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Vo and Madden7 recently conducted an analysis study, employed to obtain the best trend line. His decline curve
which couples pressure transient test data and rate-time data of equation is written as follows:
horizontal wells in an attempt to characterizing the reservoir
and analyzing the performance of horizontal wells. The
methodology is basically generic and could be applied to q (t ) = q i (1 + baqib t ) 1 / b (3)
horizontal or vertical wells.
The procedure to use this approach is described in detail in
Ref 9. Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) results in the equation
The objective of this paper is to provide an alternative below:
method to estimate the drainage area of a horizontal well. The
method was derived by employing equations of material 1.289 x10 4 Bo t
balance and decline curve. Combining these two equations A= (4)
Pi Pwf 1
results in an equation from which a drainage area can then be hC t
calculated. Field data are used to validate the method. The q (1 + baq b t ) 1 / b J
i i
results are compared with those obtained by previous study.
When the requirements in the assumption stated above are
Since the lateral anisotropy affects the shape and size of a met, drainage area A should then be a constant. In reality
drainage area, some numerical examples are presented to physical properties of reservoir rocks and the residing fluids
highlight the importance of orienting a horizontal wellbore change with producing time, raising a difficulty in evaluating a
correctly in order to maximize the benefit of horizontal well constant value of A through Eq. (4). However, if we know the
technology. time for pseudosteady-state flow to start occurring in the
reservoir, we may estimate the drainage area of the well. But
Method of Approach this is not always the case.
Decline curve analysis is a method that is widely used for
predicting future production rate and for estimating the To solve the problem, we offer two ways of solution for
drainage area of a producing well. For a well producing oil estimating drainage area of a well employing the equation
from a bounded homogeneous reservoir holding above. The first way is to have the derivative dA/dt = 0, which
incompressible fluid and a single phase flow at a constant well is
pressure, the following equation, which is derived from
material balance and inflow performance equations is useful to
J ( Pi Pwf )aqib t
(1 + baqib t )
( )
J ( Pi Pwf ) qi (1 + baqib t ) 1 / b = 0 (5)
be used for predicting production rate versus time.8
and solve for t. The time t obtained is then used for calculating
Pi Pwf the drainage area with the use of Eq. (4). The second way is to
q (t ) = (1)
1 5.615 Bo t plot A versus t and then take the slope of zero on the curve,
+ resulting in a constant A.
J AhC t
At a pseudo steady-state condition, productivity index of In this work, the later was used and the time t obtained at
horizontal well, Jh, can be estimated using the equation below, the slope equals to zero was compared with the time to start
neglecting wellbore frictional losses.8 pseudosteady-state flow, tpss. For the case of a horizontal well,
0.00708k h hL the equation10 below can be used to estimate tpss although teprf
Jh = is not equal to but should be lower than tpss because a
h Y
B 0.523 X e Ye + h ln e
h 0.75 pseudosteady-state flow occurs when the pressure transient
2rw
L L has reached the farthest boundaries and the pressure
(2) disturbance in all directions has reached equilibrium.
ft and Ye = (1700+2066) ft = 3766 ft, or A = 102 acres. At this L = horizontal well length, ft
condition, productivity index of the horizontal well will be Pi = initial pressure, psi
1.76 STB/d/psi. But if the well is drilled in x-direction then the Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, psi
drainage sides will be Xe x Ye = 2880 ft x 2066 ft and thus the q = production rate, STB/d
area will be 137 acres with the productivity index of 1.85 qi = initial production rate, STB/d
STB/d/psi. It is obvious for Case-1 that a horizontal well rw = wellbore radius, ft
should be drilled with wellbore axis perpendicular to the t = time, day
largest directional permeability. teprf = end of pseudoradial flow, hrs
Xe = reservoir width, ft
Example of Case-2, which is a kind of fracture reservoir, Ye = reservoir length, ft
will give a more clearer picture when the degree of lateral = vertical anisotropy factor, dimensionless
anisotropy becomes higher (see Table 8). For this case, a = viscosity, cp
vertical well will drain an area with Xe = 843 ft and Ye = 2893 = porosity of reservoir rock, fraction
ft. Substituting for the vertical well, the 1700-ft horizontal
well drilled along y-direction will have a drainage area of 843
ft x 4593 ft or A = 89 acres and a productivity index of 3.3 References
STB/d/psi. Whilst, the horizontal well drilled along the x- 1. Earlougher, R.C., Jr.: Estimating Drainage Shapes from
directional will drain 2543 ft x 2893 ft or A = 169 acres, Reservoir Limit Tests, JPT (October, 1971), 1266-1268.
resulting in a productivity index of 5.52 STB/d/psi. 2. Arps, J.J.: Analysis of Decline Curves, Trans., AIME (1945),
228-247.
From the two examples described above, one can realize 3. Fetcovich, M.J.: Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves,
the importance of detailed characteristics of a reservoir before paper SPE 4629 presented at the 1973 Annual Fall Meeting, Las
Vegas, Sept. 30-Oct. 3.
the implementation. Benefits obtained by orienting a 4. Rietman, N.D.: Determining Permeability, Skin Effect and
horizontal wellbore axis perpendicular to the highest Drainage Area from the Inverted Decline Curve (IDC), paper
directional permeability are two folds, which are larger SPE 29464 presented at the 1995 Production Operations
drainage area and higher productivity index. Symposium, Oklahoma City, OK, April 2-4.
5. Joshi, S.D.: Methods Calculate Area Drained by Horizontal
Wells, OGJ (Sept 17, 1990), 77-82.
Conclusions 6. Reisz, M.R.: Reservoir Evaluation of Horizontal Bakken Well
1. An alternative method to estimate the drainage area of a Performance on the Southwestern Flank of the Williston Basin,
horizontal well has been presented. Applicability of the paper SPE 22389 presented at the 1992 International Meeting on
Petroleum Engineering, Beijing, Cina, March 24-27.
method has been demonstrated by using field data. 7. Vo, D.T. and Madden, M.V.: Coupling Pressure and Rate-Time
2. The degree of uncertainty of the average reservoir Data in Performance Analysis of Horizontal Wells: Field
thickness within the drainage area may be reduced by Examples, paper SPE 26445 presented at the 1993 Annual
analyzing all the data available that relate to the flow capacity. Technical Conference and Exhibition, Oct. 3-6.
3. Detailed characteristics of the reservoir is absolutely 8. Permadi, P.: Practical Methods to Forecast Production
important to maximize the benefits offered by horizontal well Performance of Horizontal Wells, paper SPE 29310 presented
technology. Orienting the wellbore axis requires knowledge of at the 1995 Asia Pacific & Gas Conference, Kuala Lumpur
the reservoir permeability distribution and direction. Malaysia, March 20-22.
9. Shirman, E.: Universal Approach to Decline Curve Analysis,
paper CIM 98-50 presented at the 1998 Annual Technical
Nomenclature Meeting of the Petroleum Society, Calgary, Canada, June 8-10.
a = production decline at unit rate 10. Lichtenberger, G.J.: Data Acquisition and Interpretation of
A = drainage area, acre Horizontal Well Pressure-Transient Tests, JPT (Feb., 1994),
Av = vertical well drainage area, acre 157-162.
b = decline exponent
Bo = oil formation factor, rb/STB
Ct = total compressibility, psi-1
h = resevoir thickness, ft
J = productivity index, STB/d/psi
Jh = productivity index of horizontal well, STB/d/psi
Jv = productivity index of vertical well, STB/d/psi
kh = horizontal permeability, md
kv = vertical permeability, md
kx = permeability in x-direction, md
ky = permeability in y-direction, md
kz = permeability in z-direction, md
SPE 64436 A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE DRAINAGE AREA OF A HORIZONTAL WELL 5
1000 1000
10 10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (days) Time (days)
Fig. 1Production decline of well C-50. Fig. 3Production decline of well C-35.
1000
10000
Field Data7
Field Data 7
Eq. (3)
Eq. (3)
Oil Production Rate (STB/D)
1000
100
100
10
10
0 500 1000 1500
0 500 1000
Time (days)
Time (days)
Fig. 2Production decline of well C-48. Fig. 4Production decline of well C-29.
8 P. PERMADI, E. PUTRA AND M.E. BUTARBUTAR SPE 64436
3000 2500
2000
500
0 0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (Days) Time (days)
Fig. 5 Determination of drainage area for well C-50. Fig. 7 Determination of drainage area for well C-35.
1000 1500
800
1000
Drainage Area (Acres)
Drainage Area (Acres)
400
500
A= 346 acres @zero slope A= 492 acres @zero slope
200
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Fig. 6 Determination of drainage area for well C-48. Fig. 8 Determination of drainage area for well C-29.