c nh. Cc thut ton tng thch thng dng cho chng
trnh iu ch, m ha cao nht c th gip tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu, tp m ti u thu
nh vy mi ngi dng s c cung cp tc d liu cao nht, c th c h tr trong
lin kt tng ng.
H tr bng thng bin i: E-UTRA s hot ng trong di phn b quang ph ca
cc kch c khc nhau, bao gm 1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 v 20 MHz c ng ln v ng
xung, nh ta thy trong Bng 1.4. Hot ng ph tn n hay ph tn theo cp u c h
tr. N c th c thc hin t ng h tr ngi dng di ng trn cc mng c phn b
bng thng khc nhau.
Tc d liu nh cao: LTE c kh nng h tr tc d liu nh rt cao. Trong
thc t, tc d liu PHY nh c th cao bng tc d liu nh ng xung 100 Mb/s
trong mt phn b ph tn ng xung 20MHz (5 bps/Hz), trong khi n cung cp tc d
liu nh ng ln l 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) trong phn b ph tn ng ln 20MHz.
Tnh di ng: cng ngh E-UTRAN ti u hn cho di ng tc thp 0-15 km/h.
Tc di ng cao hn t 15 - 120 km/h cn c h tr vi hiu sut cao. Di chuyn qua
mng di ng t ong c duy tr tc 120-350 km/h (hoc thm ch ln n 500 km/h ty
thuc vo bng tn).
Kh nng truyn li ti tng lin kt: LTE h tr k thut truyn li t ng ARQ ti
tng lin kt.Cc kt ni kch hot ch ARQ s yu cu mi gi tin c truyn phi
c xc nhn nhn bi ngi nhn; cc gi d liu khng c xc nhn s c gi nh l
b mt v c truyn li. LTE cng h tr ty chn k thut hybrid-ARQ, l s kt hp
hiu qu gia FEC v ARQ.
H tr ngi dng ng b: LTE cung cp kh nng thc hin lp k hoch ti
nguyn 2 chiu (trong thi gian v tn s), cho php h tr nhiu ngi s dng trong mt
khong thi gian; Ngc li, cng ngh 3G hin c thc hin lp k hoch mt chiu l ci
ang hn ch bt dch v cho mt ngi s dng trong tng khe thi gian.
16
An ninh: LTE cung cp tng cng bo mt thng qua vic thc hin cc UICC SIM
v cc lin kt vng chc v khng xm nhp lu tr quan trng v xc thc kha i xng
bng kha b mt 128-bit. LTE b sung kt hp xc thc ln nhau mnh m, s dng bo mt
danh tnh, bo v tnh ton vn ca tt c cc bn tin bo hiu gia UE v MME v ty chn
nhiu cp m ha d liu.
Chuyn vng hiu qu trn ton th gii: Bi v LTE l mt th thng nht cc tiu
chun 4G i vi hu ht cc hang 3GPP v 3GPP2 trn ton th gii, cc thit b LTE s d
dng hn thit lp chuyn vng trn ton th gii. Mt cnh bo trc l cc bng tn thc
t c s dng bi cc hng khc nhau s khc nhau (do duy tr thit b a bng tn l cn
thit).
1.2.6.4. c im ni bt ca LTE Advanced
LTE-Advanced phi l mt mng khng dy bng thng rng thc s m cung cp tc
d liu nh cao bng hoc ln hn so vi mng c dy, v d: Fiber To The Home
(FTTH), trong khi cung cp QoS tt hn. Cc yu cu chnh ca LTE l gim chi ph mng
(chi ph cho mi bit), dch v d phng tt hn v kh nng tng thch vi h thng 3GPP.
LTE-Advanced l mt s tin ha t LTE tng thch ngc. Ngoi cc tnh nng tin tin
c s dng bi LTE Release 8, LTE-Advanced tng cng cc tnh nng ni bt sau.
Tc d liu nh: LTE-Advanced h tr mt cch ng k vic tng tc d liu
nh tc thi. mc ti thiu, LTE-Advanced s h trvic ci thin tc d liu nh
gip cc dch v v ng dng tin tin (100 Mbps i vi tc cao v 1 Gbps cho di chuyn
tc thp c coi nh l mc tiu nghin cu).
Di ng: H thng s h tr di chuyn trn mng di ng t ng vi tc di ng ln
n 350 km/h (hoc c l thm ch ln n 500 km/h ty di tn). Hiu nng h thng s c
tng cng i vi tc di chuyn 0-10 km/h v t nht khng thua km E-UTRA v E-
UTRAN i vi vic di chuyn tc cao hn.
Bng 1.5: So snh cc tnh nng ca LTE v LTE Advanced
Thng s LTE LTE - Advanced
Tc d liu DL 300 Mbps 1Gbps

nh UL 75 Mbps 500Mbps
Bng thng DL 20MHz 100 MHz

truyn dn UL 20MHz 40MHz
Nng sut tri DL 15 30
17
ph nh UL 3,75 15
Ti u vi tc c chm
(<15km/h), hiu sut lm vic cao
di ng Tng t LTE
ti tc ln ti 120km/h, duy tr
kt ni vi tc 350km.h
Cng sut vng ph ton phn ln

Vng ph Ging nh LTE
ti 5 km
Cc bng
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz Ln ti 20-100MHz
thng m rng
Lp a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA): OFDMA c s dng
cho k thut truy cp v tuyn LTE-Advanced. Mt cng ngh c bit n l tp hp cc
song mang c dng lp OFDMA kt hp vi cc sng mang thnh phn LTE (t LTE
Release 8) trn lp vt l cung cp bng thng cn thit. Do , truy cp v tuyn OFDMA
c th t c yu cu cao hn ng k v cc thng s hiu nng v cng sut h thng khi
so snh vi cc phng php truy cp v tuyn c s dng trong LTE Release 8.
K thut truyn dn a anten nng cao: Trong LTE-A, k thut MIMO c ci thin
hn na trong vic s dng hiu qu quang ph, thng lng cell trung bnh v hiu sut lm
vic ti ra cell. Vi truyn nhn a im, th vic s dng cc anten cho cc v tr a cell
c dng nh l mt cch nhng anten thu/pht ca cc t bo phc v v cc t bo ln
cn c th ci thin cht lng ca tn hiu thu c ti cc thit b ngi dng v gim nhiu
ng knh t cc t bo ln cn. Hiu sut tri ph nh t l thun vi s lng anten c
s dng.
Bng 1.6: So snh hiu sut ph ca LTE v LTE Advanced
Cu hnh
Thng s LTE LTE - Advance
nten
2x2 1.69 2.4

ng
Hiu sut ph 4x2 1.87 2.6
xung
[bps/Hz/cell] 4x4 2.67 3.7
ng ln 1x2 0.74 1.2
18
2x4 - 2.0
2x2 0.05 0.07

ng
Thng lng ngi 4x2 0.06 0.09
xung
dng ti ra cell 4x4 0.08 0.12
[bps/Hz/cell/user] 1x2 0.024 0.04
ng ln
2x4 - 0.07
Nhng c im k thut ni bt ca LTE v LTE - Advanced va c nu ra phn

no cho chng ta ci nhn chung nht v cng ngh nhiu u vit ny.
Phn tip theo ca chng, chng ta s i c th hn vo kin trc ca h thng, cc
k thut truyn dn c trng, v iu ny lm nn s khc bit ca LTE so vi cc cng
ngh trc .
1.3. Cc c tnh k thut ca mng Ad hoc

Cc kiu thit b u cui khc nhau nh PDA, in thoi di ng, my nhn tin hai
chiu, hoc cc cm bin thit lp mng Ad hoc vi kh nng khc nhau trong cng sut pht,
nng lng, m hnh di ng v cc yu cu cht lng dc v QoS. Bi vy, cc mng Ad
hoc khng ng nht v thit b u cui v dch v m n cung cp. Tuy nhin, khi cp
ti hiu nng hot ng, mt mng phi c xem xt khng ch s khng ng nht ca
cc nt trong cng sut pht v nng lng m cn cc kha cnh truyn thng khc nh
vic cc nt ang trong trng thi ng hay tch cc v s tn ti ca ngun cung cp nng
lng. Bn cnh , mng Ad hoc c k tha mt s cc vn c hu truyn thng ca
cc mng truyn thng khng dy nh mi trng truyn dn m, knh v tuyn khng ng
tin cy v khng c bo v.
1.3.1. Cc giao thc MAC

1.3.1.1. Gii thiu
Trong cc mng Ad hoc, mi nt ch c th l my pht (TRX) hoc my thu (RX) ti
mt thi im. Truyn thng gia cc nt b gii hn trong mt phm vi truyn dn hn hp
v bng thng, do vy, cc nt phi chia s ngun ti nguyn ny khi trao i d liu hoc cc
bn tin. iu ny dn ti ch mt knh truyn dn c s dng khi hot ng trong min tn
s ging nhau nh vy, v knh ny ng nhin s chim ton b bng thng. Khng ging
nh cc mng c dy, vi Ad hoc, tr gi khng ch gy ra bi ti lu lng ti mi nt m
cn b gy ra bi ti lu lng ti mi nt hng xm, hay cn gi l nhiu lu lng. Cc
giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic xc
19
nh mi nt c th chia s ngun ti nguyn hu hn ny nh th no mt cch hiu qu.

Ngun v ch c th rt xa nhau v khi , mi gi tin s cn c chuyn tip qua cc nt
khc trc khi ti c ch. Mi trng truyn dn lc ny cn c truy nhp v cc giao
thc MAC s iu khin vic truy nhp y.
Mt trong nhng th thch hng u trong MANET l lm th no tng hiu nng
ton mng trong khi vn tiu dng t nng lng cho qu trnh x l v trao i cc gi tin.
Tht khng may, thng lng thp li l mt thuc tnh kh chu ca cc knh v tuyn, kt
hp vi mi trng da trn cnh tranh ca cc giao thc MAC ph bin c s dng trong
MANET. Chnh v th, bt k l giao thc MAC no, cng cn xt ti cc thng s hiu nng
sau:
Thng lng v tr: Thng lng c tnh bi phn trm khung d liu
truyn dn thnh cng trn mt n v thi gian. Tr c xc nh bi khong
thi gian gia thi im ti ca khung ti lp MAC ca my pht (ti lp
MAC chun b chuyn i) v thi gian my pht bit rng khung d liu
c nhn bi my thu.
Cng bng: m bo vic phn b knh c thc hin cng bng nh th no
i vi cc dng d liu trong cc nt khc nhau. c tnh di ng ca nt v
thiu tin cy ca cc knh v tuyn l hai nhn t chnh nh hng ti s
cng bng ny.
Hiu qu nng lng: Hiu qu nng lng c tnh l phn tiu th nng
lng hu ch (cho cc truyn dn khung d liu thnh cng) trn tng nng
lng tiu dng.
H tr a phng tin: y l kh nng ca mt giao thc MAC iu tit
lu lng vi cc yu cu dch v khc nhau nh l thng lng, tr, v t l
mt khung.
1.3.1.2. Cc vn quan trng v s cn thit ca cc giao thc MAC
Lp MAC l mt lp con ca lp lin kt d liu, lin quan ti cc chc nng v th
tc cn thit trao i d liu gia hai hoc nhiu nt trong mng. N thc hin cc hot
ng c th trong vic to khung, nh a ch vt l, iu khin lung v sa li, cng vi
l gii quyt xung t gia cc nt trong vic truy nhp knh. T cc trch nhim , mc
ch thit k ca cc giao thc MAC bao gm:
Hot ng ca giao thc nn c phn tn
Giao thc nn h tr QoS cho cc lu lng thi gian thc
Gi cho tr truy nhp trung bnh vi mi gi tin l thp
Bng thng phi c s dng hiu qu
20
m bo phn b cng bng bng thng cho cc nt

Gi chi ph iu khin mc thp nht c th
Ti thiu nh hng ca cc vn u cui n v hin
C kh nng m rng vi cc mng ln
Nn c c ch iu khin cng sut
Nn c cc k thut iu khin tc d liu thch ng
Nn s dng anten nh hng
Nn cung cp s ng b gia cc nt
1.3.2. nh tuyn
Mi trng c tnh ng cao ca mt mng Ad hoc dn ti nhng s thay i thng
xuyn v kh d on ca topo mng, cng nh lm tng thm s kh khn v phc tp cho
vic nh tuyn trong cc nt di ng. Nhng th thch v s phc tp y cng vi tm quan
trng c bit ca giao thc nh tuyn trong vic thit lp truyn thng gia cc nt di ng,
lm cho khu vc nh tuyn tr thnh lnh vc nghin cu tch cc nht ca MANET.
Nhiu giao thc v cc thut ton nh tuyn c xut cng vi vic nghin
cu v so snh hiu nng ca chng trong cc mi trng mng v iu kin lu lng khc
nhau. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ny c th c phn loi theo c tnh nh l unicast,
multicast, geocast hay broadcast.
1.3.2.1. nh tuyn unicast
Mc ch chnh ca cc giao thc nh tuyn unicast l thit lp v duy tr tuyn chnh
xc v hiu qu gia hai nt cc bn tin c th c chuyn pht tin cy v kp thi. Cc
c tnh ca MANET khin cho vic s dng trc tip cc giao thc ny khng kh thi v
chng phi hot ng trong cc mng vi topo c tnh ng cao ni m cc thut ton nh
tuyn phi chy trn cc thit b c ti nguyn hn ch. Do vy, cn phi c nhng sa i
ph hp thch ng.
Mt trong nhng phng php ph bin nht phn bit cc giao thc nh tuyn
unicast trong cc mng Ad hoc l da trn vic cc thng tin nh tuyn c thu thp v duy
tr nh th no bi cc nt di ng. S dng phng php ny, cc giao thc thng c
chia thnh ba nhm chnh: nh tuyn ch ng, nh tuyn phn ng v cc giao thc lai.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng c ngun gc t cc giao thc trng thi lin kt2
v vec t khong cch3. Chng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn cp nht v vng chc cho mi
2
Trng thi lin kt l cc giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng kt ni
21
cp nt mng bng cch qung b cc cp nht nh tuyn mt cch ch ng trong khong

thi gian c nh. V thng tin nh tuyn thng c duy tr trong cc bng, cc giao thc
ny cng c cp nh l cc giao thc nh tuyn bng iu khin. Ngc li, trong giao
thc nh tuyn phn ng, cc tuyn c xc nh khi chng c yu cu bi cc nt ngun
s dng mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn. Cc giao thc lai kt hp nhng c tnh ni bt c
bn t hai giao thc trn v linh hot hn khi p dng cho nhm. Mi nhm c mt chin
lc nh tuyn khc nhau c trin khai phng hay phn lp.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng
Nh cp trn, cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng cn c gi l cc giao thc
nh tuyn theo bng v cc thng tin nh tuyn c lu trong mt bng nh tuyn. S
dng cc giao thc ny, cc nt trong mng Ad hoc lin tc nh gi cc tuyn ng ti cc
nt khc v c gng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn n nh, cp nht theo chu k hoc s kin.
Bi vy, mt nt ngun c th xc nh c ng nh tuyn ngay lp tc khi n cn.
Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng, mi nt cn duy tr thng tin v topo mng
nu bt k kt ni no b t hoc topo mng thay i, cc thng tin s c qung b ti
cc nt ln cn. Hu ht cc giao thc kiu ny trong Ad hoc tha hng cc c tnh t cc
thut ton c s dng trong mng c dy v thch ng vi c tnh ng trong Ad hoc
th nhng s thay i cn thit c b sung. Mt s giao thc ch ng in hnh l giao
thc vector khong cch chui im n (DSDV), giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng lin
kt ti u (OLSR), giao thc qung b topo da trn vic chuyn tip ng ngc (TBRPF)
v giao thc nh tuyn kiu mt c (FSR).
DSDV l mt giao thc distance-vector, s dng thut ton Bellman-Ford vi nhng
m rng ph hp vi MANET. Trong cc bng nh tuyn ca DSDV, mi entry 4 lu
thng tin chng tip theo, gi tr metric 5 cho tuyn ti ch v mt s th t ch, c thit
lp bi ch. S th t ny nhm phn bit cc tuyn ng c v cc tuyn ng mi nhm
trnh lp tuyn. Mt nt s tng s th t ca n mi khi c s thay i xy ra nt k bn.
OLSR l mt s ti u cho MANET ca cc giao thc link-state c. Cha kha ca s
ti u ny l chuyn tip a im (MPR). Bng cch flooding6 mt bn tin ti cc MPR ca
3
Vec t khong cch l cc giao thc nh tuyn da trn vec t khong cch
4
Entry l u vo ca bng nh tuyn hay dng d liu cha thng tin nh tuyn ti mt mng hay mt nt c
th trong bng nh tuyn.
5
Metric l gi tr c trng cho mi tuyn trong cc giao thc nh tuyn. Gi tr ny c tnh da trn cc
tham s khc nhau ty theo cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau.
6
Flooding l hnh ng trn cc gi tin ra mi giao din ca nt, tr giao din m t nhn gi tin.
Flooding khc vi broadcast, broacast l vic pht ng thi gi tin ra cho mi nt.
22
n, mt nt c m bo rng bn tin , khi c pht li bi cc MPR, s c nhn bi

tt c hng xm two-chng ca nt ny (cc nt cch nt ngun mt MPR).
TBRPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn link-state, s dng k thut gim ti chi ph khc
nhau. Mi nt tnh ton mt cy ng i ngn nht ti tt c cc nt khc; tuy nhin ti
u ha bng thng, ch phn ca cy c qung b ti cc hng xm.
Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi mt c FSR cng l mt s ti u nh cc thut ton
link-state s dng k thut mt c. FSR qung b thng tin trng thi ng link ti cc nt
khc trong mng da trn khong cch tnh theo s chng vi cc nt ch.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn phn ng.
Vi cc giao thc ny, gim chi ph, tuyn ng gia hai nt c khm ph ch
khi n cn thit. C nhiu kiu khc nhau ca cc giao thc nh tuyn dng ny nh giao
thc nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR), giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch theo yu cu Ad
hoc (AODV), thut ton nh tuyn yu cu tm thi (TORA), giao thc nh tuyn da trn
kt hp (ABR) v giao thc nh tuyn n nh tn hiu (SSR).
DSR l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu, da trn ngun v khng b lp. Ti
y, mi nt duy tr mt b nh tuyn, cha ng cc tuyn ngun c hc bi nt. Qu
trnh khm ph tuyn c khi to ch khi mt nt ngun khng c mt tuyn hp l ti
ch trong b nh tuyn ca n; cc entry trong b nh tuyn c cp nht lin tc khi cc
tuyn mi c hc. nh tuyn ngun ng c s dng cho vic chuyn tip gi tin.
AODV l mt giao thc nh tuyn phn ng khc c ci tin t DSDV. AODV ti
thiu ha s lng tuyn broadcast bng cch thit lp tuyn theo yu cu, tri ngc vi vic
duy tr mt danh sch hon chnh ca cc tuyn trong DSDV. Tng t DSR, vic khm ph
tuyn c khi to theo yu cu v yu cu tuyn sau c chuyn tip t ngun ti ch.
TORA l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu, ngun khi to, c xy dng trn
khi nim o ngc lin kt ca th khng chu trnh trc tip ACG. Nh vic khng b
lp v hiu qu v bng thng, TORA c kh nng thch ng cao trong vic chnh sa tuyn
trong sut qu trnh thch ng lin kt v lin kt b li trong khi cung cp nhiu tuyn cho bt
k cp ngun-ch mong mun no.
Giao thc ABR cng l mt giao thc khng lp c xy dng s dng mt s
metric nh tuyn mi gi l mc n nh lin kt trong vic la chn tuyn ng. u
im ca n l tuyn c khm ph c th sng lu hn v v th n nh hn v yu
cu t cp nht hn. S hn ch ca ABR ch yu ti t vic mt chu k c s dng thit
lp cc metric n nh lin kt, c th dn ti vic tiu dng thm nng lng.
Thut ton n nh tn hiu SSA c bn da trn giao thc ABR vi s b sung thm
cc c tnh la chn tuyn s dng mnh ca tn hiu trn ng kt ni.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp
23
Bn cnh cc giao thc phn ng v ch ng, mt lp khc ca cc giao thc nh

tuyn unicast l cc giao thc lai. Giao thc nh tuyn link-state phn lp da trn vng
(ZRP) l mt v d ca mt giao thc lai. N bao gm c cch tip cn phn ng v ch ng,
v th mang li nhng li th ca hai cch tip cn ny. ZRP nh ngha quanh mi nt c mt
vng cha cc thng tin hng xm vi mt s chng cho nht nh tnh t nt . Cc
thut ton ch ng v phn ng c s dng bi nt nh tuyn gi tin trong v ngoi
vng tng ng.
1.3.2.2. nh tuyn multicast
Multicast l mt dch v truyn thng hiu qu cho vic h tr cc ng dng a im.
Hai cch tip cn chnh c s dng cho nh tuyn multicast trong cc mng c nh l: cy
chia s nhm v cy ngun c th. Trong nhm chia s, mt cy n c xy dng cho ton
b nhm. Cch tip cn ngun c th duy tr cho mi ngun mt cy ti tt c ngi nhn ca
n.
C hai kiu giao thc multicast: MAODV v giao thc nh tuyn multicast Ad hoc s
dng s ID tng (AMRIS). C hai l cc giao thc theo yu cu v xy dng mt cy phn
phi chia s h tr nhiu ngi gi v nhn trong mt phin multicast.
Topo ca mt mng di ng khng dy c th rt ng v do , vic duy tr mt cy
nh tuyn multicast kt ni trc tip c th gy ra chi ph ln. trnh iu ny, mt cch
tip cn khc da trn m hnh li c xut. M hnh li ph hp hn cho cc mi
trng ng v chng h tr nhiu kt ni hn so vi cc cy; v th chng h tr cc cy
multicast.
C hai kiu giao thc nh tuyn multicast da trn li bao gm: giao thc li li
h tr (CAMP) v giao thc nh tuyn multicast theo yu cu (ODMRP). Cc giao thc ny
xy dng cc li nh tuyn qung b cc gi tin multicast trong nhm. S khc bit
y l ODMRP s dng c ch flooding xy dng li trong khi CAMP s dng mt hay
nhiu nt h tr vic xy dng li thay cho flooding.
1.3.2.3. nh tuyn nhn thc v tr
Trong sut hot ng forwarding7, cc giao thc nh tuyn nhn thc v tr s dng v
tr cc nt c cung cp bi h thng nh v ton cu GPS hay cc c ch khc. C th, mt
nt la chn chng tip theo cho vic chuyn tip gi tin bng cch s dng v tr vt l ca
hng xm ca n v v tr vt l ca nt ch. nh tuyn nhn thc v tr khng yu cu vic
thit lp v duy tr tuyn v khng thng tin nh tuyn no c lu li. Cch s dng thng
tin v tr a l trnh cc tm kim m rng mng cng nh vic c hai gi tin d liu v iu
khin c gi ti cc ta a l ca cc nt ch.
7
Forwarding l hot ng chuyn tip gi tin. Trong khun kh ti liu ny, thnh thong cc thut ng
forwarding, chuyn tip v chuyn tip gi tin c s dng thay th cho nhau.
24
Ba chin lc chnh c th thc hin trong cc giao thc nh tuyn nhn thc v tr
l: Greedy forwarding chuyn tip tham lam, Directed flooding trn ngp trc tip v
Hirearchical routing nh tuyn phn cp.
Greedy forwarding: Trong kiu chin lc ny, mt nt c gng chuyn tip
gi tin ti mt trong cc hng xm gn ch hn ca n. Nu nhiu hn mt
nt nh th, cc s la chn khc nhau l c th. Mt khc, nu khng hng
xm no gn hn, cc lut mi s c thc hin trong cc chin lc tm
tuyn thay th.
Direct flooding: Cc nt chuyn tip gi tin ti mi hng xm ca n nm
hng i ti ch. Thut ton hiu qu nh tuyn khong cch cho di ng
(DREAM) v nh tuyn h tr v tr (LAR) l hai thut ton nh tuyn p
dng da trn nhng nguyn tc c s ny.
Hierarchical routing: Giao thc nh tuyn y quyn v tr v giao thc nh
tuyn nt u cui l cc giao thc nh tuyn phn lp m trong nh tuyn
c xy dng trong hai lp. C hai giao thc ny p dng nhng quy tc khc
nhau cho vic nh tuyn khong cch di v ngn tng ng. nh tuyn nhn
thc v tr c s dng cho vic nh tuyn trn khong cch di, v khi mt
gi tin ti gn ch th mt giao thc nh tuyn distance-vector ch ng s
c p dng.
1.3.3. iu khin truyn ti

Tng truyn ti hot ng nh si dy lin kt gia cc giao thc lp cao v cc giao
thc lp thp. c th thc hin c iu ny, tng truyn ti hot ng khng ph thuc
vo mng vt l v c nhng c ch lin kt thch hp. Mc tiu ca cc giao thc truyn ti
bao gm chuyn pht ton b bn tin u cui ti u cui, nh a ch, m bo tin cy,
iu khin lung v ghp knh.
Hai giao thc truyn ti phn bit l UDP v TCP. UDP cung cp cc dch v phi kt
ni, khng tin cy cho cc ng dng thi gian thc. Ngc li, TCP h tr nhiu dch v v
ng dng hn vi vic h tr truyn ti d liu tin cy. S dng cc c ch iu khin lung,
nh s th t, yu cu hi p, nh thi, TCP m bo d liu c chuyn pht t qu
trnh gi ti qu trnh nhn mt cch chnh xc v theo th t. Nh TCP m cc dch v
khng tin cy chy trn IP gia cc h thng u cui c chuyn thnh cc dch v truyn
ti d liu tin cy gia cc qu trnh x l.
TCP cng s dng c ch iu khin tc nghn. Theo nguyn tc, TCP cho php cc
kt ni TCP c th i qua mt kt ni mng b nghn chia s bng thng ca kt ni
mt cch cng bng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch iu chnh tc cc im khi to
c th gi lu lng i vo mng. Lu lng UDP th khng chnh sa nh vy. Mt ng
25
dng s dng UDP c th gi lu lng ti bt k tc no cng nh bao lu n mun, do

, ph hp cho cc ng dng a phng tin thi gian thc.
Cc giao thc truyn ti thng thng c s dng trong mng c dy l khng
h tr trong Ad hoc v cc vn c trng ca Ad hoc nh tnh di ng, a chng, cc
vn u cui n-hin. V d, cc kt ni khng dy phi hng chu t l li lin kt cao v
TCP c th ch ra c mt gi gy ra bi li lin kt do tc nghn. V c tnh di ng ca
nt, vic t v thay i lin tc trong tuyn l thng xuyn. iu ny ln lt lm ri lon
cc c ch iu khin TCP hin ti. Cc thch thc m TCP phi i mt trong Ad hoc l
phc tp hn nhiu vi cc knh truyn mt mt do mi trng, suy gim tn hiu, dch
chuyn Doppler, fading a ng, phn vng mng, li nh tuyn v gii hn nng lng.
gii quyt c cc thch thc , rt nhiu nhng c ch v k thut sa i cng
nh ti u ha c xut ci thin hiu nng TCP nh cch tip cn TCP phn tch,
cch tip cn u cui ti u cui vi cc gii php TCP-F, TCP-ELFN, ATCP v TCP-Bus.
1.3.4. Cht lng dch v

Kh nng ca mng cung cp QoS ph thuc vo cc c tnh t nhin ca tt c
cc thnh phn mng, t cc kt ni truyn dn ti MAC v cc lp mng. Cc lin kt khng
dy c dung lng khc nhau v t l mt mt cao trong khi cc topo bin ng ln v cc
giao thc MAC da trn truy nhp ngu nhin khng h tr QoS. Do , QoS trn mt mng
MANET khng cung cp mt chc nng nh tuyn c bn. Cc kha cnh khc nn
c xem xt l cc hn ch v bng thng do mi trng b chia s; vn topo ng; vn
tiu th nng lng do nng lng pin hn ch.
Vi cc mng truyn thng hu tuyn, c hai cch tip cn t c QoS: cung cp
vt mc v k thut lu lng. Cung cp vt mc bao gm hot ng mng m cung cp
mt lng ti nguyn ln hn cn thit mng c th s dng tt c cc ng dng yu cu.
K thut lu lng phn loi cc kt ni hin ti v x l chng theo mt tp cc quy tc. Hai
xut ny c ch nh trong IETF l IntServ v DiffServ.
IntServ l mt phng php dnh trc ti nguyn c nh hng, ni m ngi dng
yu cu cc tham s QoS h cn. Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP c xut bi
IETF thit lp vic dnh trc ti nguyn cho IntServ. i lp vi IntServ, DiffServ l mt
phng php khng dnh trc ti nguyn. S dng DiffServ, cc nh cung cp dch v thit
lp mt tp cc lp khc nhau ca QoS cho khch hng ca h h tr cc kiu ng dng
khc nhau. IPv4 TOS octet hay IPv6 Traffic class octet c s dng nhm nh du gi tin
nhn mt lp QoS c th.
Ni chung, cc m hnh QoS c dy khng tng thch vi MANET. Cung cp vt
mc khng th thc hin c bi v ti nguyn trong Ad hoc l khan him. IntServ/RSVP c
th i hi b lu tr khng th p ng c, thm na l qu trnh x l cho cc nt di
ng v chi ph bo hiu. DiffServ l mt m hnh chi ph thp c th ph hp hn, tuy nhin,
26
n khng tng thch vi bn cht phn b ca MANET. Hn na, cc mng Ad hoc c

mong i s ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ca cc h thng truyn thng
khng dy trong tng lai. V th, n cc k quan trng cung cp QoS hiu qu m cc
nh cung cp yu cu. iu ny thc y nhiu xut nghin cu v QoS tp trung cho
MANET.
Cht lng dch v ca mt mng c tnh ton t khi lng d liu c m bo
c th truyn t ni ny sang ni khc trong mt khung thi gian thc cho trc nh l audio
v video. Vic ny to ra mt s cc th thch cng ngh khc. Kch thc ca mng Ad hoc
lin quan trc tip ti cht lng dch v ca mng. Nu kch thc ln, n c th gy ra vn
iu khin cc k kh khn. Truyn thng gia hai nt tham gia trong mng Ad hoc di
ng c th c xem nh l mt knh u cui phc tp, ci m lm thay i tuyn ng
theo thi gian.
Trong mt mng Ad hoc, mt s lng tuyn khc nhau vi s lng nt v nng
lng khc nhau c th sn sng cho mt ngun truyn d liu ti ch. Kt qu l, khng
phi tt c cc tuyn c kh nng cung cp cng mc QoS m ngi dng yu cu. Hn na,
thm ch nu tuyn c chn tha mn c QoS ca ngi dng, cc c tnh li mng
cng s khc nhau theo thi gian do bn cht ng ca cc mng Ad hoc v do cng khng
p ng c cc yu cu QoS. Bi vy, cung cp QoS hiu qu trong mng Ad hoc, vic
thit lp cc kin trc v dch v mi cho vic iu khin, gim st mng l rt cn thit.
Cc hot ng nghin cu gn y ch ra tm quan trng ca vic cung cp cc c
ch QoS ti nhiu lp trong chng giao thc. Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng
h tr QoS v thit k lin lp l cc gii php tim nng cho QoS trong MANET. nh tuyn
QoS c th c s dng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn MANET la chn cc tuyn ng
khc nhau ti ch ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca gi tin.
Cc giao thc MAC QoS gii quyt vn tranh ginh mi trng truyn dn, h tr
truyn thng unicast tin cy v cung cp vic dnh trc ti nguyn cho lu lng thi gian
thc trong mi trng khng dy phn tn. Nhiu giao thc MAC v s ci tin c xut
c th cung cp nhng s m bo QoS cho lu lng thi gian thc trong mi trng
khng dy phn tn bao gm giao thc GAMA/PR v c ch tranh ginh black burst.
1.3.5. Qun l nng lng

Mt mng Ad hoc l mt tp cc u cui d liu s di ng, chng s dng nng
lng pin hn ch cho mi hot ng truyn thng ca mnh, do , vic qun l nng lng
l rt quan trng v cn thit. Cc nt cn tit kim nng lng v s dng n mt cch ti u
v hiu qu c th duy tr hot ng mng trong thi gian lu hn.
c kh nhiu cc k thut khc nhau, trong c phn mm v phn cng, c
xut v trin khai ct gim s tiu th nng lng cho cc thit b tnh ton di ng trong
cc mng khng dy khc nh WLAN. Tuy nhin, vic qun l nng lng trong Ad hoc l
27
mt vn kh hn bi hai l do. Th nht, trong mt mng Ad hoc, mt nt va l u cui

gi/nhn tin, va ng vai tr l mt router chuyn tip d liu, tham gia vo cc giao thc
iu khin v nh tuyn mc cao. Thm na, vai tr ny l khng c nh v c th thay i
theo thi gian. Th hai, khng c mt thc th qun l trung tm no nh AP trong WLAN
gim st v duy tr cc phng thc qun l nng lng cho mi nt trong mng, m d liu
v nh thc cc nt ang ng. V th, vic qun l nng lng trong Ad hoc phi c
thc hin trong mt m hnh hp tc v phn tn, cng vi , i mt vi th thch ln nht
l gim hiu nng, thng lng thp v tr lu hn. Nhn thc nng lng cn c lu khi
xy dng cc giao thc ti mi lp v n phi c xem xt nh mt trong nhng mc tiu
thit k quan trng nht. Cc gii php qun l nng lng trong Ad hoc c th c chia
thnh 3 nhm chnh:
Qun l pin
Qun l cng sut truyn dn
Qun l cng sut h thng
Hnh 2.3 ch ra lc phn loi cc khung qun l nng lng v cc v d cho mi
gii php ny. Cc chng trnh qun l pin lin quan ti cc vn la chn cng ngh pin,
ti u dung lng v lp lch. Cc k thut qun l cng sut truyn dn c gng tm ra phm
vi truyn dn ti u cho mi nt. Qun l cng sut h thng, ch yu gii quyt vn ti
thiu ha cng sut yu cu bi cc phn cng ngoi vi ca mt nt v tch hp cc chin
lc cng sut thp vo trong cc giao thc c s dng trong cc lp khc nhau ca chng
giao thc. Mt s k thut khc c phn loi thnh cc khung qun l hn hp.
Hnh 1.4: Phn loi cc khung qun l nng lng
28
1.3.6. Cc vn v thit k lin lp

1.3.6.1. Gii thiu
Khi cc mng truyn thng khng dy ang dn nhanh chng ng mt vai tr trung
tm trong cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin, th s ph hp ca mt trong nhng nn
tng ca mng kin trc giao thc phn lp vi cc mng ny, c xem xt mt cch k
lng. Vn tn ti nhiu nhng tranh ci rng mc d cc kin trc phn lp h tr rt tt cho
cc mng c dy, nhng n khng ph hp vi cc mng khng dy. V m t quan im
ny, cc nh nghin cu thng trnh by mt k thut m h gi l thit k lin lp.
Do thiu s lin kt gia cc lp, vic thc hin kin trc phn lp t ra nhng th
thch c bit cho Ad hoc. khc phc nhng hn ch ca kin trc phn lp, thit k lin
lp c xut; tng y l duy tr cc chc nng vn c ca cc lp nhng cho
php phi hp, tng tc v ti u ha cc giao thc lin lp. So snh vi kin trc phn lp,
hiu nng ca kin trc lin lp l tt hn vi vic thit k giao thc c thc hin bi s
hp tc gia cc lp.
1.3.6.2. nh ngha
M hnh OSI l mt kin trc phn lp c khuyn ngh bi ISO. N chia ton b
cc chc nng mng vo cc lp v cc dch v c cung cp bi cc lp khc nhau. Mi
lp c kt hp vi mt tp cc giao thc cung cp truyn thng gia cc lp tng ng t
cc my tnh v khng cho php truyn thng trc tip gia cc lp khng k cn. Trong kin
trc phn lp, cc giao thc c thit k vi s tun th cc quy tc, iu ny c ngha l
giao thc lp cao hn ch c th tn dng cc dch v lp thp hn v khng lin quan n
vic cc dch v c cung cp nh th no. Thay v tun th nghim ngt cc quy tc ca
OSI nh vy, cc giao thc c th vi phm chng bng cch cho php truyn thng trc tip
gia cc giao thc ti cc lp khng k cn, hay cn gi l thit k lin lp.
1.3.6.3. Nguyn tc thit k lin lp
Hnh 1.4 cho thy kin trc OSI, k thut c vai tr quan trng trong thnh cng ca
Internet nh ngy hm nay. OSI c t chc v chia thnh 7 lp, mi lp c xy dng
trn nh ca lp di v thc hin mt mc ch xc nh v hn ch. Mi lp thp hn cung
cp dch v cho lp tng ng trn v ng gi d liu cho cc dch v ca n. iu ny
dn ti s pht trin nhanh chng ca mt s cc ng dng trn Internet.
Bn cht ng ca cc mng khng dy nh Ad hoc khin cho kin trc phn lp t ra
khng linh hot trong mi trng ny v mi lp khng c thng tin y v mng. N
khng cho php chia s thng tin gia cc lp mt cch t ng. iu ny thc y cc thit
k lin lp trong Ad hoc.
Nh tho lun trn, s hin din ca cc lin kt khng dy thc y cc nh thit
k vi phm cc nguyn tc ca kin trc phn lp v cc vn c bit ca cc mng khng
dy. Tip , mt mi trng khng dy cn mt s yu cu cho truyn thng m c s vt
29
cht ca chng khng c h tr bi kin trc phn lp. C th, vic tip nhn gi tin c
thc hin bi lp vt l ti cng mt thi im.
Hnh 1.5: Thit k lin lp vi thng tin trao i gia cc lp khc nhau
Mt s ca thit k lin lp mi vi thng tin c trao i gia cc lp khc nhau

c th hin nh hnh trn. Ti lp lin kt d liu, iu ch thch ng c s dng ti
a tc kt ni vi cc iu kin knh khc nhau. iu ny m rng vng dung lng c
th t c ca mng. Mi im ca vng ny xc nh mt phn nh c th ca cc dung
lng lin kt khc nhau.
Da theo thng tin trng thi ng link (dch v), MAC chn mt im ca vng
dung lng bng cch n nh cc khe thi gian, m v bng tn cho mi lin kt. Lp MAC
hot ng cng vi lp mng xc nh tp cc dng d liu ti thiu tc nghn. Gii php
cho cc phn nh dung lng v dng d liu mng c trao i lp li gia hai lp li ca
khung thit k lin lp (lp mng v MAC). Ti lp truyn ti, iu khin tc nghn v truyn
li ca gi tin din ra. Cui cng, lp ng dng xc nh t l m ha hiu qu.
1.3.7. Cc th thch an ninh trong mng Ad hoc khng dy

Cui cng, bn cht Ad hoc khng dy ca MANET mang ti nhng th thch an
ninh mi cho vic thit k mng. Cc mng khng dy d b nh hng bi cc e da an
30
ninh vt l v thng tin so vi cc mng c dy. Vic d b tn thng ca cc knh v cc

nt, s vng mt ca h tng mng v s thay i ng topo to ra mt nhim v kh khn
trong vic thit k cc gii php an ninh, c bit l trong lp nh tuyn. Bi n gin, cc
c tnh khng n nh ca knh hay s di ng ca cc nt tc ng rt ln ti qu trnh
chuyn tip cc gi tin trong lp ny. Cc knh khng dy qung b to c hi cho vic nghe
trm cc bn tin mt cch d dng. S vng mt ca h tng mng lm cho cc gii php an
ninh c in khng th p dng c. Bn cnh , lp nh tuyn ng vai tr trung tm
trong qu trnh trao i cc gi d liu, nh hng trc tip ti s thnh cng ca mt phin
truyn thng. Do vy, nh tuyn an ton v thit lp cc c ch an ninh ph hp v hiu qu
trong mi trng Ad hoc tr thnh mt trong nhng mi quan tm hng u v trng yu.
1.4. Tng kt chng 1

Chng 1 gii thiu nhng khi nim lin quan n mng Ad hoc cng nh nhng
c tnh k thut theo cu trc phn lp tng ng vi m hnh OSI, nh lp vt l, lp iu
khin truy nhp mi trng v lp truyn ti. Thm vo , chng cng a ra nhng c
im k thut c quan tm trong vic thit k v s dng mng Ad hoc nh qun l cht
lng dch v, nng lng, an ninh cng nh thit k lin lp. Nhng c im k thut cng
nh nhng vn ny s tip tc c trnh by chi tit trong cc chng tip theo ca cun
bi ging ny.
1.5. Cu hi n tp chng 1
1. 1 Nu nh ngha v khi nim mng Ad hoc
1.2 Hy so snh v phn tch nhng nt chnh gia mng di ng v mng ad hoc
1.3 Nu v so snh nhng cng ngh khng dy thng dng trong ng dng mng ad hoc
1.4 Nu cc c tnh c bn ca lp MAC ca mng Ad hoc
1.5 Nu cc c im ca nh tuyn trong mng Ad hoc
1.6 Nu nhng c im ca iu khin truyn ti, qun l cht lng v nng lng
trong mng ad hoc.
1.6. Ti liu tham kho chng 1
[1] Subir Kumar Sarkar, T.G.B.a.C.P., Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles,
Protocols, and Applications, Second Edition 2013: CRC Press.
[2] Matin, M.A., Wireless Sensor Networks Technology and Protocols, ed. M.A. Matin.
2012: InTech.
[3] Sudip Misra, S.C.M.a.I.W., Guide to Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 2009: Springer.
[4] Monapatra, P., Ad Hoc Networks Technologies and Protocols. 2005: Springer
Science.
31
[5] Stefano Basagni, M.C., Mobile Ad hoc Network: Cutting Edge Direction. IEEE
Express. 2013.
32
CHNG 2: LP IU KHIN TRUY NHP MI

TRNG
Nguyn Vit Hng, Nguyn Vit Hng
2.1. Gii thiu chung

S n gin trong vic trin khai to nn cc mng ad hoc di dng (m khng yu
cu bt k c s h tng no) tng thch vi mt lot cc ng dng, v d nh tnh ton hp
tc, khc phc thm ha, v thng tin lin lc ti chin trng. Vi s pht trin ca truyn
thng v cc thit b tnh ton, chng hn nh in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay, hoc cc
PDA, mng khu vc c nhn (PAN), mng adhoc tr thnh mt cng ngh mng c s gy
c nhiu s quan tm ch trong thi gian gn y.
Trong cc mng ad hoc, cc thit b pht s dng tn hiu v tuyn lin lc. Thng
thng ti cng mt thi im, mi nt ch c th l mt my pht (TRX) hoc mt my thu
(RX), Thng tin lin lc gia cc nt di ng c gii hn trong mt phm vi truyn dn
nht nh.V cc nt chia s min tn s ging nhau giao tip. V th, trong phm vi tng
t, ch c mt knh truyn dn c s dng, chim ton b bng thng. Khng ging nh
cc mng c dy, tr gi b gy ra khng ch bi lu lng ti nt m cn bi lu lng ti
cc nt ln cn, gi l nhiu lu lng (traffic interference).
Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic thc hin cc mng ad hoc di ng (MANETs). Mt giao thc MAC nh ngha
mi n v di ng c th chia s ti nguyn bng thng b gii hn theo mt cch hiu qu.
Ngun v ch c th nm xa nhau v mi gi tin cn phi c chuyn tip t mt nt ny
n mt nt khc theo cch thc a chng (multi-chng), mt mi trng phi c truy
nhp. Vic truy nhp cc mi trng ng cch i hi ch phi thng bo cho cc nt trong
vng ln cn ca truyn dn. Cc giao thc MAC iu khin vic truy nhp vo mi trng
truyn dn. Mc ch ca chng l cung cp vic s dng c trt t v hiu qu ca quang
ph chung. Cc giao thc ny c trch nhim to mt kt ni v hy b kt ni (gii phng).
Mt trong nhng thch thc c bn trong vic nghin cu MANET l lm th no
tng thng lng ton mng trong khi vn duy tri mc tiu th nng lng thp x l gi
tin v lin lc (giao tip). Thng lng thp l do cc c im xu ca knh v tuyn kt hp
vi bn cht xung t ca cc giao thc MAC thng c s dng trong cc MANET.
V giao thc MAC cho mt mng ad hoc di dng khng dy, cc bin php thc hin
sau y cn c xem xt:
Thng lng v tr: Thng lng thng c o bng t l phn trm cc
khung lin kt v tuyn c truyn thnh cng trn mt n v thi gian. Tr
truyn dn c nh ngha l khong cch gia thi im khung n ti lp
33
MAC ca mt my pht v thi im my pht bit c rng khung truyn

c gi n my thu thnh cng.
Tnh cng bng: Nhn chung, iu ny th hin s cng bng vic phn b
knh gia cc dng lu lng trong cc nt di ng khc nhau. Tnh di dng
ca nt v s khng tin cy ca cc knh v tuyn l hai yu t chnh nh
hng n tnh cng bng.
Cng nng: Nhn chung, cng nng c o bng phn tiu th nng lng c
ch ( truyn khung thnh cng) vi tng nng lng tiu hao.
H tr a phng tin: y l mt kh nng ca mt giao thc MAC p
ng lu lng vi cc yu cu dch v khc nhau, nh l thng lng, tr,
v t l mt khung.
2.2. Nhng vn quan trng v cn thit cho cc giao thc lp MAC

C mt s vn quan trng trong cc mng khng dy ad hoc. Hu ht cc ng dng
mng khng dy ad hoc s dng di tn cng nghip, khoa hc, v y t (ISM), l di tn
min ph i vi cc th tc cp giy php. Bi v khng dy (wireless) l mi trng c
kim sot mt cch cht ch, n c bng thng knh gii hn m thng thng l t hn nhiu
so vi mng c dy. Ngoi ra, mi trng khng dy d xy ra li c hu. Mc d mt sng
v tuyn c th c bng thng knh, cc yu t nh a truy nhp, pha-inh tn hiu, v
nhiu c th lm cho thng lng c ch trong cc mng khng dy tr nn thp hn ng k.
Bi v cc nt khng dy c th di ng, cu trc lin kt mng c th thay i thng xuyn
m khng c bt c mt m hnh d on no. Thng thng lin kt gia cc nt s l song
hng, nhng c th c cc trng hp khi nhng s khc bit trong cng sut truyn lm gia
tng cc lin kt mt chiu, m i hi phi c x l c bit bi cc giao thc MAC.
Cc nt mng ad hoc phi bo ton nng lng bi v chng da vo nng lng pin,
m cng chnh l ngun nng lng ca chng. Cc vn an ninh nn c xem xt
trong vic thit k h thng mng tng th, bi v n tng i d dng b nghe trm trong
truyn dn khng dy. Cc giao thc nh tuyn yu cu thng tin v cu trc lin kt hin ti
mt l trnh t mt ngun n mt ch c th c tm thy. Tuy nhin, cc phng thc
nh tuyn hin c, nh cc giao thc da trn trng thi lin kt v vector khong cch, dn
n hi t lung km v thng lng thp cho cu trc lin kt ng. V vy, mt tp cc cch
thc nh tuyn mi l rt cn thit cho mng khng dy ad hoc.
Lp MAC, i khi cn c gi l mt lp con ca lp lin kt d liu, bao gm cc
chc nng v th tc cn thit trao i d liu gia hai hay nhiu nt trong mng. y l
trch nhim ca lp MAC thc hin vic sa li cho cc s c bt thng trong lp vt l.
N thc hin cc hot ng c th cho khung, nh du a ch vt l, cng nh kim sot
lung v li. N c trch nhim gii quyt cc xung t gia cc nt khc nhau cho truy nhp
knh. Bi v lp MAC c mt nh hng trc tip n tin cy v hiu qu ca d liu
34
c truyn gia hai nt theo ng nh tuyn trong mng, n nh hng n cht lng
dch v (QoS) ca mng. Vic thit k mt giao thc MAC cng gii quyt cc vn b gy
ra bi tnh di ng ca cc nt v mt knh bin thin (theo thi gian) khng tin cy.
Nhng mc tiu thit k ca giao thc MAC bao gm:
Cc hot ng ca giao thc nn c phn phi.
Giao thc cn cung cp h tr QoS cho lu lng truy cp thi gian thc.
Tr truy nhp, lin quan ti tr trung bnh gy ra bi bt c gi tin dng
truyn ti, phi c gi mc thp.
Cc bng thng c sn phi c s dng hiu qu.
Giao thc nn m bo vic phn b cng bng bng thng cho cc nt.
Chi ph cng thp cng tt.
Giao thc nn gim thiu cc tc ng ca cc vn u cui n v hin.
Giao thc phi c m rng cho cc mng ln.
Giao thc cn phi c c ch kim sot quyn hn.
Giao thc cn phi c cc c ch kim sot t l d liu thch ng.
Giao thc nn c gng s dng cc anten nh hng (anten hng tnh).
Giao thc nn cung cp ng b ha gia cc nt.
iu cn thit cho cc giao thc MAC c bit
H thng MAC a truy nhp nhn bit sng mang CSMA v cc bin th ca n, nh
a truy nhp nhn bit nh khai thc c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD c pht trin cho cc
mng c dy, khng th c s dng mt cch trc tip trong cc mng khng dy, c
gii thch nh sau. Trong cc h thng CSMA c s, nt truyn dn u tin nhn bit mi
trng kim tra xem trng thi ang ri hay bn. Nt s dng truyn tn hiu ca n
ngn chn xung t vi cc tn hiu ang c nu mi trng bn. Nu khng, nt s bt u
truyn tn hiu ca n trong khi vn tip tc nhn bit (cm bin) mi trng. Tuy nhin,
nhng xung t s xy ra ti cc nt nhn d liu. V cng tn hiu trong mi trng
khng dy s mt dn theo t l bnh phng ca khong cch t my pht, s hin din ca
mt tn hiu ti nt nhn c th khng c pht hin mt cch r rng ti cc thit b u
cui gi tn hiu khc nu chng nm ngoi di.
Nh minh ha trong hnh 2.1, nt B nm trong di ca nt A v nt C, nhng A v C
li khng nm trong di ca nhau. Chng ta hy xem xt trng hp A ang truyn tn hiu
ti B. Nt C ang nm ngoi di ca A, khng th pht hin mt sng mang v do c th
gi tn hiu ti B, v gy ra mt xung t ti B. iu ny gi l n thit b u cui, nh cc
35
nt A v C l n vi nhau. By gi chng ta xem xt trng hp khc khi B ang truyn tn

hiu ti A. Bi v C nm ngoi di ca B, n nhn bit mt sng mang v quyt nh tr hon
vic truyn ti tn hiu ca n. Tuy nhin, iu ny l khng cn thit bi v khng c cch
no m vic truyn ti ca C gy ra bt c xung t no ti ni nhn A. iu ny gi l vn
hin thit b u cui, bi v thit b u cui ca B hin (l) ra trc C gy ra vic tr hon
truyn dn ca n theo cch khng cn thit. Cc h thng MAC c thit k khc phc
vn ny.
Hnh 2.1: Minh ha cc vn n-hin u cui.
2.3. Phn loi giao thc MAC

Phn ny m t vic phn loi cc giao thc MAC v cc yu t khc nhau c xem
xt phn loi. Cc h thng MAC khc nhau c pht trin cho cc mng ad hoc khng
dy c th c phn loi nh th hin trong hnh 2.2. Trong cc h thng contention-free
(khong thi gian khng tranh chp) (v d, a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian [TDMA],
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s [FDMA], v a truy nhp phn chia theo m [CDMA]),
cc nhim v c th c s dng trnh xung t. Cc h thng contention-based (tranh
chp c s), mc khc, nhn thc c s nguy him ca cc xung t ca d liu c
truyn i. Bi v cc h thng MAC contention-free c p dng nhiu hn cho cc mng
tnh v/hoc cc mng vi iu khin tp trung, chng ny tp trung vo cc h thng MAC
contention-based.
36
Hnh 2.2: Phn loi cc giao thc MAC.
Mt loi khc ph thuc vo cc giao thc tit kim nng lng tt c cc lp ca

m hnh mng. Do , cc giao thc MAC c kh nng nhn bit l iu cn thit. Mt lp
cc giao thc MAC khc s dng anten nh hng. u im ca phng php ny l cc tn
hiu c truyn duy nht theo mt hng. Cc nt khc do khng cn d b nh hng
bi nhiu v cc xung t, v ti s dng khng gian c thun tin. Mt s h thng MAC
c xut cho cc lin kt n hng.
Ngi dng s yu cu mt s mc QoS t MANET, nh tr ton trnh (end-to-end
delay), bng thng c sn, xc sut mt gi tin, v.v...Tuy nhin, vic thiu kim sot tp trung,
cc knh bng thng b hn ch, nt di dng, cc hn ch v nng lng hoc kh nng in
ton, v bn cht d b li ca mi trng khng dy lm cho n tr nn kh khn trong vic
cung cp QoS hiu qu trong cc mng ad hoc. Bi v lp MAC c mt nh hng trc tip
ln mc tin cy v hiu qu ca d liu c th c truyn i t mt nt n mt nt tip
theo trn ng nh tuyn trong mng, n nh hng n QoS ca mng. Mt vi h thng
MAC nhn bit QoS (QoS-aware) s c tho lun trong chng ny.
Mt phn loi khc da trn s lng cc knh c s dng truyn d liu. Cc
giao thc n knh thit lp cc vng ring cho cc truyn dn v sau truyn d liu ca
chng bng cch s dng cng mt knh hay tn s. Cc giao thc a knh s dng nhiu hn
mt knh phi hp cc phin kt ni gia my pht v cc nt thu.
37
2.3.1. Cc giao thc MAC da trn s hi lng

Cc giao thc ny tp trung vo cc xung t ca d liu c truyn i. Bao gm hai
loi: truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc phn gii xung t ng.
1. Vi cc h thng access-based (truy nhp c s) ngu nhin, chng hn nh
ALOHA, mt nt c th truy nhp knh ngay sau khi n sn sng. ng
nhin, c nhiu hn mt nt c th truyn ti cng mt thi im, gy ra
nhng xung t. ALOHA ph hp hn theo cc ti h thng thp vi s lng
ln ngi gi tim nng v n cung cp thng lng tng i thp. Mt bin
th khc ca ALOHA, termed slotted ALOHA (ALOHA phn khe), gii thiu
v cc khe thi gian truyn ti ng b nh TDMA. Trong trng hp ny, cc
nt ch c th truyn vo u ca mt khe thi gian. S xut hin ca cc khe
thi gian lm tng gp i thng lng so vi h thng ALOHA nguyn gc,
vi i hi ca vic ng b thi gian cn thit. Cc h thng CDMA-based
(CDMA c s) tip tc gim thiu kh nng nhng xung t gi tin v ci
thin thng lng.
2. Cc giao thc phn gii xung t ng: gii quyt cc vn n-hin u
cui trong CSMA, cc nh nghin cu tm ra nhiu giao thc thuc dng
contention-based nhng lin quan n mt s dng phn gii xung t ng.
Mt vi h thng s dng cc gi tin kim sot request-to-send/clear-to-send
ngn chn cc xung t (v d, trnh xung t a truy nhp [MACA] v
MACA cho cc mng LAN khng dy [MACAW]).
Cc h thng MAC contention-based cng c th c phn loi l sender-initiated
(khi to t pha gi) vi receiver-initiated (khi to t pha nhn), n knh vi a knh,
nhn bit quyn hn (power-aware), directional antenna-based (anten c s hng tnh),
unidirectional link-based (lin kt c s n hng), v cc h thng nhn bit QoS, nh
c cp trc. Nh cp trc y, cch tip cn dynamic reservation (t ch ng)
lin quan n vic thit lp lin quan n mt s loi t ch trc khi truyn d liu. Nu
mt nt mun gi d liu khi xng vic thit lp reservation (t ch) ny, giao thc c
coi l mt giao thc sender-initiated. Hu ht cc h thng l sender-initiated. Trong mt giao
thc receiver-initiated, nt nhn s thm d mt nt truyn tim nng cho d liu. Nu nt gi
thc s c mt s d liu cho bn nhn, n cho php truyn sau khi c thm d.
2.3.2. Cc giao thc MAC hi lng vi cc c ch t ch

Phng php tip cn t ch ng lin quan n vic thit lp lin quan n mt s
loi t ch trc khi truyn d liu. Nu mt nt mun gi d liu khi xng vic thit lp
reservation (t ch) ny, giao thc c coi l mt giao thc sender-initiated. Hu ht cc h
thng l sender-initiated. Trong mt giao thc receiver-initiated, nt nhn s thm d mt nt
truyn tim nng cho d liu. Nu nt gi thc s c mt s d liu cho bn nhn, n cho
38
php truyn sau khi c thm d. MACA bng phng thc gi li mi (MACA-BI) v a
truy nhp tn hiu bn khi to t pha nhn (RI-BTMA) l nhng v d cho cc h thng ny.
2.3.2.1 Trnh xung t a truy nhp MACA
Giao thc MACA khc phc c cc vn n-hin u cui. MACA s dng hai
gi tn hiu ngn. tng chnh ca h thng MACA l bt c nt hng xm (ln cn) no
bit c mt gi RTS u phi tr hon vic truyn tn hiu v bt c nt no bit c mt
gi CST s tr hon di ca vic truyn d liu mong mun. Trong mt kch bn n thit b
u cui, nh c gii thch trong phn 2.2, C s khng bit RTS c gi bi A, nhng n
s bit CTS c gi bi B. Theo , C tr hon vic truyn dn ca n trong sut qu trnh
truyn d liu ca A. Tng t nh vy, trong tnh hung hin thit b u cui, C s bit
RTS c gi bi B, nhng khng bit CTS c gi bi A. V vy, C s t xem xt
truyn tn hiu trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu ca B.
R rng rng s trao i RTS-CTS cho php cc nt ln cn gim thiu cc xung t
ti pha nhn, khng phi l pha gi. Mc d cc xung t vn c th xy ra gia cc gi
RTS khc nhau. Nu hai gi RTS xy ra xung t bi bt c l do g, mi nt gi s ch mt
khong thi gian c chn ngu nhin trc khi th li. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi
mt trong nhng ng truyn RTS to ra CTS mong mun t pha nhn. MACA c hiu qu
bi v nhng gi RTS v CTS ngn hn nhiu so vi nhng gi d liu thc, v do cc
xung t gia chng t tn km hn so vi cc xung t gia cc gi d liu di hn.
Tuy nhin, cch tip cn RTS-CTS khng thng xuyn gii quyt c vn n
u cui mt cch hon ton, v cc xung t c th xy ra khi khi cc nt khc gi cc gi
RTS v CTS. Chng ta hy xem xt mt v d vi bn nt A, B, C, v D trong hnh 2.3. Nt
A gi mt gi RTS n B, v B gi mt gi CTS tr li A. Ti C, tuy vy, gi CTS ny xung
t vi mt gi RTS c gi bi D. Do , C khng c c s d liu no v vic truyn d
liu tip theo t A ti B. Trong khi gi d liu ang c truyn i, D gi ra RTS khc bi v
n khng nhn c mt gi CTS trong n lc u tin ca n. Ln ny, C hi p ti D
vi mt CTS m xung t vi gi d liu ti B. Trong thc t, khi cc u cui n hin din
v lu lng mng mc cao, kh nng ca MACA gim nh ca ALOHA.
Mt im yu khc ca MACA l n khng cung cp bt c mt tin bo nhn no ca
vic truyn d liu ti lp lin kt d liu. Nu mt truyn dn tht bi bi bt c l do no,
vic truyn li s c bt u t lp truyn ti. iu ny c th gy ra cc chm tr ng k
trong vic truyn d liu.
39
Hnh 2.3: Minh ha s tht bi ca c ch RTS-CTS khi x l cc vn n-hin u cui.
2.3.2.1. Cc ng dng cho MACA

Nu giao thc MACA chng minh c tnh hiu qu, n c th lm cho cc mng v
tuyn chuyn gi khng chuyn n tn tr nn thc t. Mc d n s vn thch hp hn cho
cc ng truyn chnh (backbone) c nh s dng ring r, cc knh dnh ring hoc cc
lin kt im-im (point-to-point) bt c khi no c th, u c kh nng to ra tnh kh
dng, cc mng n tn, mng ad hoc u c th rt hu ch trong cc trng hp nht nh.
Chng bao gm cc knh truy nhp ngi dng (nh tn s 145.01 MHz trong nhiu khu vc)
v trong cc hot ng di ng, di chuyn tm thi ti ni n thng khng kh thi phi
hp vi cc mng a tn trc. iu ny c th c bit hu ch cho cc tnh hung khn cp
cc vng su vng xa khng c thit b chuyn dng.
2.3.2.2. Cc im yu ca giao thc MACA
Nhng im yu ca giao thc bao gm
Khi cc thit b u cui n hin din v lu lng mng mc cao, kh nng
lm vic ca MACA gim nh l ALOHA.
MACA khng cung cp bt c mt tin bo nhn no ca vic truyn d liu ti
lp lin kt. Nu mt truyn dn tht bi bi bt c l do no, vic truyn li s
c bt u t lp truyn ti. iu ny c th gy ra cc chm tr ng k
trong vic truyn d liu.
Mng khng dy MACAW
40
a truy nhp vi vic trnh xung t cho mng khng dy (MACAW) l mt giao
thc MAC phn khe (slotted MAC) c s dng rng ri trong cc mng ad hoc. Hn na,
n l nn tng ca nhiu giao thc MAC khc c s dng trong cc mng cm bin khng
dy (WSNs). C ch IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS c p dng t giao thc ny. N s dng trnh
t khung RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK chuyn d liu, i khi bt u bng trnh t khung
RTS-RRTS, theo quan im cung cp mt gii php cho vn n-hin thit b u cui.
Mc d cc giao thc da trn MACAW, v d nh S-MAC, s dng cm bin sng mang b
sung vo c ch RTS/CTS, MACAW khng to nn vic s dng cm bin sng mang.
Cc nguyn tc hot ng: Gi s rng nt A c d liu truyn ti B, nt A khi
u qu trnh bng cch gi mt yu cu gi (RTS) khung ti nt B. Nt ch (nt B) hi
p r rng gi (CTS) khung. Sau khi nhn CTS, nt A gi d liu. Sau khi tip nhn
thnh cng, nt B hi p bng mt khung bo nhn (ACK). Nu nt A phi gi nhiu hn
mt on d liu, n phi i mt thi gian ngu nhin sau mi ln truyn d liu thnh cng
v cnh tranh vi cc nt ln cn v mi trng s dng c ch RTS/CTS. Bt k nt no
nhn bit c mt khung RTS (v d, nt F hoc nt E trong hnh minh ha) u phi kim
ch gi bt c th g cho n khi CTS c nhn hoc sau khi ch mt thi gian nht nh.
Nu RTS c bt khng theo CTS, thi gian ch i ti a l thi gian truyn t
RTS v thi gian quay vng nt ch. Bt c nt no nhn bit c mt khung CTS u phi
kim ch gi bt c th g trong thi gian ny cho n khi khung d liu v ACK c
nhn (gii quyt vn n u cui), cng vi mt khong thi gian ngu nhin. C hai
khung RTS v CTS u cha thng tin v di ca khung d liu. Do , mt nt s dng
thng tin ny c lng thi gian hon thnh vic truyn d liu. Trc khi gi mt khung
d liu di, nt A s gi mt khung gi d liu ngn (DS), cung cp thng tin v di ca
khung d liu. Mi trm nhn bit c khung ny s hiu rng trao i RTS/CTS thnh
cng. Mt trm ang nhn bit, c th nhn RTS v DS nhng khng phi CTS, s tr hon
vic truyn tn hiu ca n cho n sau khi khung ACK c nhn cng vi mt khong
thi gian ngu nhin.
Tm li, mt phin chuyn d liu thnh cng (A n B) bao gm trnh t ca cc
khung sau y:
1. Khung yu cu gi (RTS-Request to send) t A ti B.
2. Khung CTS (Clear to send) t B ti A.
3. Khung gi d liu (DS-Data sending) t A ti B.
4. Khung d liu t A ti B.
5. Khung bo nhn (ACK) t B ti A.
MACAW l mt giao thc phn khe khng lin tc, c ngha l sau khi mi trng
bn v d, sau mt tin nhn CTS trm ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin sau khi bt
u ca mt khe thi gian trc khi gi mt RTS. iu ny dn n kh nng truy nhp cng
bng ti mi trng. Nu, v d, nt A, B, v C c nhng on d liu gi sau mt khong
41
thi gian bn, chng s c mt c hi tng t truy nhp mi trng bi v chng nm

trong di truyn dn tn hiu ca nhau.
a truy nhp thu nhn nn FAMA (Floor Acquisition Multiple Access)
FAMA l mt h thng MACA-based (MACA c s) khc m yu cu mi trm
truyn quyn kim sot nn (v d, knh khng dy) trc khi n thc s gi bt c gi d
liu no. Khng ging nh MACA hoc MACAW, FAMA yu cu vic trnh xung t c
thc hin ti c cc nt nhn v cc nt gi. thu c nn (acquire the floor), nt gi s
gi mt RTS s dng cm bin gi khng lin tc (NPS) v cm bin sng mang khng lin
tc (NCS). Pha nhn p li bng mt gi CTS, trong c cha a ch ca nt gi. Bt c
trm no nhn bit c gi CTS ny u c th bit v trm thu nhn nn. Cc gi CTS
c lp i lp li di v li ch ca bt c ngi gi n no m khng ng k RTS ca
nt gi khc. Cc tc gi khuyn ngh cc bin th NCS cho cc mng ad hoc bi v n
gii quyt vn n thit b u cui mt cch hiu qu.
2.3.2.3. H thng MAC IEEE 802.11
H thng IEEE 802.11 xc nh hai m hnh giao thc MAC: m hnh chc nng phi
hp phn phi (DCF) (cho cc mng ad hoc) v m hnh chc nng phi hp im (PCF) (i
vi cc mng da trn c s h tng phi hp trung tm). DCF trong IEEE 802.11 da trn
CSMA vi vic trnh xung t (CSMA/CA), c th c xem nh l mt s kt hp ca cc
h thng CSMA v MACA. Giao thc s dng trnh t RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK truyn d
liu. Giao thc khng ch s dng cm bin sng mang vt l, m cn gii thiu khi nim
ca cm bin sng mang o. iu ny c thc hin di hnh thc ca mt vector phn b
mng (NAV), c duy tri bi mi nt.
NAV cha mt gi tr thi gian i din cho khong thi gian m mi trng khng
dy c d kin l s bn bi cc truyn dn ca cc nt khc. V mi gi cha thng tin
thi gian cho phn cn li ca tin nhn, mi nt nhn bit mt gi tin lin tc cp nht NAV
ca chng. Cc khe thi gian c chia thnh a khung v c mt s loi l cc IFS
(Interframe Spacing Slot). tng chiu di, chng l cc IFS ngn (SIFS), IFS chc nng
phi hp im (PIFS), DCF IFS (DIFS), v IFS m rng (EIFS). Nt i mi trng trng
tri (free) cho mt kt hp ca cc thi im khc nhau trc khi n thc s truyn. Cc loi
khc ca cc gi c th yu cu mi trng trng tri cho mt s lng hoc loi khc ca
IFS.
V d, trong ch (m hnh) ad hoc, nu mi trng trng tri sau khi mt nt i
DIFS, n c th truyn mt gi theo hng. Mc khc, nu mi trng vn bn, mt b m
ch truyn (back-off timer) c khi ng. Cc gi tr bt u ca b m 10 c chn
ngu nhin t gia 0 v CW-1, ti ca s contention (tranh chp) (CW) l chiu rng ca ca
s contention v cc khe thi gian. Sau mt n lc truyn ti khng thnh cng, mt back-off
khc c thc hin vi kch thc gp i ca CW c quyt nh bi mt thut ton back-
off nh phn theo cp s nhn. Mi ln mi trng ri sau DIFS, b m thi gian c gim
42
i. Khi b m ht hn, gi d liu c truyn. Sau mi ln truyn thnh cng, mt back-off

ngu nhin khc (c gi l postback-off) c thc hin bi nt truyn ti hon thnh
(transmission-completing). Mt gi tin iu khin nh RTS, CTS, hoc ACK c truyn sau
khi mi trng trng tri cho SIFS.
2.3.2.4. a truy nhp trnh xung t bi li mi MACA-BI
Trong cc giao thc ngi gi khi to in hnh, nt gi cn phi chuyn sang ch
nhn ( nhn CTS) ngay sau khi truyn RTS. Mi ln trao i nh vy cc gi tin iu khin
thm vo thi gian quay vng, lm gim thng lng tng th. MACA-BI [1] l mt giao
thc receiver-initiated lm gim s lng cc trao i gi tin iu khin. Thay v pha gi ch
i c truy nhp vo knh, MACA-BI i hi pha nhn gi yu cu pha gi truyn d
liu bng cch s dng mt gi tin RTR (ready-to-receiver) thay v cc gi RTS v CTS. V
vy, n l mt trao i hai chiu (RTR-DATA) so vi vic trao i 3 chiu (RTS-CTS-
DATA) ca MACA.
Bi v my pht khng th gi bt c d liu no trc khi c yu cu t pha nhn,
do phi c mt thut ton d on lu lng c xy dng t pha nhn n c th bit
c khi no th gi yu cu d liu t pha gi. S hiu qu ca thut ton ny gip xc nh
thng lng ca h thng. Thut ton c xut bi cc tc gi s dng thng tin v chiu
di hng i ca gi tin v t l ca d liu n ti pha gi trong gi d liu. Khi pha nhn
nhn c cc d liu ny, n c th d on s tn ng trong my pht v gi cc gi tin
RTR ph hp. C mt s chun b cho my pht gi mt gi tin RTS nu b m u vo
ca n trn. H thng MACA-BI hot ng hiu qu trong cc mng vi cc m hnh d on
lu lng. Tuy nhin, nu lu lng bng pht, hiu sut lm vic s gim nh MACA.
2.3.2.5. a truy nhp phn b nhm vi cm bin gi tin GAMA-PS
GAMA-PS kt hp cc tnh nng ca phng thc contention-based cng nh
contention-free. N chia knh khng dy thnh mt lot cc chu k. Mi chu k li c chia
thnh hai phn cho truyn contention v truyn nhm. Mc d thi gian truyn nhm c
chia thm thnh cc cc khong thi gian truyn thm, GAMA-PS khng yu cu ng b
ha thi gian v to nhp (clock) gia cc nt thnh vin khc nhau. Cc nt c nhu cu ginh
ch cho truy nhp vo knh s dng cho trao i RTS-CTS. Tuy nhin, mt nt s back-off
ch khi n hiu ton b gi tin. Mnh cm bin sng mang l khng l do back-off.
GAMA-PS t chc cc nt thnh cc nhm truyn ti, bao gm cc nt c phn
b mt khong thi gian truyn dn. Mi nt trong nhm c d kin l s nhn bit knh.
Do , khng cn n bt c iu khin tp trung no. Mi nt trong nhm nhn thc tt c
cc trao i RTS-CTS thnh cng v, ni rng ra, ca tt c cc khong thi gian truyn ri.
Cc thnh vin ca nhm truyn nhn cc lt truyn d liu, v mt nt c d kin s gi
gi thi gian truyn bt u (BTP) trc d liu thc. BTP cha trng thi ca nhm truyn,
v tr ca nt trong nhm, v s lng thnh vin trong nhm. Mt trm thnh vin c th
truyn ti ln mt di d liu c nh, qua lm tng hiu sut.
43
Thnh vin cui cng ca nhm truyn s pht qung b mt gi tin yu cu truyn
dn (TR) sau khi n gi d liu ca n. Vic s dng TR rt ngn chiu di ti ca thi
gian contention bng cch chng li bt c trm no c th cnh tranh cho thnh vin nhm
lm nh vy vo lc bt u ca thi gian (chu k) contention. GAMA-PS gi nh rng
khng c thit b u cui n no. Kt qu l, h thng ny c th khng lm vic tt trong
mng ad hoc di ng. Khi khng c lu lng trong mng, GAMA-PS thc hin nh
CSMA. Tuy nhin, khi ti tng ln, n bt u bt chc TDMA v cho php mi nt truyn
mt ln trong mi chu k.
2.3.3. Cc giao thc MAC s dng anten tnh hng

Trong trng hp ca cc giao thc MAC trong cc mng ad hoc, cc anten ng
hng, truyn v nhn cc tn hiu v tuyn t tt c cc hng, thng c s dng. Cc
nt khc nm trong vng ln cn vn duy tri trng thi im lng. Nhng cc anten tnh hng
t c li ln hn v hn ch vic pht qung b theo mt hng t m. Vic tip nhn
gi tin ti mt nt vi cc anten tnh hng khng c phng i bi s can thip t cc
hng khc. Theo , ty thuc vo hng truyn, n c th l hai cp ca cc nt nm trong
vng ln cn ca nhau c lin h cng mt lc. i vi cc hng khng b nh hng
khc, iu ny dn ti vic ti s dng khng gian tt hn. Nhng cc anten ny ang cung
cp ng hng v bin thnh thi gian thc khng phi l mt nhim v d dng.
Hn na, cc giao thc mi s cn phi c ln k hoch tn dng li th ca cc
tnh nng c cung cp bi cc anten tnh hng bi v cc giao thc hin ti (v d, IEEE
802.11) khng th c hng li t cc tnh nng ny. Hin nay phn cng ca anten tnh
hng c cho l cng knh hn v t hn anten ng hng. Cc ng dng lin quan n
phng tin qun s ln, tuy nhin, l nhng th thch hp cho cc thit b khng dy s
dng cc h thng anten nh vy. Vic s dng cc di tn s cao hn (v d, truyn ti siu
bng rng) s lm gim kch thc ca cc anten tnh hng. Nhiu h thng c kin ngh
vi vi tng ny:
1. Vi cc mng v tuyn chuyn gi v cc anten tnh hng, h thng ALOHA
phn khe lin quan n cc anten a tnh hng. Trong trng hp cc anten
tnh hng iu hng chm sng (beam-forming), cc m hnh truy nhp
knh, kim sot quyn hn lin kt c yu cu.
2. Thng qua vic s dng cc gi tin kim sot (iu khin) c bit, mi nt t
ng lu tr mt s thng tin v cc hng xm (ln cn) ca n v lch trnh
truyn ti ca chng. iu ny cho php mt nt nh hng anten ca n mt
cch thch hp da trn cc truyn dn ang din ra bn hng xm. Vic s
dng cc anten tnh hng p dng cc hnh thc mi ca trng thi lin kt
da trn nh tuyn cng c xut.
3. S dng cc anten tnh hng, mt h thng MAC tnh hng (D-MAC) s
dng trnh t quen thuc l RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK ti gi tin RTS c gi
44
bng cch s dng mt anten tnh hng. Mc d mi nt u c gi nh

c chun b vi mt vi anten tnh hng, nhng ch duy nht mt trong s
chng c php truyn bt c lc no, ty thuc vo v tr (d nh) ca pha
nhn. y, mi nt nhn thc c v tr ca mnh cng nh v tr ca hng
xm trc tip vi n.
4. Trong giao thc IEEE 802.11, mi nt u c a anten. Bt c nt no c d
liu gi u trc tin phi xut ra mt bn tin RTS theo tt c cc hng
s dng anten. Pha gi (d nh) cng xut ra gi tin CTS theo tt c cc
hng s dng anten. Pha gi gc by gi c th chn ra anten c tn hiu
CTS mnh nht v hiu c hng c lin quan ca pha nhn. Gi d liu
c gi bng cch s dng anten tng ng theo hng pha nhn (d nh).
V vy cc nt tham gia khng cn phi bit thng tin v v tr ca chng trc.
Ch c mt my thu pht v tuyn ti mt nt c th truyn v nhn ti bt c
thi gian no. H thng ny c th at c gp 2-3 ln thng lng trung
bnh hn CSMA/CA vi h thng RTS/CTS (s dng anten ng hng).
5. Mt h thng khc l RTS a chng (M-MAC) truyn trn cc ng a
chng. Khi cc anten tnh hng c mt di truyn dn v li cao hn cc
anten ng hng, mt nt s xa hn nt khc giao tip trc tip. giao
tip vi cc nt xa, M-MAC s dng nhiu chng gi cc gi tin RTS
thit lp mt lin kt, nhng cc gi tin CTS, d liu, ACK tip theo c gi
theo mt chng duy nht. Giao thc ny c th t c thng lng tt hn
v tr end-to-end tt hn so vi cc h thng IEEE 802.11 c bn v D-MAC.
Ph thuc vo cu hnh cu trc mng v cc m hnh lu lng ca h thng,
hiu sut cng khc nhau. Cc anten tnh hng mang li ba vn mi: (1)
cc loi u cui n mi, (2) nhiu tnh hng cao hn (cc vn ny l do
cc nt nm trn cng mt ng thng), v (3) ic (ti ni tuyn ca
hai lung lu lng chia s mt lin kt chung). Cc vn ny ph thuc vo
cu trc v m hnh lu lng. Vi nt di ng, hiu sut ca cc h thng ny
s gim. Mt s giao thc hin ti gi nh khng chnh xc rng li ca cc
anten tnh hng l ging nh cc anten ng hng. Nhng, khng ai trong
s chng xem xt n nh hng ca kim sot vic truyn dn, s dng a
knh, hay h tr cho lu lng thi gian thc.
2.3.4. Cc giao thc MAC a knh

Xc sut xung t cao vi s lng ln cc nt l vn chnh i vi h thng knh
chia s n (single shared channel). Vn ny c th c gii quyt vi phng php a
knh. Nh thy trong phn loi, mt vi h thng a knh s dng mt knh chuyn dng
cho cc gi tin (hoc bo hiu) iu khin v mt knh ring cho cc truyn ti d liu.
Chng thit lp cc tn hiu bn trn knh iu khin, vi mc tiu th bng thng nh, do
cc nt s thc vic truyn lin tc (ang din ra).
45
Mt cch khc l s dng a knh cho vic truyn cc gi tin d liu, iu ny c cc

u im sau:
1. Vic s dng mt s lng cc knh c kh nng lm tng thng lng, bi v
thng lng ti a ca mt h thng knh n c gii hn bi bng thng
ca knh .
2. Cc truyn dn d liu trn cc knh khc nhau l khng ging nhau, v a
truyn dn c th xy ra trong cng mt khu vc. iu ny dn ti c t cc
xung t nghim trng.
3. D dng h tr QoS bng cch s dng a knh.
Trong thi gian thc, mt giao thc MAC a knh d liu phi phn chia vic t cc
knh khc nhau c n cc nt khc nhau. Vn ca truy nhp mi trng vn cn phi
c gii quyt. iu ny lin quan n vic quyt nh, v d, cc khe thi gian m ti
mt nt s truy nhp vo mt knh ring (c th). Trong mt s trng hp nht nh, n c
th cn thit cho tt c cc nt c hi ha vi nhau, trong khi cc trng hp khc, n cho
cc nt c th m phn lch trnh vi nhau. Cc chi tit ca mt s h thng MAC a knh
s c tho lun tip theo.
2.3.4.1. a truy nhp tn hiu bn kp (DBTMA)

Trong cc h thng trao i i thoi RTS/CTS, cc gi tin iu khin ny t bn thn
chng cng d gy ra xung t,. V th, trong s hin din ca cc u cui n, vn cn mt
nguy c ph hy gi d liu do xung t. H thng DBTMA c th gii quyt tt cc vn
n-hin u cui bng bo hiu ngoi bng (out-of-band). Vic truyn d liu ang din ra
trn knh khng dy chia s n (single shared wireless channel). N xy dng da trn cc
h thng BTMA v RI-BTMA (receiver-initiated BTMA). qun l truy nhp vo mi
trng chung, DBTMA phn trch nhim v khng yu cu vic ng b ha thi gian gia
cc nt.
Mt ln na, thit lp cc yu cu truyn ti, DBMTA gi cc gi RTS trn cc
knh d liu. Sau , hai tn hiu bn khc nhau trn mt knh hp ring c s dng bo
v vic chuyn giao ca cc gi RTS v d liu. Pha gi RTS thit lp mt tn hiu (tone)
transmit-busy (BTt). Tng t, pha nhn thit lp mt tn hiu receive-busy (BTr) bo
nhn RTS m khng s dng bt c gi CTS no. Bt k nt no cm bin c mt s tn
ti ca BTr hoc BTt u tr hon gi RTS ca n trn knh. V vy, c hai tn hiu bn ny
u cng nhau m bo s an ton khi va chm t cc nt khc trong vng ln cn. Thng
qua vic s dng kt hp BTr v BTt, cc thit b u cui hin (exposed) c th bt u
truyn gi d liu. ng thi cc thit b u cui n c th tr li cc yu cu RTS nh l
vic truyn d liu xy ra gia pha nhn v pha gi. Tuy nhin, h thng DBTMA khng s
dng ACK bo nhn cc gi d liu c nhn. N i hi s tham gia ca phn cng
ph (b sung).
46
2.3.4.2. Giao thc MAC a truy nhp cm bin sng mang a knh (CSMA)
Tng bng thng c sn (W) c chia thnh N knh ring bit vi W/N bng thng
bi giao thc CSMA a knh. y, N thp hn s lng cc nt trong mng. Ngoi ra, cc
knh c phn chia da trn hoc l mt h thng FDMA hoc CDMA. Mt my pht s
dng cm bin sng mang nhn bit xem knh c s dng cui cng l trng hay khng.
Nu trng, knh s s dng n. Nu khng, mt knh trng khc s c chn ngu nhin.
Nu khng c knh trng no c tm thy, nt s th li sau.
Ngay c khi ti lu lng rt cao v cc knh thch hp khng th truy nhp, nguy c
xy ra xung t vn gim c phn no bi mi nt c xu hng thch cui cng s dng
knh ca n thay v ch n gin l la chn mt knh mi mt cch ty tin. Giao thc ny
hiu qu hn cc h thng CSMA n knh. iu th v l, hiu sut ca h thng ny l thp
hn so vi h thng CSMA n knh ti cc ti lu lng thp hoc khi m ch c mt s
lng nh cc nt tch cc (active) trong mt khong thi gian di. iu ny xy ra do s lm
dng ca cc knh ri. Giao thc c m rng chn knh tt nht da trn nng lng
ca tn hiu c quan st pha gi.
2.3.4.3 a truy nhp t chng HRMA
Trong bng ISM, da trn v tuyn tri ph nhy tn FHSS, HRMA l mt giao thc
MAC hiu qu. gi ton b gi trong cng mt chng (chng), n s dng cc thuc tnh
khe thi gian ca FHSS rt chm. giao tip m khng cn ti s can thip t cc nt khc,
HRMA khng yu cu cm bin sng mang; n s dng mt trnh t chng c tn s chung
v cng cho php mt cp nt bo v mt tn s chng (thng qua vic s dng mt trao
i RTS-CTS). Mt trong s cc tn s c sn N trong mng c dnh ring cho vic ng
b ha. N-1 tn s cn li c chia thnh M=((N-1)/2) cp tn s (theo floor ly s nguyn
c gi tr di).
Hnh 2.4: Cu trc khung v khe (slot) ca HRMA.
47
i vi mi cp, tn s u tin c dng t chng (HR), RTS, CTS, v cc gi

d liu, v tn s th hai c dng cho cc gi ACK. HRMA c coi l mt h thng
TDMA, ni m cc khe thi gian c ch nh (phn chia) mt tn s c th c chia nh
thnh bn phn: giai on ng b ha, HR, RTS, v CTS. Hnh 2.4 m t khung HRMA.
Trong sut giai on ng b ca mi khe thi gian, tt c cc nt ri ng b ha vi nhau.
Trn ba giai on khc, chng cng nhau i trn cc chng c tn s chung c phn chia
cho cc khe thi gian.
u tin, nt gi s gi mt gi RTS n pha nhn trong giai on RTS ca khe thi
gian. Trong cng khe thi gian , pha nhn gi mt gi CTS n pha gi trong giai on
CTS. By gi, pha gi gi d liu trn cng tn s (ti thi im ny, cc nt ri khc ang
ng b) v sau nhy ti tn s bo nhn m pha nhn gi mt ACK. Nu d liu ln v
i hi nhiu khe thi gian, pha gi s cho thy iu ny trong mo u ca gi d liu. Pha
nhn sau gi mt gi tin HR trong giai on HR ca khe thi gian tip theo, ko di quy
nh ca tn s hin ti cho pha gi cng nh l pha nhn. iu ny cho thy cc nt khc
b qua tn s ny trong trnh t chng. HRMA nhn thng lng cao hn nhiu so vi
ALOHA phn khe trong cc knh HFSS. N s dng n gin, bn song cng, cc tn s
chm (slow-frequency) c sn. Mc khc, n i hi s ng b ha gia cc nt, m khng
thch hp cho cc mng a chng.
2.3.4.3. iu khin truy nhp mi trng a knh MMAC)

MMAC s dng mt s knh bng cch chuyn i gia chng mt cch linh hot.
Trong khi giao thc IEEE 802.11 c h tr ni ti cho a knh trong ch DCF, hin ti n
ch s dng mt knh. Nguyn nhn chnh l cc my ch (host) vi mt my thu pht bn
song cng n ch c th truyn hoc lng nghe mt knh ti mt thi im. MMAC l mt
s hiu chnh i vi DCF s dng a knh. Cng ging nh h thng DPSM, thi gian
c chia thnh nhiu khong thi gian c nh. Khi bt u mi khong thi gian u c mt
ca s ATIM nh. Trong ca s ATIM ny cc gi tin c trao i gia cc nt hi ha
nhim v ca cc knh thch hp s dng cc khe thi gian tip theo trong khong thi
gian .
Tri ngc vi cc giao thc a knh khc, MMAC ch cn mt my thu pht. Khi bt
u mi qung bo hiu, mi nt t ng b ha vi cc nt khc bng cch iu chnh thnh
mt knh ng b chung trn cc gi ATIM c trao i. Trong sut khong thi gian ny
khng c mt s lan truyn gi d liu no c cho php. Hn na, mi nt gi mt danh
sch knh a thch (PCL) lu tr cch s dng ca cc knh trong phm vi truyn dn ca n
v cng cho php cho vic nh du u tin cho cc knh . Khi mt nt ang gi mt gi
d liu, n s xut ra mt gi ATIM ti pha nhn bao gm PCL ca pha gi. Pha nhn sau
so snh PCL ca pha gi vi danh sch ca n v chn ra mt knh thch hp s dng.
p ng (tr li) s c a ra vi mt gi ATIM-ACK bao gm knh c la chn trong
.
48
Nu knh c chn t tiu chun vi pha gi, n s tr li bng mt gi tin ATIM-

RES (reservation). Bt k nt no nghe c mt gi tin ATIM-ACK hoc ATIM-RES u
cp nht vo PCL ca n. Sau , pha nhn v pha gi trao i cc tin nhn RTS/CTS trn
knh c chn trc khi trao i d liu. Nu khng, nu knh c chn khng thch hp
cho pha gi, n phi treo cho n khi qung bo hiu tip theo th li vi knh khc. Xt
v hiu sut thng lng, MMAC tt hn so vi IEEE 802.11 v DCA. N cng c th c
kt hp vi ch IEEE 802.11 PSM ch s dng phn cng n gin. Tuy nhin, tr gi
cng di hn DCA. Hn na, n khng ph hp vi cc mng ad hoc a chng bi v cc nt
c ng b ha.
2.3.4.4. Phn knh ng vi iu khin nng lng (DCA-PC)

DAC-PC l mt phin bn m rng ca giao thc DCA. N kt hp cc khi nim
kim sot (iu khin) nng lng v truy nhp mi trng a knh trong khun kh ca
MANETs. Cc knh c phn cho my ch khi m chng yu cu. Bng thng c chia
thnh mt knh iu khin v cc knh a d liu, v mi nt c chun b hai my thu pht
bn song cng. trao i cc gi iu khin (s dng nng lng ti a), mt my thu pht
hot ng trn knh iu khin t ch knh d liu; ci khc chuyn giao gia cc knh
d liu cho trao i d liu v cc bo nhn (vi iu khin nng lng). Khi mt my ch
mun mt knh tr chuyn vi knh khc, n t tham gia vo mt chuyn mch
RTS/CTS/RES, m RES l mt gi t ch c bit nh du knh d liu thch hp c
s dng.
Mi nt c mt bng cc mc nng lng s dng khi cc giao tip din ra vi cc
nt khc. Da trn cc trao i RTS/CTS trn knh iu khin, cc mc nng lng ny c
tnh ton. Khi cc nt lun lng nghe knh iu khin, n thm ch c th cp nht cc gi
tr nng lng vi tnh ng da trn cc trao i iu khin khc ang din ra xung quanh
n. Mi nt duy tr mt thng tin vic s dng danh sch knh. Danh sch ny thng bo cho
nt m knh hng xm ca n ang s dng v c thi gian s dng. DCA-PC c thng
lng cao hn DCA. Nhng, khi mt s lng cc knh c tng ln vt qu mt im,
hu qu ca iu khin nng lng l thp hn ng k i vi ti ca knh iu khin. DCA-
PC l mt n lc ban u gii quyt vn phn knh ng v cc vn iu khin nng
lng.
2.3.5. Cc giao thc MAC tnh n nng lng

iu quan trng bo ton nng lng v s dng nng lng hiu qu nh cc thit
b di ng l nng lng pin c iu khin (kim sot). Bo ton nng lng c xem xt
trn tt c cc lp ca chng giao thc. Sau y l cc nguyn tc hng dn cho vic bo
ton nng lng trong cc giao thc MAC:
1. Cc xung t nn c trnh bi v chng l nguyn nhn chnh ca vic
truyn li gy tn km.
49
2. Cc my thu pht tiu th hu ht nng lng trong ch tch cc, v th

chng nn gi ch ch (hoc tt) bt c khi no c th.
3. My pht cn c kim sot mt ch nng lng thp hn thay v nng
lng ti a bi v iu l cho nt ch nm c vic truyn dn.
C th ca cc h thng c chn s c tho lun tip theo.
2.3.5.1. iu khin truy nhp mi trng Power-Aware vi bo hiu (PAMAS)

tng c bn ng sau PAMAS l tt c cc tng tc RTS-CTS c thc hin
trn knh bo hiu v truyn ti d liu c gi ngoi trn mt knh d liu. Nt ch bt
u gi mt tn hiu bn trn knh bo hiu tip nhn mt gi d liu. Khi nng lng i
xung, cc nt bt u lng nghe knh bo hiu bng cch gi nh rng l iu thun li
nht ngt cc my thu pht ca chng. m bo nng lng khng b st gim, mi nt
t quyt nh xem c hay khng vic ngt nng lng trnh st gim thng lng. Khi mt
nt khng c g truyn ti, n t ngt nng lng v nhn ra rng hng xm ca n ang
truyn ti. Mt nt cng c th t ngt nng lng nu t nht mt hng xm ang truyn
ti v mt hng xm khc ang tip nhn vo cng mt thi im.
C mt vi quy tc quyt nh khong thi gian ca mt trng thi ngt nng lng
(power-down). H thng ny c s dng vi cc giao thc khc ging nh FAMA. Vic s
dng ACK v truyn ti nhiu gi tin ci thin hiu sut ca PAMAS. Thi gian quay vng
thu pht v tuyn, m khng ng k, c o trong h thng PAMAS.
2.3.5.2. C ch tit kim nng lng ng (DPSM)

Khi nim trng thi ng v thc ca cc nt c s dng trong DPSM bo
ton nng lng. N l mt loi thuc h thng IEEE 802.11 m n s dng lu lng ad hoc
biu th cc ca s ATIM t c cc ln dozing (ng) lu hn ti cc nt. Ch
IEEE 802.11 DCF l mt c ch tit kim nng lng m thi gian c chia thnh cc qung
bo hiu c s dng ng b cc nt. Ti mo u ca cc qung bo hiu, tt c cc nt
phi thc cho khong thi gian c nh c bit ti l ca s ATIM, thng bo trng thi
ca cc gi tin sn sng truyn ti ti cc nt nhn. Vic thng bo c to thng qua cc
khung ATIM v c bo nhn thng qua cc gi ATIM-ACK trong sut qung bo hiu
tng t. Hnh 2.5 cho thy cch thc ny. Hiu sut chu tn tht v thng lng v tiu th
nng lng nu kch thc ca s ATIM c gi c nh.
50
Hnh 2.5: C ch tit kim nng lng cho DCF.
Mi nt t ng v c lp la chn chiu di ca ca s ATIM trong DPSM. Kt qu

l, mi nt kt thc vi mt ca s c kch thc khc nhau. Sau khi tham gia vo vic truyn
ti cc gi tin c thng bo trong khung ATIM trc, n cho php cc nt pha gi v pha
nhn thc hin ch ng ngay lp tc. Tri ngc vi phng thc DCF, chng khng
duy tr trng thi thc trong ton b qung bo hiu.
Sau khi ca s hin ti ht hn, chiu di ca ca s ATIM c m rng nu mt
s gi tin c xp hng trong trong b m vn cha c gi. Mt ln na, mi gi d liu
mang chiu di hin ti ca ca s ATIM v bt c nt no nghe trm thng tin ny c th
quyt nh thay i chiu di ca s ca chng da trn thng tin nhn. V vic tit kim
nng lng v thng lng, DPSM hiu qu hn IEEE 802.11 DCF. Tuy nhin, IEEE 802.11
v DPSM khng thch hp vi cc mng ad hoc a chng bi v chng c cp cc my to
xung ca cc nt c ng b v mng c kt ni. Cy bin i ca DPSM cho cc
MANET a chng c sn c s dng cho cc my to xung khng ng b.
Nt A thng bo mt gi m ti B s dng mt khung ATIM. Nt B tr li bng
cch gi mt bn tin ATIM-ACK v c A v B u duy tr trng thi thc trong sut ton
b qung bo hiu. Vic truyn ti d liu thc s t A n B c hon thnh trong sut
qung bo hiu; bi C khng c bt c gi tin no gi hay nhn, n ng sau ca s
ATIM.
2.3.5.3. iu khin truy nhp mi trng kim sot nng lng (PCM)
Vic thay i trng thi ng v thc cho cc nt c s dng trong cc khi
nim trc cho vic iu khin nng lng. Trong PCM, cc gi RTS v CTS c gi bng
cc phng thc nng lng ti a, trong khi cc gi d liu v ACK c gi vi nng
lng ti thiu cn thit cho lin lc. Mt v d c th hin trong hnh 2.6. Nt D gi RTS
ti nt E mc nng lng truyn Pmax v bao gm (cha) gi tr ny trong gi tin. E o
cng tn hiu tht Pr ca gi RTS c nhn. c tm thy trn Pmax, Pr v cng
nhiu ti v tr ca n, E tnh ton mc nng lng ti thiu, Psuff, m thc s l s
51
dng bi D. By gi, khi E tr li vi gi CTS s dng nng lng ti a n c, n bao gm

Psuff m D s dng cho truyn ti d liu. G c kh nng nghe gi CTS ny v tr hon cc
truyn ti ca n.
Hnh 2.6: M t h thng iu khin nng lng: CS = Cm bin sng mang v TR = C ly truyn ti.
E cng cha mc nng lng m n s dng cho truyn ti trong gi CTS. D sau
cng i theo mt tin trnh tng t v tnh ton mc nng lng yu cu ti thiu cn thit
nhn mt gi tin t E ti n. N cha gi tr ny trong gi d liu m E c th dng n
gi ACK. PCM cng quy nh rng nt ngun truyn gi d liu theo thi gian ti mc nng
lng ti a cc nt trong di cm bin sng mang, nh A, c th cm bin n. PCM do
tit kim nng lng m khng c s thiu ht thng lng no. Hot ng ca h thng
PCM cn mt nh gi chnh xc v cng tn hiu ca gi tin nhn c. V vy, tnh
ng ca tn hiu khng dy tri ra do pha-inh v cc hiu ng bng lm suy gim cng
sut ca n. Mt nhc im khc ca h thng ny l s phc tp trong vic thc hin cc
thay i thng xuyn cc cp nng lng truyn ti.
52
2.3.5.4. a truy nhp iu khin cng su PCMA

a truy nhp iu khin cng sut PCMA da vo vic kim sot nng lng truyn
ti ca pha gi. Sau pha nhn (d kin) c kh nng gii m gi tin. Nhiu t cc nt ln
cn khc khng lin quan n trao i gi b trnh. PCMA s dng hai knh, mt dng cho
truyn cc tn hiu bn v mt dng cho cc gi d liu v iu khin. Phng php iu
khin nng lng trong PCMA c s dng tng hiu qu knh bng tt c cc cch
thng qua ti s dng tn s khng gian hn l ch tng tui th pin. Kt qu l, mt mi bn
tm ln ti cp my pht v my nhn c gii quyt mc nng lng ti thiu c yu
cu my nhn gii m gi tin. V th, khng c kh khn no trong vic tip nhn ca pha
nhn bi bt c my pht no, pha nhn s thng bo nhiu cho php ca n.
Trong cc phng thc thng thng trnh xung t, mt nt hoc l c cho
php truyn ti hoc khng, ph thuc vo kt qu ca cm bin sng mang. Trong PCMA,
phng php ny c khi qut ha cho mt m hnh nng lng bao quanh. Pha gi gi
mt gi tin Request_Power_To_Send (RPTS) trong knh d liu ti pha nhn trc khi
truyn ti d liu. Pha nhn p li bng mt gi tin Accept_Power_To_Send (APTR) trong
knh d liu. Chuyn i RPTS-APTS ny c s dng xc nh mc nng lng truyn
ti ti thiu, ci m to ra vic tip nhn gi tin thnh cng ti pha nhn. Sau trao i ny, d
liu thc c truyn i v bo nhn bng mt gi tin ACK.
Mi my nhn thit lp mt tn hiu bn c bit l mt xung nh k trong cc knh
ring bit. Nng lng tn hiu ca n thng bo ti cc nt khc nng lng nhiu c
thm vo nt nhn c th chu ng. Khi mt pha gi theo di knh tn hiu bn (busy-tone),
n s lm mt th g tng t ti cm bin sng mang, nh l trong m hnh CSMA/CA.
Khi mt my nhn pht ra mt xung tn hiu bn, n s lm mt th g tng t ti vic
xut ra mt tin CTS. Vic trao i RPTS-APTS tng ng vi trao i RTS-CTS. Nhng
s khc nhau chnh l vic trao i RPTS-APTS khng bt buc cc my pht n khc phi
back-off. Cc xung t c gii quyt bng cch s dng mt chnh sch back-off thch hp.
2.4. Tng kt chng 2

Chng ny tp trung vo cc mng khng dy ad hoc i vi cc giao thc MAC.
Nhiu h thng v tnh nng ni bt ca chng c tho lun. c bit, n tp trung
vo cc vn gii quyt xung t, bo ton nng lng, a knh, v cc li th ca vic s
dng cc anten tnh hng. Cc nguyn tc hot ng ca mt vi h thng MAC c
tho lun. Trong khi mt s trong chng l cc giao thc a nng (nh l MACA, MACAW,
v.v...), s khc tp trung vo cc tnh nng c th nh kim sot nng lng (PAMAS, PCM,
v.v...) hoc vic s dng cng ngh chuyn dng nh anten tnh hng (D-MAC, RTS MAC
a chng, v.v...). Hu ht cc h thng ny, tuy vy, khng c thit k mt cch c bit
cho cc mng vi cc nt di ng. Ngc li, thi gian giao dch ti lp MAC l tng i
ngn. Hu qu ca tnh di ng tr nn t quan trng bi v bng thng knh c sn tip tc
pht trin.
53
2.1 Gii thch s cn thit ca cc giao thc MAC i vi cc mng ad hoc.
2.2 Tho lun v cc yu t khc nhau cn c xem xt khi o hiu sut lm vic ca
giao thc MAC i vi cc mng ad hoc.
2.3 Vi mt s gn gng, gii thch cc vn n-hin nt.
2.4 Cung cp vic phn loi cc giao thc MAC vi mt v d thch hp.
2.5 M t cc giao thc MAC contention-based vi mt v d.
2.6 Gii thch cc giao thc MAC contention-based vi vic t ch.
2.7 M t giao thc MACA vi mt v d thch hp.
2.8 Gii thch ngn gn hai ch hot ng trong h thng MAC IEEE 802.11.
2.9 Tho lun v hot ng ca trnh xung t a truy nhp bng li mi (MACA-BI)
vi mt hnh minh ha.
2.10 Lm th no a truy nhp phn b theo nhm vi cm bin gi (GAMA-PS) lm
vic tt vi cc mng ad hoc? Gii thch.
2.11 M t cc giao thc MAC s dng anten tnh hng mt cch chi tit.
2.12 Gii thch li th ca cc giao thc MAC a knh.
2.13 Tho lun v li th ca cc giao thc MAC power-aware hoc energy-efficient.
2.14 Gii thch iu khin truy nhp mi trng nhn thc nng lng (power-aware) vi
bo hiu (PAMAS) cng mt v d.
2.15 Gii thch c ch tit kim nng lng ng (DPSM) l mt giao thc MAC hiu
qu trong cc mng ad hoc.
2.16 Tho lun v iu khin truy nhp mi trng kim sot nng lng (PCM) v a
truy nhp PCMA.
2.17 Cc mc ch thit k ca giao thc MAC l g?
2.18 M t cc ng dng ca giao thc MACA.
2.19 Tho lun v cc im yu ca giao thc MACA.
2.20 Gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc MACAW.

[1] Talucci, F., and M. Gerla. 1997. MACA-BI (MACA by invitation). A wireless MAC
protocol for high speed ad hoc networking. Proceedings of IEEE ICUPC.
54
Chng 3: nh Tuyn Trong cc Mng Ad hoc
CHNG 3: NH TUYN TRONG CC MNG AD HOC
Nguyn Th Thu Hng, Nguyn Vit Hng
3.1. M u
Vi nhng ci tin trong cng ngh truyn thng khng dy, nhng thit b thu pht
c nng lc mnh v gi thnh thp c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ng dng di ng.
Trong nhng nm gn y cc mng di ng thu ht c s quan tm ng k v c tnh rt
linh hot v c gi thnh gim. So vi cc mng c dy, mng di ng c nhng c tnh rt
c o. Trong cc mng di ng, s di chuyn ca nt c th dn ti vic hnh trng mng
thay i thng xuyn, iu ny him khi xy ra vi mng c dy. Mng c dy c dung
lng lin kt n nh trong khi dung lng ca lin kt khng dy thng xuyn thay i
v nh hng ca ngun pht, nhy ca my thu, nhiu, pha inh v xuyn nhiu. Ngoi ra,
cc mng di ng khng dy cn c t l li cao, b gii hn v cng sut v bng thng [2],
[3].
Ty thuc vo c s h tng c nh, cc mng di ng c th c phn chia thnh
mng c c s h tng v mng adhoc di ng (MANET). Trong mng di ng c c s h
tng, cc nt di ng c cc im truy nhp c dy (hoc cc trm gc) trong c ly truyn dn
ca chng. Nhng im truy nhp ny to nn ng trc (backbone) cho mng h tng. Tri
li, cc mng adhoc di ng l cc mng t t chc m khng cn h tr h tng. Trong mng
adhoc di ng, cc nt di chuyn ty bin v th mng c th thay i hnh trng rt nhanh
chng v kh on trc. Ngoi ra v nt trong cc mng adhoc di ng thng c c ly
truyn dn gii hn nn mt s nt khng th truyn thng trc tip vi nhau. V vy cc
ng nh tuyn trong mng adhoc di ng c th c nhiu chng v mi nt trong mng
adhoc di ng c th lm vic nh mt b nh tuyn.
Cc mng adhoc di ng ban u c xut trong d n ca DARPA (Cc cc d
n tin tin ca B quc phng Chnh ph M), PRNet (Mng v tuyn gi) v SURAN. Vi
h tng c lp thit lp trc, cc mng adhoc di ng c nhng u im nh trin khai d
v nhanh, ci thin linh hot v chi ph gim. Cc mng adhoc di ng ph hp vi nhng
ng dng di ng k c trong mi trng bt li ni khng c sn c s h tng hay trong cc
ng dng di ng thit lp tm thi m gi thnh li l vn quan trng. Trong nhng nm
gn y, ng dng ca cc mng adhoc di ng ngy cng quan trng hn trong cc t
chc cng cng phi qun s v trong nhng lnh vc thng mi v cng nghip. Nhng ng
dng in hnh nht l cu h, hot ng thc thi php lut, robot cng nghip hp tc, iu
hnh giao thng v hot ng gio dc trong trng hc.
Nhng nghin cu ch ng cho cc mng adhoc di ng c thc hin ch yu
trong cc lnh vc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), nh tuyn, qun l ti nguyn,
iu khin nng lng v an ton. V s quan trng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trong cc
55
mng a bc ng, rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn mng adhoc di ng c xut

trong nhng nm gn y. C mt vi thch thc l cho s thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn
mng adhoc di ng tr nn kh khn. Th nht, trong cc mng adhoc di ng s di chuyn
ca nt lm cho hnh trng mng thng xuyn thay i v gin on. Th hai, v dung lng
ca cc lin kt khng dy l thay i v khng th on trc nn c th thng xuyn xy
ra hin tng mt gi tin. Hn na, bn cht qung b t nhin ca mi trng khng dy dn
n hin tng u cui b n v ny sinh nhiu bi ton v u cui. Ngoi ra, cc nt di
ng b gii hn v ti nguyn nh nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v bng thng nn yu cu
c nhng c cu nh tuyn hiu qu. L kiu mng ha hn cho nhng ng dng di ng
tng lai, cc mng adhoc di ng l ch ngy cng hp dn cc nh nghin cu.
Trong mng c dy c hai gii thut nh tuyn chnh c s dng l trng thi lin
kt v vector khong cch. Vic cp nht thng xuyn v nh k ca hai gii thut ny
khin n kh c th m rng trong mng MANET ln v n tiu tn mt phn ng k bng
thng, lm tng vic cnh tranh knh truyn v tiu hao nhiu nng lng. khc phc vn
ny c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn cho mng Ad hoc c a ra, c nhiu phng
php phn bit cc giao thc nh tuyn ny nh da vo cch trao i thng tin nh
tuyn gia cc nt di ng (da trn s phn ng); da vo v tr a l; da vo hnh trng
mng (phng hay phn cp); da vo nng lng; da vo s thch nghi; da vo s an ton
hay da vo cch truyn multicast[1], [2], [3], [4], [10], [11]. Mt trong nhng phng
php phn loi ph bin nht l da vo cch trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc nt di
ng, thng qua phng php ny, c ba nhm giao thc chnh (hnh 3.1).
Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong

MANET
(da vo cch trao i thng tin
nh tuyn)
Cc giao thc Cc giao Cc giao thc

nh tuyn thc nh nh tuyn
ch ng tuyn lai theo yu cu
DSDV OLSR FSR ZPR TORA

DSR AODV ACOR
Hnh 3.1: Mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET
nh tuyn ch ng hay nh tuyn theo bng (proactive routing/table-driven)

nh tuyn theo yu cu (reactive routing/on-demand routing)
nh tuyn lai (hybrid routing)
56
Chng ny s gii thiu mt s vn lin quan ti vic thit k cc giao thc nh

tuyn trong mng Adhoc v gii thiu v mt s giao thc nh tuyn in hnh trong mng
Ad hoc.
3.2. Nhng vn thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn cho mng Adhoc

Phn ny bn lun v nhng vn thit k chnh trong cc mng adhoc di ng [3].
3.2.1. Kin trc nh tuyn

Kin trc nh tuyn ca mng t t chc c th dng phn cp hoc phng. Trong
hu ht cc mng t t chc, cc trm (host) s hot ng nh thit b nh tuyn c lp, c
ngha l kin trc nh tuyn coi nh l phng, ngha l mi a ch c nhn dng duy nht
v khng cha bt k thng tin g v mt trm no khc. Trong mng t t chc c kin trc
phng th khng cn qun l tnh di ng v tt c cc nt c th thy nhau qua giao thc nh
tuyn. Trong cc gii thut nh tuyn phng nh DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector) v WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol), cc bng nh tuyn c thng tin ti tt c cc
trm trong mng t t chc. Tuy nhin gii thut nh tuyn phng khng c kh nng m
rng tt. Tiu nh tuyn tng nhanh chng khi mng m rng. V vy iu khin ti s
dng khng gian knh (tn s, thi gian hay m tri ph) v gim tiu thng tin nh tuyn,
cn trin khai c cu phn cp. Phn cm l k thut thng dng nht c dng trong kin
trc nh tuyn phn cp. tng n sau nh tuyn phn cp l chia cc trm ca mng t t
chc thnh mt s cm tch ri hoc chng ln. Mt nt c c lm cm ch cho mi cm.
Cm ch ny cha thng tin ca cc thnh vin trong cm.
Cc nt khng phi l cm ch s c coi l nt bnh thng. Khi mt nt bnh
thng gi gi, nt c th gi gi ti cm ch ri gi c nh tuyn tip ti ch. CGSR
(Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing) v CBRP (Cluster-Based Routing Protocol) l giao
thc nh tuyn loi ny. nh tuyn phn cp lin quan ti vic phn cm, qun l a ch v
tnh di ng.
3.2.2. H tr cc lin kt n hng

Hu ht giao thc nh tuyn hin ti c xu hng coi ton b lin kt l song hng.
Tuy nhin, c mt s yu t s lm lin kt khng dy tr thnh n hng, l:
Tnh nng v tuyn khc bit: Trong mt mng v tuyn c th c cng sut
pht hoc nhy my thu khc nhau. iu ny tng t trong mi trng
qun s khi c thit b cho con ngi v thit b xe c khng dy. Vi mi
trng v tuyn ca xe c, v t b gii hn v kch thc v trng lng nn
thit b thng c cng sut pht hn hn 12dB so vi thit b theo ngi. Cc
lin kt n hng s thng gp trong cc mng qun s.
Nhiu: Nhiu do i nhiu m i ch hay do xen nhiu ln cn, n s lm
gim nhy ca cc my thu gn. V d: Trm A c th nhn gi gi t
57
trm B v c rt t nhiu trong vng ln cn ca A. Tuy nhin B c th nm

trong vng nhiu ca mt nt khc v v vy khng th nhn gi t A. Do ,
lin kt gia A v B c hng t B sang A.
Yu cu qung b bn tin: Vic qung b bn tin trn mt vng rng c tm
quan trng ln. Cc my pht v tinh c dng cho ng xung trong khi
ng ln s dng cc ng lun phin.
Ch cm: Trong trng hp cc k c bit, ch ng dng trong cc mng di
ng chin s l khi cc trm khng th pht do mi nguy hi sp xy ra.
Trong trng hp ny, vn cn thu nhn thng tin, tuy nhin khng th truyn
thng song hng.
Trng thi hng lin kt thay i theo thi gian: Trng thi v hng ca lin
kt khng dy c th n nh hoc l nht thi. Tn sut ca s chuyn dch v
khong thi gian mi trng thi s l hm ca lu lng sp t, a th, s
di ng, ma v nng lng.
3.2.3. S dng siu trm

Cc giao thc nh tuyn hin ti u gi s rng tt c cc trm di ng u c c
tnh ging nhau do mng t t chc c cu trc ngang hng, s dng cc dch v ca nhau
truyn thng. Mc d trong mt s trng hp iu ny l ng, tuy nhin cng c nhng
trng hp khc l mng c cc trm c bng thng vt tri, cung cp cng sut m bo v
lin kt khng dy c tc cao. Nhng trm ny c gi l siu trm (SuperHost). V d,
mt cng ty trong mi trng qun s gm nhiu lnh b binh c trang b theo ngi thit
b khng dy dung lng thp v mt s xe tng c phng tin v tuyn dung lng cao.
Thng thng, cc mng t t chc trong trng hp ny c 2 kin trc mc mng: ng
trc v ngoi vi. Khu vc ng trc gm cc siu trm. Hn na cc siu trm c tnh di
ng thp hn cc trm thng thng duy tr c s n nh cho mng ng trc. Cc
trm thng thng khng cn a ra quyt nh nh tuyn. V d, mt trm v tinh (siu
trm) c th d dng thu thp thng tin nh tuyn t v tr a l ca cc trm, xy dng bng
nh tuyn v lan truyn i cc tuyn ny.
3.2.4. nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v (QoS)

Cho ti nay, a phn cc giao thc nh tuyn u c xut cho mng ad hoc
khng dy c ti u ha ch s dng mt metric l bc nhy khong cch (distance
chng), v vy tuyn ng ngn nht thng c la chn. Vi lu lng d liu , tuyn
ng nh tuyn ngn nht c v hiu qu. Tuy nhin, lin kt trong mng t t chc thng
khan him v bin ng nn rt kh tn dng ti nguyn hiu qu v thc hin ng dng thi
gian thc. Khi xem xt nhng vn ny, vic cung cp nh tuyn QoS l cn thit h tr
iu khin hiu qu tng lu lng lung vo mng. nh tuyn QoS l mt c cu nh
tuyn m theo tuyn ng c xc nh da trn ti nguyn sn c trong mng v m
bo yu cu QoS cho lung. nh tuyn QoS l vic chn tuyn ng c ti nguyn theo
58
cc tham s QoS yu cu. nh tuyn QoS c 2 mc tiu: Mt l p ng cc yu cu QoS

cho mi kt ni c chp nhn; Hai l t c hiu qu tng th v vic s dng ti
nguyn. Do nh tuyn QoS cn xem xt cng lc nhiu gii hn v m bo cn bng ti
tt hn bng cch phn b lu lng trn cc tuyn ng khc nhau vi cc lu lng c
yu cu v QoS khc nhau. Ngc li, cc giao thc nh tuyn hin nay dng nh u tin
cho nh tuyn lu lng da trn tuyn ng ngn nht, do dn n hin tng nghn c
chai. Trong mng t t chc, nhiu metric cn c xem xt: (1) tuyn ng tin cy nht, (2)
tuyn ng n nh nht, (3) tuyn ng c tng nng lng cn li tt nht, (4) tuyn
ng c bng thng kh dng ln nhtVic la chn tuyn vi chi ph nh nht da trn
cc metric nu trn ch khng ch cung cp tuyn ng ngn nht da trn khong cch
bc nhy.
3.2.5. H tr a im
Nh ta bit, nh tuyn a im l chc nng ca lp mng, n xy dng cc tuyn
ng cho gi d liu t mt ngun v phn phi n nhiu im ch ch khng phi ti tt
c cc im trn mng. nh tuyn a im s gi bn sao ca gi d liu mt cch ng thi
n nhiu ni nhn trn mt lin kt truyn thng bng cch chia s tuyn ng n ni
nhn. Vic chia s lin kt trong mt tp cc tuyn ng n ni nhn c xc nh pht
tn cc gi tin n nhiu im. Tri vi nh tuyn n im, nh tuyn a im rt tin dng
v hiu qu trong vic h tr truyn thng theo nhm. Trng hp ny c bit ng vi
mng t t chc c bng thng v nng lng hn ch. Hn na trong mng t t chc
thng bao gm vi nhm hp tc lm vic vi nhau. Vic trin khai nh tuyn a im
trong mng t t chc c th cung cp hi ngh a phng tin v ph bin thng tin trong
cc tnh hung quan trng nh thin tai, hot ng qun s. nh tuyn a im trong mng
t t chc tr thnh mt ch nghin cu mi v c tho lun da trn thit k ca
giao thc nh tuyn n im. Tuy nhin, mng t t chc ph hp vi nh tuyn a im
hn n im v nhng c trng qung b ca n.
Vic thc hin nh tuyn a im trong mng t t chc t ra nhng thch thc mi.
Giao thc nh tuyn a im truyn thng khng ph hp vi mi trng mng t t chc v
nhng nguyn nhn sau:
1. Tuyn ng gc ban u yu cu thay i, lm cho giao thc nh hng
ngun khng hiu qu.
2. Cc thnh vin trong nhm a im di chuyn, do khng th s dng topo a
im c nh.
3. Vng lp tm thi c th xy ra trong qu trnh ti cu hnh cy m rng.
4. Vic duy tr qu nhiu thng tin v trng thi a im s to ra p lc v c kh
nng lu tr v cng sut, y l hn ch rt ln i vi cc thit b cm tay
trong mng t t chc.
59
3.3. nh tuyn ch ng (Proactive)

Giao thc nh tuyn Proactive hay cn gi l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng (Table-
driven) hot ng da trn s trao i nh k ca cc bn tin iu khin [2]. T tng ca
phng php ny l c gng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc t cc nt mng n
mi nt mng khc trong mng nh s dng mt hoc nhiu bng ghi lu tr thng tin
nh tuyn v chng p ng nhng thay i trong topo mng bng cch pht qung b rng
ri cc thng tin cp nht tuyn qua mng duy tr tm kim sot mng mt cch lin tc v
c ci nhn nht qun v mng. Khi c cc vng khc nhau v s bng ghi lin quan n nh
tuyn cn thit hay khi topo mng c s thay i, thng tin cp nht tng ng phi c gi
i cho tt c cc nt trong mng thng bo v s thay i . Do mt nt ngun c th
gi bn tin ti ch ngay lp tc khi n cn m khng cn tn thi gian cho vic tm kim
ng trong lc truyn d liu.
Hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn dng Proactive dnh cho mng Ad hoc u tha k
cc c tnh ca cc thut ton nh tuyn dng cho mng c dy. p ng cho c tnh
ng ca mng Ad hoc, cn phi thay i mt s c tnh truyn thng ca cc giao thc
nh tuyn ny. S dng giao thc nh tuyn Proactive, mi nt lun cp nht trng thi ca
mng v duy tr cc tuyn ng cho d tuyn c lu lng d liu chuyn qua hay khng.
iu ny dn n s lng ph ti nguyn, v vy cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng thng p
dng cho m hnh mng MANET c cc nt t di chuyn.
c tnh ca giao thc Proactive
c tnh ca giao thc Proactive c th c th hin thng qua u im v nhc
im ca giao thc nh sau.
u im ca giao thc Proactive:
Mng hi t nhanh. Khi topo mng c s thay i th gn nh ngay lp tc cc
nt trong mng s cp nht thay i topo mng ca mnh.
tr tuyn thp. Mi nt c y thng tin v topo mng nn khi cn trao
i thng tin th nt ngun c th ngay lp tc tm thy tuyn ng i ti
ch. c tnh ny rt ph hp vi vic truyn thng tin yu cu thi gian thc.
Nhc im ca giao thc Proactive:
Tiu tn nhiu bng thng mng do cc bn tin iu khin gi i mt cch u
n theo phng thc bn tin qung b (broadcast).
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn Proactive:
Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing
Protocol)
Giao thc nh tuyn OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol)
Giao thc nh tuyn FSR (Fisheye State Routing Protocol)
60
Giao thc nh tuyn HSR (Hierarchical State Routing Protocol), giao thc
nh tuyn WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol),
3.3.1. Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV

3.3.1.1. M t
Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) l mt bin th
ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch theo kiu bng ghi, da trn tng ca
thut ton nh tuyn Bellman-Ford vi ci tin mi ca DSDV l s dng k thut nh s
trnh t trnh s c m ti v cng hoc lp vng trong cc giao thc vector khong cch
ca mng c dy, k thut ny dng nhn ra cc con ng i khng cn gi tr trong qu
trnh cp nht bng nh tuyn, do s trnh c vng lp trong qu trnh nh tuyn. Mi
nt s tng s trnh t khi gi thng tin v bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc nt khc trong
mng. V d khi thm hoc xa mt lin kt trong mng, khi c s la chn gia hai tuyn ti
ch th lun c mt nt c la chn ng truyn vi s trnh t ln nht ti ch. iu
ny m bo cho nhng thng tin mi c s dng ti a [2, 3].
3.3.1.2. c im trong DSDV
DSDV ph thuc vo thng tin qung b nh k nn n s tiu tn thi gian tng hp
thng tin trc khi ng nh tuyn c a vo s dng. Thi gian ny l khng ng k
i vi mng c cu trc c nh ni chung (bao gm c mng c dy) nhng vi mng Ad
hoc thi gian ny l ng k, c th gy ra mt gi tin trc khi tm ra c tuyn ng hp
l. Ngoi ra, bn tin qung co nh k cng l nguyn nhn gy ra lng ph ti nguyn mng.
3.3.1.3. Cc c ch trong DSDV

Qun ly bng nh tuyn:
Do DSDV l giao thc da theo vet khong cch ln mi nt u c thng tin v ng
i ti nt khc trong mng da vo bng nh tuyn. Bng nh tuyn c nhng thng tin nh
sau:
a) a ch ca nt ch;
b) S chng n ch (chng - count);
c) Chng k tip (next chng);
d) S trnh t ca thng tin thu c v nt ch.
m bo cho bng nh tuyn lun ph hp vi nhng thay i trong mng th cc nt
phi thng xuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn theo mt khong thi gian nht nh hoc khi
mng c s thay i. Do , cc nt phi qung b thng tin nh tuyn ca n cho cc nt
khc trong mng bng cch pht qung b nhng thay i trong bng nh tuyn ca n. Khi
mt nt nhn gi tin cp nht bng nh tuyn n s kim tra s trnh t ca gi tin cp nht
nu s ny trong gi tin cp nht ln hn hoc bng s trnh t hin c trong bng nh tuyn
v c s chng-count nh hn th nt s cp nht thng tin vo bng inh tuyn.
61
Cch thc cp nht bng nh tuyn

Bng nh tuyn cp nht theo hai cch:
a) Cp nht ton b bng nh tuyn cho cc nt hng xm v c th truyn trong
nhiu gi gi l full-dump
b) Cp nht nhng thnh phn thay i trong bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc nt
hng xm v cc thng tin thay i ch c gi i trong mt gi. Cch
thc cp nht ny gi l incremental-update
Full - dump l s chuyn giao ton b bng nh tuyn ca mt nt hin c cho cc
nt hng xm, thng ip ny ch c gi i khi topo mng c s thay i. Ngc li th
Incremental - update s c gi thng xuyn hn ti cc nt trong mng xc nhn ln
nhau.
Khi thng tin cp nht tuyn c gi i, cc nt s chn tuyn c s tun t ch cao
hn cp nht vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh ( m bo rng thng tin c dng mi
nht) v nu c nhiu tuyn c s tun t bng nhau th chn tuyn c s chng tt hn cp
nht.
trnh lp tuyn, DSDV s dng s trnh t gn vi mi ng, s trnh t ny xc
nh mi ca tuyn ng, cc nt mng di ng c th phn bit c cc tuyn
ng mi v cc tuyn ng c th s th t ca mi tuyn ng s c tng ln 1 mi
khi c mt tuyn ng mi c pht qung b. ng c s th t cao hn c xem l tt
hn, nu hai ng c cng s th t th ng no c s chng t hn s c s dng v
khi c mt lin kt b hng (nt mng khng nhn c cc thng bo cp nht nh k) th
trong ln qung b sau, nt mng pht hin ra lin kt b hng s pht qung b ng ti
ch c s chng l v cng
62
Hnh 3.2: V d v s cp nht bng nh tuyn DSDV
Qun ly s thay i ca topology

Khi mt nt di chuyn t ni ny n ni khc th cc lin kt ca n vi cc nt hng
xm c th khng cn hiu lc. Khi nt pht hin rng lin kt n nt tip theo (next chng)
ca n khng tn ti, th ng i thng qua chng tip theo lp tc s c m chng l v
cng v s th t li c tng ln 1.
Sau nt s pht qung b thng tin cho tt c cc nt trong mng v cc nt
trong mng s cp nht li bng nh tuyn ca mnh.
3.3.2. Giao thc nh tuyn OLSR

OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng (nh tuyn
ch ng), n tha hng c tnh n nh ca giao thc trng thi lin kt c in, hon ton
thch hp cho mng di ng Ad hoc. OLSR ti thiu ha tiu nh tuyn bng cch ch s
dng cc nt c chn pht trn lt lu lng iu khin, c gi l Chuyn tip a
im - MPR (Multipoint Relay). K thut ny gim ng k s lng yu cu truyn li so
vi vic pht trn lt mt bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng [2].
3.3.2.1. Bu chn Multipoint Relay

tng dng MPR l ti thiu ha tiu (overhead) khi pht trn lt bn tin
trong mng bng cch gim s ln truyn d tha trong cng mt vng. Mi nt trong mng
la chn mt tp hp nt trong cc nt hng xm trc tip ca n lm MPR. Hng xm
ca nt A m khng nm trong tp hp MPR ca A c th nhn v x l cc bn tin qung b
nhng khng th chuyn tip cc bn tin qung b nhn c t A (Hnh 3.4).
63
Mi nt la chn tp hp MPR t nhng hng xm trc tip (one-chng) ca n. Tp

hp MPR ca nt A, k hiu l MPR(A), l tp con ca tp hp cc hng xm trc tip ca A,
phi tha mn nhng iu kin sau: mi nt trong hng xm hai bc (two-chng) ca A phi
c mt lin kt trc tip n MPR(A). Tp hp MPR cng nh th tiu lu lng iu
khin ca giao thc nh tuyn cng nh. Mi nt phi duy tr thng tin v tp hp hng xm
m chng chn lm MPR. Tp hp ny gi l MPR selector set ca mt nt.
Hnh 3.3: Qu trnh pht trn lt bn tin qung b trong OLSR
Trong OLSR, mi nt truyn bn tin Hello nh k (v d mt giy mt bn tin) trn

mi giao din ca nt. Mc ch chnh ca bn tin Hello l cho php mi nt c th khm ph
tuyn trc tip ti hng xm ca n.
MPR
MPR
A
MPR
Hnh 3.4: Bu chn MPR
64
Bn tin Hello c qung b tng chng (chng-by-chng) v phi khng c truyn

trc . Bn tin Hello cha tn ca nt khi to, hng xm trc tip m nt khi to truyn
bn tin khm ph v cc nt m nt khi to chn lm MPR. Khi mt nt nhn bn tin Hello,
n kim tra liu bn tin c phi c pht sinh t hng xm mi hay khng, v nu ng,
nt s cp nht vo danh sch hng xm trc tip ca nt. Bn tin Hello rt quan trng trong
vic h tr MPR. Mi nt kim tra bn tin Hello nhn c t hng xm ca n xem n
liu c c la chn lm MPR ca bt k hng xm no khng. Nu vy, nt s pht trn lt
cc cp nht nh tuyn c pht sinh t cc hng xm m chn n l MPR. Mi nt cng
c th khm ph liu cc nt c l hng xm hai bc t bn tin Hello, bi v danh sch cc
hng xm hai bc c lit k trong bn tin Hello ca nt hng xm trc tip ca n. Mi
nt la chn MPR trn c s hng xm hai bc, do vy mi hng xm hai bc phi nhn
c bn tin MPR.
3.3.2.2. Truyn b bn tin iu khin topo (topology control)

Bn tin iu khin topo c truyn i vi mc ch l cung cp cho mi nt trong
mng thng tin trng thi lin kt cho php tnh ton c tuyn ng.
3.3.2.3. Tinh ton tuyn

Thng qua vic trao i nh k cc bn tin, cc nt s bit c thng tin trng thi
lin kt v cu hnh giao din ca cc nt, v th c th tnh ton bng nh tuyn ca mi nt.
3.3.3. Giao thc nh tuyn FSR

FSR Fisheye State Routing (nh tuyn trng thi mt c) l mt giao thc nh tuyn
phn cp ngm. N s dng phng php mt c do Kleinrock v Stevens a ra, l k
thut c s dng gim bt kch thc ca thng tin c yu cu biu din d liu
ha. Mt ca loi c chp im nh c phn gii cao vi nhng im gn tiu c, vi
nhng im xa tiu c hn th phn gii s gim i. Trong nh tuyn, phng php tip
cn mt c truyn thng tin li duy tr khong cch v cht lng tuyn thng tin chnh xc
v ngay vng ln cn ca mt nt, khi khong cch gia tng th chnh xc cng gim [2, 3].
FSR c chc nng tng t vi LSR, n lu bn hnh trng ti mi nt, s khc nhau
quan trng l cch m thng tin nh tuyn c truyn i. Trong LSR, nhng gi trng thi
lin kt c to ra v trn lt vo trong mng bt c khi no nt pht hin cu trc lin kt
thay i. Trong FSR, nhng gi trng thi lin kt khng gi trn lan. Thay vo , nt duy
tr bng trng thi lin kt da trn thng tin cp nht nhn c t nhng nt ln cn v
ch trao i nh k n vi vng ln cn (khng trn lan). Thng qua tin trnh trao i ny,
bng ban u vi s trnh t ln hn s thay th bng c s trnh t nh hn. Bng nh k
FSR trao i ging vi s trao i vector trong DBF (chnh xc hn l DSDV vi khong
cch c cp nht ty thuc vo du thi gian hoc s trnh t c cp nht t nt gc).
Tuy nhin, trng thi lin kt trong FSR c truyn i ch khng phi vector khong cch.
65
Hn th na, ging nh nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (LSR), FSR duy tr bn cu trc lin
kt y ti mi nt v tuyn ngn nht c tnh ton da trn bn ny.
Trong mi trng khng dy, lin kt v tuyn gia cc nt di ng c th thng
xuyn b mt hoc ti kt ni. Giao thc LSR cp nht trng thi lin kt cho mi ln thay i
nh vy lm trn lt mng. FSR trnh s c ny bng cch trao i nh k thay v hng
theo s kin nhng bn tin bn topo lm gim ng k tiu bn tin iu khin trong
mng. Khi kch thc mng gia tng, cc bn tin cp nht c th chim kh nhiu bng thng
ph thuc vo chu k cp nht. gim kch thc nhng thng bo cp nht m khng lm
nh hng nghim trng n tnh chnh xc nh tuyn, FSR s dng k thut mt c, hnh
3.5 minh ha vic p dng mt c vo mng khng dy di ng.
Nhng vng trn vi nhng sc thi mu xm khc nhau xc nh nhng phm vi mt
c ti nt trung tm (nt 11). Phm vi c xc nh l tp hp cc nt c s lng bc nhy
nht nh. Trong trng hp ny c ba phm vi tng ng l 1, 2 v > 2 bc nhy. Nhng
nt c m mu tng ng l mu en, mu xm v trng. S mc v bn knh ca mi
phm vi s ph thuc vo kch thc ca mng. Vic gim tiu cp nht nh tuyn t
c bng cch s dng nhng chu k trao i khc nhau cho nhng mc khc nhau trong
bng nh tuyn.
Hnh 3.5 Phm vi ca mt c
66
Hnh 3.6 gim thng bo khi s dng mt c
C th hn na, mc nhp tng ng vi nt trong phm vi nh hn c truyn b ti

nhng nt hng xm vi tn s cao nht, cc mc cn li th c gi vi tn s thp hn.
Kt qu l, mt t phn ng k mc trng thi lin kt c lc bt i trong bn tin cp
nht thng thng v lm gim kch thc bn tin cp nht. Chin lc ny gip vic cp
nht thng xuyn cho cc trm gn, nhng li gy tr ln vi nhng trm xa. Tuy nhin,
s thiu chnh xc ca tuyn ng tt nht ti mt ch xa c b li bng thc t l
tuyn s tr nn chnh xc hn khi gi tin gn ti ch. Khi kch thc mng gia tng th cn
s dng k hoch cp nht thng xuyn trn nhiu phm vi duy tr c vic gim tiu
bn tin cp nht.
Khi nim FSR bt ngun t giao thc nh tuyn trng thi chung (GSR-Global State
Routing). GSR c th c coi l mt trng hp c bit ca FSR khi ch c mt mc phm
vi mt c. Kt qu l ton b bng nh tuyn c trao i gia cc nt ln cn. R rng vic
ny tiu tn mt lng bng thng ng k khi kch thc mng tng ln. Thng qua qu
trnh cp nht trng thi lin kt vi tn s khc nhau ph thuc vo phm vi khong cch,
FSR ph hp vi kch thc mng ln v gi tiu nh m khng phi tha hip vic
tnh ton chnh xc tuyn ng khi ch gn. Bng cch s hu mt mc nh tuyn cho
mi ch, FSR trnh c vic b sung thm qu trnh tm ch n (nh trong nh tuyn
theo yu cu) v do c th truyn gi tin vi tr mc thp. Vic gia tng s di chuyn
lm nhng tuyn ng n ch xa tr nn t chnh xc. Tuy nhin, khi mt gi tin dn n
ch n s c nhng ch dn nh tuyn chnh xc hn khi n i vo vng c tc cp nht
cao hn.
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3.4. nh tuyn theo yu cu

Giao thc nh tuyn Reactive, cn gi l giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu, ch tm ra
cc tuyn ng khi c yu cu t cc nt cn trao i thng tin. Dng giao thc ny hot
ng theo hai chc nng chnh l khm ph tuyn v duy tr tuyn [2].
Khm ph tuyn: Chc nng ny p ng cho vic d tm tuyn mi. Khi mt
nt cn trao i thng tin vi nt khc, n s pht bn tin yu cu tm tuyn
ng ti ch. Qu trnh ny hon thnh khi tm thy c mt tuyn ng
hoc tt c cc tuyn kh thi u c kim tra.
Duy tr tuyn: Chc nng ny p ng cho vic cm nhn ng lin kt v
duy tr nhng tuyn ang tn ti. Khi mt tuyn c thit lp, n c m
bo bi mt phng thc duy tr tuyn cho n khi ch khng th truy
nhp trn tt c cc ng t ngun hoc cho n khi tuyn ng khng
c yu cu na.
c tnh ca giao thc Reactive:
c tnh ca giao thc Reactive c th c th hin thng qua u im v nhc
im ca giao thc nh sau.
u im ca giao thc Reactive
Vi vic s dng phng thc d tm tuyn, giao thc Reactive c u im l
t chim dng bng thng.
Giao thc Reactive ch d tm tuyn khi c yu cu ch khng gi bn tin cp
nht trn mng mt cch tun t nn khng gy ra lng ph ti nguyn mng.
Nhc im ca giao thc Reactive
Vic d tm tuyn khi c nhu cu gy ra tnh trng tr trn mng v phi ch
i tm tuyn xong mi gi bn tin i.
Kh c th s dng trong vic truyn thi gian thc.
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn Reactive:
Giao thc AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing).
Giao thc DSR (Dynamic Source Routing).
Giao thc TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm).
Giao thc CBRP (Cluster-Based Routing Protocol), giao thc LAR (Location-
Aided Routing), giao thc ARA (Ant Colony-Based Routing Algorithms)
3.4.1. Giao thc nh tuyn AODV

Giao thc nh tuyn AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing) l mt
loi giao thc nh tuyn Reactive trong mng MANET. Trong AODV, khi mt nt cn gi
d liu cho nt khc m ng i cha c xc nh trc, n s c tm mt ng i mi
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bng cch s dng bn tin yu cu tm ng RREQ (Route REQuest), bn tin RREQ ny

c qung b trong mng, cha a ch IP ca nt ngun v nt ch m n cn tm. Bn tin
RREQ s c qung b trn mng cho n khi c mt nt bit c ng ti ch hoc
chnh nt ch p ng li vi bn tin phn hi RREP (Route REPly). Bn tin RREP c gi
tr li nt ngun v nt ngun s s dng thng tin ng i ca bn tin ny thit lp
ng lin kt t nt khi u n nt ch. AODV s dng k thut Sequence Number (s
th t) loi b nhng tuyn ng khng cn gi tr trong bng nh tuyn. Mi nt s c
mt b m s th t ring.
3.4.1.1. Tm ng
Qu trnh tm ng c khi to khi c mt nt cn truyn thng tin vi nt khc
m ng lin kt gia chng khng tm thy trong bng nh tuyn. Mi nt duy tr hai b
m ring bit: s th t nt v ID qung b. Nt ngun bt u tm ng bng vic qung
b mt gi tin yu cu ng RREQ (Route REQuest) ti cc nt ln cn ca n.
Gi tin RREQ cha mt s trng sau:
<source_addr source sequence# broadcast id dest_addr dest sequence# chng_cnt>
<a ch ngun, s th t ngun# ID qung b, a ch ich, s th t ich# s chng>
Cp <a ch ngun, ID qung b> xc nh duy nht mt RREQ, ID qung b tng ln mi
khi ngun pht ra mt gi RREQ mi. Khi cc nt ln cn nhn c gi tin RREQ, n s
kim tra theo cc bc sau:
Khi mt nt nhn c RREQ, n s kim tra xem n x l RREQ ny
cha bng cch xem xt <a ch ngun, ID qung b>. Do mt nt c th
nhn nhiu bn sao ca cng mt gi tin RREQ t cc nt khc nhau, nn nu
n nhn c mt RREQ c cng ID qung b v a ch ngun, n s loi b
gi tin RREQ n sau v khng x l g thm. Nu khng n s chuyn qua
bc 2.
Nt cng kim tra xem a ch ch c phi l a ch ca n khng, nu ng
th n s gi gi tin RREP v ngun, nu khng n s tm trong bng nh
tuyn xem c cha tuyn ng n ch mong mun hay khng, n s kim
tra tnh kh dng ca tuyn ng bng cch so snh s th t ch tng
ng vi tuyn ng c trong bng nh tuyn ca n vi s th t ch trong
gi tin RREQ m n nhn c. Nu s th t ch ca RREQ ln hn s th
t ch c lu tr bi nt trung gian th nt khng c s dng thng
tin v tuyn ng n ch trong bng nh tuyn tr li gi tin RREQ.
Thay vo n s phi tip tc qung b gi tin RREQ sau khi tng gi tr ca
trng chng_cnt ng thi gi li cc thng tin cn thit thit lp tuyn
ng o chiu.
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Nt trung gian ch c th phn hi gi tin RREP khi n c mt tuyn ng

n ch vi s th t ch tng ng ln hn hoc bng s th t ch cha
trong RREQ. Mt gi tin RREP bao gm cc thng tin:
a ch IP ch
a ch IP ngun
ID qung b
Thi gian sng cho ng o chiu
S th t ca nt ngun
3.4.1.2. Thit lp ng o chiu

C hai s th t (ngoi ID qung b) trong mt RREQ l: s th t ngun v s
th t ch mi nht. S th t ngun c s dng duy tr thng tin v mi ca
tuyn ng o chiu n ngun, s th t ch ch r tuyn ng phi mi nh th no
mi c nt ngun chp nhn. RREQ i t mt ngun n nhiu ch khc nhau, cc ng
o chiu ti nt ngun s c thit lp t ng ti tt c cc nt m n i qua. thit lp
ng o chiu, mt nt s ghi li a ch ca nt ln cn t bn sao RREQ u tin m n
nhn c. Tuyn ng o chiu ny c duy tr trong khong thi gian t nht cho gi
tin RREQ i qua mng v to c mt phn hi v cho bn gi.
3.4.1.3. Thit lp ng chuyn tip

Khi nt trung gian c mt tuyn n ch kh dng v gi tin RREQ cha c x l
trc th n s tr li bng mt gi tin RREP theo ng truyn n hng ngc li nt
m n nhn RREQ trc .
Mt RREP cha cc thng tin sau:
< source_addr dest_addr dest sequence# chng_cnt lifetime>
<a ch ngun, a ch ich, s th t ich# s chng, thi gian sng>
Khi RREQ c qung b n mt nt c th cung cp tuyn ng n ch mong
mun, mt ng o chiu ti nt ngun ca RREQ s c thit lp. Mi nt dc theo
tuyn o chiu m RREP quay li ngun s ng vai tr l mt nt chuyn tip, cc nt ny
s cp nht li ton b thng tin v tuyn ng gia ngun v ch, ng thi ghi li s th
t ch cui cng ca nt ch. Tuyn ng m RREP quay li ngun c gi l tuyn
ng chuyn tip. Cc nt khng nm trn tuyn chuyn tip s xa cc tuyn ngc chiu
m chng thit lp trc khi khong thi gian ACTIVE ROUTE TIMEOUT kt thc
(3000ms).
Mt nt s truyn gi tin RREP u tin v ngun ngay khi n nhn c. Nu n
nhn c nhiu gi tin RREP, cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v truyn bn tin RREP ch
c thc hin khi RREP cha s th t ch ln hn so vi s th t ch trong RREP trc
hoc bng nhng tuyn ng mi phi c s chng_cnt nh hn. Vic tng s lng
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RREP gi v ngun m bo thng tin c cp nht nhanh v nhiu nht. Nt ngun c th

thc hin truyn d liu sm nht c th khi n hon thnh qu trnh cp nht thng tin t
RREP u tin m n nhn c v c th tip tc cp nht thng tin nh tuyn nu n hc
c mt tuyn ng tt hn.
3.4.1.4. Qun l bng nh tuyn

Ngoi cc s th t ngun v ch, AODV cn s dng mt b m thi gian dnh
cho ng o chiu gi l b m thi gian gii hn yu cu ng. Vi cc nt khng
nm trn tuyn ng t ngun n ch, thng tin v cc ng o chiu s b xa khi thi
gian gii hn kt thc. Thi gian gii hn ny ph thuc vo ln ca mng. Mt tham s
quan trng khc lin quan n nh tuyn l gii hn thi gian lu tr cho cc tuyn ng,
sau khong thi gian ny tuyn ng s c xem nh khng hp l. Trong bng nh
tuyn, a ch ca cc nt ln cn trng thi hot ng m n nhn c thng qua cc gi
tin cng c duy tr. Mt nt ln cn c xem l trng thi hot ng nu n khi to
hoc chuyn tip t nht mt gi tin cho ch trong khong thi gian gii hn gn nht.
Thng tin nh tuyn ny c duy tr cc nt c th c thng bo khi mt lin kt dc
ng truyn ti ch b hng. Mt tuyn ng c coi l kh dng nu n c s dng
bi bt k nt ln cn no trng thi hot ng. Tt c cc tuyn trong bng nh tuyn c
gn s th t ch m bo khng xy ra hin tng lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn.
Bng nh tuyn cha cc thng tin sau:
a ch ch
Bc nhy tip theo
S bc nhy (metric)
Cc nt ln cn hiu dng cho tuyn ng
Thi gian gii hn cho cc tuyn ng
Trong khong thi gian gii hn, tuyn ng s c s dng cho truyn d liu t
ngun n ch, thi gian ny c thit lp li bng cch cng thi im thc hin truyn
dn vi khong thi gian gii hn. Nu c mt tuyn mi c cung cp cho nt, n s so
snh s th t ch ca tuyn ng mi vi s th t ch ca tuyn ng hin ti. Tuyn
ng c s th t ch ln hn s c chn. Nu s th t ch nh nhau, tuyn mi ch
c chn khi n c mt metric nh hn (s chng-count nh hn).
3.4.1.5. Duy tr tuyn

Do c ch hot ng ca AODV l khng cn phi bit v thng tin ca cc nt hng
xm m ch cn da vo thng tin trong bng nh tuyn nn khi mt nt nhn thy rng
chng k tip (next-chng) ca n khng th tm thy, n s pht mt gi tin RERR (Route
Error) vi s th t bng s th t trc cng thm 1, chng-count bng v gi ti tt c
cc nt hng xm ang trng thi hot ng, c nh vy cho n khi tt c cc nt trng
thi hot ng trong mng nhn c gi tin ny.
71
Sau khi nhn c cc thng bo ny, cc nt s xa tt c cc ng i c cha nt

hng ng thi nt ngun s khi ng li qu trnh tm ng mi nu n vn yu cu mt
tuyn ng n ch bng cch gi mt gi tin RREQ vi s th t ch ln hn s th t
ch bit trc n cc nt hng xm tm a ch n ch.
Thng thng vic x l RERR v lin kt hng cn n cc bc sau:
Lm mt hiu lc cc tuyn hin ti.
Lit k cc ch b nh hng.
Xc nh r nt ln cn no c th b nh hng.
Gi mt RERR ti cc nt ln cn.
3.4.1.6. Qun l kt ni ni vng

Cc nt c th hc thng tin t cc nt ln cn ca chng bng nhiu cch khc nhau.
Bt c khi no n nhn c qung b t mt nt ln cn, n s cp nht thng tin kt ni ni
b m bo nt tr thnh hng xm ca n. Khi mt nt cha gi gi tin no cho cc
nt ln cn trong khong thi gian Hello, n s qung b ti cc nt ln cn mt bn tin Hello,
mt bn tin RREP c bit cha nhn dng v s th t ca n. S th t ca nt khng c
thay i khi truyn bn tin Hello. Bn tin Hello s khng th qung b ra ngoi vng ln cn
v gi tr ca trng thi gian sng TTL l 1. Cc nt ln cn nhn gi tin ny s cp nht
thng tin kt ni ni b cha trong gi tin. Khi nhn mt qung b hay mt bn tin Hello t
mt nt ln cn mi hoc mt lin tc cc gi tin Hello t mt nt ln cn trc c
ngm hiu l kt ni ni b b thay i. Nu nt khng nhn c cc bn tin Hello t cc
nt k tip dc theo tuyn ng ang hot ng th n s s dng cc nt k tip ny gi
thng bo li lin kt. S ln mt gi tin Hello cho php l hai. Qun l kt ni ni b vi cc
bn tin Hello c s dng m bo ch c cc nt c kt ni song hng mi c xem l
hng xm ca nhau. Vi mc ch ny, nt s gi bn tin Hello theo mt danh sch cc nt
m n nghe c v n cng kim tra m bo ch s dng nhng tuyn ng n hng
xm m n nghe c qua bn tin Hello.
3.4.2. Giao thc nh tuyn DSR
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) l giao thc nh tuyn n gin v hiu qu c bit
thit k cho MANET a chng. S dng DSR, mng hon ton c th t t chc, t cu hnh
m khng cn c s h tng sn c. Cc nt trong mng (my tnh) phi hp chuyn tip
gi tin cho nhau, cho php truyn thng a chng gia cc nt khng nm trong di truyn
thng trc tip ca nhau. Khi cc nt trong mng di chuyn, tham gia vo mng hoc ri khi
mng v khi iu kin truyn dn khng dy thay i th ton b vn nh tuyn c giao
thc DSR duy tr v xc lp. V s lng v trnh t ca cc nt trung gian cn thit ti
ch thay i bt k nn hnh trng mng c th thay i nhanh chng.
Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng DSR cho php nt khm ph ng mt tuyn ngun
qua mng a chng ti bt k ch no trong mng adhoc. Phn tiu ca gi d liu s lu
72
tr th t cc nt m gi tin cn phi i qua n c ch. Do vy cc nt trung gian ch

cn gi lin lc vi cc nt hng xm ca n chuyn tip gi tin.
Ti mi mt nt mng lun duy tr mt b nh m (Route Cache), y l cu trc d
liu lu tr cc con ng bit. Khi c con ng tn ti trong b nh m, nt s nhn
thng tin v ng i v thc hin truyn tin theo tuyn ng chn. Ngc li khi khng
tn ti ng i trong b nh m hoc c tn ti ng i nhng khng cn hiu lc, DSR
s thc hin c ch tm ng bng cch gi gi tin qung b Route Request (RREQ) n cc
nt ln cn trn ton b mng. Cc nt trung gian nhn c gi tin qung b s kim tra
ng i trong b nh m. Khi ng i c tm thy, gi tin Route Reply (RREP) cha
th t cc chng ti ch v c truyn tr li ngun.
Nh vy hot ng ca giao thc DSR bao gm hai c ch chnh: tm ng v duy tr
tuyn ng.
3.4.2.1. Tm ng
C ch tm ng (Route Discovery) cho php cc nt trong mng Ad hoc tm kim
ng i n ch mt cch t ng thng qua cc nt trung gian. Nt ngun thc hin qu
trnh tm ng bng cch pht gi tin RREQ n cc nt ln cn ca n trong mng. RREQ
s bao gm a ch ngun, a ch ch v s request_ID l s nh danh duy nht cho mt
RREQ.
Khi mt nt nhn gi RREQ th n s tin hnh kim tra thng tin trong RREQ nh
sau:
Bc 1: Thng qua trng request_ID, nt s kim tra xem n tng nhn
gi tin ny hay cha. Nu tn ti th n s loi b gi tin v khng x l
g thm.
Bc 2: Khi xc nhn l nhn gi RREQ u tin, nt s thm a ch
ngun v Request ID vo b nh m, ng thi kim tra xem a ch ch c
trng vi a ch ca n hay khng. Nu trng th n gi li cho ngun gi tin
RREP cha thng tin v ng i n ch v kt thc qu trnh. Nu khng
c th chuyn sang bc 3.
Bc 3: N kim tra trong b nh m ca n xem c ng i ti ch m
cn hiu lc hay khng. Nu c tn ti mt ng nh vy th n s phn hi
li cho nt ngun bng gi RREP cha thng tin v ng i n ch v kt
thc tin trnh. Ngc li n s pht qung b gi tin RREQ n cc nt hng
xm ca n.
Qu trnh ny c tip tc cho n khi nt ngun nhn c thng tin v ng i n ch
hoc thng tin rng khng th nh tuyn n ch. Gi tin RREP c gi n ngun bng
cch gi unicast.
73
3.4.2.2. Duy tr tuyn (Route Maintanance)

Giao thc DSR cho php cc nt trong mng t ng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn
trong b nh m. Cc nt chuyn gi tin trn mng u phi c trch nhim xc nhn rng
gi tin chuyn n nt k tip hay cha thng qua s phn hi ca nt nhn. Trong
trng hp nt pht hin rng gi tin khng th truyn n nt k tip, n s gi gi tin
RERR (Route Error) cho nt ngun thng bo tnh trng hin thi ca lin kt v a ch
ca nt k tip khng th gi gi tin i. Khi ngun nhn RERR, n s xa tuyn ng c
lin kt hng trong b nh m v tm mt ng i khc m n bit trong b nh m hoc
s khi ng mt qu trnh tm ng mi nu nh khng tn ti ng i thch hp.
3.4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn TORA
Giao thc TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm): Giao thc gii thut nh
tuyn tun t tm thi l giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin cho cc mng khng dy di
ng a chng, gii quyt c nhc im ca cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng l ph
b c vng lp (loop-free) v c kh nng thch ng cao vi mi trng mng c nhiu
thay i da trn khi nim lin kt ngc (link reversal). N tm kim thng tin v ng i
theo yu cu, cung cp nhiu ng i ti ch, xc lp ng i mt cch nhanh chng.
TORA t s dng con ng i ti u (tc l con ng i ngn nht) m n thng
s dng cc con ng i di hn nhm hn ch vic phi tm kim cc con ng i mi lm
nh hng n lu lng truyn trn mng.
Cch thc hot ng ca thut ton TORA c th hnh dung nh nc chy t nt
ngun n nt ch ca mng. Cc ng nc i din cho lin kt gia cc nt, giao im ca
cc ng nc i din cho cc nt v nc trong ng i din cho cc gi d liu truyn n
ch. Mi nt c mt trng s ti mi nt ch c tnh ton bi giao thc nh tuyn. Nu
mt ng nc gia nt A v nt B b chn lm cho nc khng th chy qua c, th cao
ca nt A c t ln hn cc nt lng ging ca n v do nc s chy ngc tr ra nt
A (v chy vo cc nt khc m c thng tin nh tuyn n ch qua nt A)
Giao thc nh tuyn TORA c s dng trong mi trng mng di ng c tnh
cht di ng cao, cung cp nhiu ng i khc nhau gia hai nt. lm c iu ny, cc
nt cn duy tr thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt lng ging ca n. Giao thc nh tuyn ny
thc hin ba chc nng chnh l:
To tuyn
Duy tr tuyn
Xo b tuyn
Mi nt trong mng lun duy tr mt th khng vng c hng (Direct Acyclic
Graph - DAG) dnh ring cho mi nt cn li trong mng. Mi DAG c 5 nm thng s sau :
t - thi gian lin kt b t (li).
74
oid - id ca nt ngun (id duy nht xc nh mc tham chiu mi)

r - bit ch th phn x vi 0 l nt chnh, 1 l mc phn nh.
d - ch mi quan h tham chiu vi cc mc (th t truyn).
i - id ca nt.
B ba (t, oid, r) c gi l mc u tin (tham chiu), cp (d, i) gi l th t truyn
trong mt mc tham chiu. Mi nt lu tr mt bng cha tham s cao ca cc nt lng
ging. u tin tham s cao ca cc nt l null (k hiu -), nh vy cao ca cc nt
ban u l (-,-,-,-,i) v cao ca nt ch (0,0,0,0,dest).
Vi giao thc TORA, b nm (t, oid, r, d, i) i din cho cao ca nt, thng s
cao ca mt nt xc nh phng hng di chuyn ca nt. Ni n no c cao nh nht
lu lng lun chy theo hng . Nhng nt duy tr ng i ca mnh th thng s cao
khng thay i. Ngoi ra mi nt cn c c dnh cho vic xc nh yu cu nh tuyn.
3.4.3.1. To tuyn
Khi mt nt mun nh tuyn n mt nt ch c th no , n pht qung b mt
gi query (QRY) cha thng tin v a ch mng ch v bt c xc nh yu cu nh tuyn
nh danh cho mt gi QRY.
Gi QRY ny c truyn trong mng cho n khi n tm c nt ch hoc mt nt
trung gian m c thng tin nh tuyn n nt ch. Sau nt ch hoc nt trung gian s
pht qung b mt gi update (UPD) cha trng s ca n n nt ngun.
Khi mt nt nhn c QRY n tin hnh cc cng vic sau :
Bc 1: Xem c c bt cha? Nu bt c n s loi b gi QRY.
Ngc li qua bc 2.
Bc 2: Nt kim tra xem c ng i thng lung (downstream link) n nt
ch khng? Nu khng nt s bt c v pht li gi QRY. Ngc li qua bc
3.
Bc 3: Nu nt c t nht mt ng i n nt trung gian c thng tin nh
tuyn n nt ch m cao cho lin kt mt hiu lc, nt trung gian ny
iu chnh cao ca n n cc tiu so vi cc nt hng xm v pht gi
UPD ln mng. Nu nt c ng i v cao khng l null n s loi b gi
QRY. Nu gi UPD c pht hnh khi lin kt c hiu lc (c yu cu
nh tuyn bt), n s gi gi UPD.
Khi gi UPD truyn qua mng, cc nt trong mng m nhn c gi UPD ny s cp
nht li thng tin v cao n nt ch ca n bng cch t gi tr th t truyn ln hn th
t ca nt lng ging m nhn gi UPD trc (nu cng mc u tin th th t truyn
s c tng theo mt s nguyn d no ) ng thi xa c yu cu nh tuyn.
75
Nu tuyn ng ca nt hng xm khng hp l (c yu cu nh tuyn khng c

bt) n ch cp nht nt hng xm vo bng. iu ny to ra mt chui cc lin kt c hng
t nt gi gi QRY n nt gi gi UPD tr li.
3.4.3.2. Duy tr thng tin nh tuyn

Qu trnh duy tr thng tin nh tuyn trong TORA nh sau:
1. Nu mt nt pht hin ng thng lung cui cng n nt ch ti n b li.
Nt s nh ngha mt mc tham chiu mi (mc u tin cao hn), bng
cch thit lp oid (ID ngun ), t - thi gian xy ra li v gi tr th t truyn l 0
- mc ny c u tin chuyn hng ng i ngc li vi ng i ban
u v lan truyn mc tham chiu u tin ny n cc nt hng xm. Nu khng
nt lan truyn mc tham chiu u tin ny n cc nt hng xm ca n.
2. Nu cc nt hng xm khng c cng mc tham chiu. Nt s lan truyn mc
tham chiu ca nt c cao ln nht (mc u tin nht) v thit lp gi tr s
th t truyn nh hn (thng l tng vi gi tr s nguyn d l -1) so vi gi tr
s th t ca cc nt lng ging c mc cao ln nht .
3. Nu cc nt c cng mc tham chiu nhng bit phn x khng c bt. Nt
s phn nh li cao tham chiu ln mt mc cao hn (c u tin hn na)
bng cch thit lp bit phn x, vi gi tr s th t ban u c gn bng 0.
4. Nu cc nt c cng mc tham chiu v bit phn x cng c bt, nt s
d tm v kim tra cc nt xem c phi l nt pht sinh ra mc tham chiu
mi khng? Nu ng, bt u th tc xa ti nt pht sinh mc tham chiu mi.
Gi tr cao bin c thit lp l NULL.
5. Nu khng, nt s pht sinh mt mc tham chiu mi vi gi tr s nguyn d (s
th t truyn) s c gn bng 0. iu ny c ngha l ng lin kt t ca
cc nt ny khng yu cu phn ng m ch n gin l nh ngha mt mc mi
cao hn trong thi gian lin kt b t.
3.4.3.3. Xa b thng tin nh tuyn
Khi mt nt pht hin c s phn chia vng, n s t cao ca n v cao ca cc
nt hng xm ca n trong bng tr v NULL v nt s pht sinh mt gi clear (CLR). Gi
CLR cha tham s nh mc (t.oid,1) v a ch nt ch. Nu nt nhn gi CLR, n thit lp
bng trng thi v xa cc con ng i khng cn hiu lc.
3.4.4. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu khc
3.4.4.1. Giao thc CBRP Cluster-Based Routing Protocol
CBRP chia nt mng trong mng Ad hoc thnh cc cm. Mi mt cm c mt nt
mng i din c cha cc thng tin v cc thnh vin trong cm . Tuyn ng gia cc
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cm c tm kim bng cch s dng thng tin v cc nt trong mt cm m nt i din

ca cm lu tr. Vic phn cc nt thnh tng cm trong CBRP gip gim thiu lu lng
lan trn trn mng trong khi tm ng cng nh y nhanh qu trnh ny. CBRP cng xem
xt n vic s dng cc lin kt n hng cho nh tuyn trong ni b cm v lin cm.
CBRP da tn thut ton nh tuyn ngun tng t nh DSR, c ngha l nh tuyn gia
cc cm c thc hin thng qua bn tin RREQ gi trn ton mng, ch khc l s lng nt
nh hn. CBRP l mt giao thc phn tn, iu ny c li khi m cu trc mng thay i lin
tc, hn na s ch n s tn ti ca lin kt mt chiu.
Hai tnh nng chnh c thm vo giao thc ny l rt ngn tuyn ng v sa
cha ni vng. Mi nt duy tr thng tin v topo mng bng cch qung b cc gi tin Hello.
K thut rt gn tuyn gip rt ngn tuyn ngun ca gi d liu ang truyn v thng tin cho
ngun v tuyn ng tt hn. Cn k thut sa cha tuyn ni vng s t ng sa li cc
tuyn ngun b hng v trnh cho nt ngun phi thc hin li vic tm ng.
Vic thit k giao thc nh tuyn cho mng MANET gp phi mt s kh khn. u
tin, topo mng MANET thng xuyn thay i do tnh di ng ca cc nt trong mng. Th
hai, mng MANET s dng giao thc nh tuyn phng do vy c th phi iu khin mt
lng tiu ln khi mng m rng. Th ba, ti mt thi im cc lin kt trong mng c th
khng i xng. Mt giao thc nh tuyn ch da vo lin kt song hng c th b gii hn
v mt kch thc v kt ni, trong khi vic s dng cc lin kt n hng c th gip gim
thiu vic phn vng mng v ci thin qu trnh nh tuyn.
CBRP c cc tnh nng sau:
Gim thiu vic pht trn lu lng trong qu trnh tm ng.
S dng cc lin kt n hng trong khi cc giao thc khc khng s dng.
Sa cha cc tuyn ng b li khng cn phi thc hin tm ng li.
C th rt ngn cc tuyn ng ti u m chng s dng.
Trong giao thc CBRP s dng cc cm nhm gim thiu vic cp nht tiu khi topo mng
thay i. Tuy nhin cc gi tin s dng cho vic duy tr cp nht thng tin v cc thnh vin
trong cm v cc thng tin nh tuyn lin cm ti cc nt l rt quan trng.
3.4.4.2. LAR Location Aided Routing
Giao thc LAR s dng cc thng tin v v tr gim thiu khng gian tm kim v
mt tuyn ng mong mun. Vic gii hn khng gian tm kim s gip s dng t cc bn
tin tm ng hn.
LAR s dng phng php pht trn lt (flooding) tm ng. Khi nt ngun S cn
tm mt tuyn ng n nt ch D, nt S s pht qung b mt bn tin yu cu tuyn n tt
c hng xm ca n. Khi mt nt X nhn c bn tin qung b ny, n s so snh a ch
ch vi a ch ca n xem c trng nhau khng. Nu ng th y l yu cu cho mt tuyn
ng n n. Ngc li nu khng phi, nt X s qung b yu cu tuyn ny n hng xm
77
ca n. trnh vic truyn tha cc yu cu tuyn, nt X s ch qung b cc yu cu tuyn

ring bit mt ln (vic nhn cc yu cu tuyn trng nhau c pht hin bng vic s dng
s th t).
Cng c kh nng ch s khng nhn c gi tin yu cu tuyn (v d nh bn gi
khng n c ch hoc gi tin yu cu b mt do qu trnh truyn b li), trong trng hp
ny bn gi cn khi ng li qu trnh tm ng. V vy khi pha gi bt u qu trnh tm
ng, n s thit lp mt khong thi gian gii hn. Khi kt thc khong thi gian gii hn
ny m ngun cha nhn c gi tin p ng tuyn t ch th mt qu trnh tm ng mi
s c bt u. Bn tin yu cu tuyn ny s c s th t khc vi bn tin yu cu tuyn
trc . Qu trnh tm ng c xut khi nt ngun S pht hin tuyn ng xc nh
trc n nt ch D b li hoc nt S khng c tuyn ng n D.
Khi s dng thut ton trn, thy rng bn tin yu cu tuyn c th n c mi nt
m nt S c th gi c (cng c kh nng tt c cc nt trong mng Ad hoc u nhn
c). S dng thng tin v tr gip gim thiu s nt m gi tin yu cu tuyn c truyn
n.
3.4.4.3. Thut ton ARA
ARA l mt thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu mi dnh cho mng Ad hoc di ng a
chng. Giao thc ny da trn nhng hiu bit v n kin. Phng php ny nhm c gng
a ra cch gii quyt cc vn v mt ton hc v k thut xy dng. Giao thc nh tuyn
by c kh nng thch nghi cao, hiu qu v kh nng m rng. Mc ch chnh khi thit k
giao thc ny l gip gim thiu x l tiu cho nh tuyn.
tng ca thut ton ny l da vo tp tnh tm kim thc n ca nhng con kin.
Khi con kin i tm thc n, chng bt u t t ca chng i n ch c thc n. Khi gp
im giao ct, n quyt nh r nhnh i tip. Trong khi di chuyn, nhng con kin ny
li pheromone (mi c trng ca ng vt) ca chng nh du tuyn ng i qua.
Nng ca pheromone th hin tp qun ca chng. Hiu qu ca vic truyn cc tn hiu
bng nng pheromone s gim i theo thi gian. c tnh ny rt quan trng v n b sung
cho phng php t ng tm kim tuyn ng.
T Thc
n
Hnh 3.7 Tp tnh ca loi kin
78
Hnh 3.7 l mt v d minh ha vi gi thuyt c hai tuyn ng t t kin n ni

c thc n. Ti im giao nhau, nhng con kin u tin s la chn ngu nhin nhnh tip
theo. V tuyn ng di ngn hn tuyn ng trn, nn nhng con kin no chn
tuyn ng ny s n ni c thc n trc. Khi quay v t chng li phi chn tuyn ng
mt ln na. Sau mt khong thi gian ngn th nng pheromone tuyn ng ngn hn
s cao hn tuyn ng di, v th tuyn ng ngn nht c nhn ra v tt c chng ch
s dng tuyn ng ny.
Tp tnh ca loi kin c th c s dng tm kim ng i ngn nht trong
mng. c bit tch cht ng ca phng php ny cho php thch nghi cao vi s thay i
topo ca cc mng Ad hoc di ng. Thut ton ARA p ng c cc c tnh sau ca mt
mng Ad hoc di ng:
Topo ng: ARA da vo mt h thng nhng vn lm vic ring l tng i
tng. iu ny cho php thch nghi cao vi topo hin thi ca mng.
Lm vic cc b: Khc vi cc phng php nh tuyn khc, ARA ch da
vo thng tin ni vng, khng c bng nh tuyn cng nh thng tin truyn
n t hng xm hay cc nt khc trn mng.
Cht lng lin kt: Cht lng ca cc lin kt v kt ni c th da trn vic
tnh ton nng pheromone, nht l qu trnh bay hi trong khng kh. Cc
nt c th vn dng iu ny cho cc gi d liu gii quyt cc vn ca
mnh, mt nt phi gim st cht lng lin kt.
H tr a ng: Mi nt c mt bng nh tuyn lu cc thng tin v tt c
hng xm ca n, bao gm c nng pheromone. Nguyn tc la chn
nt tip theo da vo nng pheromone ca nt hin ti, v vy phng
php ny h tr nh tuyn a ng.
3.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn khc
Nh cp phn u chng 3, c nhiu phng php phn bit cc giao thc
nh tuyn trong mng Adhoc. C th l phng php da vo cch trao i thng tin nh
tuyn gia cc nt di ng (da trn s phn ng) nh cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng v
theo yu cu. Ngoi ra cn nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nh giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp
gia giao thc nh tuyn ch ng v theo yu cu; giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr; giao
thc nh tuyn phng hay phn cp; giao thc nh tuyn nhn thc nng lng; giao thc
nh tuyn thch nghi; giao thc nh tuyn a im (multicast), [1], [2], [3], [4], [10].
3.5.1. Giao thc nh tuyn lai gia giao thc nh tuyn ch ng v theo yu cu
Phng php lai ghp l s kt hp cc c tnh ca c hai dng giao thc Proactive
v Reactive to ra giao thc nh tuyn ti u. T tng ca phng php l thc hin
phn chia mng thnh tng vng, mi vng s c quan tm bi nt trung tm v nt bin
(nt ngoi vi). Mi vng c nh s theo bn knh vng, vic nh tuyn c chia ra lm
hai phng php. nh tuyn trong vng s s dng phng php nh tuyn Proactive, nh
79
tuyn ngoi vng s s dng phng php nh tuyn Reactive. Nh vy c th gim ti a

thi gian khm ph tuyn v thun li khi topo mng thay i [2, 3].
Tuy nhin giao thc Hybrid cng c mt s nhc im sau:
Kh khn trong vic t chc mng theo cc thng s ca n.
Nt c thng tin v topo mng mc cao phi duy tr nhiu thng tin nh
tuyn, dn n tiu tn nhiu b nh v ti nguyn mng.
Mt s giao thc Hybrid bao gm:
Giao thc ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol).
Giao thc HSLS (Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol)
Giao thc HRPLS (Hybrid Routing Protocol for Large Scale Mobile Ad Hoc
Network with Mobile Backbones).
3.5.2. Giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr
Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr l da vo cc thng tin v v tr
a l ca cc nt tm mt ng i hiu qu n ch. Loi nh tuyn ny cn c u im
l yu cu s tnh ton v lng tiu thp.
3.5.3. Giao thc nh tuyn phn cp
Loi giao thc nh tuyn ny cng c th l giao thc nh tuyn ch ng hay theo
yu cu, song vn c bn l mng chy giao thc nh tuyn ny c cu trc phn cp v
nt nm cp no s chy giao thc nh tuyn ph hp vi cp . Ban u nh tuyn thit
lp vi cc tuyn theo kiu ch ng v sau s theo yu cu. V d mt s giao thc nh
tuyn phn cp nh: CBRP (Cluster Based Routing Protocol), FSR (Fisheye State Routing
protocol)
3.6. Tng kt chng 3

Chng 3 i su nghin cu hot ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng
adhoc, ch yu tp trung vo cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng nh DSDV, OLSR, FSR;
giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu nh DSR, AODV, TORA v mt s giao thc nh tuyn
khc.
3.1. Gii thch s phn loi ca mng adhoc di ng da vo c s h tng.
3.2. Nu nhng yu t khin cho lin kt khng dy trong mng adhoc tr thnh n
hng.
3.3. Gii thch l do giao thc nh tuyn a im truyn thng khng th s dng trong
mng adhoc.
3.4. Nu khi nim giao thc nh tuyn ch ng v cho v d.
80
3.5. Din gii vic thc hin nh tuyn ca giao thc DSDV.
3.6. Gii thch ngha ca vic bu chn MPR trong giao thc nh tuyn OLSR, ly v
d minh ha.
3.7. Nu cch lm gim s lng bn tin trao i trong giao thc FSR.
3.8. Nu khi nim giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu v cho v d.
3.9. Trnh by hiu bit c bn v giao thc nh tuyn AODV, ly v d minh ha.
3.10. M t giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng DSR trong mng adhoc.
3.11. Mng adhoc s dng giao thc nh tuyn TORA nh tuyn gi tin nh th
no?
3.12. Gii thch cch gim tiu gi tin truyn trong mng adhoc khi s dng giao thc
CBRP.
3.13. Gii thch hot ng ca giao thc LAR v nu v d.
3.14. Gii thch gii thut nh tuyn ARA bng v d c th.
[1] Monapatra, P., Ad Hoc Networks Technologies and Protocols. 2005: Springer
Science.
Protocols, and Applications, First Edition 2008: CRC Press.
Protocols, and Applications, Second Edition 2013: CRC Press.
[4] Waltenegus Dargie, C.P., Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks. 2010: John
Wiley & Sons.
[5] Matin, M.A., Wireless Sensor Networks Technology and Protocols, ed. M.A. Matin.
2012: InTech.
[6] Yang, L., IEEE Book Chapter: A Survey of StateoftheArt Routing Protocols for
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 2010.
[7] Boukerche, A., Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
2009: John Wiley & Sons,.
[8] Sudip Misra, S.C.M.a.I.W., Guide to Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 2009: Springer.
81
[9] Anand, D.K. and S. Prakash. A Short Survey of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols
for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. in Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication
and Computing (ARTCom), 2010 International Conference on. 2010.
[10] Saeed, N.H., M.F. Abbod, and H.S. Al-Raweshidy. MANET routing protocols
taxonomy. in Future Communication Networks (ICFCN), 2012 International
Conference on. 2012.
[11] Allison June Barlow Chaney, Danh sch cc giao thc nh tuyn cho mng Adhoc,
i hc Princeton, M. Trang web (cp nht ngy 08/12/2014)
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/List_of_ad
hoc_routing_protocols.html
82
Chng 4: Lp Truyn Ti trong Mng Ad hoc
CHNG 4: LP TRUYN TI TRONG MNG AD HOC
Nguyn Qu S, Nguyn Vit Hng
4.1. Gii thiu

Cc mng Ad hoc l cc h thng phn tn phc tp bao gm cc nt c nh v di
ng v tuyn, cc nt ny c th t t chc t do v lun thay i. Bng cch ny cc nt to
ra cc cu hnh mng ad hoc ty (ty hng) v tm thi, cho php cc thit b kt ni
khng lin trong cc vng vi h tng khng khng tn ti trc. Hin nay vic a ra cc
giao thc mi nh such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, v HyperLAN ang lm cho s pht trin
ca cc mng cc mng Ad hoc c th thng mi c.
Kt qu, nhiu n lc nghin cu tp trung vo mi trng v tuyn y th thch
mi ny. Giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) c thit k cung cp vn chuyn d
liu end-to-end tin cy qua cc mng khng tin cy. V l thuyt, TCP c lp vi h tng
bn di. C th TCP khng quan tm ti giao thc IP ang hot ng nh th no qua cc
kt hu tuyn hoc v tuyn. Thc t n c ngha bi v hu ht cc trin khai TCP c
thit k chi tit da trn cc gi thit ca cc mng hu tuyn.
Khi b qua cc c im ca truyn dn v tuyn c th dn ti thc hin TCP vi
cht lng ti. Trong mng ad hoc, nguyn l ca TCP nm thc hin iu khin tc ngn
trong cc trng hp bung lng m khng gy ra tc ngn mng. Bi v t l li bit rt thp
trong cc mng hu tuyn nn gn nh tt c cc phin bn TCP hin nay gi thuyt rng tn
tht gi l do tc ngn. Cho nn khi mt gi c pht hin l b mt bng timout hoc bng
cc gi xc nhn (ACK), TCP iu chnh gim tc pht bng iu chnh ca s tc ngn
ca n. Nhng cc mng v tuyn li chu mt s kiu tn tht khng lin quan ti tc ngn
v lm cho TCP khng thch ng vi mi trng ny. Cc mng Ad hoc k tha mt s tnh
cht nh tc li bit cao, ng dn bt i xng, v thm cc vn mi do tnh di ng
v truyn thng a chng nh l phn ring ca mng, cc li tuyn v cc thit b u cui
n.
4.2. Nhng thch thc v vn thit k TCP trong cc mng Ad hoc

Hot ng ca TCP b suy gim trong cc mng ad hoc. l v TCP phi i mt vi
nhng thch thc mi do mng ad hoc nh: mt knh, cc trm n v hin, s bt i xng
ng dn, cc phn ring ca mng, cc li tuyn v cc rng buc nng lng.
4.2.1. Cc thch thc
4.2.1.1. Mt knh
Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca li trong cc knh v tuyn nh sau:
83
Suy hao tn hiu: l duy gim cng nng lng in t pha thu
(chng hn do khong cch), dn ti tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) thp.
Dch Doppler: l do cc vn tc lin quan ca my pht v my thu. Dch
Doppler gy ra dch tn s tn hiu, do lm phc tp phn thu ca tn hiu.
Pha inh a ng: Cc sng in t phn x trn b mt cc vt th hoc
nhiu x xung quanh cc vt th c th gy ra truyn tn hiu trn nhiu ng
dn t my pht ti my thu. Truyn sng a ng c th dn ti cc dao
ng v bin , pha v gc geographical angle ca tn hiu my thu nhn
c.
tng cng thnh cng truyn dn, cc giao thc lp lin kt d liu thc hin cc
k thut sau: Yu cu lp li t ng (ARQ), Chun ha li chuyn tip (FEC) hoc c hai. V
d, IEEE 802.11 thc hin ARQ, v vy khi mt my pht pht hin mt li, n s t ng
pht li khung v s dng mt b m thi gian pht hin li.
Bluetooth thc hin c hai ARQ v FEC trn mt s kt ni ng b v khng ng
b. Ch : cc gi c pht qua mt knh fading c th gy ra cho giao thc nh tuyn kt
thc khng chun-c thm mt nt ng loi mt chng mi. Nt mt chng ny c th cung
cp tuyn ngn hn so vi cc nt khc. ng tic l tuyn ngn hn ny thng khng tin
cy. Nhng mt s giao thc, nh Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) v Ad
Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) trong mng thc, nhn thy rng khng c giao
thc no trong chng c th cung cp mt tuyn a chng tin cy bi v cch hot ng ca
cc knh vt l v c bit l pha ing.
4.2.1.2. Cc trm n va hin

Trong cc mng ad hoc, cc trm c th da trn mt c ch cm ng sng mang
xc nh knh ri, nh chc nng iu phi phn tn (DCF) ca IEEE 802.11. C ch cm
ng ny khng quyt nh hon ton cc vn trm n v hin. Trc khi gii thch cc vn
ny chng ti cn lm r hn thut ng phm vi truyn dn tranmission range-l phm vi
so vi trm pht m mt gi c th nhn c thnh cng.
Mt tnh hung thit b u cui n in hnh c m t trong Error! Reference
source not found.. Cc trm A v C c mt khung pht ti trm B. Trm A khng th pht
hin c vic truyn ca C bi v n nm ngoi phm vi truyn dn ca C. Do trm C
(i vi A) b n i vi trm A (i vi C). Bi v vic truyn ca A v C khng tch ri nn
s c xung t gi B. Cc xung t ny lm cho vic truyn t A v C ti B kh gii quyt.
gim bt vn trm n, cm bin sng mang o c xut da trn bt tay hai
chiu trc khi truyn d liu. c bit trm ngun pht mt khung iu khin ngn, c
gi l RTS ti trm ch. Ngay khi nhn c RTS, trm ch tr li bng mt khung xa
pha pht (CTS) ch th n sn sng nhn khung d liu. C hai khung RTS v CTS u
cha ton b khong thi gian pht d liu. Tt c cc trm nhn c mt trong hai RTS
84
hoc CTS s gi yn lng trong sut giai on truyn d liu (v d nh trm C trong Hnh
4.1).
Hnh 4.1: Vn thit b u cui n
Tuy nhin vn trm n c th vn cn trong cc mng ad hoc IEEE 802.11 ngay c

khi s dng bt tay RTS-CTS. l do thc t nng lng cn cho gin on nhn gi thp
hn nhiu so vi truyn mt gi thnh cng. Ni cch khc, phm vi truyn dn mt nt nh
hn phm vi m nt cm ng.
Hnh 4.2: Vn thit b u cui hin
85
Vn trm hin gy ra t mt tnh hung m mt truyn dn phi b tr hon bi v

truyn dn gia hai trm khc trong phm vi truyn ca bn pht. Trong Hnh 4.2 xem xt
mt tnh hung im hnh xy ra vn thit b u cui hin. Chng ta cng gi thit rng A
v C trong phm vi truyn ca B v A l ngoi phm vi truyn ca C. Chng ta cng gi thit
rng B ang pht ti A v C c mt khung c pht ti D. Theo c ch cm ng sng mang,
C cm ng mt knh bn bi v s truyn ca B.
Do , trm C s c gng khng pht ti D, mc d vic pht ny cng khng gy
nhiu A. V vy vn ca trm hin c th gy ra gim kh nng s dng knh.
Lu l cc vn thit b u cui n v hin lin quan lp phm vi truyn. Bng
cch tng phm vi truyn dn, vn thit b u cui n u cui n xy ra bt thng
xuyn. Mt khc, vn thit b u cui hin tr nn quan trng hn khi phm vi truyn dn
nhn dng c vng b nh hng bi mt truyn dn ring l.
4.2.1.3. Bt i xng ng dn
Bt i xng ng dn trong mng ad hoc c th xut hin trong nhiu dng nh
bng thng bt i xng, bt i xng t l suy hao, v bt i xng nh tuyn.
Bng thng bt i xng: mng truyn hnh v tinh b bt i xng ln v bng thng,
kt qu t nhiu k thut cn bng khc nhau (nh cng sut, khi lng, m lng) cng
nh thc t i vi cc s mnh khoa hc khng gian, hu ht cc d liu bt ngun t v tinh
truyn v tri t. Ni chung, cc knh hi tip khng c s dng cho vic truyn d liu.
V d, trong mng li v tinh qung b tc bng thng ca lin kt v tinh-mt t trn
bng thng ca lin kt tri t-v tinh l khong 1.000. Mt khc, trong cc mng ad hoc,
mc bt i xng bng thng khng phi l rt cao. V d, tc bng thng nm gia 2
v 54 trong mng ad hoc s dng giao thc IEEE 802.11g. Kt qu s bt i xng t vic s
dng tc truyn khc nhau. Bi v nhng tc truyn dn khc nhau, thm ch i xng
ng dn ngun-ch c th b bt i xng bng thng.
Bt i xng tc tn tht: y l loi bt i xng xy ra khi ng dn ngc li
li tn tht ng k hn ng dn chuyn tip. Trong cc mng ad hoc, bt i xng ny l
do thc t l tn tht gi ph thuc vo cc rng buc cc b c th thay i t ni ny n
ni khc. Lu rng bt i xng tc tn tht c th sinh ra bt i xng bng thng. V
d, trong c ch a tc ca phin bn giao thc IEEE 802.11, pha pht c th s dng
thut ton ARF la chn tc truyn ti. Vi ARF, pha pht c gng s dng tc
truyn cao hn sau khi truyn thnh cng lin tc, v quay tr li gim tc sau khi tht
bi. V vy, khi tc mt tng, pha pht s tip tc s dng tc truyn thp.
Bt i xng tuyn: Khng ging nh hai hnh thc trc ca bt i xng, y
ng dn hng i v ng dn hng v c th ging nhau, bt i xng nh tuyn c
ngha l ng dn ring bit c s dng cho d liu TCP v TCP ACK. Bt i xng ny
c th do giao thc nh tuyn to ra. Bt i xng nh tuyn lm tng chi ph qun l nh
86
tuyn v tn tht gi trong trng hp tnh di ng cao, bi v khi cc nt di chuyn, s dng

nh tuyn ring bit chuyn tip v ngc li (backward) lm tng xc sut li tuyn trn cc
kt ni TCP. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l trng hp vi mng tnh hoc nhng mng c
mc di ng thp, nh trng hp ca mt mng li vi cc tuyn c thi gian sng di
so vi thi gian chuyn giao phin. V vy, l vo cc giao thc nh tuyn chn cc
ng i xng khi cc tuyn nh vy c sn trong trng hp ca mng ad hoc ca tnh di
ng cao.
4.2.1.4. Phn vng mng
Hnh 4.3: Tnh hung phn vng mng
Mt mng ad hoc c th c biu din bng mt th n gin G. Cc trm di ng

l "cc nh". Mt truyn ti thnh cng gia hai trm l mt mng phn vng v hng
"bin" xy ra khi G c ngt kt ni. L do chnh ca ngt kt ni ny trong MANETs l s
di ng ca nt. Mt yu t khc c th dn n phn vng mng l hot ng nng lng b
rng buc nng lng ca. Mt v d v phn vng mng c minh ha trong Hnh 4.3.
Trong hnh ny, ng t nt l cc lin kt gia cc nt. Khi nt D di chuyn ra khi nt C,
kt qu l phn vng mng thnh hai phn ring bit. R rng, cc TCP agent ca nt A
khng th nhn c TCP ACK t nt F. Nu ngt kt ni tn ti trong mt khong thi gian
ln hn gii hn thi gian truyn li (RTO) ca nt A, cc TCP agent s kch hot thut ton
backoff theo hm m, thut ton ny nhn i RTO bt c khi no ht gii hn thi gian. T
u, TCP khng c ch th v thi gian chnh xc ca kt ni li mng. Vic thiu ch th ny
c th dn n cc khong thi gian nhn ri di trong khi mng c kt ni li, nhng TCP
vn cn trong trng thi backoff.
4.2.1.5. Cc s c nh tuyn
Trong mng hu tuyn, s c tuyn rt him khi xy ra. Trong MANETs, thng
xuyn xy ra s c tuyn. Nguyn nhn chnh ca s c tuyn l s di ng ca nt. Mt yu
t khc c th dn n cc s c tuyn l nhng s c lin kt do kt ni trn knh v tuyn,
l nguyn nhn chnh ca suy gim hiu sut TCP trong MANETs. Khong thi gian thit
lp li tuyn sau s c tuyn trong cc mng ad hoc ph thuc vo giao thc nh tuyn, m
hnh di ng ca cc nt di ng, v cc c im lu lng. Nu bn gi TCP khng c ch
87
th v ti lp li tuyn, th thng lng v tr phin s b suy gim v thi gian nhn ri ln.
Ngoi ra, nu cc tuyn mi c thnh lp l di hn hoc ngn hn v s chng th sau
TCP tuyn c s phi i mt vi mt bin ng ln trong thi gian kh hi (RTT)
Ngoi ra, cc mng ad hoc, giao thc nh tuyn da trn qung b cc bn tin Hello
pht hin s tin ti ca cc my ln cn, c th phi chu vn ca "vng xm truyn
thng". Trong cc khu vc ny, cc bn tin d liu khng th trao i c, mc f cc bn
tin Hello c qung b v cc khung iu khin ch th rng cc thit b ln cn c th tin
n. V vy, khi gi cc bn tin d liu, giao thc nh tuyn s tri qua cc s c tuyn.
4.2.2. Cc rang buc nng lng

Bi v mi nt di ng mang pin cung cp nng lng hn ch, nn nng lng x l
b hn ch. y l mt vn ln trong cc mng ad hoc, nh mi nt hot ng ng thi
va nh mt h thng u cui v va nh mt b nh tuyn, vi ng rng nng lng b
sung l cn thit chuyn tip v chuyn tip cc gi tin. TCP phi s dng ngun nng
lng khan him ny mt cch "hiu qu". y, "hiu qu" ngha l gim thiu s lng
truyn li khng cn thit lp truyn ti cng nh ti lp lin kt. Trong cc mng ad hoc
ni chung, c bit c hai vn nng lng tng quan: th nht l "tit kim nng lng"
nhm gim cng sut tiu th, v iu th hai l "iu khin cng sut" m nhm mc ch
iu chnh cng sut truyn ca cc nt di ng. Chin lc tit kim nng lng c
thm nh nhiu mc ca mt thit b di ng, bao gm c truyn ti lp vt l, cc h iu
hnh, v cc ng dng.
iu khin cng sut c th c s dng cng vi cc agent nh tuyn hoc truyn
ti ci thin hiu nng ca mng ad hoc. Cc truyn thng b rng buc nng lng cng
bc l cc vn hp tc gia cc nt, nh cc nt khng th tham gia vo cc th tc nh
tuyn v th tc chuyn tip tit kim ngun pin.
4.2.3. Cc mc tiu thit k

Cc mc tiu sau y phi c p ng khi thit k cc giao thc tng truyn ti cho
mng ad hoc:
Thng lng cho mt kt ni cn c ti a.
S cn bng thng lng cn c cung cp.
Thi gian thit lp kt ni cn c ti thiu.
Chi ph bo tr kt ni cn c gim thiu.
Cn kt hp c ch tc nghn v iu khin lu lng.
Cn cung cp c truyn ti ng tin cy v khng ng tin cy.
Cn s dng bng thng sn c hiu qu.
88
Cn phi nhn thc v hn ch ngun ti nguyn, v d nh, cng sut v kch

thc b m.
ci thin hiu nng, thng tin lp thp hn nn c s dng mt cch hiu
qu.
Cc tng tc xuyn lp cn phi hiu qu, kh nng m rng, v c lp giao
thc.
4.3. Hiu nng TCP trn mng di ng Ad Hoc (MANETs)
4.3.1. Hiu nng TCP

thc hin mt TCP di ng, cc yu t sau y phi c xem xt.
4.3.1.1. Tr khng tc nghn

Mt trong nhng vn chnh m TCP c trn MANETs l n n nh tt c cc tn
tht gi cho nghn, v c iu khin bi phng thc iu khin tc nghn. Ca s tc
nghn gim xung, v khi to li b m thi gian truyn li cho mt khong thi gian
backoff. Cc thut ton iu khin tc nghn cn phi c s dng ch trong trng hp tc
nghn mng thc s. Lu rng Jacobson gi thuyt rng gi tin b mt him khi do hu
hng pha pht; v th, c l hu ht cc gi d liu b mt do tc nghn mng ch khng phi
do h hi. Theo Jacobson, cc phng thc iu khin nghn l v tnh vi tn tht. Tc
tn tht cao do mt mt gi cho mi ca s (v d, t 12 n 15% cho mt ca s 8 gi) lm
suy gim thng lng TCP bng 60%. S suy gim b sung ny t ca s trnh nghn cng
lm tng vn ny.
4.3.1.2. Cc gii hn thi gian theo th t

Ngt kt ni thng xuyn gy ra mt trng thi gi l "Cc gii hn thi gian theo
th t" pha pht TCP. iu ny xy ra khi b m thi gian truyn li pha pht c
tng gp i sau mi n lc truyn li khng thnh cng, gim tc truyn li. V vy,
khi in thoi di ng c kt ni li, TCP s mt mt thi gian di phc hi v d liu s
khng c truyn i trong mt khong thi gian.
4.3.1.3. Thay i kich thc gi

Kch thc gi tin qua cc knh v tuyn thng l nh hn nhiu so vi kch thc
gi tin qua cc knh hu tuyn. Do , mi gi tin trn mng hu tuyn c phn mnh khi
truyn qua knh v tuyn. Bi vy, vic tm kim kch thc gi ti u trn knh v tuyn l
mt vn chnh i vi hiu nng.
4.3.1.4. D liu v Xc Nhn (ACK)

Vn va chm gi tin
89
C ch trnh va chm ca IEEE 802.11b khng ngn cn tt c cc va chm. Bi v

lu lng TCP l hai chiu (vi cc gi d liu trong mt hng v gi ACK theo chiu
ngc li), c th c gi d liu TCP v gi ACK va chm. Nhng va chm ny gy ra truyn
li lp MAC hoc truyn li lp TCP khi khng s dng phc hi li lp lin kt. y,
Jacobson kim th tc truyn li cho giao thc gi tin ngi s dng (UDP) v TCP
trong mt mi trng khng c s can thip ca nhiu. Trong UDP, cc truyn li tng i
chm (gn 1%), nhng khi h s dng TCP, cc truyn li tng n 5%. H li cho s gia
tng trong tc truyn li i vi cc va chm TCP gi d liu v gi ACK. Vic gim hiu
nng l khng quan trng, nhng hiu nng thm ch cn thp hn nu khng s dng phc
hi lp MAC. Lu lng TCP m khng cn truyn li lp MAC l 23% thp hn so vi c
truyn li lp MAC. Hiu nng to dng UDP, ngay c khi khng c truyn li lp MAC
truyn li, cao hn mt cht so vi TCP c truyn li lp MAC.
4.3.2. Cc vn khc
Cc vn khc trong cc lp thp hn c nu di y.
4.3.2.1. S rng ra ca cc tuyn cu

Khi cc nt di chuyn, cc tuyn thay i, v chng phi c cp nht ngay khi c
th. Ngay c khi thay i chm cu trc lin kt, b pht TCP vn rt chm trong vic lm
sch tuyn c t b nh cache ca n, dn n cc s c b lp i lp li. Sau nhng s c
ny, cc nt trung gian tr li yu cu tuyn vi cc tuyn trong cache ca chng, lm phc
tp vn ny v i chi chng tr li bng cc tuyn c. iu tr nn xu hn khi cc nt
khc tip nhn qu nhiu cc tuyn c; do , cc tuyn d phng c trn lan trn mng,
to ra nhiu s c tuyn hn. l mt s trong nhng thc t c nh hng xu n hiu
nng TCP. N c th c gii quyt bng cch t ng iu chnh thi gian gii hn cho b
nh cache theo tc tht bi tuyn quan st c.
4.3.2.2. Vn thich ng tc lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC)

iu ny lin quan n thut ton thch ng tc lp MAC. Thch ng tc lp
MAC c gi thit phi tng thng lng khi tc li knh cao. Mt thut ton thch ng
tc km c th lm gim thng lng. Thut ton thch ng tc tng theo cp s nhn-
Gim theo cp s nhn gy ra truyn li gi TCP nh k. C ch "thm d bng thng" lm
cho mng ni b khng dy (WLAN) gp nhiu rc ri. Cc ngun ti nguyn knh khng
dy b lng ph v nhiu s truyn li lp MAC, v nhiu s truyn li TCP hiu qu hoc
khng hiu qu xy ra. ng hn l cn ti mt thut ton thch ng tc tt hn v s cn
ti mt thut ton "thm d bng thng mi.
Nguyn nhn ca s suy gim hiu nng TCP trong MANETs l do bn vn chnh:
TCP l khng th phn bit gia tn tht do li tuyn v tc nghn mng.
TCP mt cht lng t cc s s tuyn hay xy ra.
90
Cc tranh chp trn knh v tuyn.

Khng cng bng ca TCP.
4.4. Giao thc truyn ti Ad Hoc
4.4.1. Phng php tip cn chia tch

Phn ny cp cc vn cc s c tuyn hay xy ra trong MANETs. Hnh 5.4 ch
ra s phn loi cc giao thc lp truyn ti.
Hnh 4.4: Phn loi cc giao thc lp truyn ti
91
Hnh 4.5: Chia tch TCP
4.4.1.1. Chia tch TCP

Kt ni TCP c mt s lng ln cc chng mt cht lng v cc s c hay xy ra do
s di ng. ci thin thng lng ca cc kt ni v gii quyt vn khng cng bng, s
chia tch TCP c gii thiu chia tch cc kt ni TCP di thnh cc on cc b
ngn hn (xem Hnh 4.5). Nt giao tip gia hai on cc b c gi l "proxy."
Cc agent nh tuyn quyt nh xem nt ca n c vai tr ca proxy tng ng vi
tham s khong cch gia cc proxy hay khng. Proxy chn cc gi tin TCP, lu m chng,
v xc nhn chng nhn c t ngun (hoc proxy trc) bng cch gi mt Local
Acknowledgment (LACK). Ngoi ra, mt proxy c trch nhim vn chuyn cc gi d liu,
tc thch hp, ti phn on cc b tip theo. Khi nhn c mt LACK (t proxy tip
theo hoc t ch cui cng), mt proxy s thanh lc gi d liu t b m ca n. m
bo tin cy ngun ti ch, mt ACK c gi bi ch n ngun tng t nh TCP tiu
chun. Trong thc t, phng thc ny cng chia tch chc nng lp truyn ti ra thnh iu
khin tin cy u cui n u cui v iu khin tc nghn.
iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng hai ca s truyn dn ti ngun l ca s
tc nghn v ca s u cui n u cui. Ca s tc nghn l mt ca s con ca ca s u
cui n u cui. Mc d nhng ca s tc nghn thay i theo tc ti ca cc LACK t
proxy tip theo, ca s u cui n u cui s thay i theo tc ti ca cc ACK u
cui n u cui t ch. Ti mi proxy, s c mt ca s tc nghn, ca s ny s chi phi
tc pht gia cc proxy.
u im
Mt khong cch gia cc proxy 3 v 5 c tc ng tt trn c thng lng v s cng
bng. S ci thin ln n 30% c th t c trong tng thng lng bng cch s dng
chia tch TCP.
Nhc im
Nhc im l cc b m ln v cc tiu mng. Chng lm cho vai tr ca cc nt
Proxy phc tp hn, v mi phin TCP chng phi kim sot phn phi gi tin n proxy
thnh cng.
4.4.2. Phng php tip cn u cui n u cui

Phng php ny gii quyt vn khng lm c ca TCP l kh nng phn bit
gia tn tht do s c nh tuyn v do tc nghn mng trong MANETs.
4.4.2.1. Phn hi TCP (TCP-F)

Trong cc mng di ng ad hoc, cu trc lin kt c th thay i nhanh chng do s
chuyn ng ca my ch di ng (MHS). Nhng thay i cu trc lin kt ph bin gy ra
92
tn tht gi tin bt ng v tr. TCP hiu sai nh tn tht tc nghn v a ra iu khin tc

nghn, dn n truyn li khng cn thit v mt thng lng. khc phc vn ny,
thng tin phn hi TCP (TCP-F) c xut pha pht c th phn bit gia nh
tuyn tht bi v tc nghn mng. Trong m hnh ny, pha pht b buc phi ngn chn
truyn dn m khng lm gim kch thc ca s trn ng truyn tht bi. Ngay sau khi kt
ni c thit lp li, truyn li nhanh chng c kch hot.
Hnh 4.6: My trng thi TCP-F
TCP-F da trn lp mng ti mt nt trung gian pht hin li tuyn do s di chuyn

ca dng truyn xung hng xm dc theo tuyn. Mt pha pht c th c trong mt "trng
thi hot ng" hoc mt "trng thi bo li." Trong trng thi hot ng, lp truyn ti c
iu khin bi cc giao thc TCP bnh thng. Ngay sau khi mt nt trung gian pht hin mt
tuyn b hng, n r rng s gi mt gi Route Failure Notification (RFN) n pha pht v
ghi li s kin ny. Sau khi tip nhn RFN, pha pht i vo trng thi bo li, trong pha
pht hon ton dng vic gi cc gi d liu hn na v ng bng tt c b nh gi v cc
gi tr ca cc bin trng thi nh RTO v kch thc ca s tc nghn. Trong khi , tt c
cc nt trung gian dng truyn ln tip nhn cc RFN lm mt hiu lc cc tuyn ring,
trnh thm tn tht gi. Pha pht vn cn trong trng thi bo li cho n khi n c thng
bo v s phc hi ca tuyn thng qua mt gi Route Reestablishment Notification (RRN)
t mt nt trung gian. Sau , n li tip tc truyn ti t trng thi ng bng. My trng thi
ca TCP-F c th hin trong hnh 5.6.
4.4.2.2. K thut da trn Explicit Link Failure Notification (ELFN)

K thut da trn ELFN tng t nh TCP-F. Tuy nhin tri ngc vi TCP-F, nh
gi ca xut ny c da trn s tng tc thc s gia TCP v cc giao thc nh tuyn.
93
S tng tc ny nhm mc ch thng bo cho cc TCP agent v cc li tuynkhi chng xy

ra. Tc gi s dng mt bn tin ELFN, c i km trn bn tin li tuync gi bi cc
giao thc nh tuyn cho pha pht. Bn tin ELFN ging nh mt bn tin giao thc bn tin
iu khin mng (ICMP) " host unreachable", trong c a ch ca pha pht v b thu v
cc cng, cng nh s th t cc gi tin TCP. Khi nhn c bn tin ELFN, ngun tr li
bng cch v hiu ha b tnh gi truyn li ca mnh v vo mt ch "ch". Trong thi
gian ch, pha pht TCP thm d mng kim tra xem cc tuyn c phc hi. Nu vic
ghi nhn cc gi tin thm d c nhn, pha pht TCP ri khi ch ch, li tip tc tnh
gi truyn li, v tip tc hot ng bnh thng.
Khong thi gian thm d ca hai giy thc hin tt nht v lm cho khong thi gian
ny mt vi chc nng ca RTT thay v cho n mt gi tr c nh. i vi cc RTO v ca
s tc nghn (CW) gi tr khi phc hi tuyn, s dng cc gi tr trc khi li tuynthc hin
tt hn so vi khi to CW mt gi hoc RTO n su giy.
u im
K thut ny cung cp nhng ci tin ng k so vi tiu chun TCP, nhng vn tip
tc nh gi l cn thit. V d, giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nn c coi l khc vi giao
thc hot ng nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR), cc giao thc c bit l ch ng nh nh
tuyn ti u ha trng thi lin kt (OLSR).
Nhc im
Trong trng hp ti cao, ELFN thc hin km hn so vi TCP tiu chun, bi v
ELFN da trn thm d mng theo nh k pht hin ti lp tuyn. Ngoi ra, trong trng
hp ti nh, ELFN thc hin km hn so vi TCP tiu chun bng 5% trong trng hp ca
mng ad hoc tnh.
4.4.2.3. Ad Hoc TCP (ATCP)

ATCP cng s dng thng tin phn hi lp mng. Ngoi cc nh tuyn tht bi,
ATCP c gng i ph vi cc vn tc li bt cao (BER). Pha pht TCP c th c
a vo trng thi bn vng, trng thi kim xot nghn mng, hoc trng thi truyn li. S
chuyn i trng thi cho ATCP pha pht c th hin trong hnh 5.7. Lp ATCP c
chn vo gia cc lp TCP v IP ca cc nt ngun TCP. ATCP lng nghe cc thng tin trng
thi mng c cung cp bi bn tin bn tin nghn mng r rng (ECN) bi bn tin ICMP
"Destination Unreachable", sau ATCP t mt TCP agnet vo tnh trng thch hp. Khi
nhn c bn tin Destination Unreachable, mt TCP agnet i vo trng thi tn ti. Cc
i l TCP trong trng thi ny c ng bng v khng c gi tin c gi i cho n khi
mt ng dn mi c tm thy bng cch thm d mng.
Cc ECN c s dng nh mt c ch thng bo mt cch r rng pha pht v
tc nghn mng dc theo tuyn c s dng. Khi nhn c ECN, TCP iu khin tc ngn
c gi bnh thng m khng ch i mt s kin thi gian ch. pht hin tn tht gi
94
do li knh, ATCP gim st ACK nhn c. Khi ATCP thy rng ACK th 3 trng lp
c nhn, n khng chuyn tip bn sao ACK th ba nhng t TCP trong trng thi tn ti
v nhanh chng truyn li cc gi tin b mt t b m TCP. Sau khi nhn c ACK ti,
ATCP s tip tc TCP n trng thi bnh thng. Lu rng ATCP cho php kh nng
tng tc vi cc ngun TCP hoc cc ch m khng thc hin ATCP. Trong cc trng hp
nh nghn mng, mt lin kt, phn vng, v gi sp xp li, thi gian chuyn ca mt tp tin
c s dng ATCP mang li hiu sut tt hn so vi TCP. Ngoi cc tuyn hng, ATCP c
gng i ph vi cc vn ca BER cao, tc nghn mng, v gi d liu sp xp li.
Hnh 4.7: S chuyn dch trng thi ca ATCP pha pht
u im
ATCP l mt ngh thit thc hn cho TCP trong MANETs.
Nhc im
Mt s gi thit, chng hn nh nt c chc nng ECN cng nh nt gi lun c th
truy cp, v l do no kh c th p ng trong mt bi cnh mng ad hoc di ng. Ngoi
ra, c ch thm d c s dng pht hin ti lp li tuyn s to ra cc vn kh gii
quyt trong trng hp ti cao.
95
4.4.2.4. Kh nng m ca TCP v thng tin chui

Thng tin kh nng m v sp xp TCP (TCP-BuS) s dng phn hi ca mng
pht hin cc s kin li tuyn v c phn ng ph hp vi s kin ny. Thng tin ny gii
thiu kh nng m trong cc nt di ng. Thng tin ny s dng giao thc nh tuyn da
trn lin kt (ABR) do ngun khi to. Nhng ci tin sau y c xut:
Thng bo r rng: Hai bn tin iu khin c s dng thng bo cho ngun v s
tuyn tht bi v s ti lp tuyn. Cc bn tin ny c gi l Explicit Route Disconnection
Notification (ERDN) v Explicit Route Successful Notification (ERSN). Khi nhn c
ERDN t nt pht hin li tuyn, c gi l nt quay (PN), ngun dng vic gi. V tng
t, sau khi PN ti lp tuyn thng qua mt truy vn cc b (LQ), PN s truyn ERSN n
ngun. Khi nhn ERSN, ngun tip tc li truyn d liu.
M rng cc gi tr thi gian ch: Trong giai on ti thit tuyn (RRC), cc gi tin
dc theo ng dn t ngun n PN c lu m. trnh vt qu thi gian ch trong
giai on RRC, gi tr b m thi gian truyn li cho cc gi lu m c tng gp i.
Yu cu truyn li chn lc: Khi gi tr b m thi gian truyn li c tng gp i,
gi tin b mt dc theo ng dn t ngun n PN l khng truyn li cho n khi b m
thi gian truyn li ht hn. khc phc iu ny, ngun c mt du hiu ngun c th
truyn li gi b mt ny mt cch chn lc.
Trnh cc yu cu khng cn thit pht li nhanh: Khi tuyn c khi phc, ch
thng bo ngun v cc gi tin b mt dc theo ng dn t PN n ch. Khi nhn c
thng bo ny, cc ngun ch n gin l truyn li cc gi tin b mt. Tuy nhin, cc gi
c lu m dc theo ng dn t ngun n PN c th n ch sm hn so vi cc gi
tin truyn li. V vy, ch s tr li bng ACK trng lp, trnh c nhng gi tin yu cu
khng cn thit pht li nhanh.
Hot ng ca TCP-BuS
Bi v cc tuyn ad hoc c th c v hiu bi nt chuyn ng, chng ta s tho
lun v cc hnh ng ca TCP-BuS ti ngun, ch, v cc nt trung gian i ph vi tnh
di ng ca my ch.
Cc chc nng TCP-BuS ti nt ngun
Ti ngun, TCP-BuS truyn cc phn on ca mnh theo cng mt cch thc nh
TCP ni chung khi khng c bn tin phn hi (nh cc bn tin ERDN v ERSN). Thng
thng cc c ch khi ng chm v chng tc ngn c thc hin. Tuy nhin, khi ngun
nhn c bn tin phn hi ERDN t mng, n s ngng gi cc gi d liu. Ngoi ra, n
ng bng tt c cc gi tr b m thi gian v cc kch thc ca s nh trong TCP-F.
Tip theo, gi tr ERDN GEN SEQ c tch t bn tin ERDN, v ERDN RCV SEQ
c tnh ton. V d (xem Hnh 4.8), mt nt quay pht hin mt li tuyn khi n c mt
96
phn on (10) truyn. PN to ra mt thng bo ERDN c cha s th t (10) ca phn

on ny trong u ca hng i truyn ca n. V vy, khi ngun nhn c bn tin ERDN,
ERDN GEN SEQ c t l 10. Trong khi , cc ngun c gi on ln n phn
on (14).
T , chng ta c th tnh ton ERDN RCV SEQ, c thit lp gi tr 14. Ngoi ra,
cc nt hng v tip theo t PN s gi bn tin RN v pha ch, lm mt hiu lc mt phn
ng dn c v m ngang bng gi tin dc theo ng dn . Bi v mt bn tin ERDN
ch ra rng c mt li tuyn trong mng, cc ngun ch ch i mt bn tin ERSN. Khi nhn
c bn tin ERSN ny, ngun hiu rng ti lp tuyn thnh cng. Sau ngun c th tip
tc truyn d liu theo c ch da trn ca s TCP. Khi nhn c mt bn tin ERSN sau khi
xy dng li tuyn thnh cng (v d, sau khi nt PN nhn c bn tin REPLY s dng
trong ABR, n to ra cc bn tin ERSN vi tham s ACK cui cng c ly t bn tin
REPLY), ngun c th lm tng ca s tc nghn bi s lng ca cc gi xc nhn. ng
thi, ngun c th gi nh mt cch an ton rng cc phn on c di s th t t (ACK
cui + 1) n (ERDN GEN SEQ - 1) c loi b trn ng dn t PN n ch trong
mng. R rng l cc gi tin loi b phi c truyn li bi ngun. Trong hnh 4.8, bi v
bn tin ERSN bao gm s th t phn on (6) ln ti gi tr m ch nhn c thnh
cng, cc ngun nhn thc c rng n cn truyn li cc phn on t s th t (7) s
th t (9), m b b i dc theo phn ng dn c. Tuy nhin, n ph thuc vo tnh trng
tc nghn trn ng i t ngun n PN. Mt bn tin ERSN c th bao gm thng tin trng
thi tc nghn thng bo tnh trng ca hng i thit b nh tuyn 'ti cc nt trung gian.
Ngi ta c th s dng cc bn tin ICMP nh ngun b tt ch ra s hin din ca tc
nghn, v ngun s phi ngng truyn cho mt khong thi gian ngn trong thi gian cc
nt trung gian c th bt kp. Lu rng cc gi tr thi gian ch ti ngun TCP cho cc phn
on khng c tha nhn v khng truyn li t ERDN GEN SEQ ERDN lin kt nhn
c (RCV SEQ) nn c iu chnh do s gia tng d kin trong thi gian ti gi ti cc
ch do s hin din ca ti lp tuyn . Tuy nhin, nu tn tht gi c kinh nghim tng phn
trn ng dn t ngun n cc PN do tc nghn, ngun phn ng vi tnh trng tc nghn
v truyn li cc gi tin b mt c chn lc da trn gi yu cu truyn li chn lc do b thu.
V vy, n thc hin mt th tc iu khin tc ngn v lm gim kch thc ca s tc nghn
cho ph hp.
97
Hnh 4.8: Mt v d m t cc c ch ERDN GEN SEQ v ERDN RCV SEQ
Cc thng s v bn tin iu khin nh sau:

ERDN GEN SEQ: Khi mt nt trung gian pht hin li tuyn v n khng th chuyn
tip cc gi d liu lu m, ERDN GEN SEQ c nh ngha l s th t ca cc phn
on TCP cp pht vo u dng (HOL) ca truyn hng i ca nt. Thng tin ERDN GEN
SEQ c lan truyn t PN n ngun thng qua cc bn tin ERDN.
ERDN RCV SEQ: Khi ngun ang truyn phn on TCP, nu ngun nhn c mt
bn tin ERDN t mng, ngun ngng gi cc on TCP. ERDN RCV SEQ c nh ngha
l s th t ca cc phn on TCP cui cng gi cho n khi ngun TCP nhn c mt gi
iu khin ERDN.
ACK cui: Trong qu trnh xy dng li tuyn, ch p ng cc bn tin LQ vi
REPLY. Do , ACK cui cng c nh ngha l s th t ca cc phn on cui cng
c rng ch n nhn c thnh cng.
Bng cch s dng ERDN GEN SEQ v ERDN RCV SEQ, c cp trn, cc
thng tin sau y c th c suy ra:
98
Cc phn on khng c xc nhn (c m ti ngun) ln n phn on c s

th t l (ERDN GEN SEQ - 1) c th c chuyn tip dc theo ng dn t nt tip theo
PN v pha ch.
Phn on khng c xc nhn (c m ti ngun) c chui s l t ERDN GEN
SEQ ERDN RCV SEQ c th c m ti cc nt trung gian.
Chc nng TCP-Bus ti nt trung gian
Sau khi PN pht hin li tuyn, n s gi bn tin ERDN thng bo cho ngun v li
tuyn v khi to khm ph tng phn tuyn bng cch s dng qu trnh LQ-REPLY. Trong
khi cc bn tin ERDN c lan truyn v pha ngun, mi nt trung gian dng truyn tip cc
gi d liu v lu m tt c cc gi cp pht tr hon vic truyn dn ca h. Sau khi nhn
c bn tin REPLY, PN thng bo cho ngun ca ti lp tuyn thnh cng thng qua cc
bn tin ERSN, m cn bao gm cc bn tin ACK cui cng. Ti mi nt trung gian nhn c
bn tin ERSN, tip tc truyn ti cc gi d liu m.
Chc nng TCP-Bus ti nt ch
Mt my thu thc hin cc th tc TCP end-to-end thng thng trn ng dn
ginh c trong trng hp khng c hy kt ni tuyn. Ngoi ra, mt c ch truyn li la
chn nh trong ACK TCP-chn lc (SACK) c th c p dng iu khin lung hiu
qu. Mt phng thc truyn li chn lc c xut i ph vi cc gi d liu b mt
do tc nghn trn ng dn thnh phn t ngun n my thu. Yu cu truyn li chn lc
cc gi tin b mt c to ra my thu khi pht hin mt trnh t phn on lin tip. iu
ny i hi ngun phn ng li tc nghn. Vi cch tip cn nu trn, c th c rt nhiu yu
cu truyn li nhanh theo hng ngc li. Hy xem xt trng hp phn on c s th t t
(ACK cui + 1) n (ERDN GEN SEQ - 1) s n ch mun hn cc gi tin c s th t t
ERDN GEN SEQ ERDN RCV SEQ. Kt qu l, cc ch tip tc yu cu truyn li nhanh
bng cch gi cc gi tin ACK lp li cho mi gi tin n nhn do s khc bit trong th t
chui. trnh vn ny, mt th tc b sung ti ch (xem Hnh 4.8) l bt buc sau khi
nhn c bn tin LQ. Khi nhn c mt gi LQ trong qu trnh khi phc tuyn, ch trch
gi tr ERDN GEN SEQ i km trong gi LQ. Vi vic xem xt truyn li chn lc v trnh
cc yu cu khng cn thit pht li nhanh, ch s gi cc ACK v cc yu cu lp li cho
cc gi tin b mt theo cc nguyn tc sau. y, chng ta k hiu s th t ca cc phn
on n nh "SEQ n." "Gi tr Pivot" l s th t m phn on tip theo ca n b mt do
tc nghn. V vy, b thu thng bo cho ngun thng tin phn on b mt c chn lc. Khi
nhn c mt bn tin LQ m rng tuyn, gi tr Pivot = ERDN RCV SEQ. Nu SEQ n
= ERDN GEN SEQ, th sau vic truyn cc ACK trng lp cho pht li nhanh c kim
ch.
Nu gi tr SEQ n > gi tr pivot, thng bo cho ngun thng tin v phn on cn
thiu. Gi tr Pivot = SEQ n. Nu khng, c php truyn cc ACK trng lp. TCP-Bus
lm tt hn TCP tiu chun v TCP-F di cc iu kin khc nhau. TCP-Bus khng a
99
vo tnh ton m nt pivoting c th khng thit lp mt tuyn tng phn mi n ch. Mt

so snh gia cc phng php tip cn khc nhau c th hin trong Bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1: So snh gia cc phng php tip cn t u ny n u kia khc nhau
TCP-F ELFN ATCP TCP-BuS
Tn tht gi
Khng x l Khng x l X l Khng x l
BER cao
ICMP
Gi RFN ng Gi ELFN ng "Destination Gi EDN ng
Pht hin li
bng trng bng trng thi unreachable" bng trng thi
tuyn (RF)
thi b pht b pht TCP ng bng trng b pht TCP
TCP thi b pht TCP
Gi RRN li Gi ERSN tip

Pht hin ti lp tip tc TCP ti tc TCP ti
C ch thm d C ch thm d
tuyn (RR) trng thi bnh trng thi bnh
thng thng
Sp xp li gi Khng x l Khng x l X l Khng x l
Ca s tc ngn
(CW) v qua Khi to tng
CW v RTO c CW v RTO c CW v RTO c
hn truyn li tuyn mi
(RTO) sau RR
Truyn dn tin
cy cc bn tin Khng x l Khng x l Khng x l X l
iu khin
Phng to; Th nghim;

khng giao thc khng giao thc
nh gi M phng M phng
nh tuyn no nh tuyn no
c xem xt c xem xt
4.4.3. Giao thc truyn ti Ad hoc (ATP)

Cc giao thc truyn ti mi c gi l giao thc vn chuyn ad hoc (ATP) c
thit k hng n cc c trng ca mng ad hoc. ATP, theo thit k, l mt i nghch ca
100
TCP v bao gm: truyn da trn tc , khi ng nhanh trong thi gian khi to kt ni v
chuyn mch tuyn, pht hin tc nghn v kim sot, khng c gii hn thi gian truyn li,
iu khin tc ngn tch ri v tin cy, v phn hi b thu. Sau y l nhng nt chnh lin
quan n cc yu t thit k chnh ca ATP c xut.
4.4.3.1. Phi hp lp
Mt trong nhng xu hng ni ln trong cc giao thc thch ng cho cc mng khng
dy ni chung v mng ad hoc ni ring l s phi hp tham gia nhiu hn gia cc lp khc
nhau ca chng giao thc. V d, hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn c thit k cho mng ad
hoc da vo thng tin lp MAC pht hin cc li lin kt (v do ng dn). Mt mc
hn na ca phi hp trong cc mng ad hoc l s phi hp r rng gia cc nt khc nhau
trong mng ci thin hiu sut u cui ti u cui. V d, TCP-ELFN s dng thng bo
li knh t cc router trung gian ng bng trng thi TCP ti pha gi. Mt trong nhng nn
tng quan trng ca thit k ATP l vic s dng cc thng tin lp thp v phn hi r rng t
cc nt mng khc h tr cc c ch lp truyn ti. C th, ATP s dng thng tin phn
hi t cc nt mng cho ba mc ch khc nhau:
1. Phn hi tc ban u c tnh tc khi ng.
2. Phn hi tc ly tin pht hin tc nghn, trnh tc nghn v iu khin
tc nghn.
3. Thng bo li ng dn. Mc d s phi hp nt c th hn ch tim nng
m rng ca mt giao thc, ATP khng cn bt k bo tr trng thi lung ti
cc nt trung gian v do l kh nng m rng cao.
4.4.3.2. Truyn dn da trn tc

ATP s dng truyn dn da trn tc thay cho truyn dn da trn ca s c
thc hin bi TCP. Truyn dn da trn tc h tr nng cao hiu nng bng 2 cch:
Chng trnh nhng hn ch do s bng pht. Bi v truyn dn c ln lch bi mt
b m thi gian bn pht, nhu cu t kha thng qua s n ca cc ACK c loi b.
Li ch th hai c s dng bi ATP tch ring c ch iu khin tc ngn thnh
c ch ng tin cy v cng gim bt tc ng ca c trng ng dn ngc ln hiu
nng gy ra bi dng d liu trn ng dn thun.
Mc d hn ch r rng ca phng thc da trn tc l cc tiu b m thi
gian pha trong b pht, tnh cht b m thi gian cn thit i vi cc bng thng b gii
hn trong mng ad hoc l ln c thc hin m khng c cc tiu . V d, vi mt
ti trng hp l trong mng 10 lung (hoc 25 lung); mt kch thc gi 512 byte; v mt
dung lng knh c bn 2 Mbps, b m thi thi gian yu cu l 40 ms (hoc 125 ms).
101
4.4.3.3. Tch iu khin tc ngn va tin cy

Khc vi TCP, c ch iu khin tc ngn v tin cy c kt hp cht ch
thng qua s ph thuc vo s n ca ACK, cn trong ATP hai c ch c tch ring. iu
khin tc ngn c thc hin bng cch s dng thng tin phn hi t mng, v tin cy
c m bo thng qua phn hi ca b thu v ACK chn lc. thun li cho iu khin
tc ngn, cc nt trung gian trong mng li cung cp thng tin tc nghn di dng tc
kh dng. Cc phn hi c i km trn cc gi d liu trong ng dn chuyn tip, v b
thu ATP hp nht thng tin ny v gi tr li thng tin phn hi i chiu. i vi tin
cy, b thu cng s dng ACK chn lc thng bo li cho pha pht bt c l hng mi
quan st thy trong cc dng d liu. Khng ging nh trong TCP ni m cc thng tin
SACK b sung cho phng thc ACK tch ly, th ATP ch da vo cc thng tin SACK.
4.4.3.4. iu khin tc nghn c h tr

Giao thc iu khin tc ngn ca ATP da trn phn hi t cc nt trung gian i qua
bi cc kt ni thch ng vi cc tc gi. Tm li, mi nt trong mng duy tr hai thng
s:
Qt (trung bnh s m ca tr hng i ca cc gi i qua nt )
Tt (trung bnh s m ca tr truyn dn ca cc gi HOL ti nt )
Tt b nh hng bi cc tranh chp gia cc gi bn trong cc nt cng vng ln cn
tranh chp, v Qt b nh hng bi cc tranh chp gia cc gi tin thuc cc lung khc nhau
ti cng mt nt. i vi mi gi tin chuyn qua mt nt, nt ny dn tng Qt + Tt nu tng
dn trn gi nh hn gi tr hin ti ca n. B thu ca mt kt ni ATP thc hin tip tnh
trung bnh s m ca cc gi tr ng trn cc gi tin n. i vi mi giai on, b thu s gi
phn hi tc v cho pha pht bng cch s dng gi tr tnh trung bnh s m. Pha gi,
da trn tc hin nay ca n v tc xc nh theo thng tin phn hi, quyt nh vic
tng, gim, hoc duy tr tc ca n. Giai on duy tr trong ATP l mt s khc bit quan
trng vi cc trng thi mt kt ni TCP c th c. Ngoi ra, s tng, gim cc hot ng
c thc hin bi ATP chnh xc hn v nhn c phn hi mng.
4.4.3.5. S thn thin v s cng bng TCP

S thn thin TCP khng phi l rng buc khi thit k ATP, bi v n c nhm
mc tiu cho mi trng mng ad hoc ni m cc nt mng c mt ngn xp giao thc
chuyn dng. Tuy nhin, cng bng gia cc lung ATP vn l mi quan tm chnh nh trong
TCP, bi v ATP da trn cc nt mng trung gian cho phn hi v tc nghn.
4.4.4. Giao thc ATP

Cng ging nh trong giao thc TCP, ATP ch yu bao gm cc c ch pha pht
t c iu khin tc ngn hiu qu v tin cy. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh trong giao
102
thc TCP, ATP da trn phn hi khng ch t b thu, m cn t cc nt trung gian trong
ng dn kt ni. V chc nng c th, cc nt trung gian cung cp phn hi tc nghn cho
pha pht, b thu v cung cp phn hi cho c hai iu khin lu lng v tin cy. B thu
cng hot ng nh mt b so snh cc thng tin tc nghn c cung cp bi cc nt trung
gian trong mng trc thng tin c gi li cho pha pht. B thu cung cp tin cy, iu
khin lung, v cc thng tin iu khin tc ngn i chiu qua bn tin nh k. Mt khc,
pha pht, chu trch nhim qun l kt ni, d ton tc ban u (vi phn hi mng), iu
khin tc ngn, v tin cy. Phn cn li s bt u vi m t vai tr ca cc nt trung gian.
Sau m t cc c ch b thu ATP cung cp phn hi tc v gi thng tin
SACK cho pha pht. Cui cng, s l m t chi tit cc thnh phn khc nhau ca pha pht
ATP cho trng thi khi ng, iu khin tc ngn, v tin cy.
4.4.4.1. Nt trung gian

ATP da trn cc nt trung gian m kt ni i qua cung cp thng tin phn hi tc
. Cc nt trung gian trong mng duy tr tng hp tr hng i trung bnh (QT) v tr truyn
dn trung bnh (Tt) tri qua cc gi d liu i ngang qua chng. Trong khi , Tt ti mt nt
b nh hng bi nhng bt ng gia cc nt khc nhau trong vng ln cn ca nt , Qt b
nh hng bi cc tranh chp ti nt gia lung khc nhau vt qua cc nt. Lu rng
cc gi tr Qt and Tt c tnh trn tt c cc gi tin i qua cc nt, bt k lung no m cc
gi tin thuc v. V vy, Qt v Tt c duy tr trn c s mi nt, v khng phi trn mt c
s cho mi lung lu lng. i vi mi gi tin gi i, mt nt trung gian cp nht gi tr Qt
v Tt. Cc gi tr c duy tr s dng trung bnh s m nh sau:
Qt= + Qt+ (1 ) + Qmu (4.1)
Giao thc vn chuyn trong mng ad hoc
Tt= + Tt+ (1 ) + Tmu (4.2)
Trong Qmu v Tmu l tr hng i v tr truyn dn ca cc gi tin gi i.

Chng ti s dng mt gi tr 0,75 cho kt qu m phng in ca chng ti. Ngoi ra, mi gi
bao gm mt trng phn hi tc D (lu rng tc s thc s l mt nghch o ca D)
m bao gm gi tr ln nht Qt + Tt ti cc nt hng i m cc gi tin i qua. Khi gi tin
c sp xp truyn, cc nt trung gian kim tra xem D c nh hn gi tr Qt + Tt ti nt
khng. Nu D l nh hn, cc nt trung gian cp nht D trn cc gi tin n gi tr Qt + Tt
ca n. Khi b thu nhn c mt gi, trng D trong cc gi tin cho bit tr (trung bnh) ti
a ca cc gi d liu ti bt k ca cc nt trung gian m n i qua.
Khi mt kt ni khi ng hoc mt gi tin thm d c gi bi pha pht, x l ca
nt trung gian l nh nhau ngoi tr khi khng c lu lng no khc xung quanh nt. Khi
103
nt quan st mt knh nhn ri, n s dng + (Qt + Tt) lm tr thay cho Qt + Tt bnh
thng . L do cho cch x l ny l nh sau
Khi cc knh xung quanh nt trung gian nhn ri, cc gi tr Qt + Tt s c xc nh
bi tr hng i thc t v tr truyn dn tri qua cc gi tin thm d. Tuy nhin, khi cc
lung d liu thc s bt u, cc gi thuc lung, ti mi chng trong ng dn, s tranh
chp vi cc gi khc thuc cng mt lung c hai nt hng i v hng v. Cc nt trung
gian d tnh tc ny bng cch thit lp mt cch thch hp . i vi a truy nhp cm
bin sng mang trnh xung t (CSMA/CA), gi tr tiu biu cho l 3. (Trong mt chui
tuyn tnh, mi nt th ba c th truyn, nhng i vi mt s lng ln cc chng, n c th
ti bng 5 i vi mt ng dn c chiu di 5). Lu rng yu cu ca ATP phi hp
nt do cu thnh ch duy tr hai thng s, Qt v Tt, v cc gi tin ng du thch hp c
chuyn tip. Thm na, ch trng b sung trong tiu ATP cho ng dn (d liu) chuyn
tip, bn cnh cc trng khc trong tiu TCP, l trng phn hi tc D.
4.4.4.2. B thu ATP

B thu ATP cung cp phn hi nh k cho pha pht h tr tin cy v c ch
kim sot lu lng. Ngoi ra, n cng chuyn thu thp thng tin phn hi tc c cung
cp bi cc nt trung gian (thng qua cc trng D trong cc gi), v gi n li cho pha pht.
gi phn hi theo nh k, b thu chy mt b m thi gian ca giai on. Lu giai
on E nn di hn thi gian kh hi ca mt kt ni, nhng ng thi phi ngn theo
di cc ng thi ca cc c trng ng dn. E c chn theo kinh nghim l 1/2 trong
m phng.
Phn hi tc
i vi mi gi tin n thuc v mt lung lu lng, b thu thc hin tnh trung bnh
s m ca gi tr D c xc nh trong gi:
Davg = + Davg + (1 - ) + D (4.3)
Sau khi tt c cc b m thi gian ht hn, b thu cung cp gi tr Davg ti thi im

nh phn hi cho pha pht. Trng hp ngoi l l khi tc kim sot lu lng c
xc nh bi b thu l nh hn so vi tc d bo t gi tr Davg. Chng ti s dng mt
gi tr 0,75 cho tt c cc m phng ca chng ti.
Phn hi tin cy
B thu ATP s dng cc SACK cung cp thng tin v tn tht trong dng d liu
nhn c. Bi v phn hi khng c cung cp cho mi gi d liu gi n, m l trn c
s nh k, ATP s dng mt s lng ln cc khi SACK hn TCP-SACK. Trong khi, TCP-
SACK ch s dng 3 khi trn mt ACK, th ATP s dng 20 khi SACK trong phn hi
tin cy. i vi tc d liu knh in hnh ca 2 Mbps, tc trung bnh trn mi dng
lu lng l khong 100 Kbps ngay c khi ch c 5 kt ni trong mng. i vi mt giai on
104
mt giy v mt gi kch thc 512 byte, tc chuyn thnh khong 25 gi/giy. Do , khi
s dng cc khi 20 SACK hai mi, hu ht cc tn tht trong mt giai on ny c th
c xc nh. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh trong giao thc TCP ni cc khi SACK trn
ACK dn dn xc nh l hng mi hn, trong ATP cc khi SACK lun lun xc nh trnh
t u tin ca 20 l hng trong cc dng d liu. iu ny l do ATP khng s dng gii
hn thi gian truyn li pha pht v do phi da trn nhng phn hi t b thu thc
hin khi phc li chnh xc.
Xt v mt tiu ng dn ngc, nh v d trn, TCP-SACK c th c hin th
phi chu mt chi ph 2,4 kbps cho cc khi SACK (mt ACK cho mi hai gi d liu, ba
khi trn mt ACK, hai s th t trn mt khi, v bn byte trn mt s th t), trong khi
ATP s phi chu mt chi ph 1,28 kbps trong mt thi gian ca mt giy. Tuy nhin, tiu
ca ATP c th c th hin l nh hn ng k nu ton b cc chi ph tiu lp truyn
ti v cc lp thp hn c tnh ton. l l do ATP tng hp phn hi ca n vo mt
gi, trong khi TCP-SACK s gi phn hi 1 ln cho hai gi d liu.
Phn hi iu khin lung
Khng ging nh trong giao thc TCP, ni iu khin lung c thc hin thng qua
qung b ca s thch hp, ATP thc hin kim sot lu lng bng cch quan st tc c
ng dng Rapp m ti cc ng dng x l d liu t t b m nhn c.
Khi phn hi tc c gi n pha pht, nu Rapp l nh hn so vi thng tin
phn hi tc , thng tin phn hi tc c thay th bng Rapp. B thu, trong bn tin
phn hi nh k cho pha pht, gi c hai phn hi tc v phn hi tin cy.
4.4.4.3. Pha pht ATP

Pha pht ATP, ging nh trong giao thc TCP, bao gm hu ht cc c ch iu
khin ca giao thc lp truyn ti. C th, pha pht ATP bao gm cc thnh phn cho cc
chc nng sau:
Khi ng nhanh
iu khin tc ngn
tin cy
Qun l kt ni
Khi ng nhanh
Trong sut khi to kt ni, hoc khi hi phc t mt qu hn thi gian, c ch khi
ng chm TCP s mt mt vi ln thi gian kh hi trc khi n c th hi t vo bng
thng c sn cho mt lung. Do nhng li ng dn thng xuyn v qu hn thi gian
trong mt mng ad hoc, mt kt ni TCP c th kt thc vic s dng mt phn ng k thi
gian sng ca n trong giai on khi ng chm, nh vy lm suy gin kh nng mng. ATP
105
s dng mt c ch c gi l " Khi ng nhanh " thm d bng thng mng c sn

trong mt ln thi gian kh hi. V c bn, trong qu trnh khi to kt ni, ATP s dng
TCP ging nh mt trao i SYN - SYN+ACK gia pha pht v b thu.
Cc nt trung gian, khi chuyn tip cc gi SYN, ng du vo cc gi tin tr Qt + Tt.
Khi b thu tr li li vi mt ACK, n i km vo ACK gi tr Qt + Tt c ng du trn
gi SYN n.
Pha pht, sau khi nhn c ACK, khi ng bng cch s dng gi tr tc c
c da trn phn hi. ATP thc hin cc hot ng khi ng nhanh trong sut qu trnh
khi to kt ni v khi ng dn mng c bn i qua bi nhng thay i kt ni. ng lc
thc hin khi ng nhanh khi mt ng dn thay i xy ra l n gin. Khi mt ng
dn mi c s dng, kt ni khng phi l nhn thc ca cc bng thng c sn trn ng
dn. Do , thc hin d ton bng thng mt ln na cho php kt ni hot ng bng
thng c sn thc s thay v mt trong hai tn dng vt qu hay cha tn dng ht cc ngun
lc sn dc theo ng dn mi
iu khin tc ngen

Khng ging nh TCP c hai giai on giao thc iu khin tc ngn vi mt giai
on tng ln v mt giai on gim xung, ATP s dng mt giao thc iu khin tc ngn
ba giai on bao gm cc giai on tng, gim v duy tr. Mt trong nhng khc bit chnh
gia cc c ch iu khin tc ngn TCP v ca ATP l phn hi mng. Bi v TCP khng
da trn bt k h tr no ca mng, n thm d bng thng nhiu hn bng cch tng tuyn
tnh kch thc ca s tc nghn pha pht. Tng t nh vy, khi xy ra tn tht, bi v
TCP khng bit mc thc s ca tnh trng tc nghn, n thn trng thc hin gim kch
thc ca s tc nghn theo cp s nhn. Ni cch khc, ATP da trn thng tin phn hi t
cc nt mng trung gian. Do , s gia tng ca n c th c nhiu tch cc hn so vi
TCP, gim ca n c th t thn trng hn so vi TCP, v quan trng hn l n c th hot
ng trong giai on khi iu kin mng khng thay i. Cc giai on nh sau:
Giai on tng: Khi phn hi tc t b thu l ln hn tc S hin ti bng mt
ngng + S, pha pht tin vo pha tng, trong l mt hng s nh c s dng
ngn chn dao ng. Ngng c gi nh mt hm s ca tc hin ti cho php dng
tranh chp vi tc thp hn tng mnh hn so vi lung lu lng vi tc ln hn.
Mt khi quyt nh tng c thc hin, lung tng tc ch bng mt phn k ca lng
tng tim nng. Chng ti chn mt gi tr 5 cho k trong m phng do cc l do sau y: khi
tc ca lung c tng ln mt gi tin mi giy, ti trng gy ra (khi phng thc MAC
l CSMA/CA) trong mng c th tng bi n 5 gi tin mi giy. V d, hy xem xt mt
ng A-B-C-D-E-F. Ngay c khi tc ca mt lung i qua ng ny tng bi mt gi
tin mi giy, mt truyn dn trn lin kt C-D s tranh chp vi tt c cc truyn dn bn gi
khc trn ng dn ny.
106
Giai on gim: Mt khc, khi phn hi tc l nh hn so vi tc hin ti, pha

pht thc hin pha gim ch bng cch iu chnh tc hin ti ca n vi phn hi tc .
Giai on duy tr: Nu tc kh dng R nm trong (S, S + + S), pha pht duy tr
tc ca n. V vy, khng ging nh trong giao thc TCP c phi l mt trong hai giai
on tng hoc gim, ATP, to iu kin mng li n nh, c th hot ng trong mt trng
thi cn bng
Lu rng cc quyt nh iu khin tc ngn trn c th c thc hin bi pha pht
ATP ch khi n nhn c tc phn hi t b thu mt cch chnh xc. C th l cc phn
hi tc t b thu b mt do li ng trn ng ngc li. ATP gii quyt vn ny
bng cch thc hin gim bi s ca tc gi cho mi giai on, trong n khng nhn
c phn hi t b thu, cho n ti a ca hai giai on. Nu n khng nhn c bt c
phn hi vo cui giai on th ba, pha pht ATP i vo pha khi to kt ni ca n, gi mt
bn tin thm d mi giai on cho n khi n nghe li t b thu. Lu rng mt khi n nghe
c t b thu, n s s dng tc trn gi tin phn hi i vi truyn dn ca n nh l
mt phn ca c ch khi ng nhanh ca n.
tin cy
B thu nh mt phn ca phn hi nh k gi thng tin v bt c l hng trong lung
d liu nhn c. Pha pht ATP gi x l cc thng tin SACK cng ging nh trong
TCP bng cch duy tr mt cu trc bng d liu SACK. D liu c nh du c
truyn li c gi vi mt u tin cao hn so vi d liu mi. Lu rng cc c ch iu
khin tc ngn trong ATP c tch ri t c ch tin cy. Do , mc d cc giao thc iu
khin tc nghn xc nh tc m pha pht cn c gi, c ch m bo tin cy rng
cc gi tin hng i cn truyn li c gi u tin khi b m thi gian gi ht hn. Ni
cch khc, truyn li c thc hin trong phm vi tc truyn thng thng c xc nh
bi cc thut ton iu khin tc nghn. Ngoi vic nhn thng bo cho pha pht v nhng
tn tht, khi c mt ng dn tht bi, pha pht ATP s dng thng bo lin kt khng r
rng t nt trung gian thch hp. Khi thng tin phn hi nh vy c nhn, pha pht ATP
ngay lp tc i vo giai on khi to kt ni nh l mt phn ca c ch phc hi ca n sau
khi chuyn i mt ng truyn. Trong giai on khi u kt ni, pha pht ATP, cho mi
giai on, gi mt gi tin thm d cho b thu. Cc gi tin thm r c la chn tr li trn
cc chui trong gi d liu tip sau xp hng i truyn. Thm ch nu c tn tht ng sau
do ng dn tht bi, cc gi tin thm d nh k tip theo c gi bi pha pht phc v
gi ra mt gi thng tin phn hi t b thu c cha cc thng tin SACK thch hp.
Lu rng pha pht ATP thng thng s nhn c thng bo lin kt tht bi trc
khi (nu c) n nhn c thng tin SACK t b thu. iu ny l do cc thng tin SACK t
b thu s c to ra ch khi khng c tn tht hu t v ng dn tht bi. Tuy nhin, tn
tht hu t s c nh mc tr mt s ng truyn c tn dng c thc hin bng cc
nt trung gian. Thm ch nu c hai thng bo li lin kt v cc gi tin phn hi nh k ca
107
b thu b mt, th pha pht cui cng s bc vo giai on thm d do thiu thng tin phn
hi t b thu v do phc hi t bt k tn tht no.
4.5. Giao thc truyn ti c ng du ng iu khin (ACTP)

Khng ging nh cc gii php TCP, ACTP l mt giao thc lp truyn ti. N khng
phi l mt phn m rng cho TCP. ACTP n nh trch nhim m bo tin cy cho cc
lp ng dng. N ging nh UDP vi thng tin phn hi ca trng thi phn phi v bo tr.
ACTP ng gia TCP v UDP, ni TCP cung cp hiu sut thp vi tin cy cao v UDP
cung cp hiu sut tt hn vi mt gi tin cao trong cc mng khng dy ad hoc.
Quan im thit k chnh ca ACTP l ri b vic cung cp tin cy cho cc lp ng
dng v cung cp thng tin phn hi n gin v tnh trng phn phi cc gi tin ti lp ng
dng. ACTP h tr cc u tin ca gi tin s c chuyn giao, nhng n l trch nhim ca
cc lp thp hn thc s cung cp mt dch v phn bit da trn u tin ny. Error!
Reference source not found. cho thy cc lp ACTP v cc hm giao din lp trnh ng
dng (API) c s dng bi lp ng dng tng tc vi lp ACTP. Mi hm gi API gi
mt gi tin SendTo cha cc thng tin b sung cn thit cho ACTP nh tr ti a cc gi d
liu c th chu ng (tr), s lng bn tin ca gi tin, v cc u tin ca gi tin. S lng
bn tin c phn cp ca lp ng dng, v n khng cn phi theo th t. Mc u tin
c gn cho mi gi bi cc ng dng. N c th c thay i qua cc gi tin trong cng
mt lung vi s lng ngy cng tng cp n cc gi u tin cao hn. Gi tr khc khng
ny trong trng s lng bn tin hon ton mang ci m lp ngdung mong ch thng tin
trng thi phn phi v gi tin c gi i. Trng thi phn phi ny c duy tr lp ACTP
v c sn cho lp ng dng xc minh thng qua mt hm API, "Is ACKed <s lng bn
tin>." Trng thi phn phi c tr li bi gi hm "Is ACKed <s lng bn tin>." c th
phn nh nhng iu sau y:
Mt phn phi thnh cng ca cc gi tin (nhn c ACK). Mt mt mt c th c
ca cc gi tin (khng nhn ACK c v thi hn ht). Thi gian cn li cho cc gi tin
(khng nhn c ACK, nhng thi hn cha ht).
Hnh 4.9: M t cc hm giao din c s dng trong ATCP
108
Khng c thng tin trng thi tn ti lp ACTP i vi bn tin ang c xem xt.
S khng trong lnh vc tr cp n cc gi u tin cao nht, m i hi phi truyn dn
ngay lp tc vi tr nh nht c th. Bt k gi tr khc trong lnh vc tr cp n s chm
tr rng bn tin c th tri nghim. Khi nhn c thng tin v tnh trng chuyn giao, lp
ng dng c th quyt nh truyn li mt gi tin vi cc u tin c hoc vi mt u tin cp
nht. Sau khi tui th ca gi ht hn, ACTP xa thng tin trng thi v tnh trng cung cp
ca gi tin. Tui th ca gi c tnh bng 4 thi hn truyn li (RTO) v c thit lp
nh l cuc i khi cc gi d liu c gi n cc lp mng. Mt nt c tnh khong thi
gian RTO bng cch s dng thi gian kh hi gia thi gian truyn ca mt bn tin v thi
gian tip nhn ca ACK tng ng. Do , gi tr RTO c th khng c sn nu khng c kt
ni ng tin cy hin c n mt ch n. Mt gi tin m khng cn bt k s lng bn tin
(tc l, khng c tnh trng yu cu chuyn giao) c x l chnh xc theo cng mt cch
nh trong UDP m khng duy tr bt k thng tin trng thi no.
u im v nhc im
Mt trong nhng li th quan trng nht ca ACTP l n cung cp s t do la chn
cc mc tin cy cn thit cc lp ng dng. Bi v ACTP l mt giao thc lp truyn ti
gn nh, l kh nng m rng cho cc mng ln. Thng lng khng b nh hng bi
ng dn vi phm nhiu nh trong TCP, n khng c ca s tc nghn cho cc thao tc nh
l mt phn ca s phc hi ng dn vi phm. Mt bt li ca ACTP l n khng tng
thch vi TCP. S dng ACTP trong mt mng khng dy ad hoc rt ln c th dn n tc
nghn nng trong mng v n khng c bt k c ch iu khin tc ngn.
4.6. Tng kt chng 4

Chng ny tho lun v nhng thch thc ln m mt giao thc lp truyn ti phi
i mt trong mng khng dy ad hoc. Cc mc tiu thit k chnh ca mt giao thc tng
truyn ti c lit k v phn loi cc gii php lp truyn ti hin c cung cp.
TCP l giao thc lp truyn ti c s dng rng ri nht v c coi l tr ct ca Internet
ngy nay. N cung cp vn chuyn cc gi t u cui ti u cui, ng tin cy, theo trt t
n cc nt. Bi v TCP c thit k x l cc vn hin ti trong mng hu tuyn
truyn thng, nhiu vn c trnh by trong cc m hnh mng ng nh mng khng dy
ad hoc khng c gii quyt. iu ny lm gim thng lng khi TCP c s dng trong
cc mng khng dy ad hoc. S dng TCP trong mng khng dy ad hoc l rt quan trng, v
iu quan trng l n lin tc trao i thng tin vi Internet bt c khi no v bt c ni no
n c sn. Chng ny cung cp mt cuc tho lun v nhng l do chnh cho s suy gim
hiu nng ca truyn thng TCP trong mng khng dy ad hoc v gii thch mt s gii php
xut gn y ci thin hiu sut ca TCP.
109
4.1 Gi s rng khi kch thc hin ti ca ca s tc nghn l 48 kb, pha pht TCP tri
qua mt thi gian ch. Ci g s l kch thc ca s tc nghn nu ba bursts truyn
dn tip theo thnh cng? Gi s rng cc dch v v tinh di ng (MSS) l mt KB.
Xem xt (1) TCP Tahoe v (2) TCP Reno.
4.2 Tm hiu xc sut ca ph v ng dn cho mt ng dn tm chng, cho rng xc
sut ca mt ph v lin kt l 0,2.
4.3 Tho lun v tc ng ca nhiu vi phm trn mt ng n TCP-F pha pht.
4.4 B sung trng thi thng tin l phi c duy tr ng chuyn tip Forwarding
Path (FP) trong giao thc TCP-F l g?
4.5 u im v nhc im ca vic s dng mt trong cc gi tin thm d pht hin
mt ng dn mi.
4.6 u im v nhc im ca vic s dng mt LQ v REPLY cho vic tm kim
ng dn mt phn trong giao thc TCP-BuS.
4.7 Tc ng ca s tht bi ca cc nt proxy trong Chia TCP l g?
4.8 Trong mt cuc tho lun nghin cu, mt trong nhng ng nghip ca bn cho thy
mt phn m rng ca chia TCP ni m mi nt trung gian ng vai tr nh mt nt
proxy. Bn ngh g s l tc ng ca mt giao thc nh vy?
4.9 Nhng u v nhc im ca phn cng trch nhim v tin cy end-to-end vi lp
ng dng l g?
5.10 Gi tr mc nh ca s dng x l lu lng gy ra trong ATP l g, v ti sao
nh mt gi tr c la chn?
110
Chng 5: Qun L Nng Lng Trong Mng Ad hoc
CHNG 5: QUN L NNG LNG TRONG MNG AD

HOC
Nguyn Vit Hng, Nguyn Vit Hng
5.1. Gii thiu chung

Mt mng di ng ad hoc (Manet) l mt tp hp cc thit b d liu u cui k thut
s c th giao tip vi nhau m khng cn mt c s h tng mng c nh. Do cc nt trong
mt Manet c tnh di ng, vic nh tuyn v qun l in nng tr thnh vn ht sc
quan trng. Truyn thng khng dy c li th l cho php kh nng lin lc linh hot, tuy
nhin iu ny cng hm s ph thuc vo ngun nng lng di ng nh pin. Do cng
ngh pin vn cha t c nhng bc tin ln, n tip tc l mt yu t hn ch, do
qun l tiu th nng lng trong cc mng khng dy vn cn l mt vn quan trng.
C nhiu giao thc nh tuyn theo phng thc ch ng hay mang tnh phn ng
cho MANETs, trong giao thc nh tuyn ngun phn ng ng (DSR) c coi l mt
giao thc hiu qu. Tuy nhin, khi kch thc mng tng ln, cc quan st thy rng trong
DSR thng tin nh tuyn v tiu th in nng ca cc nt trong mng gia tng, do lm
gim ng k hiu qu ca giao thc.
5.1.1. Ti sao qun l nng lng li cn thit i vi mng Adhoc

Vic qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc l mt kha cnh rt quan trng trong
vic qun l tng th mng ad hoc. Cc nt cm bin khng dy di ng trong khu vc cn
phi tit kim nng lng v s dng n mt cch ti u hon thnh vai tr c giao
trong mng ad hoc trong mt thi gian di.
Nng lng pin l mt ngun quan trng trong cc mng ad hoc. Cc quan st cho
thy trong cc mng ny, vic tiu th nng lng khng phn nh cc hot ng truyn
thng trong mng. Hin ny, nhiu giao thc tit kim nng lng da trn vic chn mt
ng nh tuyn xng sng cho kt ni tng th khng h tnh n c im lu lng.
Nhiu k thut khc nhau, c v phn cng v phn mm, c xut gim
tiu th nng lng cho cc thit b in ton di ng trong mng LAN khng dy [1,2].
Trong khi , vic qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc vn cn gp phi nhiu kh khn
hn bi hai l do. u tin, trong cc mng ad hoc, mt nt c th ng thi l ngun d liu
v l mt b nh tuyn chuyn tip d liu cho cc nt khc v tham gia vo cc giao thc
nh tuyn v kim sot cp cao. Ngoi ra, vai tr ca mt nt c th c th thay i theo
thi gian. Th hai, khng c thc th tp trung nh mt im truy cp kim sot v duy tr
ch qun l in nng ca mi nt trong mng, m d liu, v nh thc cc nt ang
ng. Do , qun l in nng trong mng ad hoc phi c thc hin mt cch phn phi v
hp tc. Mt thch thc ln cho vic thit k mt khung qun l in nng cho mng ad hoc
111
l bo tn nng lng thng i km vi nh i v suy gim hiu nng, chng hn nh

bng thng thp hn hoc tr lu hn. Mt gii php nng cn m ch xem xt tit kim nng
lng ti cc nt n l c th cui cng s thnh ra gy hi n hot ng ca ton b mng
li.
5.1.2. Phn loi cc ch qun l nng lng

Cc nt trong mt mng ad hoc khng dy (AWN) b rng buc bi nng lng pin
hn ch cho hot ng ca chng. Do , qun l nng lng l mt vn quan trng trong
mng li. Vic s dng cc chuyn tip v tuyn multichng i hi mt s lng cc
nt chuyn tip duy tr kt ni mng. Do , nng lng pin c coi nh mt ngun ti
nguyn qu v phi c s dng mt cch hiu qu trnh vic kt thc hot ng sm ca
bt k nt no. Do nhn thc v nng lng cn phi c xem xt v thc thi bi cc giao
thc tt c cc lp trong ngn xp giao thc, v phi c coi l mt trong nhng mc tiu
thit k quan trng cho tt c cc giao thc trong AWNs. Hu ht cc gii php qun l nng
lng cho AWNs u s dung cc phng php tng t nhau tng tui th mng, v
c phn loi nh sau:
Ch qun l pin
Ch qun l nng lng truyn pht
Ch qun l nng lng h thng
Hnh 5.1: Phn loi cc ch qun l nng lng
Hnh 5.1 cho thy s phn loi v lit k cc v d tng ng. Ti a ha tui th
ca mt AWN i hi s hiu bit v dung lng v gii hn cc ngun nng lng ca cc
112
nt. Dung lng pin ln hn dn n kh nng hot ng lu hn ca cc nt. Qun l pin

lin quan ti nhng vn nm trong vic la chn cc cng ngh pin, tm kim dung lng
pin ti u, v lp thi gian biu s dng pin tng dung lng. Cc k thut qun l nng
lng truyn ti c gng tm mt phm vi truyn dn ti u cho cc nt trong AWN.
Mt khc, qun l nng lng h thng, ch yu l gii quyt vic gim thiu in
nng cung cp cho thit b phn cng ngoi vi ca mt nt v kt hp cc chin lc nng
lng thp vo cc giao thc c s dng trong cc lp khc nhau ca ngn xp giao thc.
N c th c chia thnh cc ch qun l nng lng thit b v vi x l. Mc d chng
trnh qun l nng lng cho AWNs khng th phn loi theo ng cc lp khc nhau ca
OSI, bi chng nm ti nhiu hn mt lp, vic phn loi a ra trong chng ny c da
trn lp cao nht trong ngn xp giao thc c s dng bi cc giao thc . Mt vi k
thut khc, m khng ri vo bt k loi no, c phn loi nh cc ch hn hp.
5.1.3. Tng quan v cng ngh pin

Pin l mt yu t thit yu ca vic sn xut cc thit b in t ngy nay. Pin c s
dng trong hu nh tt c cc thit b di ng, t in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay v my
nghe nhc MP3 n n pin. Nu khng c cng ngh pin, nhiu thit b in t s khng th
tn ti. V do , cng ngh pin v s pht trin ca n l rt cn thit i vi cc thit b
in t ngy nay.
S tng trng mnh m v s lng cc thit b s dng pin trong nhng nm gn
y dn n nhiu pht trin mi trong cng ngh pin. Cc nh sn xut lun c gng ci
thin sn phm ca mnh tng th phn. Vi nhu cu rt ln v pin, c rt nhiu cc cng
ngh khc nhau v pin v cell. T cc cng ngh khng sc li nh cacbon km v pin kim
ti pin sc t nickel cadmium (NiCd) ri cell kim loi hydride nickel (NiMH) cho ti pin sc
lithium ion mi. Vi rt nhiu nghin cu v cng ngh pin ang c pht trin, vic cc
loi cell v pin mi cung cp kh nng hot ng thm ch cao hn na l hon ton kh
quan.
Mt lnh vc khc ca cng ngh pin ang tr nn ngy cng quan trng l cc
kha cnh mi trng. Mt s cng ngh pin c cha cc ha cht c coi l c hi. Hin
ti, cc thit k mi ang tm cch s dng ha cht thn thin vi mi trng hn. Cc cell
s dng nickel cadmium gi c coi l khng thn thin vi mi trng v khng c s
dng rng ri nh trc y.
C nhiu loi pin khc nhau nh l :
Pin v cell Nickel cadmium (NiCd
Pin v cell s dng kim loi Nickel Hydride (NiMH)
Pin Lithium ion (Li-ion)
113
Pin v cell Nickel cadmium (NiCd) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng cn

ngun in sc. Cc cell NiCd c s dng cho nhiu thit b in t nh my tnh xch
tay, tr chi in t, in thoi di ng, v nhiu linh kin khc ca thit b in t cn ngun
sc. Thm vo , cc cell nickel cadmium cng c s dng rng ri cho n pin v cc
linh kin nh khc ca thit b in t. Ngy nay cc cell NiCd t c s dng rng ri hn
v chng s dng cadmium, nguyn t ny phi c x l cn thn khi pin ht. Nhng vn
mi trng, cng vi thc t l c nhng loi pin sn c hiu qu hn, dn n mt s
suy gim trong vic s dng pin nickel cadmium.
Pin v cell s dng kim loi Nickel Hydride (NiMH) c a vo s dng rng
ri trong nhng nm gn y nh mt hnh thc pin c th sc li. Nhng loi pin ny cung
cp cc c im gn ging cng ngh c NiCd, nhng vi nhng u im nh vic cc t
bo NiMH khng c tc dng ph ti mi trng, v chng cung cp mt nng lng v
dung lng tng th cao hn. Kt qu l, cc cell NiMH hin ang c s dng rng ri vi
hiu sut cao.
Pin Lithium ion (Li-ion) ang c s dng rng ri cho cc ng dng nh my tnh
xch tay, in thoi di ng, my nh v nhiu thit b khc. Mt nng lng cao m pin
Li-ion cung cp cho php cc thit b in t s dng chng gim vic phi sc thng xuyn.
Ngoi ra, pin Li-ion tng i nh khi so snh vi cc loi pin c th sc li khc. Nh s
thun tin ca chng, pin Li-ion c s dng rng ri v c nhiu nh sn xut tham gia
cung cp. Nh , gi thnh gim nhiu so vi mc rt cao nh ban u.
5.1.4. Nguyn l x pin

Mc ch ca pin l lu tr v gii phng nng lng ti cc thi im mong mun
v theo mt cch c kim sot. Phn ny xem xt vic x pin vi cc tc x khc nhau (C-
rates) v nh gi su m pin c th b x cn mt cch an ton.
Ch thch: Tc x C-rate l i lng o tc m pin c x ra so vi dung
lng ti a ca n. Tc 1C c ngha l dng x s x ton b pin trong 1 gi. i vi mt
pin c cng sut 100 mA gi, iu ny tng ng vi mt dng x hin 100 mA.
Gii hn x pin
in p kt thc x cho axt ch l 1,75 V/cell, mt h thng trn c s niken l 1,00 V
/ cell, v hu ht cc h thng Li-ion l 3,00 V/cell. cp mc ny, khong 95% nng lng
c tiu th v in p s gim nhanh chng nu tip tc x. bo v pin khi hin
tng x qu mc, hu ht cc thit b ngng hot ng khi vt qua ngng c thit lp
ca in p kt thc.
Bng 5.1: Khuyn ngh cc mc in p kt thc x vi ti trung bnh v ti ln
Kt thc x Li-Manganese Li-Phosphate Axit ch NiCd/NiMh
114
Ti trung bnh 3.00 V/cell 2.70 V/cell 1.75 V/cell 1.00 V/cell
Ti ln 2.70 V/cell 2.45 V/cell 1.40 V/cell 0.90 V/cell
Khi loi b cc ti sau khi x, in p ca pin dn dn hi phc v tng ti in p

danh nh. S khc bit v nng kim loi ca in cc kch hot in th khi pin rng. Mt
pin lo ha khng th phc hi in p v ti k sinh.
Mt dng ti cao lm gim in p pin, v vy in p ngng kt thc x nn c
t thp hn cho ph hp. Tr khng ni ca cell, h thng dy in, mch bo v, v cc tip
xc tt c cng dn vo tr khng ni tng th. in p ct cng nn c h xung khi x
nhit rt lnh b cho tr khng ni cao hn bnh thng. Bng 5.1 cho thy kt thc x
in hnh ca cc loi pin ho hc khc nhau.
in p kt thc x thp hn trn ti cao b cho tn hao gy ra bi cc tr khng bn
trong pin.
Mt s my phn tch pin p dng x th cp, rt in p ca pin nickel xung 0,5
V/cell v thp hn, im ct bn di ch nh ca nh sn xut. Cc my phn tch ny
(Cadex) gi ti x thp gi dng mc cho php trong khi in p nm di mc x.
5.1.5. nh hng ca cc c tnh x ti dung lng pin

5.1.5.1. Nhit c trng
Hiu sut ca pin c th thay i ng k theo nhit . nhit cc thp, trong
cc loi pin vi dung dch nc in gii, cht in phn c th t ng bng, t thit lp
gii hn di v nhit hot ng. nhit thp, cc dng pin lithium b m lithium,
lm gim vnh vin dung lng pin. nhit cao, cc ha cht hot ng c th ph hy
pin. khong gia nhng gii hn ny, hiu sut ca pin ni chung c ci thin theo nhit
.
115
Hnh 5.2: Hiu sut ca pin Lithium ion theo nhit
Hnh 5.2 cho thy cch hot ng ca pin lithium ion b suy gim khi nhit hot
ng gim. C l quan trng hn l, i vi c nhit cao v thp, nhit hot ng so vi
nhit phng cng cao thi gian sc ca pin cng gim.
5.1.5.2. c im t x in
Tc t x l mt i lng o kh nng pin t mt i nng lng ca n nhanh nh
th no trong khi khng kt ni vi mch in do cc phn ng ha hc khng mong mun
trong pin. Tc ny ph thuc vo cu to ha hc ca pin v nhit .
Cu to ho hc ca pin.
Di y l thy tui th in hnh cho mt s loi pin s cp:
Cacbon km: 2 n 3 nm
Pin kim Alkaline: 5 nm
Lithium: 10 nm hoc lu hn
Tc t x thng thng cho mt s loi pin sc li nh sau:
Axit ch: 4% - 6% /thng
Nickel cadmium (NiCd): 15%-20% / thng
Kim loi Nickel hydride: 30%/thng
Lithium: 2%-3%/thng
116
Hnh 5.3: Tc t x ca pin Lithium
nh hng ca nhit
Tc ca cc phn ng ha hc khng mong mun gy ra dng r ni gia cc in
cc dng v m ca pin, ging nh tt c cc phn ng ha hc, tng theo nhit , do
tng tc t x ca pin. Hnh 5.3 cho thy tc t x in hnh cho mt pin lithium ion.
Tr khng ni
Tr khng ni ca pin xc nh kh nng cp dng. Tr khng ni thp s cho dng
cao.
Mch tng ng
S trong hnh 5.4 th hin cc mch tng ng cho mt pin in, trong :
Hnh 5.4: Mch tng ng ca pin
117
Rm l tr khng ca ng kim loi trong pin, bao gm c cc on u cui,

in cc, v mi lin kt.
Ra l tr khng ca ng in ho, bao gm cc in cc v cc phn cch.
Cb l in dung ca cc tm song song to thnh cc in cc ca pin.
Ri l in tr tip xc phi tuyn gia cc tm hoc in cc vi cht in phn.
Tr khng ni b thng thng c gi tr trong khong milliohm.
5.1.5.3. nh hng ca tr khng ni
Khi dng in chy qua pin gy ra st p IR trn in tr ni ca pin, lm gim in
p u cui ca pin trong thi gian x v lm tng in p cn thit sc t bo, do lm
gim dung lng hiu dng ca n cng nh lm gim hiu sut sc/x ca n. Tc x cao
hn lm tng st p ni; iu ny gii thch cc ng in p x thp hn tc x cao.
(Xem Phn 5.1.5.4.)
Tr khng ni chu nh hng bi cc c tnh vt l ca cht in phn; kch thc
ht ca vt liu in phn cng nh, tr khng cng thp. Kch thc ht c kim sot bi
cc nh sn xut pin trong qu trnh sn xut.
Vic thit k cc in cc xon c c s dng ti a ha din tch b mt v do
lm gim tr khng ni. iu ny lm gim sn sinh nhit v cho php tc sc v x
nhanh hn. Tr khng ni ca pin m ph thuc nhit , n gim khi nhit tng do s gia
tng tnh di ng in t. th di y l mt v d in hnh.
118
Hnh 5.5: Tr khng ni vi nhit khc nhau.
V vy, pin c th c hiu sut km nhit thp nhng hiu sut c ci thin
nhit cao hn do tr khng ni thp hn cng nh tc ca phn ng ha hc tng. Tuy
nhin, tr khng ni thp hn li khin tc t x tng. Ngoi ra, chu k sc gim nhit
cao. Mt s hnh thc lm nng v lm mt c th cn thit duy tr pin trong mt phm vi
nhit gii hn t c hiu sut ti u trong cc ng dng nng lng cao.
Tr khng ni ca hu ht cc pin ha hc cng c xu hng tng ng k vo cui
chu k x do cc ha cht hot ng c chuyn i thnh trng thi x v coi nh c
s dng ht. y l nguyn nhn chnh cho s st gim nhanh chng in p pin vo cui chu
k x. Ngoi ra, hiu ng nhit Joule vi tn hao I2R trong tr khng ni s lm nhit ca
pin tng ln.
S st gim in p v tn hao nhit 2 c th khng quan trng i vi mt pin
1000 mAh cung cp nng lng cho in thoi di ng, nhng i vi mt pin 100, 200 Ah
pin cho t, chng tr nn ng k. Tr khng ni in hnh cho mt pin lithium 1000 mA
cho in thoi di ng l khong 100 n 200 m v khong 1 m cho mt pin lithium
200Ah c s dng trong pin t. Hot ng ti tc x (C-rates), st p cho mi cell s
vo khong 0,2V trong c hai trng hp (hi t hn i vi in thoi di ng). Cc tn hao
nhit I2R trong in thoi di ng s l t 0,1 n 0,2 W. Tuy nhin, trong pin t, s st p
trn ton b pin s l 20 V v tn hao I2R tiu tn di dng nhit trong pin s l 40 W mi
cell hoc 4 kW cho c pin. Tn hao ny cng dn cng vi nhit sinh ra bi cc phn ng
in ha trong cc t bo.
Khi pin c i, tr khng ca cht in phn c xu hng tng. Lo ha cng lm cho
b mt ca cc in cc xu i; in tr tip xc tng ln, ng thi, khu vc hiu dng ca
cc tm m gim dn, t lm gim in dung ca n. Tt c nhng nh hng lm tng tr
khng ni ca pin, gy nh hng xu n hiu nng ca n. Vic so snh tr khng thc t
ca mt cell vi tr khng ca n lc ban u c th c s dng nh l mt phng thc
ch ra tui ca mt cell hoc dung lng hiu dng ca n. Php do nh vy l thun tin
hn nhiu so vi vic x pin o v c th c thc hin m khng lm nh hng cc pin
c kim tra.
Tr khng ni cnng nh hng n dung lng hiu dng ca pin. Tr khng cng
cao cao hn l Tn hao trong lc np v x cng cao, c bit l ti dng cao hn. iu ny
c ngha l, vi tc x cao, dung lng sn c ca pin s thp hn. Ngc li, nu n c
x trong khong thi gian ko di, dung lng tnh theo ampe gi s cao hn. iu ny rt
quan trng bi v mt s nh sn xut xc nh cng sut ca pin ti tc x rt thp, do
a ra gi tr tt hn rt nhiu so vi thc t.
119
5.1.5.4. Tc x
Cc ng biu th tc x cho mt pin lithium ion trong th di y cho thy
dung lng hiu dng ca cc t bo b gim nu cc t bo c x tc rt cao (hoc
ngc li, tng ln vi x thp). iu ny c gi b dung lng v n l ph bin i vi
hu ht cc pin in ho.
Hnh 5.6: ng biu th tc x ca pin Lithium
5.1.5.5. Ti Pin
Hiu sut x ca pin ty thuc vo ti m pin phi cp in. Nu qu trnh x din ra
trong mt thi gian di vi gi, nh vi mt s ng dng tc cao nh xe in, dung lng
hiu dng ca pin c th ln gp i cng sut quy nh ti tc x C-rate. iu ny l quan
trng nht khi nh c mt loi pin t tin s dng cho ng dng cn mc nng lng
cao. Dung lng pin ca cc thit b in t mc nng lng thp thng c ch nh cho
x C-rate, trong khi hip hi k s t - SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) s dng
khong thi gian 20 gi (0,05 C) l iu kin tiu chun nh gi cng sut Ah ca pin t.
Biu di y cho thy dung lng hiu dng ca mt pin axt ch x su gn nh tng gp
i khi tc x gim t 1,0 n 0,05 C. i vi thi gian x t hn 1 gi (C-rate cao) kh
nng hiu qu gim xung mt cch ng k. Hiu sut sc cng b nh hng tng t nh
tc x.
120
Hnh 5.7: Dung lng pin vi nhng khong thi gian x khc nhau.
C hai kt lun c rt ra t biu ny:

Cn cn trng khi so snh cc thng s k thut dung lng pin m bo
tc x tng ng.
Trong ng dng cho t, nu s dng dng cao mt cch thng xuyn
tng tc nhanh hoc leo ni, phm vi hot ng ca chic xe s b gim.
5.1.6. M hnh ha pin

Cc nh nghin cu trn th gii pht trin mt lot cc m hnh vi mc phc
tp khc nhau. H nghin cu hnh vi ca pin cho cc mc ch c th, t thit k pin, c
lng hiu sut cho n m phng mch. M hnh in [3-6], ch yu c s dng ti u
ha cc kha cnh thit k vt l ca pin, m t cc c ch c bn ca vic sn sinh in v
cc thng s lin quan gia thit k pin vi cc thng tin tm v m (v d, pin in p v
dng) v tm vi m (v d, phn phi in tch). Tuy nhin, cng vic ny rt phc tp v tn
thi gian v chng lin quan n mt h thng khng gian phng trnh vi phn mt phn thi
gian bin th kt hp [3]-mt gii php i hi thi gian m phng c vi ngy, cc thut ton
s phc tp, v thng tin pin c th m rt kh c c bi tnh cht cht c quyn ca
cng ngh.
Vic m hnh ho pin c th c chia thnh hai lnh vc:
c lng hiu sut pin
121
Thit k pin.
5.1.6.1. c lng hiu sut pin.
Vi mt pin c hon thin cho trc, vn l lm th no c lng hiu
sut ca pin theo iu kin c th m ngi dng quan tm. Vn ny thng c gii
quyt bng cch kim tra pin theo cc iu kin c th v s dng mt m hnh i din cho
kt qu th nghim. Cc phng php tip cn biu din cc kt qu th nghim c th t
m hnh thng k n gin n cc mng nron cho n cc m hnh vt l phc tp. Vic
thit lp m hnh cn c vo d liu th nghim s tr thnh m h khi th nghim tr nn
khng thc t (chng hn nh mt th nghim tui th pin t 10 n 20 nm). c tnh hiu
sut pin theo thi gian thc, mt vn quan trng trong cc ng dng t, ri vo khu vc
ny.
5.1.6.2. Thit k Pin
Vn y l c tnh tc ng ca vic thit k pin ti hiu sut ca n. y l
mt vn kh khn v ch c th c gii quyt mt phn v s phc tp ca cc h thng
pin. Vic khng th m t c tnh ca cc c ch lin quan n tnh cht ho hc ca pin hn
ch vic p dng cc m hnh thit k pin. Thay vo , thit k pin ph thuc nhiu vo
cch tip cn th nghim theo kiu th v kim tra thy ng ch khng phi l trn cc
nguyn tc k thut. Phng php ch to v th nghim c tnh thc t bi v cc pin dng
kim tra thng khng tn nhiu chi ph ch to v cc php kim tra quan trng (key test)
thng c th c thc hin nhanh chng. Ni tm li, vic pht trin mt thit k pin bng
cch th nghim v pht hin li thc s tn t thi gian hn so vi vic xc nh cch thc v
c ch hot ng ca pin v s dng nhng hiu bit cho thit k. Tuy nhin, cc kha
cnh ca trong hot ng ca pin vn c nghin cu cng m hnh, chng hn nh
nhit v phn phi dng, c c s ti u ha ng k. Tin b ny ch ra rng s hiu
bit v pin c nhiu tin b v nhiu kha cnh trong hot ng pin tun theo m hnh
nghin cu, t chng ta c th mong i mt s tng tc ng k trong pht trin cc thit
k pin.
Lnh vc c lng hiu sut pin c quan tm nhiu hn so vi lnh vc thit k
pin. c lng hiu sut pin c th c thc hin bng cc nhiu loi cng nhn vi trnh
khc nhau, trong khi lnh vc thit k pin c gii hn ch yu cho cc nh thit k v pht
trin pin. Cc nh thit k pin coi thng tin thit k mang tnh c quyn cao v khng mun
tit l thng tin ti nhng ngi thit k m hnh, ngi, vn c xu hng c coi l cc
hc gi. Gn y, trn th trng xut hin cc phn mm thit k pin ca bn th ba cung cp
mt s thit k tiu chun c th c nghin cu mt cch cng khai v do thc y s
pht trin ca ngnh khoa hc v thit k pin.
Tuy nhin, nhng tin b trong lnh vc thit k pin c hng li nhiu nht t
s ra i ca pin lithium ion. Pin Lithium ion hoc rocking-chair l loi pin mi nht v c
c tnh ha hc gn nh c hiu r. C hai in cc dng v m phc v n gin nh
122
vt ch cho ion lithium vn chuyn thng qua mt cht in phn nh phn. H thng ny c
th d dng m hnh ha. V d, mt nghin cu gn y [7] bi mt nh pht trin pin cho
thy mt m hnh vt l c th cung cp mt c lng kh chnh xc hot ng ca pin. S
hiu bit i vi pin lithium ion khuyn khch cc nh thit kt m hnh pht trin thnh
cng cc phng php cho hiu sut thit k sc/x v dung sai ti hn (Hnh 5.5).
Hnh 5.8: So snh th m phng v thc nghim ng in p x cho pin Li-ion
5.1.7. H Thng pin thng minh

Mt h thng pin thng minh (SBS) l mt c im k thut xc nh kh nng o
dung lng pin chnh xc. N cho php h thng iu hnh thc hin cc hot ng qun l
nng lng da trn c lng thi gian cn li. Cc thng s k thut cho cc h thng pin
thng minh c pht trin bi Duracell v Intel vo nm 1994 v sau trin khai bi mt
s cng ty sn xut cht bn dn v pin. Thng s k thut pin thng minh hay h thng tiu
chun c theo di v pht trin bi cc din n SBS, m mc tiu chnh l to ra mt tiu
chun m cho php h thng nhn thc c trng thi pin cung cp nng lng, nng cao
hiu qu pin, vv
Trong mt h thng pin thng minh, truyn thng c thc hin trn mt h thng
bus qun l (SMBus) bus truyn thng hai dy. Thng qua giao tip ny, h thng cng kim
sot dung lng m pin phi c sc. SBS quy nh cc thnh phn sau:
123
1. Bus qun l h thng (SMBus). Bus qun l h thng l thit lp c th bus I2C m
t giao thc d liu, a ch, v cc yu cu thit k truyn lnh v cc thng tin vt l gia
pin thng minh, my ch SMBus, b sc pin thng minh, v cc thit b thng minh khc.
2. D liu pin. B d liu Pin thng minh l mt phng php theo di mt b pin
sc. Mt mch tch hp c bit (IC) trong gi pin theo di v bo co thng tin cho SMBus.
Thng tin ny c th bao gm loi, s m hnh, nh sn xut, c im, tc x, d bo
dung lng cn li, bo ng sp ht h thng c th tt mt cch mt m, nhit v
in p cung cp sc nhanh an ton.
3 B sc pin thng minh. B sc pin ny thng xuyn giao tip vi pin thng minh v
lm thay i c tnh sc pin ca n theo p ng vi cc thng tin c cung cp bi pin
thng minh.
4. H thng chn pin thng minh. Thit b ny iu phi gia hai hoc nhiu pin thng
minh. N iu khin cng sut v ng dn SMBus gia cc my ch SMBus, b sc pin
thng minh, v pin thng minh.
5. H thng qun l pin thng minh. Cc h thng qun l pin thng minh l mt c
t k thut m t cc yu cu v giao din cho mt thnh phn hoc h thng cc thnh phn
qun l mt nhm pin thng minh trong mt h thng.
Hnh 7.6 biu din s khi ca mt h thng pin thng minh. Pin thng minh A
hoc/v B cung cp nng lng cho h thng. B sc pin thng minh v SMBus hot ng
nh mt chc nng c b sung vo b iu khin nhng. Cc khi cu hnh ng nng
lng c s dng bi SBSM chn no pin c s dng cp nng lng cho h
thng (v d, chn pin thng minh A hoc pin thng minh B hoc kt hp c hai). Ngi
thit k h thng la chn cc thut ton c s dng, cha trong SBSM. Nu tn ti dng
xoay chiu (AC), SBSM c th chn sc hoc pin A hoc B hoc c hai. Mt ln na, cc
thut ton s dng c cha hon ton trong SBSM. Tn hiu kt hp an ton m bo
ng tn hiu thay th ca b sc pin thng minh lun c duy tr.
124
Hnh 5.9: H thng pin thng minh
Cc b nh tuyn SMBus m bo rng h iu hnh c th giao tip vi tng pin

n l cng nh c t hp pin c x cng mt lc. Cc phng thc khc c th c p
dng, chng hn nh mt giao din ring gia mch in (EC) v h iu hnh cho php mt
trnh iu khin ty chnh tnh ton d liu t hp pin. Cc b nh tuyn SMBus cng m
bo rng h iu hnh nhn c tt c cc bo ng t pin khi ang sc cng nh ang x.
5.2. Giao thc nh tuyn tit kim nng lng
5.2.1. Gii thiu chung

Mt mng li l mt tp hp cc nt lin kt vi nhau. N c th c lin kt bng
ng dy tn hiu, khng dy, hoc kt hp dy v khng dy. Mt mng ad hoc khng dy
khng c c s h tng c nh. Cc mng di ng v cc thit b khng dy ngy cng ph
bin bi v chng cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng truy cp thng tin v lin lc bt c lc
no v bt c ni u. V mi nt c th lm vic nh mt my ch cng nh mt b nh
tuyn, v th khng cn mt b nh tuyn ring bit. Cc mng ad hoc di ng c cu trc
lin kt linh ng, mt tnh nng gip n thay i nhanh chng v bt ng.
Nng lng l mt yu t hn ch trong trng hp ca mng ad hoc. Do vy nh
tuyn trong cc mng ny c mt s c im c o:
125
1. Nng lng ca cc nt l rt quan trng v ph thuc vo pin, th ch c th

cung cp mt ngun nng lng hn ch.
2. Nt c th di chuyn mt cch khng kim sot c, do vy vic nh tuyn
khng thnh cng c th l thng xuyn.
3. Knh truyn khng dy c bng thng thp hn v thay i nhiu hn so vi
mng c dy.
Thit k tit kim nng lng l yu t rt quan trng trong mng ad hoc di ng
(MANET). Cc mng MANET tiu th nhiu nng lng hn; do chng khng c c s h
tng c nh, cc nt cn thc hin cc hot ng chuyn tip cc gi tin ng thi cng vi
vic nh tuyn. V vy, lu lng ti trong MANETs nng hn trong cc mng khng dy
khc vi cc im truy cp c nh hoc cc trm c s. V l do ny, MANETs c mc tiu
th nng lng nhiu hn. chng s dng tit kim nng lng hn, phi c s nh i
gia cc tiu chun hiu sut mng. to ra mt Manet s dng nng lng hiu qu hn,
cc giao thc khc nhau c a ra, mt trong s l giao thc kim sot truy cp
ng truyn tit kim nng lng (EE-MAC). tng chnh ng sau thit k giao thc ny
l hu ht cc mng ad hoc ch yu l hng d liu. Mc tiu ca giao thc EE-MAC l
gim mc tiu th nng lng m khng nh hng n hiu sut mng ca n. EE-MAC da
trn chun (IEEE) 802.11 dnh cho truyn thng khng dy.
5.2.2. Giao thc xut kim sot truy cp ng truyn tit kim nng lng
Giao thc ny chn ra cc nt ch (master) lun trng thi hot ng v hot ng
nh mt mng backbone (xng sng) truyn d liu. Cc nt khc (slave) t ch
ng tit kim nng lng v thc dy nh k giao tip vi cc nt ch. cn bng
tiu th nng lng, mt c ch xoay vng ca cc master v slave c s dng. EE-MAC
s dng mt s tnh nng ca ch phc v nng lng (PSM).
5.2.2.1. Tiu ch thit k.
Giao thc EE-MAC c thit k sao cho n c cc nt master xy dng
backbone ca mng. Mi nt c t nht mt master gn . Cc master, mt cch tng th,
c gi l b kt ni ch o (CDS). Cc nt trong mt mng c th thuc CDS hoc khng.
Cc nt thuc cc CDS l master, v nhng nt khc l slave. Slave c t do ri vo trng
thi ng bt c khi no chng mun, khi khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn.
Ty thuc vo cc thng tin a phng m thut ton cc nt ch c chn. m
bo vic ny c phn phi mt cch cng bng gia master v slave, vic lun chuyn c
thc hin theo mt thut ton nh trccs. iu ny l rt cn thit bi v nu vic lun
chuyn master v slave khng c thc hin, mt nt s c s dng qu nhiu v iu ny
c th nh hng n tui th mng ca mng ad hoc. Nu cc nt c s dng nh master
v slave mt cch lun phin, chng ta c th c s cn bng trong tiu th nng lng.
126
5.2.2.2. Tnh nng ca EE-MAC.

EE-MAC c mt s tnh nng quan trng sau:
1. Vo ch ng sm hn. Mt nhc im chnh trong PSM gy ra tiu th
nng lng ln. Gi s mt nt c mt s gi d liu gi. u tin n s gi
mt khung ATIM n ch; phn ng li iu ny, c ngun (transmitter) v
ch (ngi nhn) s c nh thc trong khong thi gian truyn tin, khng
cn bit bao nhiu gi cn phi c truyn i. Cc nt s trng thi thc mt
cch khng cn thit, ngay c khi ch c mt gi tin cn truyn. Nhc im
ny c khc phc trong EE-MAC, khi m thng tin v s lng gi tin cn
li c gi n ch. iu ny cho php im ch bit khi no n nhn
c tt c cc gi c pht. Khi ngun v ch gi hoc nhn c tt c
cc gi tin, chng c th vo ch ng cho n khi bt u ca khong thi
gian truyn tin tip theo.
2. u tin x l gi tin gi n slave. Khi mt nt c mt s lng nht nh cc
gi d liu gi, u tin n s gi cc gi tin cho cc nt slave. Sau khi
truyn cc gi tin n cc nt slave, cc gi tin cho master mi c truyn i.
Tm li, cc nt slave c u tin cao hn cc nt master v iu ny s gip
cc nt slave ch ng trong mt thi gian di hn.
3. Ko di thi gian ng cho slave. Giao thc EE-MAC c thit k sao cho
hu ht cc gi tin c chuyn tip bi master, sau mi n slave. tn
dng li th ny, mi slave s dng thng tin lch s quyt nh thi gian
ng ca mnh. Gi s rng thng tin lch s c hai khong thi gian truyn tin
lin tip v khng c gi tin c chuyn qua slave; cc slave ny s quyt
nh ng trong khong thi gian ny.
4. B sung iu khin lp MAC. Cc nt trong mt mng ad hoc c th di chuyn
mt cch ngu nhin do vy topo c la chn s ph thuc vo cc tuyn
ng gn nht c th n ch. V vy, thch ng nhanh vi nhng thay i
cu trc lin kt mng, cc nt thng bo cho cc nt lng ging tnh trng ca
chng (v d, chng ang lm master hay slave) bng cch s dng bit qun l
nng lng trong tiu MAC. Bi v cc tiu lp MAC bao gm c thng
tin yu cu gi v sn sng gi cc gi d liu, c th c nghe thy ti bt
c ni no trong mng, thng tin ny s gip cc nt ln cn bit tnh trng ca
nhau.
5.2.2.3. Hiu sut
Hiu sut mng ca mt mng ad hoc c nh gi bng s liu sau y:
1. T l phn phi gi d liu. T l s lng cc gi d liu c to ra ti
ngun vi s lng cc gi nhn c ti ch c gi l t l phn phi gi
127
d liu. i lng ny biu th thng lng ca mng. N rt hu ch cho vic

o lng cc st gim trong thng lng mng.
2. Tr u cui End-to-end. i lng ny lin quan n tr tch ly trong h
thng nh l tng ca tt c tr gy ra bi b m, hng i, v vic pht li
cc gi d liu, cng vi tr truyn d liu v tr chuyn giao.
3. Hiu sut nng lng. Hiu sut nng lng c nh ngha nh sau
Tng s bit c truyn

Hiu sut nng lng = ( 5.1)
Tng mc nng lng tiu tn
Trong tng s bit c truyn c tnh bng cch ch s dng cc gi d liu tng
ng dng, v tng mc nng lng tiu th l tng nng lng tiu th ca mi nt trong thi
gian m phng. n v tiu th nng lng l bit trn jun. Nh vy s bit cho mi jun cng
ln hiu sut nng lng t c cng cao.
5.3. Truyn ch qun l cng sut

nh ngha kt ni da trn cng sut l mt khi nim mi trong mng ad hoc khng
dy. Mc ch ca n l ci thin thng lng mng u cui (end-to-end) v in nng
tiu th trung bnh. iu ny l do khi cng sut cao hn v phm vi kt ni tng ln, mi nt
s kt ni c vi gn nh tt c cc nt khc trong mt bc mng (chng). Tuy nhin, do
cng sut cao hn lm tng mc nhiu giao thao, nhiu xung t mng s xy ra hn, v do
s c nhiu phin truyn pht hn. Bng cch gim mc cng sut truyn ti mi nt sao
cho cc nt c th kt ni trc tip n ch mt nhm nh ca mng, cc khu vc giao thoa
c gim ng k.
Nhiu thut ton nh tuyn khc nhau c xut cho mng ad hoc khng dy.
Cc thut ton ny ch yu tp trung vo vic thit lp nh tuyn v duy tr cc ng ny
trong iu kin kt ni thay i thng xuyn v khng th on trc. Trong hu ht cc
cng trnh nghin cu cng sut pht ca nt l c nh. Thut ton nh tuyn s dng cng
sut pht thay i c gii hn trong cc m hnh mng ad hoc c tnh di ng tng i
thp. Nu cc nt c di ng cao, cc thut ton qun l cng sut c th khng bt kp c
vi nhng thay i nhanh chng v bt ng do fading v nhiu giao thoa. phn ny s
xut mt ch qun l cng sut c th c s dng kt hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn
bng iu khin truyn thng, vi nhng thay i nh nu cn thit. Cc i lng nh gi
hiu sut l thng lng mng u cui v in nng tiu th trung bnh.
5.3.1. Qun l cng sut ca mng Ad Hoc

Mng ad hoc thc hin truyn thng khng dy, n c li th l cho php thc hin kt
ni khng b rng buc. Tuy nhin iu ny cng hm s ph thuc vo ngun nng lng
di ng nh pin. Do cng ngh pin vn cha t c nhng bc tin ln, n tip tc l mt
128
yu t hn ch, do qun l tiu th nng lng trong cc mng khng dy vn cn l mt

vn quan trng.
Nhiu k thut khc nhau, c v phn cng v phn mm, c xut gim
mc tiu th nng lng. Qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc l mt vn kh khn v
hai l do:
1. Trong cc mng ad hoc, mt nt c th ng thi l ngun d liu v l mt b
nh tuyn chuyn tip d liu cho cc nt khc v tham gia vo cc giao thc
nh tuyn v kim sot cp cao. Ngoi ra, vai tr ca mt nt c th c
th thay i theo thi gian.
2. Khng c thc th tp trung nh mt im truy cp kim sot v duy tr ch
qun l cng sut ca mi nt trong mng, m d liu, v nh thc cc
nt ang ng. Do , qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc phi c thc
hin mt cch phn phi v hp tc.
Qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc tri u trn tt c cc lp ca phn lp giao
thc truyn thng. Mi lp c quyn truy cp vo cc loi thng tin khc nhau v thng tin
lin lc trong mng v do s dng cc c ch khc nhau qun l nng lng. Lp MAC
qun l nng lng s dng thng tin a phng, trong khi lp mng c th s dng mt
cch tip cn tng th hn da trn cu trc lin kt hoc c im lu lng. Trong phn ny
chng ta xem xt cch tip cn qun l tit kim nng lng bng cch tt sng v tuyn ca
cc nt trong mng. C ch bo tn nng lng khc nh kim sot cu trc lin kt v cc
giao thc iu khin cng sut lp MAC c coi l trc giao v c th s dng t c
li ch kt hp.
Tng t nh giao thc nh tuyn ad hoc, ch qun l cng sut c th theo
phng thc ch ng hoc b ng. Gii hn ca phng thc ch ng c th c nh
ngha l lun lun bt (tc l tt c cc nt hot ng ti tt c cc thi im) v gii hn ca
phng thc b ng c th c nh ngha l lun tt (v d, tt c cc nt mc nh trng
thi tit kim nng lng) (xem Hnh 5.7). Do tnh cht linh ng ca mng ad hoc, cn phi
c mt s cn bng gia tnh ch ng, thng cung cp hiu qu truyn thng tt hn, v
tnh b ng, thng cung cp kh nng tit kim nng lng tt hn. Cc k thut khc
gim tiu th nng lng c th hin trong Bng 5.2.
129
Phn ng Ch ng
Duy tr nng lng
Lun tt CDS Lun bt
Theo nhu cu
Hnh 5.10: Khng gian thit k ca cc ch qun l nng lng
Bng 5.2: Cc k thut gim tiu hao nng lng
LP GIAO THC K THUT TIT KIM NNG LNG
Trnh truyn li khng cn thit. Trnh xung t trong truy cp knh

bt c khi no c th. t "nhn" trong ch ch bt c khi no c
Lp lin kt d liu
th. S dng hoc phn b khe tip gip cho truyn v nhn bt c khi
no c th. Tt sng v tuyn (ng) khi khng thu hoc pht.
Xem xt l trnh chuyn tip ti. Xem xt tui th pin trong vic la
chn nh tuyn. Gim tn sut gi bn tin iu khin. Ti u ha
Lp mng kch thc ca tiu iu khin. C k thut ti cu trc nh tuyn
hiu qu.
Trnh truyn li lp i lp li. X l cc gi tin b mt mt cch cc

Lp vn chuyn
b. S dng chng trnh kim sot li tit kim nng lng
p dng mt khung qun l cht lng dch v di ng (QoS) thch

ng. Di cc tnh ton tn nng lng t mt my in thoi di ng
n trm gc. S dng proxy cho cc in thoi di ng ch khch.
Proxy c th c thit k lm cho cc ng dng thch ng vi cc
Lp ng dng
hn ch v cng sut hoc bng thng . Proxy c th m mt cch
thng minh cc thng tin thng xuyn c s dng, ngn chn
truyn ti video v cho php m thanh, v s dng nhiu phng php
khc nhau tit kim in
130
5.3.2. Giao thc nh tuyn tnh ton cn bng chi ph nng lng PCCB
Trong cc mng ad hoc, thit k mt giao thc nh tuyn tit kim nng lng l rt
quan trng do cc nt b hn ch cng sut. Cc giao thc nh tuyn PCCB (tnh ton cn
bng chi ph nng lng) c xut. tng c bn ca PCCB l s dng cc c ch
"multicast a phng" v ranh gii nng lng la chn cc tuyn ng. M phng cho
thy cc giao thc nh tuyn PCCB c th ti u ha vic s dng nng lng v ci thin t
l truyn. Mt mng li PCCB c hiu sut tt hn so vi mt mng li AODV. Giao thc
nh tuyn PCCB l kh thi cho c im hn ch cng sut ca mng ad hoc di ng.
5.3.2.1. Qu trnh nh tuyn ca Giao thc nh tuyn PCCB
Gi nh
Cc gi nh sau y c thit lp n gin ha m hnh: (1) Mt nt c th nhn
c gi tr ca nng lng hin ti ca n, v (2) cc lin kt l hai chiu.
Pht hin ng
PCCB l giao thc nh tuyn ngun khi xng theo yu cu. Kt qu l, cc nt m
khng phi l trn con ng c chn khng duy tr thng tin nh tuyn hoc tham gia
trao i bng nh tuyn. Giao thc nh tuyn PCCB s dng cc trng sau trong bng nh
tuyn:
1. a ch nt n
2. S th t ca nt n (m bo lp t do ca tt c cc ng v pha nt )
3. Bo hiu hp thc s th t nt n
4. Bin cng sut (nng lng ti thiu ca tt c cc nt trong tuyn)
5. S Chng (s lng chng cn thit ti c im n)
6. Chng tip theo
7. Tui th (Thi gian kt thc hoc xa ca tuyn ng)
Vic pht hin tuyn ng ca PCCB nh sau:
1. Nu khng c ng dn hp l trc tip gia ngun v ch, nt ngun khi to
mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn ng xc nh v tr cc nt khc. Nt ngun
qung b mt yu cu nh tuyn (RREQ) n nt lng ging. RREQ bao gm
cc thng tin nh a ch IP ca nt ch, s th t nt ch, bin cng sut, s
chng, tui th, vv Nu khng bit s th t, c bo khng bit s th t phi
c thit lp. Bin cng sut bng nng lng ca ngun; n s chuyn tip cc
gi tin nu n ph hp vi mt s iu kin.
2. Khi mt nt nhn c RREQ t cc nt ln cn, u tin n tng gi tr m
chng trong RREQ mt n v, tnh cho chng mi thng qua cc nt trung
gian nu gi tin khng nn b loi b. S th t khi to cha trong RREQ phi
c so snh vi s th t tng ng ca ch trong bng nh tuyn. Nu s
th t khi to ca RREQ khng thp hn gi tr hin ti, nt so snh bin cng
131
sut trong RREQ vi nng lng hin ti ca mnh c c ti thiu, v sau

n cp nht bin cng sut ca RREQ vi ti thiu, l bin cng sut mi
nht ca nh tuyn ny.
3. Khi RREQ n nt ch hoc mt nt trung gian trong l trnh n ch, ch
hoc nt trung gian to ra mt gi tr li nh tuyn (RREP) v unicast li cho
nt ln cn m t n nhn c RREQ. Nu nt to l mt nt trung gian, n
c mt nh tuyn hot ng n ch, s th t ch hin ti trong bng nh
tuyn ca nt cho im n khng nh hn so vi s th t ch ca RREQ, v
c "duy nht ch" khng c thit lp. Nu nt to chnh l im n, n phi
cp nht s th t ring ca mnh n mc ti a ca s th t hin ti ca n v
s th t ch trong gi tin RREQ ngay trc khi n khi to mt RREP p
ng cho RREQ. Nt ch t s th t ca n (c l mi c tng ln) vo
trng s th t im n ca RREP v nhp vo gi tr khng trong trng
chng count ca RREP. Khi to ra mt thng ip RREP, mt nt qut a ch IP
ca im n, s th t khi to, v bin cng sut t bn tin RREQ vo cc
trng tng ng trong bn tin RREP.
4. Khi mt nt nhn c RREP t cc nt ln cn, u tin n tng gi tr chng
count trong RREP ln mt n v. Khi RREP c chuyn ngc li theo ng
ngc li, trng chng count c tng thm mt mi chng. Do , khi
RREP n ngun gc, s lng chng i din cho khong cch ca nt ch t
nt ngun, tnh bng bc nhy. S th t khi to cha trong RREP phi c
so snh vi s th t dch tng ng trong bng nh tuyn. Nu s th t khi
to ca RREP khng thp hn gi tr hin ti, nt so snh bin cng sut cha
trong RREP vi nng lng hin ti ca mnh c c ti thiu, v sau n
cp nht bin cng sut ca RREP vi ti thiu, l bin cng sut mi nht ca
nh tuyn ny.
Lu 1: Nu s th t trong bng nh tuyn c nh du l khng hp l hoc s
th t ch trong RREP ln hn bn sao ca nt ca s th t ch, cc nt trung gian to ra
mt mc mi vi s th t ch n ca RREP v nh du s th t ch l hp l. Bin
cng sut trong bng nh tuyn c thit lp bng ranh bin cng sut cha trong RREP.
Lu 2: Nu s th t khi cha trong RREP bng vi s th t ch hin c trong
bng nh tuyn ca nt, bin cng sut ca RREP phi c so snh vi bin cng sut
tng ng trong bng nh tuyn. Nu bin cng sut cha trong RREP ln hn bn sao ca
nt, bin cng sut c thit lp vi gi tr ca bin cng sut trong RREP. Bc k tip
trong tuyn c gn cho nt m t cc RREP c nhn, c ch nh bi cc trng
a ch IP ca ngun trong tiu IP. Cc nt hin ti theo c th s dng nh tuyn ny
chuyn tip cc gi d liu n ch.
Bo tr nh tuyn
132
Theo giao thc nh tuyn adhoc vector khong cch theo yu cu (AODV), mt nt
s dng bn tin HELLO, l mt bn tin qung b a phng nh k bi mt nt thng
bo cho mi nt di ng trong ln cn ca mnh duy tr kt ni a phng. Nu mt nt
khng nhn c thng bo Hello trong mt khong thi gian xc nh thi gian, c gi l
khong thi gian mt Hello (Hello-loss) (c tnh bng mili giy), nt s gi nh rng lin
kt n nt ln cn ny hin ang b mt. Khi kch bn ny xy ra, cc nt s gi mt thng
bo li nh tuyn (RERR) cho tt c cc nt trc rng lin kt tht bi. Sau , khi to
mt qu trnh tm ng tm mt ng mi n ch hoc bt u vic sa cha cc b.
5.3.3. Phn tch giao thc nh tuyn PCCB

Do cc nt khng nm trn tuyn ng c la chn s khng lu tr thng tin nh
tuyn hoc tham gia trao i bng nh tuyn, giao thc nh tuyn PCCB l giao thc nh
tuyn thun tu theo yu cu (on-demand). PCCB cho php cc nt di ng c nh tuyn
mt cch nhanh chng cho cc im n mi v phn ng vi cc cc lin kt b t v nhng
thay i trong cu trc lin kt mng mt cch kp thi. Khi mt lin kt b t, PCCB thng
bo cho tp cc nt b nh hng chng c th lm mt hiu lc cc tuyn ng s dng
lin kt b t. PCCB s dng bin cng sut nh mt tiu ch la chn. Nu c hai ng
n mt a im, tu theo nt yu cu m tuyn c la chn sao cho n c bin cng sut
ln hn. u tin hng u la chn cc nh tuyn ng PCCB l chn con ng ngn
nht. Sau , mi xem xt n s liu v bin cng sut.
Khi nng lng l gn nh cn kit, h iu hnh (OS) v h thng vo - ra c bn
(BIOS) s c nhng hnh ng chun b cho vic ngt in, cng vic cn nhiu nng
lng hn. u im chnh ca cc nh tuyn theo bin cng sut ti a l n c th lm gim
hot ng thng tin b sung v bo tn nng lng.
5.3.4. Giao thc MAC

Giao thc kim sot truy cp ng truyn (MAC) quyt nh khi no cc nt cnh
tranh c th truy cp vo mi trng c chia s (v d, cc knh pht thanh) v c gng
m bo rng khng c hai nt c can thip vo qu trnh truyn ca nhau. Trong trng
hp c xung t, giao thc MAC c th i ph vi n thng qua mt s thut ton gii quyt
tranh chp. Cc lp giao thc MAC c th hin trong hnh 5.8.
133
Hnh 5.11: Ngn xp cc giao thc mng (Lp MAC)
Hai loi xung t chnh phi i mt l vn thit b u cui l v cc vn thit

b u cui n. Nhng vn ny c m t trong hnh 5.12. Trong vn thit b u cui
n (tri), truyn thng c thit lp, mc d n c th cn tr vic tip nhn gi ca cc trm
ln cn. Trong vn thit b u cui l (bn phi), truyn thng khng c thit lp do
mt lin kt lin tc gia mt cp trm hng xm, mc d lin lc ca chng s khng b gim
st. Cc giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 gii quyt iu ny v cc vn khc v p ng cc
yu cu mt cch ph hp nh cp trc y. Giao thc MAC c bn l tng t nh
giao thc MAC 802.3.
Hnh 5.12: Thit b u cui n (tri) v thit b u cui l (phi)
5.3.5. Tit kim nng lng

Trong IEEE 802.11 c ch tit kim nng lng c c t cho cc mng ad hoc,
mi trm c ng b bi vic truyn khung beacon ti khi u ca mt chu k c gi l
khong thi gian bo hiu (beacon interval). Cc trm trao i thnh cng cc gi iu khin
trong thi gian ca s ATIM bt u truyn d liu ngay lp tc sau khi ca s ATIM ht
hn. Khi ti ca mng tng ln, cc trm tiu tn nng lng bi xung t v cc hot ng
134
truyn li, y l nhng ngun tiu th nng lng quan trng v gy suy thoi s dng knh.
Mt cu trc khong thi gian bo hiu mi loi b ca s ATIM v chia phn cn li ca
khong thi gian bo hiu vo bng cc khe thi gian. Cc chc nng phi hp phn phi
(DCF) vi khng gian lin khung khc nhau v da trn khe thi gian u tin c s dng
cung cp cht lng dch v, tng thi gian trong trng thi ng gt, v gim s lng
xung t.
5.3.6. Chc nng ng b ha thi gian

Chc nng ng b ha thi gian (TSF) c quy nh trong tiu chun IEEE 802.11
cho mng cc b khng dy (WLAN) thc hin ng b ha thi gian gia cc ngi
dng. Mt TSF gip cc b nh thi trong tt c cc trm trong c cng mt tp hp dch v
c bn (BSS) c ng b. Tt c cc trm s duy tr mt b m thi gian TSF a phng.
Mi my ch di ng duy tr mt b m thi gian TSF vi ln 264 v m tng dn theo
micro giy. TSF c da trn mt ng h 1 MHz v cc "tick" trong micro giy. Trn mc
thng mi, cc nh cung cp cng nghip gi nh ng b ha ca TSF trong 802.11
c thc hin trong vng 25 ms.
ng b ha thi gian c thc hin bi cc trm trao i thng tin thi gian mt
cch nh k qua khung bo hiu (beacon). Mi trm trong mt b dch v c bn c lp
(IBSS) cn c mt nh thi nhn nu n mun hn b m thi gian TSF ca trm. Tt c
cc trm trong IBSS p dng mt gi tr ph bin - mt chu k bo hiu - xc nh di ca
khong thi gian hay chu k bo hiu. Gi tr ny, c thnh lp bi trm khi to IBSS, xc
nh mt chui cc nh thi truyn bo hiu mc tiu (TBTTs). Thi im khng (zero)
c nh ngha l mt TBTT.
5.3.7. Chc nng tit kim nng lng

Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 xc nh hai phng php truy cp ng truyn: DCF (chc
nng phn phi phi hp), cho mt giao thc phn phi y , v PCF (chc nng phi hp
im) hoc mt giao thc tp trung. DCF l phng php truy cp c bn ca IEEE 802.11
MAC v cn c thc hin tt c cc trm. Mt khc, PCF l mt phng php truy cp
ty chn, m ch c th s dng trong mt mng li c s h tng. IEEE 802.11 nh ngha
hai c ch tit kim nng lng ty thuc vo cu hnh ca mng : mng li c s h tng
(BSS) v mng ad hoc (IBSS). Cc tip sau m t ngn gn giao thc DCF v c ch tit
kim nng lng trong IBSS.
Trong chc nng phi hp phn phi ca IEEE 802.11, mt trm vi cc gi cp pht
truyn phi theo di tnh trng knh trc khi truyn d liu. Nu mt knh ri trong mt
khong thi gian, c gi l khng gian lin khung phn phi (DIFS), trm thng nht chn
thi gian back-off trong khong [0, cw], trong CW l kch thc ca ca s tranh chp.
Gi tr CW c thit lp bng CWmin ti ln pht u tin. Thi gian back-off, gim khi cc
knh c cm nhn l ang ri, gi gi tr khi knh l bn, v gim mt ln na khi cc knh
135
c cm nhn l ang ri cho DIFS. Khi thi gian back-off tr thnh s khng, cc trm
truyn gi tin RTS. Khi tip nhn cc gi tin RTS, trm ch tr li bng gi tin CTS n trm
truyn. Trm truyn bt u gi d liu sau khi nhn c gi tin CTS.
Khi trm ch nhn c thnh cng mt gi d liu, n s gi mt gi tin ACK (xc
nhn) n cc trm truyn thng bo vic tip nhn thnh cng. Bt k trm no trong mng
m nghe c cc gi tin RTS v CTS c th cp nht mt vector phn b mng (NAV) bi
thng tin ch ra chiu di ca gi tin c truyn i trong c hai gi tin. Lu rng trc khi
truyn gi CTS, gi d liu, v gi ACK, trm ch i trong mt khng gian lin khung ngn
(khong thi gian SIFS) thay v DIFS. Mt khc, nu thi gian back-off trong hai hoc nhiu
trm t n s khng cng mt lc, xung t xy ra khi h gi gi tin RTS. Trong trng
hp ny, cc trm ch s khng nhn c gi tin RTS v s khng tr li bng gi tin CTS.
Cc trm pht c th pht hin xung t bi s vng mt ca gi tin CTS. Mi khi mt v
xung t c pht hin, ca s tranh chp c tng gp i gim xc sut xung t, ln
n gi tr ti a CWmax.
C ch tit kim nng lng cho mt IBSS chia thi gian theo mt khong thi gian
c nh t tn l khong thi gian bo hiu (beacon interval). Vo lc bt u ca khong
thi gian bo hiu, tt c cc trm ch khng dy phi thc trong mt khong thi gian c
nh, c gi l ca s ATIM (bn tin ch th lu lng ad hoc). Nh m t trong tiu
chun IEEE 802.11, mi trm trong mng c gi nh l kt ni y v ng b. Do c
tnh ca mng, khng c mt trm no vi ngun in v hn ng vai tr cung cp ng b
ha thi gian. Mi my khng dy c gng pht sng cc khung bo hiu bng cch s
dng c ch CSMA / CA vo lc bt u ca khong thi gian bo hiu t c ng b.
Sau khi nhn c khung bo hiu, cc my ch khng dy iu chnh gi a phng ca
mnh cho cc du thi gian ca khung bo hiu ng b ha vi nhau.
136
Hnh 5.13: V d v truyn pht ti mt trm tit kim in trong mt mng IBSS
Trong khong thi gian ca s ATIM, cc my ch khng dy m d liu cho mt

trm ch tit kim in thng bo mt khung ATIM. Khi nhn c khung ATIM, cc
my ch tit kim in phi gi li ATIM-ACK. Sau khi chuyn thnh cng khung ATIM, c
hai my ch khng dy s trong trng thi thc trong ton b khong thi gian bo hiu.
Sau khi kt thc ca s ATIM, m d liu s c truyn n mt im n bng cc chc
nng giao thc phi hp phn phi thng thng. Ti thi im ny, mt trm khng dy m
khng c gi m c th chuyn sang ch ng gt nu n khng nhn c mt khung
ATIM trong ca s ATIM. Hnh 5.10 minh ha cc v d v truyn d liu trong mt mng ad
hoc mt trm in tit kim.
5.3.8. Tim nng Tit kim nng lng

Hiu qu ca cc c ch tit kim nng lng ph thuc nhiu vo cc gi tr c la
chn cho bo hiu (beacon) v khong thi gian ATIM, cng nh ti cung cp. Nu ca s
ATIM l qu ngn, lu lng truy cp c cng b trong ca s khng , thm ch c th
khng s dng ton b khong thi gian bo hiu. Nu ca s ATIM l qu di, khng
ch cc trm b yu cu phi dnh nhiu thi gian thc, m lu lng c cng b cng
nhiu hn lng c th c gi trong khong thi gian cn li ca khong thi gian bo
hiu. Nu khong thi gian bo hiu l qu ngn, tng lu lng ca chu k ng-thc,
beaconing, v thng bo lu lng s cao. Nu khong thi gian bo hiu l qu di, nhiu
trm c th c gng thng bo lu lng ti mi ca s ATIM, do m nhiu im n s
cn phi gi trng thi thc sau ca s ATIM.
137
Lng nng lng c tit kim l tiu ch quan trng, tuy nhin cc yu t nh tng
tr, gim bng thng, v phn b tiu th in nng khng u cng phi c tnh n.
iu quan trng cn lu l t l phn trm thi gian dnh cho trng thi ng ch l mt du
hiu ca vic tit kim nng lng trong thc t, ch s ny s gim do qu trnh chuyn i
thc - ng, bo hiu, v lu lng ATIM, tt c u tng ln khi khong thi gian bo hiu
gim.
5.4. iu khin cng sut truyn ti

Kim sot cng sut pht l vn quan trng trong mng ad hoc khng dy bi t
nht hai l do: (1) N nh hng n tui th pin, v (2) n c th nh hng n lu lng
ti ca mng.
i vi l do u tin, cn lu rng N1 trong Hnh 5.11 khng cn pht sng ti 30
mW gi mt gi tin n N2 ln cn, do N2 nm trong phm vi ph sng ngay c khi ch s
dng cng sut 1 mW. V vy, n c th tit kim nng lng ca pin. i vi im th hai,
vn trong hnh ny, N3 cng mun pht mt gi ti cng mt thi im n N4 vi 1 mW.
Nu N1 pht vi 1 mW n N2, th c hai gi u nhn c thnh cng cng mt lc, v N2
khng nm trong phm vi ca N3 (ch nhn c tn hiu t N1), v N4 nm trong phm vi
ca N1. Tuy nhin, N1 pht vi cng sut 30 mW, do gy nhiu cho N4 khi nhn tn hiu
t N3, v vy ch c mt gi tin, t N1 n N2, c truyn thnh cng. V vy, iu khin
cng sut c th tng cng lu lng ca mng.
Hnh 5.14: S cn thit phi kim sot cng sut pht
138
Gii php a thch l mc cng sut ca cc nt trong mng c iu khin thch

ng, iu ny c th thc hin c theo mt cch phn phi khng ng b bi cc nt tham
gia vo mng. Vn ny sinh tip theo l vic iu khin cng sut cho mng ad hoc c th
c t ti u trong h thng phn cp lp. Kh khn l do n lin i mt vi lp
mng. R rng, iu khin cng sut tc ng n lp vt l do s cn thit phi duy tr cht
lng lin kt. Tuy nhin, iu khin cng sut cng nh hng n cc lp mng v lp vn
chuyn.
5.4.1. p ng cng sut truyn theo trng thi ca knh

Ty thuc vo tnh trng knh, cng sut truyn cng c th c iu chnh trong
quy m thi gian ngn. V vy, nu cht lng knh c c tnh l tt hn, cng sut
truyn c iu chnh thp hn, kt qu l t nhiu hn v in nng tiu th bi cc b
khuch i cng gim. Mt khc, nu cht lng knh c c tnh l km hn, cng sut
truyn c iu chnh tng ln hoc cc phin truyn c th c dng li tm thi cho n
khi knh truyn tr li trng thi tt.
5.4.2. K thut MAC

Cc k thut tit kim nng lng hin c lp MAC ch yu bao gm cc giao thc
lp lch ng. Nguyn tc c bn ng sau tt c cc giao thc lp lch ng l rt nhiu nng
lng b lng ph do vic phi lng nghe cc knh v tuyn khi khng c g cn nhn. Lp
lch ng c s dng lp chu k tt bt sng v tuyn ca mt trm. Chng c s dng
nh thc mt trm bt c khi no n c k vng s truyn ti hoc nhn cc gi tin, cn
nu khng th n li c t vo trng thi ng. Cc k thut tit kim nng lng khc
lp ny bao gm cc giao thc nhn thc pin MAC (BAMAC), trong vic quyt nh trm
cn gi tip theo da trn dung lng pin ca tt c cc nt xung quanh trong mng. Thng
tin v pin c km trn mi gi tin c truyn i, v cc nt ring r cn c vo thng tin
ny khi a ra quyt nh gi.
Cc giao thc lp lch ng c th c chia thnh hai loi: ng b v khng ng b.
Chnh sch lp lch ng ng b da vo ng b ha ng h gia tt c cc nt trong mng,
nh trong hnh 5.12. Nt gi v nt nhn nhn thc c khi no cc nt khc ang thc v
ch gi cho nhau trong nhng khong thi gian ny. Cn cc lc khc th chng ng.
139
Hnh 5.15: Lp lch ng ng b
Ngc li, lp lch ng khng ng b, khng da vo ng b ha ng h gia cc

nt. Cc nt c th gi v nhn cc gi tin bt c khi no chng mun, theo giao thc MAC
s dng. Hnh 5.13 cho thy hai nt chy lp lch ng khng ng b c th giao tip nh th
no.
140
Hnh 5.16: Lp lch ng khng ng b
Nt thc dy v ng theo nh k theo cng mt cch nh lp lch ng ng b. Tuy

nhin, do khng c ng b ha thi gian, c phi l mt bin php m bo rng cc nt
nhn ang thc nghe c tn hiu truyn n t cc nt khc. Thng thng, cc byte
mo u c gi bi mt gi tin ng b ha im khi u ca dng d liu n gia
nt truyn v nt nhn. Vi lp lch khng ng b, mt s lng ng k byte mo u c
thm vo trong mi gi tin m bo rng mt nt nhn c c hi ng b ha vi n ti
mt thi im no . Trong trng hp xu nht, mt gi tin s bt u truyn ti ngay khi
nt nhn ca n i vo trng thi ng, v byte mo u s phi c gi trong mt thi gian
tng ng vi khong thi gian gic ng ca nt nhn (v thm mt cht cho php
ng b ha khi n thc dy) . Khi nt nhn thc dy, n ng b ha vi cc byte mo u
v duy tr thc cho n khi n nhn c cc gi tin.
5.4.3. iu khin lin kt logic

Hai k thut ph bin nht c s dng bo tn nng lng ti lp lin kt lin
quan n vic gim tng lu lng truyn ti trong chng trnh yu cu t ng lp li
(ARQ) v chuyn tip sa li (FEC). C hai chng trnh c s dng gim s lng cc
li gi tin ti mt nt nhn. Bng cch kch hot ARQ, mt b nh tuyn c th t ng gi
yu cu truyn li mt gi tin trc tip n ngun ca n m khng cn nhn c pht hin
li gi tin t nt thu. Cc kt qu ch ra rng i khi hiu qu nng lng t c cao hn
nu truyn d liu vi cng sut truyn ti thp v phi gi nhiu ARQs hn l truyn vi
cng sut cao v t c thng lng tt hn. Tch hp vic s dng m FEC gim s
lng truyn li cn thit vi cng sut truyn thp hn c th mang li hiu qu tit kim
141
nng lng cao hn. Cc k thut qun l in nng hin c khai thc nhng quan st ny c
th k n l:
Ch lai: Vi ARQ, h thng hot ng tt trong cc knh tt, nhng vi cc
knh km th khng, trong khi FEC thc hin nht qun i vi cc iu kin
knh khch nhau do khng cn thng tin phn hi, tuy nhin n phi nh i
kh nng bo v nhiu hn vi vic tng chi ph tnh ton. V vy, hiu qu kt
hp s to ra nng lng tiu th ti thiu cho mi bit trn t l m.
Kch thc khung thch ng: Kch thc khung khc nhau c th c tc ng
ng k n hot ng ca giao thc ARQ. Trong mt knh nhiu nhiu, mt
gi nh hn s c a thch hn mc d n gy ra tng tng lu lng, do t
l mt gi tin ca cc gi ln hn s chim u th. Tng t, mt mnh c
th c a ra cho vic nh kch thc gi cng sut thp. Nu chng ta
chp nhn mt tc bt cho ngi dng thp, c nh, chng ta c th nh
i gia thng lng cc gi d liu vi vic gim nng lng truyn.
Cc k thut qun l cng sut khc hin c ti lp lin kt c da trn mt s loi
giao thc lp lch gi. Bng cch ln lch nhiu phin truyn gi xy ra theo kiu back to
back, c th gim tng lu lng lin quan n vic gi mi gi ring r. Byte mo u ch
cn c gi cho cc gi d liu u tin cng b s hin din ca n trn cc knh, v tt
c cc gi tin tip theo v c bn km thng bo ny. Thut ton lp lch gi cng c th lm
gim s lng truyn li cn thit nu mt gi tin ch c k vng s c gi trong mt
khong thi gian khi ch ca n c bit l c th nhn c gi tin. Bng cch gim s
lng truyn li cn thit, tiu th in nng tng th cng c gim.
nh tuyn: Trong cc h thng di ng truyn thng, vn nh tuyn thay i
thnh vn chuyn giao: im truy cp no cn c la chn phc v cho thit b di
ng? V mt quyt nh chuyn giao thng c da trn cht lng knh gia cc thit b
di ng v cc im truy cp, hiu qu nng lng mc nhin l c xem xt t nht trong
qu trnh ny. T quan im h thng, iu ny c th c hiu rng mt quyt nh chuyn
giao m tit kim nng lng cho mt thit b di ng c th l khng ti u khi xem xt tt
c in thoi di ng vi nhau; s khng ti u ny c th, v d, l do nhiu giao thoa khc
nhau trong cc ln cn. Vn nh tuyn tr nn kh khn hn nhiu nu xt n truyn
thng a bc. Trong mt h thng a bc nh vy, chui cc nt nn c i qua ti
mt im n cho trc khng cn r rng.
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin p ng nhu cu c th ca mng a
bc - v d, giao thc ch ng nh vector khong cch trnh t im n (DSDV), theo
nh k gi thng tin cp nht nh tuyn ghi nhn tt c cc tuyn ng n mt ch
n trong mng; giao thc phn ng nh nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR) v ti u ha nh
tuyn da trn cng sut (PARO), giao thc ny bt u tm kim ch n ch khi c gi tin
truyn ti; v cc chng trnh lai ging nh AODV, FSR, v cc thut ton nh tuyn ra
142
lnh tm thi (TORA). Tuy nhin, hiu qu nng lng khng phi l mc tiu chnh ca cc
giao thc ny.
Gn y, hiu qu nng lng tr nn c quan tm, c bit n c thc y
bi kh nng pht trin ca mng cm bin khng dy. Mt khi nim thng c s dng
l phn cng trch nhim nh tuyn v chuyn tip n mt nt i din cho mt nhm cc
nt (mt "cm"); nh tuyn v chuyn tip sau ch din ra gia cc "trng cm." S la
chn nt ng u nhm c th da vo s sn c ca cc ngun ti nguyn (dung lng pin)
v c lun chuyn trong mt s nt theo nhiu cch. V d v cc giao thc nhm nh vy
l giao thc nh tuyn vng (ZRP) v h thng phn cp thch nghi nng lng thp
(LEACH). Ngoi ra, mt s giao thc nh tuyn tnh n v tr vt l ca cc nt (v d,
tin tng a l thch ng, hay GAF). Thch thc i vi tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn a
bc (multichng) l nh gi s cn bng gia tit kim nng lng bng cch nh tuyn
thng minh v tng lu lng cn thit c c thng tin nh tuyn, c bit l khi i
mt vi nhng bt n gy ra bi tnh di ng, cc knh bin i thi gian,...
5.5. Giao thc AODV
5.5.1. Gii thiu chung v giao thc AODV

Giao thc nh tuyn adhoc vector khong cch theo yu cu (AODV) cung cp mt
phng php nh tuyn trong mng ad hoc di ng. iu ny c ngha l cc tuyn ng
ch c thnh lp khi cn thit gim tng lu lng. AODV h tr unicast, broadcast, v
multicast m khng cn bt k giao thc no khc. Vic mt lin kt c th c sa cha cc
b rt hiu qu.
5.5.2. Tm ng
Khi mt ngun c d liu truyn ti n mt im n cha xc nh, n pht mt
yu cu nh tuyn (RREQ) cho im n . Ti mi nt trung gian, khi mt RREQ c
nhn, mt ng n ngun c to ra. Nu mt nt nhn, m khng nhn c RREQ ny
t trc, khng phi l ch n, v khng c mt nh tuyn hin ti n ch, n s pht
qung b li cc RREQ. Nu nt nhn l im n hoc c mt nh tuyn hin ti n ch,
n s to ra mt nh tuyn tr li (RREP). Cc RREP l unicast theo cch chng-by-chng
n ngun. Khi truyn RREP, mi nt trung gian to ra mt tuyn ng n ch. Khi ngun
nhn c RREP, n ghi li cc nh tuyn n ch v c th bt u gi d liu. Nu ngun
nhn c nhiu RREPs, cc nh tuyn vi s chng ngn nht s c chn.
Khi d liu c truyn t ngun n ch, mi nt dc theo tuyn ng cp nht
nh thi lin kt vi cc tuyn ng n ngun v ch, duy tr cc tuyn ng trong bng
nh tuyn. Nu mt tuyn ng khng c s dng trong mt khong thi gian, cc nt
loi b tuyn ng ny khi bng nh tuyn ca n.
143
5.5.3. Bo tr nh tuyn
Bo tr nh tuyn c thc hin nh sau: Nu d liu ang lu thng v pht hin
thy mt lin kt b t, mt li nh tuyn (RERR) c gi n ngun ca d liu theo kiu
chng-by-chng. Khi RERR truyn ti ngun, mi nt trung gian hu cc tuyn ng n
cc im ch khng th truy cp. Khi ngun ca d liu nhn c RERR, n hu nh tuyn
v khi to li vic tm ng nu cn thit.
5.6 nh tuyn tnh n nng lng cu c b da trn AODV
5.5.4. Gii thiu

Mc ch ca Lear-AODV l cn bng mc tiu th nng lng trn ton mng.
iu ny c thc hin bng cch cho php cc nt chn xem chng s l mt phn ca mt
tuyn ng hay khng. Vic la chn c da trn nng lng pin cn li m mt nt c.
Ni cch khc, mt nt c th chn gim tn sut tham gia vo chuyn tip d liu v do
tit kim in. Giao thc phi kt hp mt c ch trnh tnh trng thiu cc nt chuyn
tip do hnh vi ch k. thc hin tt c nhng iu ny, cc th tc tm ng v bo tr
tuyn ca AODV c sa i.
5.5.5. Tm ng
Trong qu trnh tm ng, khi mt nt trung gian nhn c mt gi yu cu nh
tuyn, u tin n kim tra nng lng pin cn li. Nu t hn mt ngng nh trc, gi yu
cu nh tuyn b b v cc nt thng bo iu ny bng cch pht mt gi ADJUST_Thr.
iu ny c ngha l cc nt s khng chuyn tip cc gi d liu trn danh ngha ca nt
ngun gi yu cu nh tuyn. Nu khng, nu nt trung gian c nng lng pin, n truyn
li cc gi tin. Cui cng, vic ny m bo rng cc nt ch s nhn c mt yu cu nh
tuyn dc theo mt con ng ca cc nt c nng lng pin.
Th tc bo tr nh tuyn trong AODV c kch hot bi s thiu thng tin v bc
dc theo tuyn ng t ngun n ch. Mt nt trung gian khi xc nhn mt bc bo tr
li ngun v, kt qu l qu trnh tm ng mi c bt u. Trong trng hp ca Lear-
AODV, mt th tc bo tr nh tuyn c th c khi to bi mt nt vi nng lng pin
gn cn. Cc nt ca mng lin tc kim tra nng lng pin cn li ca mnh. Nu tr nn
thp hn gi tr ngng khi ang l thnh phn ca mt phin truyn truyn d liu, nt pht
ra mt gi bo tr nh tuyn ti nt ngun ch ra rng n s khng cn l mt phn ca tuyn
ng tng ng.
Lear-AODV cung cp mt c ch iu chnh thi gian thc ca cc gi tr ngng
nng lng ca pin. iu ny l trnh nhng tnh hung m trong gi tin yu cu nh
tuyn khng n c nt ch do nng lng pin ca cc nt trung gian thp. Trong trng
144
hp ny, sau khi mt yu cu nh khng thnh cng, nt ngun pht yu cu tuyn ng

tip theo ca n vi mt ch dn rng cc nt trung gian phi gim gi tr ngng pin.
5.6. nh tuyn tnh n cng sut da trn AODV (PAR-AODV)
5.6.1. Gii thiu

PAR-AODV gn chi ph cho mi bc nm trn mt tuyn ng ngun-ch, da
trn nng lng pin cn li ca mi nt. S dng nhng chi ph ny, tt c cc tuyn ng
c th s dng c nh gi. Giao thc s s dng cc tuyn ng m ti thiu ho hm
sau:
C( , t) Ci (t) ( 5.2)
i
trong
Fi
C i t i a
E t (5.3)
i
v
i : l cng sut pht ca nt i
Fi : l dung lng pin lc sc y ca nt i
Et : l dung lng pin cn li ca nt i ti thi im t

a : l mt trng s dng
5.6.2. Tm ng
Trong qu trnh tm ng, trc khi truyn mt gi tin yu cu nh tuyn, mi nt
trung gian tnh ton chi ph lin kt ca n bng cch s dng phng trnh (5.2) v thm n
vo tiu ca gi tin. V vy, khi nt ch nhn c gi tin yu cu, n gi mt tr li nh
tuyn v ngun c cha cc chi ph tng th ca tuyn ng. Cc nt ngun chn cc tuyn
ng mang li chi ph thp nht.
Gi tin b sung tnh ton chi ph c th c gi bi cc nt trung gian trong trng
hp chng nhn c gi tin yu cu nh tuyn vi mt chi ph thp hn so vi lin kt hin
145
ang s dng. Cc gi tnh ch ph c gi n nt ch, sau thng bo cho nt ngun ca

tuyn ng chi ph mi, hiu qu hn, s dng mt tr li nh tuyn.
Bo tr nh tuyn trong PAR-AODV cng ging vi trong LEAR-AODV. Khi mt
nt bt k c mc pin nh hn ngng, yu cu nh tuyn qua n b b (drop).
5.7. nh tuyn d bo thi gian tn ti da trn AODV (LPR-AODV)
5.7.1. Gii thiu

Giao thc nh tuyn tnh n cng sut c xut cui cng l LPR-AODV. N
nh tuyn lu lng qua cc ng dn vi thi gian tn ti c d bo trc. Nh trong
trng hp ca PAR-AODV, giao thc ch nh chi ph cho mi lin kt. Chi ph s dng
LPR-AODV c lin quan n tui th pin ca mt nt. Cc tuyn ng c chn phi ti
a ha hm sau:

max T t max min i Ti t (5.4)
Trong T(t) l thi gian tn ti ca ng v Ti(t) l thi gian tn ti c d

bo cho nt i trong con ng . D bo tui th pin ca mt nt c da trn cc hot ng
trong qu kh. Mt biu th tt v lu lng qua nt nhn c bng cch gi mt bn ghi
ca cc hot ng nh tuyn d liu trong thi gian ln cn. Mi ln nt gi mt gi d liu,
n ghi li lng pin cn li Ei(t) ti thi im t. Cc nt cng ghi li nng lng cn li ca
n Ei(t) ti thi im i khi c ng N gi c gi/chuyn tip.
5.7.2. Tm ng
Cng ging nh LEAR-AODV, mi nt trung gian tnh ton chi ph ca n theo dng
d bo thi gian tn ti Ti s dng cng thc sau:
E t
T dischargei _ rate t
i (5.5)
i
trong :
Ei t ' E i t
Discharge_rate it ( 5.6)
t t'
Trong cng thc ny, Ei(t) c nh ngha l nng lng cn li ca nt i ti thi im t.

Cc c lng chi ph nt c chn vo bi cc nt trung gian trong tiu ca gi
tin yu cu nh tuyn. Khi nhn c yu cu nh tuyn, nt ch a ra bn tin tr li nh
146
tuyn c cha chi ph tng th ca tuyn ng. Nu mt nt trung gian nhn c mt gi

yu cu nh tuyn vi chi ph thp hn, nt ch c thng bo bi mt gi c tnh ton
thi gian tn ti. Sau , nt ch thng bo cho nt ngun v tuyn ng mi vi gi tin tr
li nh tuyn.
Nh trong cc thut ton trc, bo tr nh tuyn l cn thit khi mt nt tr nn nm
ngoi phm vi kt ni trc tip ca nt gi hoc khi c s thay i trong thi gian tn ti
c d bo ca n. Trong trng hp u tin (nt di ng), c ch thc hin ging nh
trong AODV. Trong trng hp th hai, cc nt gi mt RERR tr li ngun ngay c khi tui
th d bo xung di mt mc ngng (Ti t) = ). Thng bo li nh tuyn ny buc
ngun phi khi to li qu trnh tm ng. Quyt nh ny ch ph thuc vo dung lng
pin cn li ca nt hin ti v tc x ca n. Do , n l mt quyt nh cc b. Tuy
nhin, vn tng t nh trong LEAR-AODV c th xy ra. Nu iu kin Ti(t) = tho
mn cho tt c cc nt, ngun s khng nhn c mt tin nhn tr li no c mc d tn ti
mt ng gia ngun v ch. trnh iu ny, chng ta s dng cc c ch tng t c
s dng trong LEAR-AODV c m t trn.
Ba thut ton c m phng v so snh vi cc giao thc AODV cha sa i theo
hai kch bn khc nhau: c nh v di ng.
S ci thin thi gian tn ti mng c nghin cu theo cc kha cnh
Thi gian duy tr trc khi K nt ngng hot ng
Thi gian duy tr trc khi nt u tin ngng hot ng
Thi gian duy tr trc khi tt c cc nt ngng hot ng
Trong trng hp tnh, hiu sut tt nht quan st c trong trng hp ca LPR-
AODV, khi m cc nt u tin phi tt do cn kit nng lng trong nh tuyn AODV xut
hin 3244 giy trc khi mt nt trc trc theo c ch LPR-AODV. Giao thc ny hiu qu
hn so vi cc giao thc khc bi ngoi dung lng pin cn li, n cn tnh n tc x pin.
Trong trng hp di ng, giao thc LPR-AODV mt ln na cung cp hiu sut tt
nht khi xt n tng thi gian tn ti ca mng. C ba thut ton th hin tt hn AODV
cha sa i trong tt c cc trng di ng vi tui th mng c m rng trung bnh 1033
giy vi tc ca nt l 4 m/s. Nh trong trng hp ca EADSR, vi tnh di ng gia tng,
hiu sut tiu th nng lng ca cc phin bn sa i ca AODV hi t vi cc giao thc
ban u.
5.8. Tng kt chng 5

Chng ny tp trung vo vic qun l nng lng trong mng ad hoc. Cc nt cm
bin khng dy di ng trong khu vc cn phi tit kim nng lng v s dng n mt cch
147
ti u hon thnh vai tr c giao trong mng ad hoc trong mt thi gian di. Ni dung
ca chng cng phn tch cc cng ngh pin s dng trong cc thit b di ng v nh hng
ca cc c tnh ti dung lng cng nh tui th ca pin. Da trn nhng phn tch ny, cc
c ch, giao thc qun l cng sut truy cp vi yu cu tit kim nng lng c xut
m bo duy tr kt ni gia cc nt mng lu nht c th trong iu kin nng lng hn
ch.
5.1 Ti sao qun l nng lng l mt vn quan trng trong mng ad hoc?
5.2 Gii thch cc chng trnh qun l nng lng c phn loi trong mng ad hoc
nh th no.
5.3 Gii thch cc chng trnh qun l pin khc nhau cho mng ad hoc.
5.4 Gii thch ngn gn tng quan v cng ngh pin s dng cho mng ad hoc.
5.5 M t cc nguyn tc ca x pin.
5.6 M t nh hng ca c im x n dung lng ca pin.
5.7 M t cch thc hin mt h thng pin thng minh vi mt v d.
5.8 Trnh by tng quan h thng thit k theo nh hng pin.
5.9 M t cc tnh nng v tiu chun thit k ca giao thc EE-MAC.
5.10 M t phn tch cc giao thc nh tuyn PCCB.
5.11 M t ngn gn v cc chc nng ng b ha thi gian.
5.12 Gii thch cc chc nng tit kim nng lng c s dng trong c ch tit kim
nng lng.
5.13 M t iu khin lin kt logic cho cng sut truyn.
5.14 Trnh by tng quan v cc giao thc AODV.
5.15 M t nh tuyn tnh n nng lng cc bc da trn AODV.
5.16 M t nh tuyn tnh n cng sut da trn AODV.
5.17 M t nh tuyn d bo thi gian tn ti da trn AODV.
[6] Lahiri, K., A. Raghunathan, S. Dey, and D. Panigrahi. 2002. Batterydriven system
design: A new frontier in low power design. ASP-DAC 02: Proceedings of the 2002
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, p. 261.
148
[7] Prabhu, B. J., A. Chockalingam, and V. Sharma. 2002. Performance analysis of

battery power management schemes in wireless mobile devices. IEEE Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference2:825831.
[8] Nie, J., and Z. Zhou. 2004. An energy based power-aware routing protocol in ad hoc
networks. IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information
Technology1:280285.
[9] Senouci, S. M., and G. Pujolle. 2004. Energy efficient routing in wireless ad hoc
networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications 7:40574061.
[10] Langendoen, K., and G. Halkes. Energy-efficient medium access control, Delft
University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and
Computer Science, Delft, the Netherlands, The Embedded Systems Handbook.
[11] Jayashree, S., and C. Siva Ram Murthy. 2007. A taxonomy of energy
management protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. IEEE Communications
Magazine45:104110.
[12] Benchmarq Microelectronics Inc., Duracell Inc., Energizer Power Systems,
Intel Corporation, Linear Technology Corporation, Maxim Integrated Products,
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, National Semiconductor Corporation, Toshiba
Battery Co., Varta Batterie, AG. Smart battery system manager specification. 1988.
[13] Senouci, S. M., and G. Pujolle. 2004. Energy efficient routing in wireless ad
hoc networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications 7:40574061.
[14] Chen, M., and Gabriel A. Rincon-Mora. 2006. Accurate electrical battery
model capable of predicting runtime and IV performance. IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion21 (2): 504511.
149
CHNG 6: CC VN QOS TRONG MNG AD HOC
L Tng Hoa, Nguyn Vit Hng
6.1. M u
h tr cc ng dng a phng tin, mt mng ad hoc c cung cp cht lng dch
v (QoS) l iu mong mun. Tuy nhin, vic cung cp QoS trong mt mng ad hoc di ng
l mt nhim v y th thch. Cht lng dch v c ngha l mng s cung cp mt s loi
bo lnh hoc bo m v mc , cp dch v cung cp cho mt ng dng. nh ngha cho
QoS v cc tham s QoS c th c coi l khc nhau cho cc ng dng khc nhau, m hon
ton ph thuc vo yu cu c th ca mt ng dng. V d, mt ng dng m nhy cm v
tr c th yu cu QoS trong thi hn bo hnh chm tr. Mt s ng dng c th yu cu cc
gi nn truyn ti mt s bng thng ti thiu. Trong trng hp , bng thng s l mt
tham s QoS. Cc ng dng khc c th yu cu mt s m bo rng cc gi tin c cung
cp t mt ngun cung cp cho mt im n ng tin cy; sau , tin cy s l mt tham
s cho QoS.
6.2. Thch thc khi trin khai QoS cho mng ad hoc khng dy
Cc c tnh ca mt mng ad hoc t ra mt s thch thc trong vic cung cp QoS.
Mt s cc thch thc nh sau:
T ng thay i cu trc mng: V cc nt trong mt mng ad hoc qung b
v tuyn khng c bt k hn ch no v vic di ng ca cc nt mng. V th
phin QoS c th b nh hng xu do ng truyn b ph v, do cn phi
c nhiu phin nh vy c ti lp trn con ng mi. S chm tr pht sinh
trong ti thit lp mt phin QoS c th gy ra vic mt s gi tin khng t
c tr/gii hn mong mun ca chng, l iu khng th chp nhn c
cho cc ng dng c yu cu nghim ngt QoS.
Thng tin trng thi khng chnh xc: Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc nt
trong mt mng khng dy ad hoc duy tr c thng tin trng thi lin kt c th
v thng tin trng thi truyn c th. Cc thng tin trng thi lin kt c th
bao gm bng thng, tr, chm tr jitter, t l tn tht, t l li, n nh, chi
ph, v cc gi tr khong cch cho mi lin kt. Cc thng tin lu lng c th
bao gm xc nh phin, a ch ngun, a ch ch, v cc yu cu QoS ca
ng truyn (nh yu cu bng thng ti a, yu cu bng thng ti thiu, s
chm tr ti a, v jitter chm tr ti a). Cc thng tin trng thi vn khng
chnh xc do s thay i nng ng trong cu trc lin kt mng li v c
tnh knh. Do , quyt nh nh tuyn c th khng chnh xc, dn n mt
s cc gi d liu thi gian thc l thi hn ca chng.
150
Thiu s phi hp trung tm: Khng ging nh cc mng LAN khng dy v

cc mng t bo, cc mng di ng ad hoc (MANETs) khng c b iu khin
trung tm iu phi hot ng ca cc nt. iu ny lm phc tp thm vic
cung cp QoS trong MANETs.
D b li knh v tuyn chia s: Cc knh v tuyn bn cht l mt mi trng
qung b. Trong qu trnh truyn thng qua cc phng tin khng dy, sng
radio b mt s khim khuyt, chng hn nh s suy gim, truyn a ng, v
can nhiu (t cc thit b khng dy khc ang hot ng trong vng ph cn).
Vn thit b u cui n: Vn thit b u c l vn c trong MANETs.
Vn ny xy ra khi cc gi d liu c ngun gc t hai hoc nhiu nt gi
m khng nm trong phm vi truyn dn trc tip ca nhau, gp nhau ti cng
mt nt nhn. iu ny i hi phi truyn li cc gi d liu, m c th khng
th chp nhn c i vi cc ng truyn c yu cu nghim ngt QoS. C
ch trao i gi iu khin RTS/CTS c thng qua trong cc tiu chun
IEEE 802.11 lm gim cc vn thit b u cui n ch n mt mc nht
nh.
Hn ch ngun ti nguyn hin c: V MANETs c ti nguyn hn ch nh
bng thng, thi lng pin (battery life), khng gian lu tr, v kh nng x
l, chng phi c s dng mt cch rt hiu qu. Trong s ny, bng thng
v thi lng pin c coi l ngun lc rt quan trng, s sn c ca chng
nh hng ng k hiu sut ca c ch trch lp d phng QoS. Do , c ch
qun l ti nguyn hiu qu l cn thit s dng ti u cc ngun ti nguyn
khan him.
Mi trng km bo mt: Bo mt trong mt knh v tuyn c xem l rt l
km, do tnh cht pht sng ca mi trng khng dy. Do , bo mt l mt
vn quan trng trong MANETs, c bit l cho cc ng dng qun s v
chin thut. MANETs d b tn cng nh nghe trm, gi mo, t chi dch v,
bin dng tin nhn, v mo danh. Nu khng c c ch bo mt phc tp, n l
rt kh khn m bo cung cp thng tin lin lc an ton
Cc la chn thit k cung cp h tr QoS c m t di y.
6.3.1 D phng ti nguyn trng thi mm v trng thi cng

Trong bt k khun kh QoS, d phng ti nguyn QoS l mt thnh phn rt quan
trng. (Mt khung QoS c th c coi nh l mt h thng hon chnh cung cp dch v yu
cu / ha cho mi ngi dng hoc ng dng). N c trch nhim t cc ngun lc ti tt c
cc nt trung gian dc theo ng i t ngun n ch theo yu cu ca phin QoS. C ch
d phng ti nguyn QoS c th c chia thnh hai loi: trng thi mm v trng thi cng
151
Trong cc chng trnh d phng ti nguyn trng thi cng, ti nguyn c dnh
ring ti tt c cc nt trung gian dc theo ng i t ngun n ch trong sut thi gian
ca phin QoS. Nu mt con ng nh vy b ph v do tc ng mng li, cc ngun lc
d tr phi c gii phng mt cch r rng bng mt c ch phn b li. C ch ny khng
ch gii thiu thm chi ph kim sot, nhng cng c th tht bi gii phng cc ngun lc
hon ton trong trng hp mt nt trc thuc phin giao dch tr nn khng th truy
cp. Do nhng vn c ch d phng ti nguyn soft-state m vic duy tr lu tr ch trong
khong thi gian nh, c s dng. Vic lu tr ny s c lm mi nu gi tin thuc cng
mt tuyn c nhn, trc khi ht thi gian
Cc khong thi gian lu tr soft-state c th cn bng thi gian n ca gi tin hoc
l a thi gian n ca gi tin. Nu khng c bt c gi d liu no c nhn trong khong
thi gian quy nh, cc ngun ti nguyn c gii phng bng cch phn loi m khng pht
sinh thm bt k tn hao no. V vy, khng c vic chm dt r rng no c yu cu cho
mt ng truyn. C ch hard-state d tr ti nguyn; do vy, ti thi im d liu ti mng
cao, t l cuc gi b chn l cao, trong khi c ch soft-state cung cp kh nng chp nhn
cuc gi cao
6.3.2 Phng php tip cn stateful v stateless

Trong cch tip cn stateful, mi nt duy tr thng tin trng thi tng qut hoc ch c
thng tin trng cc b; trong trng hp cc phng php tip cn stateless, khng c thng
tin nh vy c duy tr ti cc nt. Thng tin trng thi bao gm c cc thng tin v topo v
cc thng tin lu lng c th. Cc nt ngun c th s dng mt thut ton nh tuyn tp
trung nh tuyn cc gi n ch nu chng c cc thng tin trng thi tng qut. Hiu
sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi tng
qut duy tr ti cc nt. Chi ph kim sot ng k pht sinh trong vic thu thp v duy tr
thng tin trng thi tng qut
Mt khc, nu cc nt di ng ch duy tr thng tin trng thi cc b cc thut ton
nh tuyn phn phi c th c s dng. Mc d chi ph pht sinh trong vic duy tr thng
tin trng thi cc b l thp, nhng cng cn phi quan tm n vn cc tuyn ng b lp
vng. Trong trng hp stateless th khng cn phi duy tri thng tin v lu lng cng nh
v trng thi lin kt ti cc nt mng. Mc d cch tip cn stateless gii quyt c bi ton
hiu nng v gim nh cho vic lu tr v tnh ton trn cc nt tuy nhin vic cung cp QoS
li tr nn v cng kh khn
6.3.3 Cch tip cn QoS cng v QoS mm

Phng php tip cn QoS c th c chia thnh hai loi: QoS cng v QoS mm.
Nu cc yu cu QoS ca mt kt ni c m bo c p ng cho ton b thi gian
ca phin th phng php tip cn QoS l QoS cng. Nu cc yu cu QoS khng m bo
cho ton b phin th cch tip cn QoS l QoS mm.
152
Trong vic kim sot thay i mng MANETs, rt kh khn cung cp vic m bo
QoS cng ti ng dng ngi dng. V vy, vic m bo QoS ch c th c a ra trong
vng gii hn thng k. Hu nh tt c cc phng php tip cn QoS c sn trong cc ti
liu thng l QoS mm
6.3. Phn loi gii php QoS

Da trn s tng tc gia cc giao thc nh tuyn v giao thc MAC (iu khin
truy cp phng tin truyn thng), phng php tip cn QoS c th c phn thnh hai
loi: phng php tip cn QoS c lp v ph thuc. Trong cch tip cn QoS c lp, lp
mng khng ph thuc vo cc lp MAC. Cch tip cn QoS ph thuc yu cu cc lp MAC
h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cui cng, da trn thng tin nh tuyn, c ch cp nht
c s dng.
6.3.1. Gii php lp MAC

Cc giao thc MAC xc nh nt nn chuyn tip theo trn knh qung b khi mt s
nt ang cnh tranh truyn trn knh . Mt s giao thc MAC cung cp QoS h tr cho
cc ng dng trong MANETs c m t di y.
6.3.1.1. Cm TDMA
Gerla v Tsai xut cm TDMA [1] h tr lu lng thi gian thc mng khng
dy ad hoc (AWNs). Trong bng thng hn ch MANETs, cc ngun ti nguyn b hn ch
cn phi c qun l mt cch hiu qu. t c mc tiu ny, mt chng trnh phn
nhm ng c s dng trong cm TDMA (a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian). Cc nt
c sn trong mng c chia thnh cc nhm khc nhau. Mi nhm c mt trng nhm (do
cc thnh vin ca nhm c bu), trng nhm khng ch hot ng nh mt nt pht
sng khu vc m cn nh mt ngi iu phi khu vc tng cng thng lng knh. Mi
nt trong cm cch nt ng u cm mt bc nhy( one chng away). Hnh thnh cc cm
v cc la chn ca ngi ng u cm c thc hin mt cch phn tn. Cc thut ton
Clustering chia cc nt vo cc cm nh vy m chng s c kt ni vi nhau (bao gm tt
c cc nt). Ba thut ton c s dng l thut ton ID thp nht, thut ton mc cao
nht, v thut ton thay i cm t nht (LCC).
Trong thut ton ID thp nht, mt nt s tr thnh mt trng cm nu n c ID thp
nht trong s tt c cc nt lng ging. Trong thut ton mc cao nht, mt nt vi mt
mc ln hn tt c cc nt lng ging tr thnh ngi ng u cm. Trong thut ton
LCC, s thay i u cm ch xy ra nu mt s thay i trong mng c th khin hai trng
cm ch thnh mt cm hoc mt trong cc nt di chuyn ra khi phm vi ca tt c cc
trng cm. Trong mi cm, ngi ng u nhm tng ng duy tr mt ma trn ly tha 2.
N cha cc danh sch ly tha ca tt c cc nt thuc mt nhm c th. N rt hu ch cho
vic kim sot truyn ti v phn chia m trong mt cm.
153
C ch TDMA c s dng trong mt cm kim sot truy cp vo knh. Hn na,

n c th cho nhiu phin chia s mt khe TDMA thng qua CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access). Trn cc cm, khng ch ti s dng khng gian ca khe thi gian m cn
m tri ph khc nhau c th c s dng gim bt nh hng ca s can thip a cm.
Mt khung phn chia thi gian ng b c xc nh h tr truy cp TDMA trong mt
cm v trao i thng tin iu khin.
Mi khung ng b phn chia thi gian c chia thnh khe. Cc khe v khung c
ng b ha trn ton mng. Mt khung c chia thnh mt on iu khin v mt on d
liu
on d liu h tr c thi gian thc v lu lng ti a. Da trn cc yu cu bng
thng ca phin thi gian thc, mt mch o (VC) c thit lp bng cch phn b s
lng khe trong on d liu. Cc khe d liu cn li (tc l, khe cn chng) c th c s
dng bi lu lng ti a s dng s khe - c ch ALOHA. i vi mi nt, mt khe
c xc nh trc c giao trong giai on kim sot pht thng tin iu khin ca n.
Cc thng tin iu khin c truyn qua mt m chung trn ton mng.
Vo cui giai on iu khin, mi nt s hc, t nhng thng tin pht t ngi ng
u cm, tnh trng lu tr khe ca giai on d liu v danh sch ca tt c cc nc lng
ging. Thng tin ny gip mt nt sp xp ch cn trng, xc nh cc khe b hng, v loi b
cc gi d liu thi gian thc ht hn. Phng php d phng nhanh chng c s dng
trong d phng c thc hin khi cc gi d liu u tin c truyn i, v cc khe
tng t trong khung tip theo c th c s dng cho cng mt kt ni. Nu cc khe cm
dnh ring vn cn nhn ri trong mt khong thi gian ch nht nh th chng s c gii
phng
6.3.2. Gii php lp mng

Vic d phng bng thng v lu lng thi gian thc h tr kh nng truy cp ca
giao thc MAC c th m bo vic lu tr duy nht ti mc lin kt; do , s h tr lp
mng m bo giao tip end-to-end, lu tr, v cu hnh li l rt cn thit.
h tr nh tuyn QoS, cc thng tin v topo c th c duy tr ti cc nt ca
AWNs. Cc thng tin v topo cn phi c lm mi thng xuyn bng cch gi cc gi tin
cp nht trng thi kt ni, cc gi tin ny gy tn ti nguyn mng nh bng thng v nng
lng pin. Mt khc, cc cu trc lin kt mng li t ng khc nhau c th gy ra cc
thng tin cu trc lin kt khng chnh xc. Trade-off nh hng n hiu sut ca cc giao
thc nh tuyn QoS. Nh ng b hng xy ra thng xuyn trong AWNs so vi mng c
dy (mt lin kt him khi b hng), con ng p ng yu cu QoS cn phi c tnh ton
li mi khi con ng hin ti b hng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn QoS cn p ng nhanh
chng trong trng hp ph v ng dn v tnh ton li cc con ng b hng hoc b qua
cc lin kt b hng m khng lm gim mc QoS.
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6.4. QoS- Giao thc nh tuyn vecto khong cch Ad Hoc On-demand
Perkins, Royer, v Das [2] m rng thm cc c s giao thc nh tuyn vector
khong cch ad hc on-demand (AODV) h tr cung cp QoS trong AWNs. cung cp
QoS, nh dng gi tin c sa i xc nh cc yu cu dch v phi c p ng
bng cc nt chuyn tip mt yu cu tuyn ng (RREQ) hoc mt con ng tr li
(RREP).
6.4.1. M rng QoS cho giao thc AODV

Mi bng nh tuyn tng ng vi mt nt ch khc nhau. Cc trng sau y c
gn vo mi mc nh tuyn bng: chm tr ti a, bng thng ti thiu c sn, danh sch cc
yu cu m bo ngun chm tr, v danh sch cc ngun m bo yu cu bng thng.
6.4.1.1. Trng m rng tr ti a
Cc trng m rng tr ti a i vi bn tin RREQ v RREP l khc nhau. Trong
RREQ, n cho bit thi gian ti a (tnh bng giy) cho php truyn t nt hin ti n nt
ch. Trong RREP, n cho thy c tnh hin ti ca s chm tr tch ly t nt trung gian
chuyn tip RREP n ch.
S dng trng ny, nt ngun s tm mt con ng (nu c) n nt ch sao cho
tha mn c yu cu v tr ti a.Trc khi chuyn tip cc RREQ, mt nt trung gian so
snh thi gian qua nt(nt traversal time) ca n (v d, thi gian cn cho mt nt x l
mt gi tin) vi gi tr tr c ch ra trong trng tr ti a m rng. Nu s chm tr l t
hn thi gian qua nt, nt loi b gi RREQ. Nu khng, nt s ly gi tr tr trong trng m
rng tr i thi gian qua nt v x l theo quy nh RREQ trong giao thc AODV.
Nt ch tr v mt RREP vi trng tr ti a c t l 0. Mi nt trung gian
chuyn tip RREP s cng thi gian qua nt ca n vo trng tr v chuyn tip cc RREP
v pha ngun. Trc khi chuyn tip cc gi tin RREP, nt trung gian ghi li gi tr tr ny
trong bng nh tuyn cho cc nt ch tng ng.
6.4.1.2. Trng m rng bng thng ti thiu
Tng t nh vy, mt trng m rng bng thng ti thiu cng c a ra tm
mt con ng (nu c) n nt ch tha mn c bng thng ti thiu. Mt bn tin
QOSLOST c to ra khi mt nt trung gian cm nhn c thi gian qua nt tng hoc kh
nng lin kt gim. Thng ip QOSLOST c chuyn tip n tt c cc ngun c kh
nng b thay i tham s QoS.
6.4.2. u va nhc im
u im ca giao thc QoS AODV l s n gin ca m rng ca giao thc AODV
c tim nng c th cho php cung ng QoS. Nhng, nu nh khng c ti nguyn c
dnh ring dc theo ng i t ngun n ch, giao thc ny khng thch hp cho cc ng
155
dng i hi phi m bo QoS cng. Hn na, thi gian qua nt ch l thi gian x l gi
tin; phn chnh ca s chm tr ti mt nt li xut pht t hng i gi tin v s bt ng
lp MAC. Do , mt gi c th b tr nhiu hn khi lu lng truy cp mng cao.
6.5. M hnh QoS cho mng khng dy Ad Hoc

Mt khung cho QoS l mt h thng hon chnh. H thng ny c gng cung cp cc
dch v theo yu cu hoc cc dch v cam kt cho mi ngi dng hoc ng dng. Tt c
cc thnh phn trong h thng ny hp tc vi nhau trong vic cung cp cc dch v cn thit.
Cc thnh phn quan trng ca bt k khung QoS no l m hnh QoS ci m nh ngha
ra cch yu cu ca ngi dng c p ng. Vn thit k quan trng y l phc v
cc ngi s dng da trn tng phin hay l da trn tng lp. Mi lp i din cho mt tp
hp ca ngi dng da trn cc tiu ch nht nh.
Cc thnh phn quan trng khc ca c cu ny l nh tuyn QoS, c s dng
tm tt c hoc mt s con ng kh thi trong mng c th p ng yu cu ca ngi s
dng; QoS bo hiu cho ti nguyn d phng; QoS kim sot truy cp trung bnh; iu khin
chp nhn cuc gi; v cc chng trnh lp k hoch gi. Cc m-un QoS phi phn ng
kp thi vi nhng thay i trong trng thi mng (thay i topology) v trng thi ng
truyn (thay i trong giao din cui ti cui ca dch v cung cp).
Cc chc nng ca mi thnh phn v vai tr ca n trong vic cung cp QoS trong
MANETs c m t di y:
Giao thc nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng tm mt
ng i t ngun n ch v chuyn tip cc gi d liu n nt chuyn
tip trung gian tip theo. Cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi lm vic hiu qu
vi cc thnh phn khc ca khung QoS m bo QoS t u cui n u
cui. Nhng c ch ny nn tiu th t ti nguyn trong hot ng v phn ng
nhanh chng vi nhng thay i trong trng thi mng v trng thi ng
truyn
Bo hiu dnh trc ti nguyn QoS. Khi mt tuyn ng QoS c tm
thy, cc giao thc bo hiu dnh trc ti nguyn s dnh trc ngun lc cn
thit dc theo tuyn ng . V d, cho cc ng dng yu cu mt s m
bo bng thng ti thiu, mt tn hiu giao thc giao tip vi cc h thng ph
MAC tm v dnh bng thng cn thit. Sau khi hon thnh / chm dt ca
mt phin lm vic, cc ngun lc t trc c gii phng
iu khin nhn. Mc d mt con ng kh thi QoS c th c sn tuy nhin
h thng cn phi quyt nh liu c phc v cho kt ni hay khng. Nu cuc
gi c phc v th cc ngun lc c bo v bi cc giao thc bo hiu;
nu khng, cc ng dng c thng bo v vic t chi. Khi c cuc gi mi
c chp nhn, n khng nn gy hi n vic m bo QoS cho cc cuc gi
156
c tha nhn. Mt khung QoS c nh gi da trn s lng cc phin

QoS n phc v v n c i din bi cc s liu ACAR. Kim sot nhp
hc m bo rng khng c suy thoi c th nhn bit trong QoS c cung
cp cho phin QoS tha nhn
Lp lch gi tin. Khi nhiu kt ni QoS ang hot ng cng mt lc thng qua
mt lin kt, quyt nh ng truyn QoS tc l c phc v tip theo,
c thc hin bi cc chng trnh k hoch. V d, khi nhiu phin tr hn
ch ang i qua mt nt, cch ny quyt nh khi sp xp vic truyn ti gi
tin khi gi tin thuc nhiu hn mt phin ang ch trong hng i truyn ca
nt. Vic thc hin mt chng trnh lp k hoch c th hin bng t l
phn trm ca gi tin p ng thi hn ca h.
6.5.1. Cc m hnh QoS

Mt m hnh QoS nh ngha ra c tnh ca s khc bit dch v. Trong cc khung
QoS ca mng khng dy, mt vi m hnh dch v c a ra. 2 trong s cc m hnh l
m hnh cc dch v tch hp (IntServ) [3] v m hnh cc dch v phn bit (DiffServ). M
hnh IntServ cung cp QoS da trn lu lng. Lng cc thng tin c duy tr ti mt
router IntServ-enabled tng ng vi s lng cc lung lu lng. Do d m hnh IntServ
khng c kh nng m rng cho mng Internet nhng n c th p dng cho cc mng Manet
nh. Tuy nhien thng tin ca tng lung d liu rt kh duy tr ti mt nt trong mng
khng dy ad hoc. M hnh DiffServ c a ra gii quyt vn v kh nng m rng
m m hnh IntServ ang phi i mt. Trong m hnh ny, cc dng lu lng c tp hp
li thnh cc s gii hn ca cc lp dch v. Mi dng lu lng thuc v mt lp dch v
trong DiffServ.
C 2 m hnh dch v ny khng th p dng trc tip trong cc mng MANET v cc
c tnh ring bit ca n v d nh m hnh mng thay i lin tc, gii hn v ngun ti
nguyn, v kh nng li trn knh chia s v tuyn. Bt k mt m hnh dch v no c a
ra trc tin nn c quyt nh xem loi dch v no ph hp vi loi mng no. Mt m
hnh dch v lai ghp (Hybrid service) gi l FQMM c m t di y. M hnh ny da
trn 2 m hnh QoS trn.
6.5.1.1. M hnh QoS linh hot cho mng ad hoc di ng
Cc m hnh QoS linh hot cho mng ad hoc di ng (FQMM) tn dng chi tit
cho mi ng truyn IntServ v tp hp cc dch v vo cc lp trong DiffServ. Mt nt
ngun l ngun gc ca lu lng truy cp, chu trch nhim cho vic nh hnh lu lng.
nh hnh lu lng l qu trnh ca vic tr hon cc gi thuc v mt ng truyn do
cc gi ph hp vi mt s thng tin lu lng c nh ngha l cc m t s lc v lu
lng. Cc m t s lc lu lng c cha mt m t ca cc thuc tnh thi gian ca mt
ng truyn nh t l trung bnh ca n (v d, tc d liu c th c gi cho mi n
157
v thi gian trung bnh) v tch kch thc (c ch nh trong mi bit tch bao nhiu lu
lng truy cp c th c gi trong mt n v thi gian m khng cn lch trnh).
M hnh FQMM cung cp cho mi ng m bo QoS cho cc ng truyn u tin
cao trong khi ng c u tin thp hn c tng hp thnh mt tp cc lp dch v, nh
minh ha trong hnh 6.1. M hnh QoS hybrid ny c gi nh rng t l phn trm ca cc
ng i hi mi ng truyn m bo QoS l t hn nhiu so vi cc ng c u tin
thp, c th c tng hp thnh mt tp cc lp QoS. Da vo lu lng ti hin ti trong
mng, mc dch v ca mt ng truyn c th thay i t ng t mi ng trn mi
lp v ngc li.
Lu lng mng
Lu lng cp 3
Lu lng cp 2
Lu lng cp 1
Cung cp dch v tch

Cung cp dch v khc hp (mi ng QoS
nhau (tp hp ca cc m bo cho cc cp
ng vo mt tp cc mc u tin cao lu
lp dch v lng )
Hnh 6.1: M hnh FQMM.
u im v nhc im
M hnh ny gii quyt vn m rng bng cch phn loi lu lng u tin thp
vo cc lp dch v v n cung cp mt ng truyn l tng m bo QoS. Giao thc ny
gii quyt cc vn c bn ca khung QoS v xut mt gii php chung cho MANETs
to c s cho mt m hnh QoS tt hn. Nhng cc vn nh quyt nh sau khi phn loi
lu lng, giao ca mi ng hoc dch v tng hp cho ng truyn c a ra, s
lng lu lng thuc dch v mi ng truyn, c ch s dng bi cc nt trung gian c
158
c thng tin lin quan n ng truyn, v lp k hoch hoc chuyn tip lu lng bi
cc nt trung gian gn nh cha c gii quyt
6.6. M hnh QoS INSIGNIA

Khung INSIGNIA QoS c pht trin cung cp dch v thch ng trog MANETs.
Cc dch v ny c kh nng h tr cc ng dng m ch yu cu mt s m bo ti thiu v
s lng QoS (v d nh ti thiu ha bng thng), c gi l QoS c s. Mc dch v
ny c th c m rng sau s c nng cao QoS khi m cc ngun lc . y, cc
phin ngi s dng s thch ng vi mc c sn ca dch v m khng cn tn hiu gia
cc cp ngun-ch.
Khung ny c th c m rng quy m phin ngi s dng thch nghi da trn
mng ng (dynamic network) v cc chnh sch thch ng vi ngi dng. Mt thnh phn
quan trng ca khung ny l INSIGNIA trong h thng bo hiu trong bng, n dng h
tr bo lu nhanh, khi phc tn hiu v thch ng vi h thng cung cp dch v. Tn hiu
h thng ny rt nh v p ng nhanh chng vi nhng thay i ca h thng mng v iu
kin end-to-end ca QoS. Khung INSIGNIA c m t hnh 6.2.
Hnh thnh khu
vc/ truyn gi tn
Tn hiu
trong bng
M-un nh
tuyn INSIGINIA Np iu khin
H thng o
lng/ iu
Cc cp nht khin
nh tuyn
Mobile soft-state Trng thi knh
Cc gi d liu
M-un truyn gi tin M-un Sp xp gi tin
Gi tin b hy
MAC
Tham gia mi trng v tuyn
159
Hnh 6.2: Cu trc INSIGNIA.
Cc module nh tuyn c lp vi cc thnh phn khc v bt k giao thc nh

tuyn hin ti ang c s dng. INSIGNIA c gi nh rng cc giao thc nh tuyn
cung cp cc tuyn ng mi trong trng hp m hnh b thay i. Module trong in-band
signaling c s dng thit lp, thch ng, phc hi v hy b cc dch v thch ng gia
cc cp ngun-ch. N khng ph thuc vo bt k lp giao thc c th no. Trong h thng
bo hiu trong bng, thng tin iu khin c thc hin cng cc gi d liu v do khng
c knh iu khin r rng c yu cu.
Trong khung INSIGNIA, mi gi d liu c th cha mt trng QoS ty chn
(INSIGNIA ty chn) mang nhng thng tin iu khin. Cc thng tin tn hiu c m
ha vo trng QoS ty chn. Trong h thng bo hiu trong bng, c th hot ng vi tc
gn bng vi tc truyn d liu v do n s ph hp hn vi mi trng mng di
ng cao hn. Cc module iu khin s dng cc cch tip cn soft-state phn b bng
thng da trn ti a hoc ti thiu ha bng thng c yu cu.
Cc module truyn gi tin phn loi cc gi d liu i vo v mang chng n cc
module thch hp. Nu gi d liu c mt la chn ca INSIGNIA, n s gi n cc module
tn hiu INSIGNIA. Gi tin s c chuyn n cc nt khc c s l bng cc module sp
xp gi tin. Cc gi d liu s c truyn qua mt nt c sp xp bng b sp xp da
trn cc chnh sch chuyn tip. INSIGNIA s dng mt lut dch v trng s round-robin.
Khung INSIGNIA d p dng cho mi giao thc MAC c bn v s dng mt c ch qun l
ti nguyn soft-state ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn. Khi mt nt mng trung gian nhn
c mt gi d liu bng c RES (reservation) cho mt chui QoS v khng bo lu no
c hon thnh cho n nay; cc module np iu khin s phn b li cc ngun ti nguyn
da trn tnh kh dng. Nu vic bo lu c thc hin th n s c xc nhn li. Nu
khng c gi d liu no c nhn trong khong thi gian xc nh, th cc ti nguyn s
c phn b li m khng b nh hng bi bt k tn hao no trong vic iu khin. Trong
vic thit lp gi tr khong thi gian, th chng ta cn quan tm n vic khi phc sai (xy
ra khi khong thi gian nh hn so vi khong thi gian ca cc gi d liu n)
6.6.1. Hot ng ca m hnh INSIGNIA

Khung INSIGNIA cung cp cc ng dng thch ng. Nhng ng dng ny c th cn
n mt dch v best-effort hoc l nhng yu cu v QoS nn tng hoc l nhng yu cu
QoS nng cao. V th s thch ng ca giao thc t ng phn ng ca cc AWN cng nh
mc dch v ca mt ng dng c th b gim thp nu khng c ngun ti nguyn.
Trng option ca INSIGNIA gm nhng thng tin sau y: kiu dch v, loi ti tin,
ch th bng thng v bng thng yu cu. Nhng thng tin ny cho thy phn ng t ng
ca dng lu lng v nhng yu cu ca ng dng. Nhng im trung gian to quyt nh
i vi trng thi ca dng lu lng da trn trng option ca INSIGNIA. Kiu dch v c
160
th l best-effor (BE) hoc yu cu dch v bo tn ngun ti nguyn (RES). Loi ti tin cho
bit nhng yu cu QoS ca ng dng. N c th l QoS c bn cho mt ng dng ci m yu
cu bng thng nh nht hoc c th l QoS nng cao cho mt ng dng c yu cu bng
thng tin ti a nhng vn c th hot ng di mc bng thng nh nht no . V d
mt ng dng yu cu kiu dch v nng cao l ng dng v video. ng dng ny c th chp
nhn c vic mt gi tn v tr nht nh.
Bng 6.1: Cht lng dch v.
Kiu dch v Kiu ti tin Ch th bng Degrading Upgrading

thng
BE - - - -
RES Base QoS MIN Base QoSBe BEBase QoS
RES Enhanced QoS MAX EQoSBE BEEqoS

(EqoS) EQoSBQoS BQoSEQoS
C ch th bng thng c cc gi tr l MAX v MIN. n i din cho bng thng cung

cp cho dng lu lng. Bng 6.1 cho thy cch m cc trng kiu dch v, loi ti tin v
cc c ch th bng thng phn nh trng thi hin ti ca dng lu lng. Ta c th thy t
bng trn cc gi tin best-effort (BE) c nh tuyn nh cc gi tin d liu thng thng.
Nu QoS c yu cu bi mt ng dng n c th chn QoS c bn ci m m bo mt
bng thng ti thiu xc nh. i vi ng dng ny th c ch th bng thng c chn l
MIN. i vi QoS nng cao th ngun pht t c ch th bng thng l MAX, nhng n c
th gim ti cc nt trung gian xung MIN; c kiu dch v c thay i thnh t RES thnh
BE nu khng bng thng. Dch v sau khi b gim c th quay tr li RES nu c bng
thng. i vi QoS nng cao, dch v c th gim xung BE hoc RES vi QoS c bn. QoS
nng cao sau khi b gim xung c th c nng cp tr li nu tt c cc nut trung gian c
nhu cu v bng thng.
Cc nut ch ch ng gim st cc lung d liu ang truyn, no kim tra trng ch
th bng thng ca cc gi tin n v cc tiu chun nh gi QoS truyn (v d l cc tiu
chun v mt gi tin, tr v lng d liu a vo). Cc nut ch s gi cc bn tin bo co
QoS ti cc nt ngun. Bn tin ny gm c cc thng tin v trng thi ca cc lung lu
lng ang din ra.
Duy tri nh tuyn. V tnh di ng ca cc host nn mt phin ang c thc hin c
th s b nh tuyn li trong trng hp tuyn ng b ngt. Qu trnh phc hi dng lu
lng phi c thit lp nhanh v hiu qu nht c th. Trong sut qu trnh khi phc,
161
INSIGNIA khng cn tr cc ti nguyn t cc dng lu lng ang tn ti truyn vo cc

dng lu lng cn c nh tuyn li. INSIGNIA cung cp 3 kiu khi phc lung lu
lng: khi phc trc tip, n xy ra khi mt dng lu lng cn nh tuyn li ngay lp tc
khi phc li trng thi ban u ca n. Khi phc suy bin, n xy ra khi mt dng lu
lng cn nh tuyn li b suy bin trong khon T trc khi n khi phc li. Khi phc
thng trc, n xy ra khi mt dng lu lng cn nh tuyn li khng bao gi khi phc li
c trng thi ban u ca n.
6.6.2. u va nhc im
Khung INSIGNIA cung cp mt phng php tip cn tch hp cung cp QoS bng
cch kt hp cc tn hiu trong bng, gi n np iu khin v sp xp d liu cng nhau. H
thng bo lu soft-state c s dng trong khung ny c m bo rng cc ngun ti
nguyn c nhanh chng pht li vo thi im m tuyn ng c ti cu trc. Tuy
nhin khung ny ch h tr duy nht cc ng dng thch hp, v d, cc ng dng a phng
tin. V khung ny c th ph hp vi tt c cc giao thc MAC, h thng bo lu v fairness
ca giao thc MAC s b nh hng ng k trong vic m bo cung cp QoS.
Ngoi ra, nhng khung ny c gi nh rng giao thc nh tuyn cung cp mt
tuyn mi trong trng hp thay i cu trc mng, c ch duy tr tuyn ng ca giao thc
nh tuyn s c nh hng ng k n vic cung cp lu lng truy cp thi gian thc. Nu
khng ngun lc bi vic thay i cu trc mng, cc ng dng QoS nng cao c th c
h thp thnh cc QoS c s hoc cc dch v h tr tt nht. Bi v khung ny s dng bo
hiu trong bng, cc ti nguyn khng c dnh ring trc khi vic truyn d liu c
thc hin. Do vy INSIGNIA khng thch hp cho cc ng dng thi gian thc v cc ng
dng ny yu cu nghim ngt QoS.
6.7. M hnh QoS INORA

INORA l mt khung QoS cho MANETs c s lm s dng cho INSIGNIA
trong c ch bng tn v giao thc nh tuyn Tora (Tm thi tn hiu ra lnh cho thut ton
nh tuyn). Cc c ch ti truyn tn hiu bo lu ngun ti nguyn QoS tng tc vi giao
thc nh tuyn m bo cung cp QoS.
Giao thc nh tuyn TORA cung cp nhiu tuyn ng gia mt cp ngun-ch.
C ch tn hiu INSIGNIA cung cp thng tin phn hi giao thc nh tuyn TORA lu
ti cc tuyn ng c la chn v yu cu ng thay th nu cc tuyn ng cung cp
khng p ng yu cu ca QoS. vic bo lu ti nguyn th c ch bo lu soft-state
c s dng. INORA c th c phn thnh hai m hnh: M hnh thng tin phn hi km
v m hnh phn hi tt da trn lp.
162
6.7.1. M hnh phn hi km

Trong m hnh ny nu mt nt tht bi trong vic tha nhn mt chui QoS hoc l
do thiu cc yu cu ti thiu v bng thng (BWmin) hoc do b tc nghn ti cc nt, n s
gi ra mt bn tin np iu khin out-of-band tht bi (ACF) n nt trn ca n. Sau khi
nhn c tin ACF cc nt trn nh tuyn li chui thng qua cc nt di c cung cp
bi cc giao thc nh tuyn TORA. Nu khng c mt hng xm no ca n tha nhn v
ci chui n s gi mt thng tin ACF n thng ngun. Trong khi INORA ang c gng
tm mt con ng kh thi bng cch tm kim bn mch h (DAG) sau khi vic np iu
khin tht bi ti mt nt trung gian, cc gi tin c truyn i nh l mt gi tin best-effort
t ngun n ch ca n. Trong h thng ny cc chui khc nhau ca mt cp ngun ch
c th khc nhau tuyn ng
6.7.2. M hnh phn hi tt da trn lp

Trong m hnh ny, khong cch gia BWmin v BWmax mt chui QoS c th c
chia thnh N lp, vi BWmin v BWmax l bng thng ti thiu v ti a m chui QoS yu
cu. Gi s mt chui QoS c tao bi nt ngun F n ch l nt D. Chui c tha nhn
c nt m (m<N).
1. DAG c to bi giao thc TORA (c trnh by trong hnh 6.3). SABD
l tuyn ng c chn ca giao thc nh tuyn TORA
2. INSIGNIA c gng thit lp bo lu soft-state cho chui QoS chy dc theo tuyn
ng. Gi s nt A tha nhn thnh cng chui vi lp m v nt B tha nhn
chui vi bng thng ca lp l (l<m).
Hnh 6.3: M hnh INORA phn hi tt. Nt A tha nhn chui vi lp m nhng nt B c th cung
cp cho lp l (l<m)
3. Nt B gi ra mt tin bo co np (AR(l)) n nt trn A, cho thy kh nng cung

cp ring bng thng lp l cho chui.
4. Nt A chia tch cc chui vi t l l ml v chuyn tip chui n nt B v nt Y.
163
5. Nu nt Y c th cung cp lp ml theo yu cu ca lp A, sau nhng chui ca

lp m c chia thnh 2 chui: mt chui bng thng ca lp l dc theo chiu di
tuyn SABD v cc chui khc vi bng thng ca lp ml s i theo tuyn
SAYD.
6. Nu nt Y ch cung cp cho lp n (n<ml) n s gi tin AR(n) ti nt A trn
7. Nt A nhn ra rng cc hng xm di khng th cung cp dch v lp m, n
thng bo mt kh nng cung cp dch v lp (l+n) bng cch gi gi tin AR(l+n)
ti nt S
8. Nt S c gng tm thy mt ngi hng xm pha di c th ph hp vi chui
lp (m.(l+n))
9. Nu khng c ngi hng xm no nh vy th lp S s t chi chui
6.7.3. u im
INORA tt hn INSIGNIA ch n c th tm kim nhiu tuyn ng vi vic m
bo QoS t hn. N s dng cc tn hiu INSIGNIA trong c ch bng tn. V khng c
ngun lc c dnh ring trc khi bt u truyn ti d liu v cc gi tin d liu v d
liu c chuyn i nh l gi best-effort trong trng hp vic np iu khin tht bi ti
cc nt trung gian, m hnh ny c th khng ph hp cho cc ng dng yu cu m bo
dch v cao.
6.8. Tng kt chng 6

Vic quan tm nhiu hn n MANETs trong nhng nm gn y dn n n lc
nghin cu chuyn su nhm mc ch cung cp h tr QoS trn h tng mng vi nhng
hnh ng khng th bo trc. Ni chung QoS ca bt k mng c th no c th c nh
ngha l kh nng cung cp mt mc dch v m bo cho ngi s dng v cc ng dng
ca n. Cc yu cu dch v bao gm s hiu sut nh thng lng, tr, s bin ng, bng
thng, s tin cy v cc ng dng khc nhau c th yu cu cc dch v khc nhau. Ch s
hiu sut c th c tnh theo ba cch khc nhau: (1) concave (v d: bng thng ti thiu
trn mt lin kt), (2) additive (v d: tng tr trn m tuyn ng), (3) multiplicative (v d:
t l phn phi gi tin trn ton tuyn)
Trong MANETs, vic cung cp m bo QoS c nhiu thch thc hn so vi mng
dy, ch yu l do nt dch chuyn, giao tip a chng, s bt ng knh truy nhp v thiu
phi hp tp trung. Vic m bo QoS yu cu thng qua phn ln thit b a phng tin v
cc ng dng cm nh thi gian hoc li nhng kh khn trong vic cung cp vic m bo
nh vy cc hn ch tnh hu dng ca mng MANETs. Tuy nhin trong thp k qua rt nhiu
cuc nghin cu quan tm n s m bo QoS trong cc giao thc MANETs. Cc giao thc
nh tuyn QoS l mt phn khng th thiu trong cc gii php v QoS t trc n nay bi
v n c chc nng xc nh cc nt, ngoi ra n cn phc v cc yu cu ng dng nu c.
Do n ng mt vai tr trong vic np kim sot d liu phin.
164
1. Chng minh tt c cc lp mng u cn cht lng v dch v.
2. M t nhng thch thc v a ra nhng vn phc tp trong vic cung cp
QoS.
3. a ra cc phn loi gii php QoS.
4. Gii thch nhng kiu m hnh QoS khc nhau vi nhng minh ha thch hp.
5. Gii thch m hnh FQMM.
6. Ni v c cu t chc INSIGNIA ca m hnh QoS.
7. M t c cu t chc INORA vi nhng v d thch hp.

[1] Subir Kumar Sarkar, T.G. Basavaraju, C. Puttamadappa, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless
Network Principles, Protocols and Applications, Second Edition, CRC Press, 2013
[2] IEEE 802.11 TGe.2001. HCF ad hoc group recommendation- Normative text to EDCF
access category.TR-02/241r0
[3] Perkins, C. E. E. M. Royer, and S.r. Das 2000. Quality of service for ad hoc on-demand
distance vector routing. IETF Internet draft
165
Chng 7: An Ninh Trong Mng Ad hoc
CHNG 7: AN NINH TRONG MNG AD HOC
V Trng Thnh, Nguyn Vit Hng
7.1. M u
Vic cung cp tnh nng an ninh, an ton thng tin l mt trong nhng yu cu bt buc
ca cc mng thng tin ni chung, c bit l vi cc mng m nhim cc cng vic quan trng
hoc mang thng tin nhy cm. Mt gii php an ninh thng tin y cn c ba thnh phn:
ngn chn, pht hin v phn ng li cc nguy c v s kin gy phng hi v an ninh. Thng
thng, mc tiu ca cc gii php an ninh l khin cho li ch thu c ca k tn cng nh hn
chi ph phi b ra tn cng, hoc ngc li chi ph cho cc gii php an ninh phi nh hn tn
tht nu c trong trng hp thng tin b mt hoc b lm sai lch khi khng c cc gii php bo
m an ninh.
Mng ad hoc c mt s c trng ring khin cho vic m bo an ninh tr nn kh khn
v phc tp hn so vi cc mng truyn thng. u tin mng ad hoc thc hin vic truyn thng
bng cch s dng knh truyn v tuyn trong mi trng m, v do c mc an ton v
mt vt l l thp hn so vi mi trng truyn dn hu tuyn. Mt c im khc l cc nt
mng thng c ti nguyn hn ch, bao gm hn ch v mt nng lc x l, bng thng truyn
dn, v ngun nui, do kh c th trin khai cc thut ton v giao thc phc tp cho mc
ch m bo an ninh. Mt c im ring khc ca mng ad hoc l thng khng c c s h
tng truyn dn chuyn bit hoc c nh, m thng tin c chuyn tip da hon ton vo cc
nt khc trong mng, ng thi cc nt cng di chuyn tng i so vi nhau khin cho topo
mng thay i theo thi gian, nhng c im ny khin cho vic chuyn tip/nh tuyn gi tin
mt cch tin cy l rt kh khn v hao tn nhiu ti nguyn xy dng thng tin nh tuyn.
Do cc c im nu trn, gii php v thit k an ninh cho mng ad hoc thng l s
iu tit gia cc rng buc ca hiu nng dch v v hiu nng an ninh trong iu kin ti
nguyn hn ch. Chng 7 s lm r cc vn lin quan ti cc yu cu v an ninh v cc m
hnh tn cng trong mng ad hoc, cc vn trong qun l v phn phi kha mt m ha ca
mng ad hoc v cc gii php phn phi kha mt m ha v cc cch tip cn chng li cc
cuc tn cng vo mng ad hoc.
7.2. Cc yu t an ninh chnh ca mng Ad hoc

Trong mng ad hoc ni ring v trong mt h thng thng tin ni chung cc kha cnh
(yu t) an ninh sau thng c xem xt:
Tnh kh dng (Availability)
166
Tnh bo mt (Confidentiality)
Tnh ton vn (Integrity)
Nhn thc (Authentication)
Chng t chi (non-repudiation)
Chng pht li (non-replay)
Ngoi tr yu t kh dng, cc yu t an ninh cn li c trnh by trong ti liu ging
dy mn An ninh mng thng tin, di y chng ta s xem xt cc yu t ny di gc ca
cc c im ring ca mng ad hoc.
7.2.1. Tnh kh dng (Availability)

Mc ch l m bo kh nng tn ti ca cc dch v mng cho d c cuc tn cng t
chi dch v (DoS). Mt cuc tn cng t chi dch v c th xy ra ti bt k lp no ca mt
mng ad hoc. Ti lp vt l v MAC, k tn cng c th s dng bin php jamming (pht nhiu
cng sut ln) nhm ngn cn thng tin lin lc trn cc knh vt l. Ti lp mng, k tn cng
c th ngn cn vic hot ng bnh thng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn v t ngt kt ni
mng ti mt ch no . Ti cc lp cao hn, k tn cng c th lm sp cc dch v lp trn.
Mt v d l tn cng lm sp dch v qun l kha, mt dch v cn thit cho bt k h thng an
ninh no.
7.2.2. Tnh bo mt (Confidentiality)

Mc ch l m bo rng thng tin khng b tit l cho cc i tng khng c php
bit v thng tin. Vic truyn dn cc thng tin nhy cm trong mng ad hoc, chng hn nh
thng tin qun s chin lc hay chin thut, thng yu cu tnh bo mt cao. Vic r r thng
tin cho k ch c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng. Thng tin nh tuyn ca mng ad hoc
cng phi c gi b mt trong mt s trng hp, bi v cc thng tin lin quan ti v tr c th
rt hu ch vi k th trong vic nhn dng v xc nh v tr mc tiu ca i phng trn chin
trng.
7.2.3. Tnh ton vn (Integrity)

Mc ch nhm m bo rng thng tin c truyn thng khng b lm sai lch trn
ng truyn. Trong mng ad hoc, thng tin c th b lm hng v nhng nguyn nhn khch
quan v d nh knh truyn v tuyn b li do pha inh, hoc v cc cuc tn cng c trn
mng. Trn thc t, tnh ton vn s cung cp kh nng pht hin vic thng tin c b sa i hay
khng ti pha thu.
167
7.2.4. Nhn thc (Authentication)

Cho php mt nt c th chc chn v danh tnh ca nt i tc m n ang trao i thng
tin. Nu khng c nhn thc, k tn cng c th gi mo mt nt, do c th truy cp mt cch
tri php cc ti nguyn v/hoc thng tin nhy cm v can thip vo hot ng ca cc nt khc
trong mng ad hoc.
7.2.5. Chng t chi (non-repudiation)

m bo rng pha gi thng tin khng th ph nhn gi thng tin . Chng t chi
s rt c ch trong vic pht hin v c lp cc nt b chim quyn iu khin bi k tn cng
trong mng ad hoc. Khi mt nt nhn c mt thng bo b sai lch t mt nt, chng t chi
cho php vic s dng tin nhn ny chng minh vi cc nt khc l nt gi thng tin sai b
chim quyn iu khin bi k tn cng.
7.2.6. Chng pht li (non-replay)

Thng tin truyn trn mng c th c k tn cng lu tr v pht li nguyn vn ti nt
ch vo mt thi im no trong tng lai. Do thng tin b pht li m khng b sa i nn
i vi nt chuyn tip cng nh nt ch y l thng tin hp l. Vic pht li c th lm tiu
tn ti nguyn ca mng cng nh nt ch, hoc c th khin cho nt ch phi thc hin li cc
hnh ng mt cch khng cn thit do c yu cu bi thng tin b pht li ny. Vic pht li
trong mng ad hoc s khc so vi cc mng truyn thng vic nt gy hi c th s di chuyn
ti mt v tr khc vi cc nt trung gian khc che du ngun gc tin b pht.
7.3. Cc thch thc an ninh c trng ca mng Ad hoc

Nhng c trng ring bit ca mng ad hoc to ra nhng thch thc mi trong vic m
bo cc yu t an ninh.
Vic s dng kt ni v tuyn trong khng gian t do lm cho mng ad hoc d b tn cng
vo ng truyn thng tin, bao gm t vic nghe trm th ng n vic mo danh, pht li bn
tin hoc sa i bn tin c truyn dn t nt ny sang nt kia. Kh nng b tn cng th ng
(nghe trm) c th lm l thng tin cho bn th ba, vi phm vo tnh bo mt. Trong khi , cc
hnh ng tn cng ch ng c th cho php k tn cng xa b bn tin, hoc pht thm cc bn
tin vi ni dung sai lch vo ng truyn, hoc thay i ni dung bn tin, hoc gi danh mt
nt, do vi phm tnh kh dng, tnh ton vn, nhn thc hoc chng t chi.
V mng ad hoc khng c mt c s h tng c nh v ng tin cy, nn nhm tng cao
kh nng sng st ca mng, mng ad hoc cn p dng cc kin trc mng c tnh phn tn,
khng nn c cc nt trung tm, v vic c nt trung tm trong mng ad hoc s to ra mt im
168
yu ng k cho mng, v nu nt ny b chim quyn mt cch tri php th ton b mng s b

nh sp.
Mt khc, khi cc nt di chuyn trong mt mi trng th ch (v d nh trn chin
trng) th kh nng bo v vt l l tng i kh khn. Trong trng hp ny, nt c th b
chim quyn iu khin tri php. V vy, khng ch c cc cuc tn cng c hi t bn ngoi
mng, m m bo tnh an ninh th cn phi c gii php cho cc cuc tn cng t ni b
mng bi cc nt b chim quyn. Thm vo , do thng tin c trao i gia cc nt mng
theo m hnh peer-to-peer v c th c nh tuyn trn nhiu chng nn xc xut ng truyn
b hng l cao. Do , vic truyn dn thng tin cn c kh nng chng li cao tng tnh kh
dng ca mng.
Mt vn khc ca mng ad hoc l s thay i thng xuyn v topo mng v s lng
thnh vin (tc l cc nt thng xuyn tham gia vo v ri khi mng). Quan h tn nhim gia
cc nt cng thay i v sau mt khong thi gian mt nt c th b pht hin l b chim
quyn bi k tn cng. Cc nt mng trong mng ad hoc cng c th ng k vo cc domain
mt cch linh hot, do cc m hnh an ninh tnh s khng ph hp. V vy, cc c ch an ninh
cho mng ad hoc nn c kh nng thch ng theo thi gian thc i vi cc thay i ca mng.
Trong mng ad hoc, thng tin ca mt nt s c truyn ti ch bi cc nt khc m
khng c cc lin kt an ninh trc v ni chung thng tin c truyn ti thng qua cc
mng/nt khng quen bit. Thng thng cc nt khng c thng tin nhn thc/bo mt ca cc
nt khc, nht l trong cc mng ad hoc c ln vi nhiu nt.Cc nt cng thng khng c bin
php c th nh gi cc peer l ng tin cy hay th ch. Vic thit lp trc cc thng tin
ny cho cc nt th cng kh thc hin i vi cc mng dn s m, vi cc chng loi thit b
khc nhau v kt ni ch tn ti trong thi gian ngn. Nhng ngay c vi cc mng qun s, trong
cc nt thng l bit trc nhau, th mt nt c tin tng ban u c th b hack v chim
quyn iu khin, do vic tin tng mt cch mc nh c th s gy hi cho mng. Vic xut
trnh c cc thng tin nhn thc cng khng c ngha l nt l hp l. V bt k mt nt
no trong mng cng c th lm gin on hay lm dng hot ng ca cc giao thc mng, qua
lm gim cht lng hoc ngn cn vic truyn tin ca cc nt khc trong mng.
Ngoi ra, vic phn bit gia cc li gy ra do hnh ng tn cng c vi cc li mng
t nhin l rt kh. V d, rt kh phn bit gia vic mt gi tin b mt do s di chuyn ca
mt nt hoc do s xung t ti lp MAC vi vic gi tin b mt do nt chuyn tip hy gi .
Vn ny tr nn kh khn hn khi nt gy hi c tnh che du cc hnh vi gy hi di dng
cc li t nhin.
169
Cc thit b di ng v tuyn thng gp vn v ti nguyn hn ch, nht l v nng

lng (pin) v nng lc x l. V vn ny, cc kin trc an ninh cho mng ad hoc cn phi
c thit k sao cho yu cu v tnh ton v trao i thng tin cho mc ch an ninh l t nht.
Mt khc mt mng ad hoc c th bao gm hng trm hoc hng nghn nt. V vy cc
kin trc v c ch an ninh phi c kh nng m rng p ng cho s lng ln cc nt thnh
vin.
V nhng l do trn, thng thng vic thit k mt giao thc truyn dn d liu an ton
trong mng ad hoc thng da trn cc lin kt an ninh end-to-end, v n gim thiu c cc
hnh ng lin quan ti vic duy tr tuyn, loi b c vic phi quan st lin tc trong thi gian
di cc nt nguy hi, cng nh trnh c vic mt nt c tnh bo sai v hnh vi ca nt khc,
v gim thiu c ph tn cng nh tr gy ra do vic bn tin c truyn qua mt ng truyn
li.
7.4. Cc giao thc tha thun v phn phi kha trong mng ad hoc
7.4.1. Qun l kha trong cc mng v tuyn

An ninh trong cc mng ad hoc thng c m bo da trn cc c ch qun l kha.
C hai loi qun l kha, bao gm qun l kha i xng v qun l kha bt i xng (dng
trong qun l kha cng khai). Hai loi qun l kha ny hot ng da trn cc thut ton mt
m ha i xng v bt i xng. Cc thut ton ny l cc thut ton tng qut, c trnh
by trong gio trnh An ninh mng thng tin. Cn hai m hnh qun l kha s c m t di
gc nhn ca mng ad hoc nh di y.
7.4.1.1. Qun l kha i xng [1]

Cc h thng kha i xng, nh DES, AES v cc hm bm theo kha hot ng da
trn cc thng tin ca kha b mt c chia s gia hai i tc truyn thng. Vi kha i xng,
ngi gi s mt m ha bn tin bng kha b mt chung, v ngi nhn s s dng cng kha
ny gii m bn tin.
Li th ca mt m ha kha i xng l kh nng tit kim nng lng do khi lng
tnh ton thp. Do vy nhiu loi mt m ha kha i xng c xy dng s dng cho
cc ng dng c yu cu v tiu th nng lng thp, v d nh mng cm bin v tuyn, v cc
cm bin thng l cc thit b r tin v ngun nh.
Kh khn chnh ca mt m ha kha i xng l bn gi v bn nhn phi thit lp c
mt kha chung trc khi truyn thng. i vi cc mng ad hoc trong mi thit b thuc v
cng mt h thng qun l, v d nh mng cm bin ca cng mt nh cung cp dch v, th cc
170
kha chia s ny s c phn phi trc cho cc thit b (v d cc nt cm bin) trc khi trin
khai.
K thut cho php cc bn tham gia truyn thng c th nht tr c mt kha chung
mt m ha cho phin truyn thng vi iu kin cha c mt knh truyn dn an ton gia
chng c gi l k thut thng nht v phn phi kha.
Vic thit k cc m hnh thng nht kha vi kha c phn phi trc ang nhn
c nhiu quan tm. Tuy nhin, vi mng c s lng nt ln th vic ny l rt phc tp, do hai
c im chnh sau y:
S lng kt ni ln: mt t l ln cc nt ln cn phi chia s t nht mt kha b
mt chung.
Yu cu v kh nng chng li: khi mt vi nt b khng ch bi k tn cng, cc
nt cm bin khc vn c th duy tr c cc phin truyn thng c m bo
v an ninh.
Gii php n gin nht ca phng php phn phi kha trc l s dng mt kha
chnh, theo tt c cc nt ca mng s c cu hnh trc vi mt kha gi l chnh, v s
dng chung kha chnh ny cho cc hnh ng lin quan ti an ninh. Gii php ny l tit kim
b nh nht v cc nt ch phi lu mt kha chnh, tuy nhin mc an ton km bi v nu mt
nt b xm phm an ninh th ton b mng cng b mt an ninh. i vi mt mng c s lng
ln cc nt v d nh mng cm bin khng dy WSN th xc xut mt nt b xm phm an ninh
l khng h nh. Ngay c khi cc nt c th c bo v tt hn bng cc phn cng c kh nng
chng can thip t bn ngoi, th do gi thnh cc phn cng ny kh cao do vi mt mng
nhiu nt th chi ph ph tri l rt ln, do cng kh kh thi.
Mt gii php khc l s dng cc kha cp i [2]. Vi mng c n nt th mi nt s lu
tr n-1 kha, v s s dng cc kha khc nhau truyn thng vi cc nt khc nhau. M hnh
ny c an ton cao nht, v vic l kha b mt vi mt nt khng nh hng n cc lin kt
vi cc nt khc. Tuy nhin, v mi nt s phi cha n-1 kha, nn nu s lng nt l ln th b
nh cn lu s lng kha ny l rt ln. iu ny l bt kh thi nu nt c cu hnh thp. Mt
khc, vic phi lu mt kha cho mi nt trong mng khin cho vic thm vo mng mt nt mi
l rt kh khn v s phi thm vo mt kha mi cho tng nt hin c trong mng c th to
ra lin kt an ton vi nt mi.
Mt gii php trung gian c cc tc gi Eschenauer v Gligor [3] xut l giao thc
phn phi kha ngu nhin da trn xc sut cho c ch qun l kha i xng, bao gm 3 giai
on: (giai on 1) tin phn phi kha, (giai on 2) pht hin kha chia s, v (giai on 3)
thit lp kha ca ng truyn. Trong giai on tin phn phi kha, h thng s sinh ra mt
171
kho-kha ln vi K kha v cc nhn dng (ID) tng ng vi kha . Mi nt s ly k kha t

kho-kha v to thnh mt chui kha cho mt nt cm bin.
Trong giai on pht hin kha chia s, mi nt s s dng cc bn tin khm ph
(discovery message) tm xem nt ln cn no chia s mt kha chung vi n. C th, nt
ngun s s mt m ha bn tin M s dng mt kha e. Sau n gi bn tin c m ha ti
tt c cc nt ln cn. Mt nt ln cn t s gii m c bn tin M nu v ch nu n c kha e.
Trong trng hp , nt t s p li s bng cch gi li s bn tin hi p s dng e lm kha
mt m ha bn tin, v qua , mt kt ni an ton s c thit lp gia chng.
Trong giai on thit lp kha ng truyn, mt kho ng truyn c thit lp gia
tng cp nt cnh nhau, tuy nhng nt ny khng chia s mt kha chung nhng c th kt ni
bi hai hay nhiu kt ni an ton ti thi im kt thc ca giai on pht hin kha chia s.
Trong c ch phn phi kha ngu nhin trn, xc xut bt k cp nt no s hu t nht mt
kha chung l:
2K k 1/ 2
1 k
K k ! 2
K
p 1 1
(7.1)
K 2k !K ! K 2k 1/ 2
1
2k

K
Gii php ny l s tha hip gia mc an ton v lng b nh cn dng. Da vo

m hnh ny, mt s tc gi khc a ra mt s gii php khc ci thin c ch phn phi
kha ny.
Du v ng nghip [4] xut mt phng php phn phi kha khc gim bt s
lng kha v dngtrong khi vn duy tr c s lng lin kt bng cch s dng cc thng tin
v m hnh trin khai. xut ny da trn gi thit l cc nt c phn chia thnh cc nhm.
Vi phn b Gausian, cc nt bn trong mt nhm v gia hai nhm cnh nhau th c xc xut
tr thnh hng xm cao hn. Ngc li, cc nt gia hai nhm xa nhau s kh tr thnh hng
xm hn. Theo , cc nt c xc xut tr thnh hng xm cao hn th s c xc xut chia s
cng mt kha chung cao hn v ngc li. Trong m hnh ny, mt kho-kha vi c |S| b chia
thnh tn kho kha vi c |Sc|. Cc kho-kha cnh nhau phng ngang v phng dc s chia s
a|Sc| kha v cc kho-kha phng trc giao chia s b|Sc| kha.
Chan v ng nghip [5] xut ba m hnh thng nht kha: (1) trong m hnh q-
kha t hp (q-composite key), hai nt c chia s t nht q kha chung (q>1) s thit lp mt
knh an ninh gia chng. M hnh ny c th chng li kh tt cc cuc tn cng mt mc nht
172
nh. (2) M hnh a ng tng cng s dng mt vi on khng lin kt vi nhau gi

kha n pha nt ch tnh ton ra kha chia x. M hnh ny c th tng cng an ninh ca
mt kha chung (knh an ninh) nhng vic thu thp cc ng ny l rt kh khn. (3) Trong m
hnh kha cp i ngu nhin, s ID ca mi kha c so snh vi s ID ca m nt khc c
la chn ngu nhin v mt kha cp i c to ra cho mi cp nt. Kha c lu tr trong
chui kha ca c hai nt, cng vi ID ca nt i tc cng s hu kha ny. M hnh ny cho
php c vic nhn thc.
Ngoi cc m hnh phn phi kha ngu nhin nu trn cng c rt nhiu xut khc
lin quan ti vic phn phi kha i xng. Nhng m hnh ny thng l s nh i gia cc
yu cu thit k tri ngc nhau v lng b nh s dng, kh nng kt ni, kh nng m rng,
v chng li. Cc vn v mt hiu sut hot ng ca cc thut ton kha i xng c tm
tt nh sau:
1. Tc : cc thut ton s dng kha i xng thng c lng tnh ton thp
hn nhiu so vi cc thut ton m ha i xng. Do , cc thut ton kha i
xng c s dng ph bin trong cc mng cm bin v tuyn vi ti nguyn
hu hn.
2. Kh nng m rng: Trong cc thut ton kha i xng, m bo vic
truyn thng an ton gia tt c cc nt ca mt mng c c n s cn n*(1-n)/2
kha. Tuy nhin, cc thit k hin ti ca m hnh qun l kha khng yu cu
tng i nt chia s mt kha b mt duy nht do s lng kha c th gim i.
3. Qun l: Cc thut ton kha i xng thng yu cu hai bn phi c chung
mt kha b mt trc khi truyn thng. trnh kh nng k ph hoi pht hin
ra kha mt m, cc kha cn c thay i thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, vic gi an
ton cho cc kha chia s trong qu trnh phn phi kha l rt kh.
7.4.1.2. Qun l kha bt i xng [6]

Khng ging nh cc thut ton kha i xng, cc thut ton bt i xng (hay cn gi
l kha cng khai), v d nh RSA hoc ECC s dng ng thi hai kha, gi l kha ring v
kha cng khai mt m ha, gii mt m ha, nhn thc, v xc thc thng tin. V d, mt
ngi dng bit kha cng khai ca thut ton bt i xng c th dng nt mt m ha cc bn
tin v gi cho bn nhn, nhng tt c cc nt, tr nt c kha ring tng ng, u khng th gii
m c bn tin. So vi cc thut ton kha i xng, mt m ha kha cng khai tng bo
mt v s thut tin trong s dng, v cc kha ring khng bao gi cn phi c truyn i hoc
chia s cho bt k ai. Mt li th khc ca mt m ha kha cng khai l c th s dng cho ch
k s, v do c th s dng cho yu t chng t chi.
173
Bi v thut ton bt i xng v i xng u c u im v nhc im ring, vic kt

hp tn dng u im ca hai loi thut ton ny l rt c ch. Theo , mt m ha kha bt
i xng s c s dng trao i kha i xng, v sau kha i xng s c s dng
m bo an ninh cho cc phin truyn thng ca mng ad hoc v tuyn.
H thng kha cng khai ban u c pht trin nhm phc v mng Internet. Khi s
dng mt m ha kha cng khai, mt cp nt bt k c th thit lp mt knh an ton gia
chng m khng cn phi c cc kha c phn phi trc d. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp nt
khng c phn phi kha cng cng ca i tc trc , th cn mt hoc mt vi CA
(Certificate authority) ng tin cy phn phi kha cng cng ca i tc ny cho i tc kia.
Tuy CA c th d dng c trin khai trong mng Internet, nhng i vi mng ad hoc v tuyn
th qu trnh x l nhn thc bi CA tiu tn rt nhiu ph ph trong qu trnh trao i thng tin
trn ng truyn v tuyn. sa i h thng kha cng khai cho ph hp vi mng ad hoc,
cc tc gi Zhou v Haas [7] xut mt m hnh qun l kha cng khai phn tn cho cc
mng ad hoc, trong s dng nhiu CA phn tn. k mt chng ch (certificate), mi CA to
ra mt ch k thnh phn cho chng ch v gi ch k thnh phn ti mt iu phi vin
tnh ton ra ch k t cc ch kthnh phn. Kong v cc tc gi khc [32] xut mt m hnh
hon ton phn tn, trong mi nt mang mt phn ca kha ring ca dch v CA. M hnh
ny tng cng tnh kh dng ca dch v nhn thc, nhng n cng lm tng ph ph ca qu
trnh nhn thc. Capkun, Buttyan, and Hubaux [8] a ra mt qun l h thng kha cng khai t
t chc, trong ngi dng cung cp chng ch da trn nhng nt khc m n quen bit. Mi
ngi dng duy tr mt c s d liu v cc chng ch ni b. Khi hai ngi dng mun xc nhn
kha cng khai ca bn kia, h kt hp c s d liu chng ch ni b ca h v c gng tm
kim (trong c s d liu c kt hp) cc chui chng nhn ph hp c th thc hin
vic chng nhn. Trong cc m hnh da trn chng ch ny, cc ph ph truyn thng trao i
cc chng ch trong mng l tng i ln i vi cc mng ad hoc vi bng thng hn ch.
7.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn an ton
7.5.1. Cc m hnh tn cng lp mng [9]

Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong mng sensor kh n gin, do i khi chng d b
tn cng theo cc cch c m t nghin cu v nh tuyn trong mng ad hoc, v hu ht
cc cuc tn cng lp mng ln mng ad hoc ri vo mt trong cc loi sau:
Thng tin nh tuyn gi mo, b chnh sa, hoc lp li;
Chuyn tip c chn lc;
Cc cuc tn cng sinkhole;
174
Cc cuc tn cng Sybil;

Tn cng wormhole;
Tn cng h en;
Cc cuc tn cng trn lt bn tin HELLO;
Gi mo thng bo xc nhn.
Cc loi tn cng ny hoc l nhm thay i trc tip d liu ngi dng hoc tc ng
ln topology nh tuyn cho cc gi tin. Cc loi tn cng s ln lt c m t di y.
7.5.1.1. Thng tin nh tuyn gi mo, b chnh sa, hoc pht li
Hu ht cc cuc tn cng trc tip ln giao thc nh tuyn u nhm ti thng tin nh
tuyn c trao i gia cc nt. Bng cch gi mo, chnh sa hay pht li thng tin nh tuyn,
i phng c th to ra cc vng lp nh tuyn, ht hoc y lu lng mng i, ko di hay
rt ngn cc tuyn ngun, to ra cc bn tin li sai, phn mnh mng, lm tng tr u cui v.v...
7.5.1.2. Chuyn tip c chn lc
Cc mng a chng thng da trn gi thit l cc nt tham gia s chuyn tip bn tin
nhn c mt cch trung thc. Trong cuc tn cng chuyn tip c chn lc, cc nt gy hi c
th t chi chuyn tip cc bn tin nht nh v loi b chng, do khin chng khng c
truyn i tip. Biu hin n gin ca loi tn cng ny l nt gy hi hot ng nh mt l en
v t chi chuyn tip cc gi m n bt c. Tuy nhin, cc cuc tn cng kiu ny phi chp
nhn ri ro l cc nt hng xm s nhn ra nt tn cng gp li v quyt nh tm kim tuyn
khc. Mt biu hin kh thy hn ca loi tn cng ny l khi k gy hi chuyn tip cc gi tin
mt cch chn lc. Khi k gy hi mong mun chn hoc chnh sa cc gi tn c gi t mt
vi nt c chn cng c th chuyn tip chnh xc cc lu lng d liu khc hn ch b
nghi ng.
Cc cuc tn cng chuyn tip c chn lc thng gy nhiu nh hng nht khi m k
tn cng c a vo ng truyn ca lung d liu. Tuy nhin, nu k gy hi c th nghe
trm lung d liu i qua cc nt hng xm cng c th to ra mt cuc tn cng tng t nh
chuyn tip c chn lc bng cch ph sng hay gy xung t cho cc gi c chuyn tip m
n quan tm. C ch ca hnh ng ny thng kh thc hin, v gn nh bt kh thi. Do ,
thng k tn cng chuyn tip chn lc s bm theo ng truyn t c bo v nht v c
gng t mnh trn ng truyn trn thc t ca lung d liu. Trong hai mc tip theo s m t
c ch tn cng sinkhole v Sybil, hai c ch m k tn cng s dng c t vo ng
truyn ca lung d liu ch.
175
7.5.1.3. Cc cuc tn cng sinkhole

Trong cuc tn cng sinkhole, mc ch ca k gy hi l ht gn nh ton b lu lng
ca mt vng c bit trn nt b chim quyn iu khin, to ra mt l hng (sinkhole). Bi cc
nt nm trn hoc gn ng truyn thc t ca cc gi tin c nhiu c hi thay i d liu ca
cc ng dng, nn cc cuc tn cng sinkhole c th cho php nhiu cuc tn cng dng khc k
sinh theo n (v d, chuyn tip c chn lc).
Cc cuc tn cng sinkhole thng hot ng bng cch lm cho mt nt b chim quyn
c v c nhiu li im hn vi cc nt xung quanh khi tnh ton ng truyn (tc l khi thc
hin vic nh tuyn). V d, k tn cng c th gi mo hoc pht li mt bn tin qung b v
ng truyn vi cht lng v cng tt ti trm gc. Mt s giao thc c th xc minh cht
lng ca tuyn bng cch s dng cc thng bo xc nhn (ACK) gia hai u cui bao gm
cc thng tin v tin cy hoc tr. Trong trng hp ny, k tn cng vi mt laptop c b
pht cng sut cao c th thc s cung cp c ng truyn cht lng cao bng cch pht
sng vi cng sut ti trm gc trn mt chng, hoc s dng tn cng wormhole (s c
tho lun trong mc 7.5.1.5). Do nt b chim quyn c th cung cp tuyn cht lng cao (c th
thc hoc o), c kh nng cao l cc nt hng xm ca k tn cng s chuyn tip cc gi tin
cho trm gc qua k tn cng, v cng qung b tuyn c cht lng cao ny ti cc hng xm
ca n. H qu l, k tn cng to ra mt vng nh hng ln, thu ht c tt c lu lng c
ch l trm gc t cc nt cch nt tn cng mt vi (hay nhiu) chng.
Mt ng c la chn tn cng sinkhole l n khin cho chuyn tip c chn lc tr
nn qu s khai, vbng cch m bo rng ton b lu lng ca vng b tn cng chy qua nt
b chim quyn, k tn cng c th chn hoc chnh sa cc gi tin c gi t bt c nt no
trong mng.
Cn lu rng cc mng ad hoc dng mng sensor rt d b tn cng kiu sinkhole bi
m hnh truyn thng c trng ca chng. Do tt c cc gi tin cng chia s mt ch cui (trong
cc mng ch c mt trm gc), nt tn cng ch cn cung cp mt tuyn cht lng cao (c th
tht hoc gi) n trm gc l c th tc ng n nhiu nt cn li.
7.5.1.4. Tn cng Sybil
Trong mt cuc tn cng Sybil, mt nt n a ra nhiu nhn dng (ID) ti cc nt khc
trong mng. Tn cng Sybil c th gim ng k hiu qu ca cc m hnh chu c li, nh l
b lu tr phn tn [10], nh tuyn pht tn [11], a ng [12], v duy tr topology [13, 14].
Cc bn sao, cc phn vng lu tr, hoc nhng tuyn tin dng cc nt tch ri, trn thc t c
th ang b tn cng bi cng mt k gy hi duy nht nhng t n li a ra nhiu nhn dng
khc nhau cho cc nn nhn khc nhau.
176
Cc cuc tn cng Sybil cng gy ra nhng tc hi ln ti cc giao thc nh tuyn a l.

Vic inh tuyn da theo v tr thng i hi cc nt trao i thng tin ta vi cc hng xm
nh tuyn a l cc gi c a ch mt cch hiu qu. Chng ta c th k vng mt nt s ch
chp nhn mt tp ta n nht t mt hng xm ca n, nhng nu s dng tn cng Sybil,
k gy hi c th tn ti nhiu hn mt v tr ti cng mt thi im .
Hnh 7.1: Tn cng Sybi
Trong v d hnh 7.1, mt nt gi mo AD l ra vi nhiu danh tnh. AD s l nt E i

vi nt K, l nt K i vi nt E v l nt H i vi nt C v vy khi K mun giao tip vi E n
s gi tin nhn ti nt AD
7.5.1.5. Tn cng Wormhole
Trong cuc tn cng wormhole, k gy hi truyn gi tin nhn c ti mt u ca mng
trn mt ng hm (tunnel) c tr thp v pht li chng trn phn khc ca mng (c th,
cc gi tin c truyn qua wormhole gia hai nt phi c tr thp hn so vi vic truyn gi tin
ny khi s dng cc tuyn a chng khc gia hai nt ). V d n gin nht ca loi tn cng
ny l mt nt n nm gia hai nt khc v chuyn tip bn tin gia chng. Tuy nhin, cc cuc
tn cng wormhole thng bao gm hai nt c hi xa nhau cng thng ng bo co sai
khong cch gia chng bng cch chuyn tip cc gi tin trn mt knh ngoi bin (out of
bound channel) ch kh dng cho k tn cng.
177
K tn cng gn trm gc c th ph v hon ton vic nh tuyn bng cc to ra mt

wormhole c v tr tt. K gy hi c th lm cho cc nt cch trm gc nhiu chng tin rng
chng ch cch trm gc mt hoc hai chng khi qua wormhole. iu ny c th to ra mt
sinkhole: do k gy hi ti u xa ca wormhole c th c tnh cung cp thng tin gi v mt
tuyn cht lng cao ti trm gc, ton b lu lng tim nng vng xung quanh s b ht qua
n nu cc tuyn cn li c cht lng km hn ng k. iu ny c kh nng cao ri vo
trng hp m ca wormhole tng i xa trm gc. Hnh 7.2 a ra mt v d v wormhole
c s dng to mt sinkhole.
Hnh 7.2: Tn cng wormhole
Ni chung, cc wormhole c th b s dng khai thc cc tnh hung tng tranh nh

tuyn (routing race conditions.) Tnh hung tng tranh nh tuyn thng pht sinh khi mt nt
thc hin hnh ng da trn phin bn u tin ca bn tin m n nhn v sau l i cc phin
bn khc ca cng bn tin . Trong tnh hung ny, k gy hi c th tc ng ln topo mng
c to ra nu n c th khin cho cc nt nhn c thng tin nh tuyn no sm hn so
vi trng hp khi i qua nh tuyn multichng. Cc wormhole l mt cch thc thc hin
iu ny, v rt hiu qu, thm ch nu thng tin nh tuyn c nhn thc hoc mt m ha.
Cc wormhole cng c th c dng thuyt phc hai nt nhau xa rng chng l hng xm
bng cch chuyn tip cc gi tin gia chng.
178
Cc cuc tn cng wormhole c th dng kt hp vi chuyn tip c chn lc hay nghe

trm. Vic pht hin tr nn kh khn khi s dng kt hp vi tn cng Sybil.
7.5.1.6. Tn cng H en
y l cuc tn cng nh tuyn n gin nht trong mng cm bin khng dy. Trong
cuc tn cng h en (black hole) ny k tn cng nut tt c nhng thng tin m n nhn
c.
Ty vo a im m cuc tn cng s gy ra nh hng khc nhau trn mng. Nu k tn
cng nm gn trm gc th thng thng tt c lu lng t cc nt xa u s c nh tuyn
qua k tn cng, iu ny dn n vic ph v thng tin lin lc gia trm gc v cc nt xa.
Cn nu k tn cng nm ngoi ra ca mng th s gim c s nt giao tip vi n, v vy s
hn ch c nhng thit hi do cuc tn cng gy ra.
Cuc tn cng ny c th c ngn chn nu tm c c ch th ngn chn c nt
c hi tham gia vo mng. Giai on thit lp mng cn c thc hin mt cch an ton.
Hnh 7.3: Tn cng l en.
Hnh 7.3 m t mt cuc tn cng l en. Trong BH l nt l en c hi. Trong

trng hp ny nt tn cng ny nm gn trm gc v vy n thu ht c hu ht cc lu lng
179
ti trm gc t tt c cc nt trong mng. Khi nhn c d liu t cc nt ny thay v vic

chuyn tip n trm gc th n s loi b ht cc d liu .
7.5.1.7. Tn cng trn lt bn tin HELLO
Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong mng ad hoc i hi cc nt pht qung b cc gi
HELLO thng bo v bn thn ti cc nt ln cn, v mt nt nhn c gi tin y c th
cho rng n nm trong khong cch thu pht v tuyn ca ngi gi. Gi thit ny c th l sai:
k tn cng vi laptop pht qung b thng tin nh tuyn v thng tin khc vi cng sut va
c th thuyt phc cc nt khc trong mng l nt c hi chnh l nt ln cn.
V d, mt k tn cng qung b mt tuyn cht lng rt cao ti trm gc ti tt c cc
nt khc trong mng c th khin nhiu nt c gng s dng tuyn ny, nhng thng tin c
chuyn tip qua nt c hi ny s b n loi b. Mng s b ri vo trng thi ri lon. Mt nt
nhn ra ng truyn qua nt c hi b hng cng khng c nhiu la chn: tt c hng xm ca
n c th cng c th ang c chuyn tip cc gi tin (c th bao gm c cc gi tin t nt ) ti
nt c hi. Cc giao thc ph thuc vo trao i thng tin ni b gia cc nt ln cn duy tr
topology hay iu khin lung cng l i tng ca dng tn cng ny.
K tn cng khng cn thit phi to ra lu lng tht khi s dng tn cng trn HELLO.
N c th n thun pht qung b li cc gi tin mo u vi cng sut tt c cc nt
trong mng nhn c. Trn lt HELLO c th cng coi l cc wormhole mt chiu s dng
pht qung b.
Ch l Trn lt thng c s dng biu th s truyn lan cp s nhn ca mt
bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng trong topo mng a chng. Ngc li, tn cng trn lt
HELLO ch s dng pht qung b mt chng n truyn mt bn tin ti nhiu my thu.
7.5.1.8. Gi mo thng bo xc nhn
Nhiu thut ton nh tuyn mng sensor da trn cc thng bo xc nhn (ACK) lp lin
kt (cc bo nhn ny c th gi bng mt gi ring bit hoc c truyn km theo vi cc
thng tin khc.) Do c tnh c hu ca mi trng v tuyn qung b, k tn cng c th gi
mo cc bo nhn lp lin kt cho cc gi tin mo u gi ti cc nt ln cn. Mc ch l
thuyt phc ngi gi rng mt ng truyn km l tt, hoc l trng thi ca mt nt cht
hay khng kh dng l ang hot ng. V d, giao thc nh tuyn c th chn ra chng k tip
trn ng truyn bng cch s dng tin cy ca lin kt. To ra thng tin gi mo cho cc
lin kt km hoc cht l mt cch tc ng tinh vi i vi m hnh ny. Do cc gi tin c gi
trn lin kt cht lng km hoc cht s b tht lc, k gy hi c th to ra mt cch hiu qu
mt cuc tn cng chuyn tip c chn lc s dng gi mo thng bo nhn bng cch khuyn
khch cc nt ch gi cc gi tin trn nhng lin kt ny.
180
7.5.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn an ton

C rt nhiu thut ton v giao thc c xut thc hin cc loi phng thc nh
tuyn an ton khc nhau trong mng v tuyn. Di y l tm tt cc xut cho mng sensor
v tuyn [15], tuy nhin do cc gii php ny khng t ra hn ch c th no v thit b hoc
truyn dn m ch c mt tin l ti nguyn ca thit b u cui l rt hn ch, nn c th p
dng chung cho mng ad hoc ni chung.
Ti liu [16] nghin cu v cc cuc tn cng DoS vi cc lp khc nhau trong chng
giao thc ca nt cm bin. JAM [17 trnh by mt giao thc bn cho php pht hin vng b
lm nghn trong mng sensor v cho php trnh cc vng b li tip tc nh tuyn trong
mng, do x l c cc cuc tn cng DoS gy ra bi vic gy nghn sng (jamming).
Trong ti liu [18] cc tc gi xut vic s dng wormhole, thng c coi l c gy
hi cho mng WSN, lmc ch phng chng phn ng (reactive defense) mt cch hiu qu
chng li cc cuc tn cng DoS kiu gy nghn.
Ye [19] a ra c ch lc thng k trn ng i ca gi (statistical en-route filtering -
SEF) pht hin ra vic cc thng tin gi c a vo mng sensor, v tp chung ch yu vo
cch thc lc b cc gi tin gi s dng b mt tp th v t ngn chn kh nng bt k nt
n l b chim quyn no c th lm sp c mng. SNEP v TESLA [20] l hai khi c bn
trong vic xy dng kh nng bo mt, chng pht li v nhn thc qung b. TinySec [21] cung
cp mt c ch an ninh lp lin kt cho mng sensor, s dng mt giao thc m ha kha i
xng hiu qu. Newsome [22] xut mt s c ch phng ng chng li tn cng Sybil trong
mng sensor. Kulkarni [23] phn tch cc vn trong vic gn cc b mt ban u cho cc ngi
dng trong mng ad hoc m bo vic nhn thc v bo mt trong qu trnh truyn thng v
ch ra mt s phng php chia s kha b mt. [24] trnh by giao thc chia s kha b mt
theo xc xut chng li cc cuc tn cng trn ngp bn tin Hello. M hnh ny s dng cc
k thut xc nhn hai chiu v cng a ra k thut nh tuyn nhiu ng v nhiu trm gc
trong trng hp xc nhn hai chiu khng chng li cuc tn cng. REWARD [25] l mt
thut ton nh tuyn nhm chng li tn cng dng blackhole trong mng. Ti liu [26] xut
cc m hnh an ninh khc nhau cho d liu vi cc mc nhy cm khc nhau v mt m hnh
da trn v tr cho cc mng sensor bo v phn cn li ca mng ngay c khi mt phn mng
b chim quyn. Cc tc gi ca ti liu [27] s dng cc thut ton mt m ha kha i xng
vi kha b mt s c cung cp cho nt vi tr nht nh thit lp cc knh truyn thng
an ninh gia trm gc v cc seonsor trong vng ph sng ca trm gc. [28], [29], [30] v [31]
cung cp cc m hnh phn phi kha trc nhm mc ch tng kh nng chng li v tn cng
ca mng. Bng 7.1 tm tt cc m hnh an ninh trn cng vi cc c trng chnh ca chng.
181
Bng 7.1: Tm tt cc m hnh an ninh cho mng sensor v tuyn
M hnh an Loi tn cng

Kin trc mng Cc tnh nng chnh
ninh chng c
Tn cng DoS Cc mng truyn Trnh vic b nghn sng (jamming)

JAM [17]
(Jamming) thng bng vic kt hp cc nt ln cn
Cc mng sensor
Da trn lai ghp (ch yu
Tn cng DoS S dng wormhole khc phc vic
wormhole l mng v tuyn,
(Jamming) b nghn sng
[18] mt phn l mng
hu tuyn )
Lc thng Mng c s lng

k trn ln cc nt, mt
Gi mo thng tin Pht hin v loi b cc bo co gi
ng i nt v tuyn
trong qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin.
ca gi [19] cao
Kim tra ti
nguyn v
tuyn, Phn S dng ti nguyn v tuyn, phn
phi trc Cc mng truyn phi trc cc kha ngu nhin, cc
Tn cng Sybil
cc kha thng th tc ng k, xc nhn v tr v
ngu M pht hin cc thc th Sybil
nhin,v.v
[22]
Xc nhn
hai chiu, Mng sensor v S dng chia s kha b mt theo xc
Tn cng trn ngp
tuyn truyn xut, s dng xc nhn song hng
nh tuyn bn tin Hello
thng v nh tuyn a ng a trm gc
a ng
a trm gc
182
[24]
An ninh
Mng sensor v Qun l ti nguyn hiu qu, bo v
trong Gi mo d liu v
tuyn truyn mng ngay c khi mt phn mng
truyn thng tin
thng b chim quyn
thng [26]
Da trn mt m ha i xng, Yu
Tn cng wormhole Mng sensor v cu ng b thi gian mt cch chnh
TIK [27] Gi mo d liu v tuyn truyn xc gia cc bn tham gia trao i
thng tin thng thng tin, thi hnh cc hn ch tm
thi
Kha ngu Gi mo d liu v Cung cp kh nng chng li cho

nhin phn thng tin, tn cng Mng sensor v mng, bo v mng ngay c khi mt
phi trc vo thng tin ang tuyn truyn phn mng b chim quyn iu
[28], [30], c chuyn tip thng khin, cung cp cc phng php
trong mng nhn thc cho cc nt cm bin
[31]
Mng sensor v Thch hp cho cc mng sensor v

tuyn phn tn, tuyn c ln v cn phi thm hoc
C ch
Gi mo d liu v cc mng cc bt cc sensor (tc l s lng sensor
phn phi
thng tin mng sensor v thay i) trong qu trnh hot ng
kha [29]
tuyn c ln v Chng li c vic b k tn cng
hay thay i chim mt sensor nt
Tn cng blackhole S dng nh tuyn theo a l, tn

Mng sensor v
REWARD dng cch pht qung b inter-radio
tuyn truyn
[25] gim st truyn dn ca nt ln
thng
cn v pht hin ra cc tn cng
183
black hole
Gi mo d liu v Mng sensor v Tp trung vo vic cung cp nhn

TinySec
thng tin, tn cng tuyn truyn thc, kim tra ton vn v bo mt
[21]
pht li bn tin thng bn tin, hot ng trong lp 2
SNEP & Gi mo d liu v Mng sensor v An ninh ng ninh s, nhn thc d liu,
TESLA thng tin, tn cng tuyn truyn bo v khi pht li, ph tn truyn
[20] pht li bn tin thng thng thp
184
7.5.3. nh tuyn thng k ngu nhin

Trong phn ny s trnh by v xut nh tuyn thng k ngu nhin, kt hp gia
nh tuyn v lp biu. Trong nh tuyn ng ngn nht (shortest-path), on ng ngn
nht t nt ngun ti nt ch lun c chn vi xc xut cao nh tuyn gi tin. Do ,
ng i s c xc nh d dng nu mi phn t u c thng tin v giao thc nh tuyn
v gi ca kt ni hoc nt, do mng rt d b tt cng. nh tuyn thng k ngu nhin
c thit k gim bt xc xut on ng c mt tuyn nht nh. Gi s l cc tuyn
c chn nh tuyn mt bn tin khng to thnh mt vng lp. Trong nh tuyn thng
k ngu nhin, vi mi lin kt e gn vi mt nt u, s c mt xc xut pe l lin kt e = (u,v)
s c chn nh tuyn bn tin ti u. R rng l vV p(u, v) 1,u V

, trong
(u, v) ch ng kt ni t nt u ti nt v. Theo cch ny, xc xut k tn cng c th chn
ng ng nh tuyn s c gim thiu rt nhiu. Vn tip theo l chn gi tr xc xut
pe thch hp cam kt c mt mc an ninh no bt chp mi chin lc tn cng c
th s dng cc ti nguyn hn ch dng cho vic tn cng.
Cc mng v tuyn to ra mt s thch thc mi v ng thi l mt s c hi mi
cho vic thit k mt chnh sch nh tuyn hnh yn nga. Thch thc xut hin t vic vic
can nhiu v tuyn thng lm cho bi ton nh tuyn ti u tr thnh bi ton NP-cng
(NP-hard) trong khi bi ton tng t trong mng hu tuyn l dng thi gian a thc c th
gii c. Mt v d in hnh ca bi ton ny l tm thng lng ln nht s dng mt
tuyn a ng gia mt cp nt, c th tham kho thm Alicherry [33] v W. Wang [34].
Ti liu [35] xem xt cc mng v tuyn a chng, a knh v gi thit rng ngi xy dng
chnh sch nh tuyn c th ti u ng thi nh tuyn a ng, ng lin kt, v lp biu
knh. Trong nghin cu ny, mi nt ch c mt giao din v tuyn v thng thng a s cc
nt v tuyn ch c mt card giao tip mng. Vi lp biu ng truyn, cc tc gi s dng
TDMA ng b ha v phng thc ny cho bng thng cao hn so vi phng thc CSMA
da trn xung t (xem thm ti liu [33];[36];[34]). Cn ch l lp biu cho cc ng
truyn da trn TDMA gy ra mt s hao ph v kh khn v d nh vic ng b thi gian
gia cc nt. Y.Wu [35] s dng lp biu TDMA cho ng truyn- knh tm hiu m
hnh lp biu tt nht m h thng c th t c trong trng hp b tt cng mt cc khng
khip nht. n gin ha vn , nghin cu ny t gi thit l k tn cng c th bit
c chin lc s dng bi ngi lp chin lc nh tuyn v ngc li.
Gi s l c k tn cng v ngi ln chin lc nh tuyn c th tnh ton mt cch
hiu qu li ch ca ring mnh da trn chin lc ca c hai bn ( bit trc). Vi k tn
cng, mc tiu ca n l gim s lng gi n nt ch bng cch lm hng gi, loi b
(drop) gi, thm gi rc vo mng, nghe ln gi v tng t, trong khi ngi ln chnh sch
nh tuyn c gng thit lp mt chnh sch nh tuyn gim hoc ngn chn cc tn cng
c , v qua lm tng thng lng hu ch ca mng. Gi gi l c hai loi tn cng
trong mng: tn cng c loi b gi v tn cng khng loi b gi. Trong tn cng khng loi
185
b gi, k tn cng c gng nghe ln mt s nt hoc mt s ng truyn, tc l khin cho

thng tin gi b r r, hoc l k tn cng c th sa i mt s gi tin v to ra cc gi v gi
tr cho nt ch. T , chnh sch nh tuyn c thit k gim bt s lng gi rc to
ra bi k tn cng. Trong tn cng c loi b gi, k tn cng s thm vo mt s gi c ,
lm nghn mng, hoc loi b gi trong mng gim thiu s lng gi cha thng tin ng
ti ch, do yu cu vi chnh sch nh tuyn l phi gim thiu nh hng ca cuc tn
cng c trong mng. Tc l, chnh sch nh tuyn phi ti a ha c s lng cc gi tin
gc chuyn n c nt ch. Cho trc mt chin lc tn cng (s lng link s b tn
cng) v lung gi tin c nh tuyn (lu lng gn cho tng link) bi chnh sch nh
tuyn, thng lng thc (, ) c nh ngha l s lng cc gi tin gc c gi n nt
ch.
Gi s tn cng link e vi n lc e, k tn cng s phi tn chi ph l eCeHe n
v chi ph, vi Ce l dung lng ca link, v He l chi ph tn cng mt n v d liu trn link
e. Gi s l k tn cng c ngn sch l B. Chnh sch nh tuyn phi xc nh lng lng
ti e cho tng link e trn mng, vi e < Ce. ng thi, tng lung thng tin phi c th lp
biu c theo TDMA, tc l b lp biu Xe,t,f s thit lp ti thi im ca khe thi gian t th

f 1t T
X e,t , f .Ce, f
knh f ca link e s c s dng), v lung d t c l T phi c ti t

nht bng e, vi Ce,f l dung lng ca link e s dng knh f v T l thi gian c lp biu.
Chnh sch nh tuyn hnh yn nga s tm ra mt tuyn a-ng v biu ng
truyn tng ng, v tuyn ny s c tng thng lng thc trong c hai m hnh tn cng:
c- v khng c- loi b gi tin nm trong mt hng s so vi gi tr ti u trong trng hp
pha lp chnh sch nh tuyn c nng lc tnh ton l v tn [35].
7.6. Tng kt chng 7

Vn an ninh bo mt thng tin l c tnh quan trng ca tt c cc loi mng. Do
c trng ca truyn dn v tuyn trong mi trng h, vn an ninh bo mt cng tr nn
cp thit, ng thi vic bo mt cng kh khn hn. Ngoi vn v truyn dn v tuyn,
vic m bo an ninh ca mng ad hoc cn gp kh khn khc v vic topo mng c th thay
i mt cch ty , do cc nt trung gian lm nhim v nh tuyn lu lng cng thay i
v khng d on trc c, ng thi cc CA cng thng l khng tn ti, lm cho vic
qun l v trao i kha tr nn kh khn hn. ng thi, vic kh nhn thc c cc nt
chuyn tip trung gian cng lm cho mng adhoc cng c th b tn cng di rt nhiu hnh
thc khc nhau, c bit l c nhiu phng thc tn cng vo lp 3 ch tn ti trong mng ad
hoc.
Phn u ca chng 7 m t cc yu cu v an ninh cho mng ad hoc. Tuy cc yu t
ny l tng qut cho cc mng truyn thng ni chung, nhng trong phn ny cc yu cu
186
c phn tch da trn c im ring ca mng ad hoc, trong cc khc bit ch yu l t

tnh di ng v ti nguyn hn ch ca cc nt mng.
Tip theo, cc thch thc an ninh c trng ca mng ad hoc c trnh by v phn
tch mt cch chi tit. Cc tn cng trong mng ad hoc xy ra do vic nhn thc cc nt l rt
kh khn, do trong mng ad hoc thng khng c mt thc th CA no tn ti nhn thc
mt cch tp trung cc nt, v vy cc nt thng phi c phn phi trc cc kha b mt
ca cc nt m n s lin lc ti hoc mt phn ca kha b mt chung. Vic phn phi kha
trc thng l phc tp v i khi l bt kh thi, nht l trong mng c s lng nt ln. V
vic nhn thc l kh, ng thi cc nt mng li di chuyn khin cho topo mng thay i, do
rt kh nh tuyn c mt ng i an ton trong thi gian di cho d liu.
Nhm h tr cho vic nhn thc cc nt mng gim thiu cc nguy c v an ninh,
mc 7.4 m t mt s phng php phn phi kha m ha b mt i xng v bt i xng
trong mng ad hoc. Cc phng php phn phi kha trc thng c s dng trong mng
ad hoc.
Cc thch thc an ninh cng s to ra mt s nguy c v tn cng xm hi an ninh, v
c trnh by trong mc 7.5. Cc nguy c ny bao gm t lm l b mt n t chi dch v,
t mt d liu n thm d liu gi vo ng truyn. Mc 7.5 cng cp n mt s k
thut c a ra khc phc cc nguy c an ninh nu trn, nhm gip bo v cc mng ad
hoc v tuyn t cc mi e da bn ngoi cng nh cc mi e da an ninh ni b. Chi tit v
giao thc nh tuyn thng k ngu nhin cng c tho lun chi tit trong mc ny.
Thng thng khng c mt gii php tng qut cho vn m bo an ninh cho
mng ad hoc, m thit k cc gii php an ninh hp l, th cn phi hiu r v m hnh
mng v m hnh tn cng mng. Thm vo , cc gii php an ninh bao gi cng to ra cc
ph ph c v lu lng v x l. Do , cn phi c bit ch ti kh nng ca cc thit b
v tuyn b hn ch v mt ti nguyn, v d hn ch v mt b nh, kh nng tnh ton, kh
nng truyn thng v nng lng, khi tnh ton thit k mt gii php an ninh cho mng ad
hoc. Kh nng iu tit gia cc hn ch v ti nguyn vi yu cu v mc an ninh v cht
lng hot ng ca h thng l mt hng tip cn hp l cho cc mng v tuyn dng cho
cc nhim v quan trng.
7.7. Cu hi v bi tp chng 7
7. 1. Mt m ha i xng c h tr c tnh nng chng t chi khng? Ti sao?
7. 2. Mt bn tin c m ha bng mt m ha cng khai s dng kha b mt (private
key) vi mc ch gi i trn mng cho mt ngi nhn l A. Hi:
Bn tin c tnh bo mt khng?
Bn tin c tnh chng t chi khng?
187
7.3. Mt bn tin c m ha bng mt m ha cng khai s dng kha cng khai

(public key) vi mc ch gi i trn mng cho mt ngi nhn l A. Hi:
Bn tin c tnh bo mt khng?
Bn tin c tnh chng t chi khng?
7.4. Xy dng m hnh m bo tnh ton vn cho mt bn tin M c gi trn mng,
s dng mt m ha i xng.
7.5. Xy dng m hnh m bo tnh ton vn cho mt bn tin M c gi trn mng,
s dng mt m ha bt i xng.
7.6. Cc m hnh qun l kha no khng h tr kt ni y gia cc nt?
7.7. Tn cng h en nh hng n cc yu t an ninh no?
7.8. Phn bit gia tn cng h en v tn cng sinkhole.
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190
Chng 8: ng Dng va Hng Pht Trin ca Mng Ad hoc
CHNG 8: NG DNG V HNG PHT TRIN CA

MNG AD HOC
Nguyn Qu S, Nguyn Vit Hng
8.1. Gii thiu

Kt ni mng ad hoc v tuyn t c s pht trin ng k trong thp k gn
y. Do vic s dng Internet ngy cng tng trong cuc sng hng ngy v do s thnh cng
ca cc h thng di ng th hai, truyn thng d liu v tuyn c tin b trong c hai lnh
vc cng ngh v s dng/s thm nhp. iu ny thu ht s quan tm ca cc cng ng
nghin cu hng ti tnh ton v truyn thng (khp) ni ni mt cch thc s. Nh l mt
phn b sung cho truyn thng phm vi rng truyn thng, nhu cu trao i d liu trong
phm vi hp ang ngy cng tng nhanh cho trao i thng tin ngi-my cng nh trao i
thng tin li ni gia con ngi din ra khong cch di 10m. Nhu cu ny yu cu s
trao i khi lng d liu ln gia cc bn truyn thng.
Truyn thng v tuyn c th c trin khai nhanh v mc chi ph gim ng k
bng cc cng ngh v tuyn (nh l Bluetooth), cc cng ngh v tuyn ny s dng cc
bng tn min cp php (khng phi xin php s dng tn s). Nhiu thit b tnh ton v
truyn thng, nh l cc b h tr s c nhn (PDA) v cc in thoi di ng, t c
mc ph bin rng ln nh gi gim ca chng, tnh nng di ng v kh nng s dng
trong phm vi ca mt mng ad hoc. Vi s tin b khng ngng ca cng ngh, cc thit b
ny s cng tr nn rae hn v nhiu tnh nng hn.
Cc mng v tuyn ad hoc l cc mng c cc nt thng xuyn di chuyn, cc mng
truyn thng c th t cu hnh v khng da trn bt k mt h tng c nh no
truyn thng vi nhau. Topo mng (cu hnh mng) thay i thng xuyn do bn cht c
ng cao ca cc nt. Do khong cch truyn dn b gii hn, cc thit b di ng trong cc
mng ny hot ng nh l my ch cng nh b nh tuyn (router). Khi ch ngoi
khong truyn dn trc tip ca ngun, nt ngun cn s tr gip ca cc nt trung gian
chuyn d liu ti ch. Cc mng ny c cu hnh ng, c cc knh v tuyn c dung lng
thay i b gii hn bng thng, c cc thit b b gii hn nng lng v c an ninh vt l b
gii hn. Do bn cht ad hoc ca cc mng ny, cc mng hu ch cao cho cc ng dng
thng mi v qun s. Cng vy, nh c hot ng khng c h tng, cc mng ny hu ch
c bit cung cp h tr thng tin ni khng c sn h tng thng tin hoc h tng thng
tin trc y b ph hy v vic thit lp mt h tng mi l khng th. Chng hu ch c
bit trong cc tnh hung khn cp, chm sc sc khe, kt ni mng trong nh, v cc hot
ng khc phc thm ha.
Vi nhu cu ngy cng tng v tc v truy cp thng tin tin cy, cc mng truyn
thng ang ng mt vai tr chnh trong x hi ca chng ta. Nh cc tin b cng ngh hin
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nay trong cng ngh thng tin v kh nng s dng d dng ca cc thit b truyn thn di
ng r tin, vic s dng cc mng truyn thng v tuyn tng ln nhanh chng. iu ny
to ra s pht trin rt ln cc mng v tuyn v s pht trin cc ng dng mi cho cc
lo mng v tuyn khc nhau. S pht trin mng v tuyn ad hoc di ng l kt qu ca nhu
cu to ln ca vic truy cp thng tin mi ch/mi ni (ni ni). Cc mng ad hoc v tuyn l
cc mng truyn thng c bn. Cc mng ny ng mt vai tr trong i sng i vi cc tnh
hung khn cp nh cc thm ha: ng t, l lt, m cc mng c nh b ph hy v
khng th thit lp mt mng mi ngay c. V vy, cc nhm cu h cn kt hp cc hot
ng m khng c cc mng c nh; cc mng ad hoc di ng ng l ph hp vi cc tnh
trng nh vy. Tng t cc mng ad hoc di ng ch yu dnh cho cc hot ng qun s n
ni m truyn thng xy ra trong mt mi trng chin s.
Do khong cch truyn dn b hn ch ca cc nt di ng, chng cn phi hot ng
nh l mt my ch cng nh mt b nh tuyn. Trong cc trng hp khi cc nt nm trong
khong truyn dn trc tip ca chng, chng c th trao i thng tin trc tip. Nhng khi
ch nm ngoi khong truyn dn trc tip ca ngun, nt ngun phi nhn c s tr gip
t cc nt trung gian chuyn tip cc gi ti ch. cung cp dung lng nh tuyn a
chng ti cc nt, mt s dng giao thc nh tuyn c cn ti, cc giao thc ny c th xc
nh nhiu yu t khc nhau (a dng) nh bng thng thp, tnh di ng v tiu th cng sut
thp. Do s chuyn ng khng i ca cc nt, cc nt di ng trong mt mng v tuyn ad
hoc c th chuyn xa khi cc nt khc n mc m chng khng th duy tr truyn thng vi
cc nt khc. Trong trng hp nh vy, mng ad hoc c th b phn chia thnh hai hoc
nhiu mng ad hoc c lp. Mt khc, i khi cc thit th di ng trong 2 hoc nhiu mng
ad hoc c th vng ln cn gn ca nhau v nh vy cc mng ny c th c kt hp
thnh mt mng ad hoc ln hn. N tr thnh mt thch thc ln i vi qun l mi trng
ni mng rt nng ng.
Trong lnh vc ni mng ad hoc di ng, cc mng cm bin tr nn ph bin rng
ri. Kch thc ca cc thit b di ng rt nh trong cc mng cm bin ny. Cc thit b ny
c th nh bng kch thc ca mt ht go v t cung cp tt c cc kha cnh-pht, thu, x
l v nng lng. Cc b cm bin ny c th lp trnh c theo nhu cu ca bt k ng
dng no.
Chng ny a ra nhng c hi v thch thc phi i mt trong s pht trin ca
cc mng v tuyn ad hoc. Phn tip theo a ra cc ng dng v cc c hi m cc mng v
tuyn ad hoc cung cp cng vi cc thch thc gp phi.
8.2. Cc ng du ng in hnh
Cc mng ad hoc thng mi rt cn thit cc tnh hung m khng c h tng
(c nh hoc di ng) sn sng. Cc v d bao gm cc hot ng cu h cc vng xa trong
trng hp thm ha t nhin hoc khi s bao ph ni b phi c trin khai nhanh ti v tr
xy dng xa. Kt ni mng ad hoc cng c th phc v nh vic truy nhp cng cng v
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tuyn cc vng ngoi , nh vic trin khai nhanh v tnh cht t t chc. mc ni b, cc
thnh vin ti mt hi ngh c th to ra mt mng ad hoc, mng ny kt ni cc my xch tay
ca h hoc my tnh bng chia s thng tin. Cc mng ad hoc c th ph hp vi cc ng
dng trong mng trong nh, m cc thit b c th truyn thng trc tip trao i
thng tin, nh l m thanh/hnh nh, cnh bo, v cp nht cu hnh. Cc mng ny cng c
th c s dng d bo nhim nc hoc cung cp cc cnh bo sm sng thn.
Mt mng PAN c th c xy dng n gin ha lin kt gia cc thit b di
ng khc nhau (nh l mt in thoi di ng v mt PDA) v do loi b nhu cu thiu
hp dn i vi cp. Vic ny c th cng m rng kh nng di ng m rng vng ph
ca min mng ad hoc.
8.2.1. PAN
Mt mng vng c nhn l mt mng my tnh c thit lp xung quanh mt c nhn
ring l. Cc mng ny lin quan c bit ti mt my tnh di ng, mt in thoi di ng,
v/hoc mt thit b tnh ton cm tay nh PDA. Mt ngi c truy nhp ti mt Bluetooth
PAN c th s dng in thoi di ng GPRS/UMTS nh l mt cng ti Internet hoc ti
mt mng IP t hp, nh vy tha mn nhu cu truy nhp thng tin mi ni/mi lc trong khi
ang di chuyn. Ngoi ra, cc PAN Bluetooth c th c lin kt vi cc mng phn tn, n
lm tng dung lng. Hnh 8.1 ch ra mt kch bn m bn mng PAN Bluetooth
c s dng. Mt PAN c th bao gm mt s cng ngh truy cp khc nhau phn tn gia
cc thit b thnh vin ca n, cc thit b ny khai thc chc nng ad hoc trong PAN. V d,
mt my tnh xch tay c th c mt giao din LAN v tuyn (WLAN) (nh l IEEE802.11
hoc HiperLAN/2), giao din ny cung cp truy cp mng khi my tnh c s dng trong
nh. Nh vy, PAN c li t cc cng ngh truy cp khc nhau nm trong cc thit b ca
thnh vin.
Vi bn cht ca PAN, cc thit b mi v cc cng ngh truy nhp mi c th c
kt hp thnh khung c s PAN. Mng ny cng s loi b nhu cu to ra cc thit b lai nh
mt kt hp in thoi di n vi PDA, bi v cc mng PAN s thc thi lin kt v tuyn
thay th. Bng cch ny cc mng truyn thng khong cch ngn nh Bluetooth s ng mt
vai tr quan trng trong gii thiu tnh nng linh hot bi l thuyt PAN.
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Hnh 8.1: Kch bn mng PAN vi 4 PAN ni vi nhau, hai PAN c mt kt ni Internet qua im
truy cp LAN Bluetooth v in thoi GPRS/UMTS
8.3. Cc ng du ng v cc c hi
Mng khng dy Ad hoc l rt hu ch cho cc tnh hung khi c nhu cu cho vic
thit lp mt mi trng mng vi mt khong thi gian ngn. Cc mng ny cung cp c hi
rt tt v c th c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc, c bit l nhng ni khng s dng
c h tng truyn thng hoc kh khn trong thit lp h tng c nh mt cch nhanh
chng. Thng thng, cc ng dng ny bao gm:
Cc ng dng hc thut
Cc ng dng quc phng (qun i, hi qun, khng qun)
Cc ng dng cng nghip/ng dng mi trng doanh nghip
Cc ng dng chm sc sc kho
Cc hot ng tm kim v cu nn trong tnh hung thm ha
Cc mng ad hoc xe c gii
C rt nhiu ng dng khc m cc mng khng dy ad hoc c th c s dng.
8.3.1. Cc ng dng trong mi trng hc thut

Do kh nng trin khai d dng v nhanh chng, cc mng ad hoc di ng tr nn
rt ph bin trong cng ng khoa hc.
Hu ht cc trng i hc ci t mng truyn thng khng dy trong trng ca
h c hc sinh v gio vin c th s dng cc li ch ca mi trng mng ad hoc. Do s
ph bin rt ln ca cc my tnh xch tay, PDA, in thoi thng minh, v.v. gia cc hc
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sinh, h c th d dng kt ni vi mt mng ad hoc hin c hoc to thnh mt mng ad hoc

mi mt cch nhanh chng. Mt mi trng nh vy lm cho s tng tc gia cc sinh vin
v ging vin rt thun tin. V d, mt gio vin bc vo mt lp hc vi my tnh xch tay
ca mnh c th d dng to thnh mt mng truyn thng v tuyn ad hoc vi cc sinh vin
c cc thit b ring ca h.
L mt phn ca mng ad hoc cng, gio vin c th d dng chia s cc bi ging v
bi tp vi cc sinh vin v sinh vin c th np bi v gi cc cu hi ca h n gio vin.
Chia s thng tin gia nhng ngi tham gia lp hc c th c d dng nh mt bm vo
mt phm trn bn phm. Do tnh cht di ng vn c ca cc nt trong mt mng ad hoc di
ng, cc mng ny cng c th c s dng rt ln trong khi trn mt chuyn i thc a v
thm ving cng nghip. Duy tr lin lc khng th no d hn c na Ngoi ra, trong hi
ngh, hi tho, tham gia c th to thnh mt mng ad hoc tm thi gia h, mng ny s cho
php h chia s cc ti liu, slide... nghin cu ca h.
8.3.2. Cc ng dng quc phong

Cc hot ng quc phng din ra trong a hnh khc nghit, ni c s h tng thng
tin lin lc l khng c sn. Cc mng ad hoc v cm bin v tuyn l cn thit cp bch trong
tnh hung nh vy. Cc n v khc nhau tham gia vo cc hot ng quc phng cng cn
phi duy tr thng tin lin lc vi nhau trong khi h ang di chuyn. V d, cc my bay
khng qun bay trong theo mt i hnh c th thit lp mt mng ad hoc khng dy tm thi
trao i thng tin vi nhau v chia s cc hnh nh v d liu vi nhau. Trong cc tnh
hung trn chin trng, cc nhm qun i ang di chuyn cng c th s dng mng khng
dy ad hoc trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mt thuc tnh tt ca mt mi trng truyn thng
nh vy l mng ad hoc di chuyn khi cc c nhn di chuyn hoc nhng chic my bay bay.
Thu thp thng tin l mt ng dng rt quan trng ca cc mng khng dy ad hoc
(c bit l cm bin) trong hot ng qun s. Mng li cm bin c th c trin khai
thu thp thng tin tnh bo cho cc mc ch quc phng, v h chng minh l rt hiu qu.
Cc cm bin c s dng cho cc ng dng nh vy v c bn l dng mt ln v c s
dng cho mt ng dng mt ln. H c th c trin khai bng ng hng khng hay bng
cc phng tin thch hp khc vi s lng ln trn mt khu vc c la chn thu thp
thng tin tnh bo. Do kch thc nh, cc cm bin ny s gi treo trong khng kh mt thi
gian. Trong thi gian , chng c th thu thp thng tin theo logic lp trnh, x l thng
tin, chia s gia cc cm bin ln cn, t ti mt s ng thun, v truyn thng tin n mt
my ch trung tm. Sau cc thit b x l trung tm c th phn tch cc thng tin thu thp
c v quyt nh v cc bc tip theo c th c thc hin da trn phn tch ny.
Do nhng tin b nhanh chng trong cng ngh bn dn, kch thc ca cc thit b
in t ngy cng nh hn. ng thi, cc thit b ny c trang b sc mnh x l ngy
cng cao hn trn cc con chip nh xu. Nhng tin b dn n s pht trin ca my tnh
c th mc c. tng v my tnh c th mc c khng phi l mi, nhng tng v
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mt chic vy thng minh (m bao gm nhiu my tnh nh [hoc cc cm bin]) l tng i

gn y. Trong mt chic vy thng minh, my tnh nh c kt ni bng dy nh hoc bng
cc phng tin khng dy. H c th trao i thng tin vi nhau, qu trnh thu thp thng
tin, v c hnh ng thch hp theo chng trnh ca chng. Mt chic vy thng minh c th
c lp trnh theo di mt s iu kin v du hiu sinh tn ca mt c nhn mt cch
thng xuyn. iu ny c th tr nn rt hu ch cho binh s trong cc tnh hung chin u.
Cc thng tin theo di c th c x l v hnh ng thch hp c th c thc hin bi
trang phc, nu cn thit. Mt chic vy thng minh thm ch c th ch ra v tr chnh xc
v ku gi gip nu mc ca tnh hung thc s nghim trng.
8.3.3. Cc ng dng trong mi trng cng nghip

Trong mi trng cng nghip, mng khng dy ad hoc ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic thit lp truyn thng gia cc thit b khc nhau cng nh gia cc nhn vin
iu phi thch hp cc hot ng ca d n. Chng c bit hu ch cho cc mi trng sn
xut. Nhu cu kt ni gia cc thit b in t khc nhau i hi vic trin khai ca cc thit
b ni mng gia chng. Vic kt ni s lng ln cc thit b s dng kt ni c dy dn n
vic phn nhm. Ngoi ra, mt lng ln khng gian b lng ph. iu ny khng ch to ra
mi nguy him m cn nh hng xu n tin cy.
Nhng vn ny c th c loi b vi vic s dng cc mng truyn thng khng
dy. Cc ch khng c s h tng ca mng ad hoc gip gim thiu chi ph. Ngoi ra,
mng li nh vy c th c thnh lp trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. S h tr cho
tnh di ng ca cc mng di ng c bit cho php cc thit b c nh v li. Ngoi ra,
bn cht nng ng ca cc mng li cho php d dng cu hnh li cc mng da trn cc
yu cu. Cc nhn vin mang my tnh cm tay, in thoi thng minh, v.v. c th d dng v
nhanh chng t to thnh mt mng ad hoc, mng ny cho php chng duy tr thng tin lin
lc ph hp v lm vic vi nhau m khng cn phi tt c cc nhn vin tp hp trong mt
phng hp. iu ny m bo phi hp tt gia cc n v lm vic khc nhau.
8.3.4. Cc ng dng chm soc sc khoe

Trong cc tnh hung quan trng v khn cp, trao i thng tin gia bnh nhn v cc
thit b y t l rt hu ch. Mt chuyn gia chm sc sc khe, trong nhiu tnh hung, s c
th chn on ng v s c th chun b mt k hoch iu tr tt hn cho mt c nhn nu
ngi c quyn truy cp vo thng tin video thay v ch thng tin m thanh hoc vn bn.
V d, vi s gip ca thng tin video, bc s c th nh gi tt hn phn x v kh nng
phi hp ca mt bnh nhn.
Theo cch tng t, bc s c th nh gi ng mc nghim trng ca chn
thng ca mt bnh nhn bi thng tin hnh nh hn l thng tin m t bng m thanh hoc
phng tin khc. Siu m thi gian thc qut thn, tim hoc cc b phn khc ca bnh nhn
c th chng minh l rt hu ch trong vic chun b mt k hoch iu tr thch hp cho mt
196
bnh nhn ang c vn chuyn n mt bnh vin trc khi bnh nhn n . Nhng
thng tin ny c th c truyn thng qua mng li thng tin lin lc khng dy t mt xe
cu thng ti cc chuyn gia chm sc sc khe khc, nhng ngi hin ang nm ri rc
ti cc a im khc nhau nhng li cng hng v pha bnh vin iu tr bnh nhn
ang c vn chuyn.
Khi nim chic vy thng minh cng c th c s dng theo di tnh trng sc
khe ca cc bnh nhn. Trang phc nh vy c th tr nn rt hu ch cho vic chm sc sc
khe cho ngi cao tui ca chng ta. i khi mt mng khng dy ad hoc c th c thnh
lp trong ngi nh (thng minh) c trang b cm bin khc nhau. iu ny c th rt hu
ch theo di cn thn ca bnh nhn trong nh. Trn c s cc thng tin trao i thng tin
gia cc cm bin khc nhau theo di bnh nhn, mt s quyt nh c bn c th c thc
hin m c th rt c li cho nhng ngi cao tui. Nhng hot ng ny bao gm nhn bit
mt ngi b t ng, theo di cc mu chuyn ng bn trong mt ngi nh, v nhn dng tnh
hung bt thng v thng bo cho c quan c lin quan m bo tr gip thch hp v kp
thi, nu cn.
8.3.5. Cc ng dng tm kim va cu h

Mng ad hoc khng dy c th chng minh c s dng rng ri cho cc hot ng
tm kim v cu nn trong trng hp thin tai t nhin nh ng t, bo, l lt,.v.v. Ni
chung, thin tai lm cho s lng ln dn c khng c in v kh nng trao i thng tin do
s ph hy cc c s h tng. mng ad hoc khng dy c th c trin khai trong tnh hung
nh vy mt cch nhanh chng m khng c s gip ca bt k c s h tng c nh no
v c th cung cp thng tin lin lc gia cc t chc cu tr khc nhau phi hp cc hot
ng cu h ca h. Mng cm bin c th c s dng rng ri trong vic thc hin tm
kim ngi sng st v chm sc trong mt phm vi hot ng nht nh. Cu h khn cp
cng s dng robot trong vic tm kim ngi sng st. Cc mng ad hoc v tuyn c th
c s dng thit lp truyn thng gia cc robot iu phi cc hot ng ca h. Ty
thuc vo kch thc ca khu vc b nh hng bi thin tai, mt s lng thch hp cc
robot c th c trin khai. Mt mng ad hoc c th c thit lp gia chng tm kim
khu vc v cho thu thp thng tin trong thi gian ngn nht c th. Nhng thng tin c thu
thp nh vy c th c phn tch v x l, v s cu tr/tr gip ph hp c th c nh
hng d dng nhng ni cn thit.
8.3.6. Cc mng ad hoc xe c gii

Vi s pht trin rt ln ca cc cng ngh khng dy, mng ad hoc tm thy ng
dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip t. Ngy nay, t c trang b cc loi cm bin,
my vi tnh, v cc thit b khng dy. iu ny cho php hnh thnh mt dng mi ca mng
ad hoc di ng gia cc cc phng tin di chuyn gn nhau hoc gia cc xe c gii v c s
h tng bn l ng. Cc mng ny c gi l mng ad hoc xe c gii. Cc mng li ny
l t t chc v a chng v cho php trao i d liu gia cc ngi s dng trong cc
197
phng tin gn nhau. Vi s gip ca cc mng ny, h thng giao thng thng minh
(ITSS) c th c xy dng cung cp nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng v an ton giao
thng, phng chng va chm, gim st cc tnh hung giao thng, trnh tc nghn, thng tin
gii tr, vv mng ad hoc xe c gii c c trng bi s di ng nhanh cc phng tin, dn
n thay i thng xuyn v ng trong cc cu trc lin kt mng. Do tnh hung thng
xuyn thay i ny, nh tuyn c coi l mt nhim v y th thch trong cc mng ad
hoc v tuyn xe c gii. Do , thit k ca giao thc nh tuyn hiu qu ph hp vi nhu
cu ca cc mng ny tr thnh mt vn quan trng.
8.4. Nhng thch thc

Mc d mng ad hoc di ng cung cp li th ng k so vi mng hu tuyn, c mt
s thch thc cn c xc nh ng c c y cc li ch. Cc nt trong mt mng
ad hoc di ng b rng buc nh sau:
Nng lng pin v tui th pin b hn ch
Bng thng truyn thng v dung lng b hn ch
An ninh thng tin
Kch thc ca thit b di ng
Tiu truyn thng tin
Cu trc lin kt thay i nhiu
Thit b thng tin di ng b hn ch v lng in nng c sn. Do di ng thng
xuyn, h khng th c kt ni vi mt ngun in c nh. Cc thit b ny c cp in
bng pin nh, cc pin ny ch c th cung cp mt s lng hn ch nng lng. Kt qu l,
cc thit b di ng cn phi gim thiu vic s dng nng lng tng tui th ca chng.
iu ny thu ht s ch ca cng ng nghin cu v ngnh cng nghip thit k cc
thit b tiu th t in nng hn v c th iu chnh cng ca cc tn hiu truyn thng
da trn khong cch gia cc im truyn thng. Ngoi ra, cc k thut v cc thut ton x
l tn hiu hiu qu ang c pht trin s gim c s dng nng lng mt cch ng k.
Do dung lng b gii hn ca mi trng truyn thng, mng v tuyn gp phi cc
vn v bng thng. iu ny hn ch s lng thng tin c truyn o trong mt khong
thi gian thi gian c th. k thut truyn dn hiu qu v sng to cn phi c pht minh
ra s dng bng thng hiu qu v lm tng dung lng. Vic s dng cc k thut truyn
dn hiu qu chng hn nh CDMA, v cu trc ca cc c ch truyn thng di ng l rt
hu ch trong vic s dng hiu qu nng lc sn c. Tuy nhin, vn cn cn nghin cu thm
trong lnh vc ny cung cp cc c ch hiu qu hn cho vic s dng tt hn v bng
thng truyn thng c th s dng c trong mi trng truyn thng khng dy.
Do km an ton ca mi trng truyn thng khng dy, cc mng ad hoc khng dy
d b e da an ninh hn so vi cc mng hu tuyn . t c mc an ninh thng tin
mong mun yu cu x l tiu b sung, s l mt vn ln cho cc nt di ng do
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nng lc x l hn ch ca chng. N cng i hi thm bng thng truyn dn c bo

m. Mt s lng ng k ca nghin cu c thc hin pht hin cc c ch m
bo chuyn giao thng tin an ton ng thi khng ngn cm tiu .
Vi nhng tin b trong cng ngh bn dn, con s cao hn ca cc thnh phn in
t c th c t trn cc con chip nh hn, iu ny dn n s pht trin ca thit b di
ng mnh hn v t tiu th in nng hn. Do nng lc hn ch ca mi trng khng dy,
vic gim thiu tiu thng tin cho vic chuyn giao thng tin trong cc mng ad hoc khng
dy tr thnh mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht v vt tri nht. m bo phn
phi thng tin ng, mt ng dn cn phi c thit lp gia ngun v ch.
Hn na, mt th tc m bo vic chia s cc ti nguyn, chng hn nh bng
thng, c thnh lp. Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht cho vic thit k giao thc
nh tuyn cho cc mng ad hoc di ng l x l cc cu trc lin kt thng xuyn thay i
ca cc mng ny. i vi mt nt ngun gi thng tin n mt nt ch, ngun phi c
kh nng tm v tr ca nt ch cng nh cc nt trung gian khc.
Nhng do tnh cht hay thay i, cc thit b di ng thay i v tr thng xuyn. Kt
qu l, mt tuyn c thnh lp giai on u ca vic chuyn giao thng tin gia hai thit
b di ng c th khng ging nhau cc giai on sau ca vic trao i thng tin. thch
ng vi kch bn rt nng ng ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn phi nng ng v thch ng
trong t nhin v cc nt phi duy tr cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mi lc.The giao thc
nh tuyn cho cc mng in thoi di ng c bit l v c bn c hai loi: ch ng v
phn ng. Trong trng hp ca mt cch tip cn ch ng, cc nt cn phi duy tr cp nht
thng tin nh tuyn cho tt c cc nt mi lc. iu ny i hi cc nt trao i thng tin
nh tuyn gia chng theo nh k. Cc u im ca phng php ny l cc thit b s lun
lun c cc tuyn ng c sn cho cc thit b khc. Trao i thng tin nh tuyn kp thi
v nh k s m bo s sn c ca cc tuyn ng c lm mi. Hn na, do s sn c
ngay lp tc ca cc tuyn, khng c thi gian s b lng ph trong vic thit lp ng dn
gia thit b ngun v ch. iu ny cui cng s lm gim thi gian vn chuyn thng tin t
thit b ngun n thit b ch. Nhng bt li ca phng php tip cn ch ng l chi ph
cao do vic trao i nh k cc thng tin nh tuyn gia tt c cc thit b, ngay c khi tt c
cc tuyn ng c th khng c yu cu.
Trong trng hp ca mt cch tip cn phn ng, cc tuyn n ch c xc nh
trn c s theo yu cu. u im ca phng php ny l cc chi ph pht sinh s c gim
xung ch khi cc tuyn ng cn thit s c pht hin. Khng c nhu cu trao i thng
tin nh k gia cc thit b. Tuy nhin, phng php ny phi chu s thi gian ch i nhiu
hn bi v cc tuyn s khng c sn ngay lp tc. Thit lp ng dn ban u mt mt
lng thi gian ln v trong thi gian ny, khng c gi tin no c th c gi n ch do
khng c sn cc tuyn. kt hp nhng u im ca cc phng php ny, nhiu c ch
199
nh tuyn lai c a ra. Tuy nhin, vn ca vic tm kim cc tuyn ng ngn

nht vi chi ph ti thiu vn cn l mt thch thc m.
8.4.1. An ninh
An ninh l mt lnh vc ln c quan tm i vi cc mng Ad hoc di ng do an
ninh vt l b hn ch ca mi trng v tuyn Mc d mt s nghin cu c thc hin
v an ninh cho MANETs, cc nghin cu v an ninh Manet vn ang trong giai on u ca
n H thng an ninh hin c trong Manet c v c bn da trn tn cng. Cc cuc tn
cng thng xuyn trn cc mng ad hoc di ng c xc nh u tin, v sau H thng
an ninh c pht trin ch ngn chn cc cuc tn cng c bit n. Tuy nhin, cc
mng ny hot ng trong th gii thc Nhng tnh hung nh vy ang thay i v, kt qu
l, k tn cng c th pht trin cc loi mi ca tn cng an ninh. Do thay i m hnh cc
cuc tn cng, H thng an ninh hin c tht bi duy tr tnh nguyn vn ca h thng .
Mt gii php kh thi cho vn ny c th l pht trin mt gii php an ninh nhiu tng.
Loi gii php ny cung cp bo v chng li mt vng rng ln hn ca cc hot ng c
hi. Khi nhng vo mi thnh phn c th trong mng, n cung cp bo v chiu su di
dng nhiu lp bo v chng li cc mi e da bo mt bit v cha bit.
Cch tip cn ny mi thit k cc h thng an ninh c gi l thit k an ninh
nh hng c kh nng phc hi N bao gm mt s tnh nng:
Kiu h thng an ninh ny c gng bao trm c mt vng cc vn
rng ln hn. Do c mt kin trc phng th nhiu lp, n c kh nng khng
ch x l tn cng nguy him ca cc m hnh c bit n, m cn x l
cc li mng xy ra do cu hnh nt b sai, qu ti trong mng, hoc tht bi
vn hnh. Sau khi quan st cn thn, c th thy rng tt c li nh vy, cho d
pht sinh do tn cng bi ngi dng nguy him hoc bi cu hnh sai, cng
chung mt s triu chng chung t c mng v quan im ca ngi dng cui
V vy, trn c s ca du hiu chung ny, h thng an ninh nn c th pht
hin cc cuc tn cng nh vy v c bin php thch hp ngn chn nhng
n lc nh vy.
Xt v phm vi gii php, chng ta c th thy rng cc k thut mt m cung
cp mt nhm cc b cng c trong trng hp ca mt thit k theo nh
hng nh hng c kh nng phc hi Chng ta cn phi s dng k thut
khng dng mt m khc m bo c kh nng phc hi V d, nhiu thng
tin " bt bin giao thc " c th c a vo trong cc bn tin giao thc iu
ny cho php cc nt tham gia trao i bn tin kim tra thng tin . Cc
ban tin nh tuyn c th c truyn i qua nhiu con ng thng qua khai
thc cc kt ni phong ph ca cc cu trc lin kt mng, v bn sao d
phng ca cc bn tin nh vy c th c kim tra pht hin s khng
thng nht v hot ng ca giao thc
200
Trong trng hp ca thit k nh hng c kh nng phc hi, trng tm

chuyn t phng chng xm nhp thng thng sang chu ng s xm nhp.
Trong trng hp ca MANETs, cc mc xm nhp nht nh hoc tn
cng nguy him s lun lun xy ra trong th gii thc Do , h thng phi
c thit k mnh m bo v chng li cc mi e da an ninh nh vy.
H thng an ninh nn c thit k vi nhiu cp an ninh sao cho s sp
ca mt hng ro c nhn s khng gy ra s sp ca ton b h thng
Thm ch nu mt k tn cng c th vt qua mt mc bo mt c th, th
ton b h thng vn cn tip tc hot ng, c th vi mt s suy gim nh.
i khi li bt ng c th xy ra v gii php nn c kh nng x l cc li nh vy
mt mc no . Chng ta c th m bo iu ny bng cch tng cng cc ch hot
ng chun ca mng bng cch thc hin d phng nhiu hn theo mc giao thc v h
thng. Ti mi bc ca hot ng giao thc, phi c kim tra m bo rng tt c mi th
c thc hin mt cch chnh xc cng i ng hng. Bt c khi no chng ta nhn thy
bt k s sai lch t cc hot ng hp l, th cn c x l mt cch thn trng v mc bo
ng cn c nng ln. H thng cn truy vn c ngun gc kim tra tip. Bng cch
ny, giao thc c th phn bit ng sai v n c kin thc y v nhng g l ng, nhng
khng nht thit phi bit nhng g chnh xc l sai. Bng cch ny, thit k c th tng cng
cc hot ng ng v thm ch c th x l cc mi e da cha tng c bit v c th xy
ra thi gian hot ng. Cc nh nghin cu ang lm vic trong cc lnh vc khc nhau,
chng hn nh mng khng dy, h thng in thoi di ng v mt m, cn phi hp tc lm
vic pht trin mt phng php nh gi v b cng c hiu qu m bo s an ton
ca mng ad hoc v tuyn.
8.5. Mt s nghin cu ni bt gn y trong lnh vc

Vi nhng tin b gn y trong ngnh cng nghip in t v vin thng, linh kin
in t tr nn r hn, nhanh hn v ng tin cy hn. iu ny to ra s tng trng to
ln trong cng ngh my tnh v truyn thng. Do s sn c ln v tnh di ng ca cc thit
b di ng cao nh my tnh xch tay, in thoi thng minh, PDA, vv, c mt nhu cu rt
ln tip cn thng tin trong khi di chuyn. C hai vng ph sng v cc mng cm bin
khng dy v bn cht l cc ch nghin cu a ngnh. Do , mt t chc rng v hot
ng khoa hc v cng ngh c lin quan n nghin cu c trnh by trong phn ny.
Phn ny s cp ngn gn ti cc lnh vc lin quan trc tip nht : cc b cm bin, mng
cm bin khng dy ad hoc, cc vn vng ph sng, v cc vn v mng cm bin c
lin quan nh pht hin v tr v trin khai.
8.5.1. Cc b cm bin
Mt b cm bin l mt thit b c th cm nhn v o lng s thay i trong iu
kin vt l ca mi trng, chng hn nh s thay i v p sut khng kh, nhit , ...vv.
Mc d chng ta c s dng cc b cm bin trong cc ng dng khc nhau trong mt
201
thi gian di, cc b cm bin gn y tm ra phm vi cc ng dng rng hn vi s xut

hin ca cc b cm bin vi c in t (MEMS) trong cc b cm bin c kch thc nh,
chi ph thp, v tin cy cao, v do s kt ni gia cc cc b cm bin v mng my tnh.
Ngy nay, chng ta thy c s dng rng ri v cc b cm bin khp mi ni, t cc ng
dng trong nh cho n cc chuyn bay ngoi khng gian.
8.5.2. Cc mng cm bin Ad hoc v tuyn

Do kh nng s dng d dng v gim chi ph, mng cm bin khng dy tm ra
mt lot cc ng dng thng mi ha. Bi v tim nng to ln ca chng p dng c trong
nhiu ng dng trong tng lai, chng thu ht c s ch ca cng ng nghin cu.
Vic s dng cc cm bin trong mng ad hoc di ng trn thc t to ra mt cuc cch
mng trong vic m ra mt kh nng rt ln trong cc lnh vc a dng. Do tnh cht c s h
tng t hn v t cu hnh ca mng ad hoc khng dy, chng c th c trin khai rt nhanh
chng m khng cn s gip ca bt k c s h tng c nh v h cho thy kh nng
thch ng cao trong cc tnh hung rt nng ng. Do tch hp ng dng d dng, chi ph
thp, nng lng hiu qu, v cm bin ng tin cy trong cc nt ca mng ad hoc khng
dy c trang b vi ti nguyn tnh ton v truyn thng ln, mt phm vi a dng ca cc
nghin cu v k thut trin vng m ra. Vi khu vc ang ni ln ny ca cc cm bin
trong cc mt khc nhau ca cuc sng n nhng thch thc khc nhau lin quan n cc
vn k thut mi, bao gm s cn thit ca h iu hnh mi, cc thut ton DSP, tch hp
vi cc h thng sinh hc, v thit k kin trc dng ngun thp.
8.6. Tng kt chng 8

Vi s trn ngp cc thit b xch tay v di ng cao v do ch hot ng t c s
h tng ca mng ad hoc di ng, cc mng ngy cng tm ra nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh
vc, bao gm khi phc thm ha, y t, quc phng, hc tp, v mi trng cng nghip. Tuy
nhin, vi nhiu li th cc mng Ad hoc di ng i km nhiu thch thc vn cn cha gii
quyt c. Nhng thch thc c lin quan n mi trng b hn ch ca cc mng di ng
ad hoc, trong bao gm pht trin cc c ch s dng hiu qu bng thng v dung lng
knh hn ch, pht trin thit b di ng c kch thc nh nhng giu tnh nng, k thut
gim thiu in nng tiu th v do ko di tui th mng, pht trin thut ton tng
cng an ninh thng tin, v pht trin cc th tc nh tuyn hiu qu cho vic tm kim cc
tuyn ng tt hn vi t chi ph. Mt s lng ng k ca nghin cu c tin hnh
trong lnh vc kt ni mng ad hoc di ng v vn c mt phm vi rt ln ca cc nghin cu
nhm gii quyt c nhng thch thc ca cc vn m
8.1 Hy lit k cc ng dng quan trng ca mng v tuyn
8.2 Hy m t mng PAN bng mt v d ph hp
202
8.3 Hy gii thch cc ng dng im hnh ca cc mng ad hoc

8.4 Cc thch thc ca mng ad hoc l g?
8.5 Cc c hi ni bt ca mng ad hoc l g?
8.6 Hy m t cc vn an ninh v nhng thch thc an ninh trong mng ad hoc di
ng?
8.7 Hng pht trin cc ng dng trong mng ad hoc l g?

[1] Subir Kumar Sarkar, T G Basavaraju, C Puttamadappa, "Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless
Networks-Principles, Protocols, and Applications", Auerbach Publications, 2008, Chapter 10,
p.293-p.305.
203
Danh Mc Hnh V
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Mng di ng ad hoc .................................................................................................. 1

Hnh 1.2: Tin trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ................................................ 10
Hnh 1.3: S tin ha ca 3GPP .............................................................................................. 12
Hnh 1.4: Phn loi cc khung qun l nng lng .................................................................. 28
Hnh 1.5: Thit k lin lp vi thng tin trao i gia cc lp khc nhau ............................... 30
Hnh 2.1: Minh ha cc vn n-hin u cui. .................................................................... 36
Hnh 2.2: Phn loi cc giao thc MAC. .................................................................................. 37
Hnh 2.3: Minh ha s tht bi ca c ch RTS-CTS khi x l cc vn n-hin u cui. 40
Hnh 2.4: Cu trc khung v khe (slot) ca HRMA ................................................................. 47
Hnh 2.5: C ch tit kim nng lng cho DCF ..................................................................... 51
Hnh 2.6: M t h thng iu khin nng lng: CS = Cm bin sng mang v TR = C ly
truyn ti. .................................................................................................................................. 52
Hnh 3.1: Mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET .................................................. 56
Hnh 3.2: V d v s cp nht bng nh tuyn DSDV........................................................... 63
Hnh 3.3: Qu trnh pht trn lt bn tin qung b trong OLSR ............................................. 64
Hnh 3.4: Bu chn MPR ......................................................................................................... 64
Hnh 4.1: Vn thit b u cui n ....................................................................................... 85
Hnh 4.2: Vn thit b u cui hin .................................................................................... 85
Hnh 4.3: Tnh hung phn vng mng .................................................................................... 87
Hnh 4.4: Phn loi cc giao thc lp truyn ti ...................................................................... 91
Hnh 4.5: Chia tch TCP........................................................................................................... 92
Hnh 4.6: My trng thi TCP-F ............................................................................................... 93
Hnh 4.7: S chuyn dch trng thi ca ATCP pha pht ............................................... 95
Hnh 4.8: Mt v d m t cc c ch ERDN GEN SEQ v ERDN RCV SEQ....................... 98
Hnh 4.9: M t cc hm giao din c s dng trong ATCP ............................................. 108
Hnh 5.1: Phn loi cc ch qun l nng lng ............................................................... 112
Hnh 5.2: Hiu sut ca pin Lithium ion theo nhit .......................................................... 116
Hnh 5.3: Tc t x ca pin Lithium ................................................................................. 117
204
Danh Mc Hnh V
Hnh 5.4: Mch tng ng ca pin ..................................................................................... 117

Hnh 5.5: Tr khng ni vi nhit khc nhau. ................................................................... 119
Hnh 5.6: ng biu th tc x ca pin Lithium.............................................................. 120
Hnh 5.7: Dung lng pin vi nhng khong thi gian x khc nhau. .................................. 121
Hnh 5.8: So snh th m phng v thc nghim ng in p x cho pin Li-ion .......... 123
Hnh 5.9: H thng pin thng minh ........................................................................................ 125
Hnh 5.10: Khng gian thit k ca cc ch qun l nng lng ...................................... 130
Hnh 5.11: Ngn xp cc giao thc mng (Lp MAC) .......................................................... 134
Hnh 5.12: Thit b u cui n (tri) v thit b u cui l (phi) ....................................... 134
Hnh 5.13: V d v truyn pht ti mt trm tit kim in trong mt mng IBSS ............. 137
Hnh 5.14: S cn thit phi kim sot cng sut pht ........................................................... 138
Hnh 5.15: Lp lch ng ng b ............................................................................................ 140
Hnh 5.16: Lp lch ng khng ng b ................................................................................. 141
Hnh 6.1: M hnh FQMM. .................................................................................................... 158
Hnh 6.2: Cu trc INSIGNIA. ............................................................................................... 160
Hnh 6.3: M hnh INORA phn hi tt. Nt A tha nhn chui vi lp m nhng nt B c th
cung cp cho lp l (l<m)......................................................................................................... 163
Hnh 7.1: Tn cng Sybi ......................................................................................................... 177
Hnh 7.2: Tn cng wormhole ................................................................................................ 178
Hnh 7.3: Tn cng l en. ..................................................................................................... 179
Hnh 8.1: Kch bn mng PAN vi 4 PAN ni vi nhau, hai PAN c mt kt ni Internet qua
im truy cp LAN Bluetooth v in thoi GPRS/UMTS ................................................... 194
205
Tai Liu Tham Kho
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: S khc nhau gia mng di ng v mng ad hoc ..................................................... 2

Bng 1.2: So snh gia cc cng ngh khng dy ..................................................................... 8
Bng 1.3: Cc phin bn ca 3GPP cho UMTS v LTE .......................................................... 12
Bng 1.4: Cc thng s c bn ca LTE .................................................................................. 15
Bng 1.5: So snh cc tnh nng ca LTE v LTE Advanced............................................... 17
Bng 1.6: So snh hiu sut ph ca LTE v LTE Advanced............................................... 18
Bng 4.1: So snh gia cc phng php tip cn t u ny n u kia khc nhau ........... 100
Bng 5.1: Khuyn ngh cc mc in p kt thc x vi ti trung bnh v ti ln................. 114
Bng 5.2: Cc k thut gim tiu hao nng lng .............................................................. 130
Bng 6.1: Cht lng dch v. ................................................................................................ 161
Bng 7.1: Tm tt cc m hnh an ninh cho mng sensor v tuyn ....................................... 182
206

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

MNG AD HOC KHNG DY

KHOA VIN THNG 1

Cc thit b cm tay khng dy v ang tr nn ph bin v ng mt vi tr ln

NHM BIN SON

2.1. Gii thiu chung......................................................................................................... 33

5.1.4. Nguyn l x pin............................................................................................... 114

5.6.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 145

6.9. Cu hi n tp chng 6 .......................................................................................... 165

8.3.4. Cc ng dng chm sc sc khe ..................................................................... 196

T Vit Tt Vit y Ngha Ting Vit

ADC Analog Digital Converter B chuyn i tng t s

AKA Auxiliary Key Agreement Tha thun kha tr gip

AKM Autonomous Key Management Qun l kha t tr

Giao thc nh tuyn Multicast

Vector khong cch theo yu

AP Access Point im truy nhp

Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc nh tuyn c xc thccho

Ch chuyn giao khng

BTMA Busy Tone Multiple Access a truy nhp s dng m bn

CA Certificate Authority Ch th chng thc

CAMP Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol Giao thc hn hp h tr li

CB Cell Broadcast Qung b

CBM Condition Based Maintenance Bo dng da trn iu kin

a truy nhp phn chia theo

CoA Care of Address Quan tm a ch

Composite Key Management for Ad hoc Qun l kha tng hp cho

CPO Control Packet Overhead Tiu gi iu khin

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra vng thng d

CRL Certificate Revocation List Danh sch thu hi chng ch

a truy nhp cm nhn sng

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with a truy nhp cm nhn sng

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with a truy nhp cm nhn sng

Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure H thng c s h tng xe c

Distributed and Coperative Intrusion H thng pht hin xm nhp

Dynamic Channel Assignment with Gn knh ng vi iu khin

DM Desirable Matrix Ma trn mong mun

DoS Denial of Service T chi dch v

DOT Department Of Transportation B phn vn chuyn

DPSM Dynamic Power-Saving Mechanism C ch tit kim bng tn ng

DSDV Destination Sequence Distance Vector Vec t khong cch chui ch

DSR Dynamic Source Routing nh tuyn ngun ng

Thng tin khong ngn dnh

EC Europe Council Hi ng chu u

ECDH Elliptic Curve Diffe-Hellman

ERP2 Electronic Road Project 2 D n ng in t

EU Europe Union Lin minh chu u

FAMA Floor Acquisition Multiple Access a truy nhp gi nn

a truy nhp phn chia theo

FHSS Frequency Hopping Spectrum Spread Tri ph nhy tn

FSK Frequency Shift Key Kha chuyn tn

FSR Fishey State Routing nh tuyn trng thi Fishey

Group Allocation Multiple Access with a truy nhp phn b nhm

Giao thc pht hin xm nhp

GPS Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton cu

H&O Hypercube and Octopus

Qun l ng hng dn bng

HMAC Hash Message Authentication Code M xc thc bn tin bm

a truy nhp phn chia t

Kha cng cng da trn nhn

ID Identification Nhn dng

IDS Intrusion Detection System H thng pht hin xm nhp

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhm lm vic v internet

IFS Interframe Spacing Slot Khe gia cc khung