ENHANCING BEARING

CAPACITY OF FIBER
REINFORCED CLAYEY SOIL

By
PARMAR MIHIR NARENDRABHAI (8th SEM. CIVIL, B.E.)
SHAH KUNAL JITENDRAKUMAR(8th SEM. CIVIL, B.E.)

Guided by
Mr N R POKAR,
Veerayatan Group of Institution F.O.E. & F.O.M. Mandvi
(kutch)
 Enhancing bearing capacity of
fiber reinforced clayey soil

By
PARMAR MIHIR NARENDRABHAI [110923106009]
SHAH KUNAL JITENDRAKUMAR [110923106015]

Guided by
Mr N R POKAR,
Civil Engineering department
Veerayatan group of institution F.O.E. & F.O.M., Mandvi (Kutch)

A Project Report To

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

Veerayatan Group of Institution F.O.E. & F.O.M. Mandvi (kutch)

April 2015.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project on ENHANCING BEARING

CAPACITY OF FIBER REINFORCED CLAYEY SOIL has been
carried out by PARMAR MIHIR NARENDRABHAI [110923106009] &
SHAH KUNAL JITENDRAKUMAR [110923106015], the student of
final year (8thsemester) Bachelor of Civil Engineering in
VEERAYATAN GROUP OF INSTITUTE F.O.E. & F.O.M. from
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMADABAD
during the academic year 2015-2016 (Term Ending April 2015). This
project work has been carried out under my supervision and is to the
satisfaction of department.

Date:
Place:

Mr N R POKAR Mr J G KULKARNI
Project Guide Head of Department

Dr B D BIRANALE,
Director,
V.G.I F.O.E. & F.O.M, Mandvi Kutch

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project on ENHANCING BEARING

CAPACITY OF FIBER REINFORCED CLAYEY SOIL has been
carried out by PARMAR MIHIR NARENDRABHAI [110923106009] &
SHAH KUNAL JITENDRAKUMAR [110923106015], the student of
final year (8thsemester) Bachelor of Civil Engineering in
VEERAYATAN GROUP OF INSTITUTE F.O.E. & F.O.M. from
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMADABAD
during the academic year 2015-2016 .This project work has been carried
out under my supervision and is to the satisfaction of department.

Date:
Place:

External Examiner

Internal Examiner

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No. Description Page No.
Fig. 1 The General Setup of Apparatus 09

Fig. 2 Typical Apparatus For Membrane Stretcher 11

Fig. 3 Stress Conditions at Failure in terms of Effective Stresses 17

Fig. 4 Stress Conditions at Failure in terms of Total Stresses 19

Fig. 5 The Square root of time fitting method 25

Fig. 6 The Logarithm of time fitting method 26

Fig.7 Stress Conditions at Failure 31

Fig.8 Stress & Strain Curve 32

Fig.9 Pressure Void ratio Relationship - Consolidation 33

Fig.10 Strain - Stress Curve with 0.2% Fiber 40

Fig.11 Strain - Stress Curve with 0.4% Fiber 40

Fig.12 Strain - Stress Curve with 0.6% Fiber 41

Fig.13 Strain - Stress Curve with 0.8% Fiber 41

Fig.14 Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.2 % Fiber 42

Fig.15 Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.4 % Fiber 43

Fig.16 Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.6 % Fiber 44

Fig.17 Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.8 % Fiber 45

Fig.18 Pressure Void ratio Relationship - Consolidation 47

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Descreption Page No.

Table 1 Test Results 3

Table 2 Obtained Properties 29

Table 3 Observation table for Shear Parameter 30

Table 4 Applied pressure & Void ratio for Consolidation 32

Table 5 Assumed Foundation data 34

Table 6 Obtained M.D.D. & O.M.C of Soil with Fiber 38

Obtained results of Atterbergs limit, & Swell Pressure

Table 7 39
test of Soil with Fiber

Table 8 Obtained results of shear parameter of Soil with Fiber 39

Table 9 Applied pressure & Void ratio for Consolidation 46

Table 10 Result Summary 48

Table 11 Assumed Foundation data 48

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 ABSTARCT

The objective of the project is to study the behavior of fiber reinforced soil compare
with the unreinforced clayey soil. Various test like shear strength of soil,
compressibility of unreinforced and reinforced soil, Plasticity Index, Swelling
Pressure to be done with different fiber mixtures to obtain the optimum fiber content.
Improve the physical properties of soil and increase the bearing capacity of soil by
inserting fiber.

Using land having soft soil for construction leads to various ground improvement
techniques such as soil stabilization and reinforcement. Soil replacement and
stabilization techniques are costly compare with the reinforcement soil.

There are different improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil
reinforcement is an effective and reliable and cheaper technique.

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 Enhancing bearing capacity of
fiber reinforced clayey soil

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover Page -
Certificate i
Acknowledgements ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
Abstract v

Chapter No. Descreption Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 General 1
1.2 Objective and scope 1
1.3 Organization of project 2
Chapter 2 Summary of Phase - I 3
Chapter 3 Obtaining Properties of Sample
3.1 Obtaining Properties of Sample 4
3.2 Test to be carried out 4
3.3 Method of Test 4
3.3.1 Specific Gravity 4
3.3.2 Tri Axial Shear Test 7
3.3.3 Consolidation Test 21

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Chapter No. Descreption Page No.

Chapter 4 Test Results of Selected Samples

4.1 Obtained Properties of Sample 29
4.2 Test Results 29
4.3 Bearing Capacity of Soil 34
Chapter 5 Test of Soil With Fiber
5.1 Obtained Properties of Sample 38
5.2 Test Result 38
5.2.1 Proctor Density 38
5.2.2 Atterbergs Limit & Swelling 39
Pressure
5.2.3 Shear Properties 39
5.2.4 Consolidation Test 46
Chapter 6 Results and Conclusion
Results 48
Bearing Capacity of Soil with Fiber 48
Conclusion 51
References 52

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Stability of any structure depends on the properties of soil. Where weak soil & soft
soil is not possible to replace with sandy soil, the fibre reinforced soil being used.
Now a day in geotechnical engineering the idea of inserting fibre in soft soil to
improve its soil properties has become very popular. Now we found the sample of
clayey soil and further tests on the sample. Based on their properties we calculate the
theoretical bearing capacity of clayey soil. After that we insert the fiber in soil and
again test the soil with fiber and compare the parameter.

Based on the comparison we found out the behaviour changes in fiber reinforced soil.
And we get the optimum fiber content for the soil. Than we calculate the bearing
capacity of fiber reinforced soil.

1.2 Objective and scope

Clayey soil has low bearing capacity. The Construction of structures on land having
weak or soft soil due to land problems because less amount land is available and soil
replacement is not possible due to high economical cost. After visiting the different
sites, the problems from contractors and designer to construct the foundation on
clayey soil, conclusion comes that facing the problems due to low density, high
plasticity, high swelling properties and low shear strength of soil many times failures
was occurred in past. So to avoid such failure proper treatment of soil is required.
We obtain the various properties of soil in phase I. Now we carried out further test
on selected sample. We also carried out the test with different proportions of fibers.
We calculate the theoretical bearing capacity for clayey soil and fiber reinforced
clayey soil.

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1.3 Organization of project
The contents of major project are divided in to various chapters as follows;
Chapter 1 includes the introduction about previous study work of phase I,
objectives of study and scope of work.
Chapter 2 Summary of Phase I, Results summary of basic physical properties of
soil
Chapter 3 Obtaining Properties of Soil, based on results of Phase 1 project,
required properties obtained to calculate the bearing capacity of soil
Chapter 4 Test Results of Selected Samples, Test result summary of selected sample
Chapter 5 Test of Soil with Fiber, Test of soil with fiber in different proportions and
obtained results
Chapter 6 Results & Conclusion, conclusion given for optimum fiber content based
on results
References

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 CHAPTER 2
SUMMARY OF PHASE - I

2.1 Summary of Phase - I

Here summarised previous work of project phase I. In the previous work we were
collected different type of samples from four different locations. We were tested all
four samples and obtained their physical properties like Atterbergs limit, Grain Size
Analysis, Standard proctor test & Swelling Pressure. From the properties of samples
we classified the sample & identified the clayey sample. Previous results are
summarised in Table No. 1. We use the sample no. 3 of Table -1 for further testing as
per previous conclusion.

Table 1: Test Results

RES ULT S UMMARY
Grain S ize Distribution Atterberg's limit Standard Proctor Swelling
IS
ID Mark %M & M.D.D O.M.C Pressure,
%G %S LL, % PL, % PI, % Classification
C gm/cc % kg/cm2

1 Sample-1 4 42 54 39.4 22.6 16.8 1.654 12.58 0.16 CI

2 Sample-2 2 54 44 34.6 19.3 15.3 1.762 9.62 0.09 SC

3 Sample-3 0 9 91 89.4 37.4 52.0 1.524 16.74 0.68 CH

4 Sample-4 3 38 59 47.5 24.3 23.2 1.629 13.67 0.19 CI

IS:2720
IS:2720 (Part-7):
IS: 2720 (Part-4):1985 IS: 2720 (Part-5):1985 (Part-41):1977
TES T METHOD 1980 Reaffirmed : -
Reaffirmed : 2010 Reaffirmed : 2010 Reaffirmed:
2011
1997

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 CHAPTER 3
OBTAINING PROPERTIES OF SAMPLE

3.1 Obtaining Properties of Sample

Here we carried out the test like specific gravity, Tri axial shear test for Shear
parameters and Consolidation which is used for calculation of bearing capacity of
soil. Soil having swelling & expansive characteristic, so we have to carried out the
settlement analysis to find out the bearing pressure of soil. Least of the Soil
Bearing Capacity and Soil Bearing Pressure shall be considered as the allowable
bearing capacity of soil

3.2 Test to be carried out

1. Specific Gravity
2. Tri axial Shear Test
3. Consolidation

3.3 Method of Test

3.3.1 Specific Gravity
1 Purpose
The ratio of The ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of soil solids
at a stated temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled
water at that temperature.
2 Reference
IS:2720 (Part-3/Sec-2)
3 Apparatus
Two density bottles ( pyknometers ) of approximately 50 ml capacity with
stoppers. , A water-bath maintained at a constant temperature to within
02C. ( If standard density bottles are used this constant temperature is
27C. ) , A vacuum desiccator ( a convenient size is one about 200 mm to
250 mm in diameter ). ,A desiccator ( a convenient size is one about 200
mm to 250 mm in diameter ) containing anhydrous silica gel. ,A

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 thermostatically controlled drying oven, capable of maintaining a
temperature of 105 to 110C., A balance readable and accurate to O.OOl g.
A source of vacuum, such as a good filter pump or a vacuum pump., A
spatula ( a convenient size is one having a blade 150 mm long and 3 mm
wide; the blade has to be small enough to go through the neck of the
density bottle ), or a piece of glass rod about 150 mm long and 3 mm
diameter., A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing air-free
distilled water ( see Note )., A sample divider of the multiple slot type (
Riffle box ) with 7 mm width of opening., A length of rubber tubing to fit
the vacuum pump and the desiccator.
4 Procedure
The complete density bottle with stopper, shall be dried at 105 to 1 l0 oC,
cooled in the desiccator and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (m l)
The 50 g sample obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation
of-disturbed samples for testing shall if necessary be ground to pass a 2-
mm IS test sieve. A 5 to 10 g subsample shall be obtained by riffling, and
oven dried at 105 to 110C. This sample shall be transferred to the density
bottle direct from the desiccator in which it has been cooled. The bottle
and contents together with the stopper shall be weighed to the nearest
0.001 g (m2).
Sufficient air-free distilled water shall be added so that the soil in the
bottle is just covered. The bottle containing the soil and liquid, but without
the stopper, shall be placed in the vacuum desiccator, which shall then be
evacuated gradually. The pressure shall be reduced to about 20 mmHg.
When using a water pump, because of variation in mains pressure, care
shall be taken to ensure that the required vacuum is maintained. Care shall
be taken during this operation to see that the air trapped in the soil does not
bubble too violently, so as to prevent small drops of the suspension being
lost through the mouth of the bottle. The bottle shall be allowed to remain
in the desiccator for at least 1 hour until no further loss of air is apparent.
The vacuum shall be released and the lid of the desiccator removed. The
soil in the bottle shall be stirred carefully with the spatula, or the bottle
vibrated. Before removing the spatula from the bottle the particles of soil
adhering to the blade shall be washed off with a few drops of air-free

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 liquid. The lid of the desiccator shall then be replaced and the desiccator
evacuated again.
The procedure outlined above shall be repeated until no more air is
evolved from the soil.
Alternately, the entrapped air can be removed by getting heating the
pyknometer placed on a water-bath or sand-bath.
The bottle and contents shall then be removed from the desiccator and
further air-free liquid added until the bottle is full. The stopper shall then
be inserted. The stoppered bottle shall be immersed up to the neck in the
constant-temperature bath for approximately 1 hour or until it has attained
the constant temperature of the bath.
If there is an apparent decrease in volume of the liquid the stopper shall be
removed and further liquid added to fill the bottle and the stopper replaced.
The bottle shall then be returned to the bath and sufficient time shall be
allowed to elapse after this operation to ensure that the bottle and its
contents again attain the constant temperature of the bath. If the bottle is
still not completely full this process shall be repeated.
The stoppered bottle shall then be taken out of the bath, wiped dry and the
whole weighed to the nearest 0.00l g (m3).
The bottle shall then be cleaned out and filled completely with air free
liquid, the stopper inserted and then the whole immersed in the constant
temperature bath for 1 hour or until it has attained the constant temperature
of the bath. If there is an apparent decrease in the volume of the liquid, the
stopper shall be removed and further liquid added to fill the bottle and the
stopper replaced. The stoppered bottle shall then be returned to the batch
and sufficient time shall be allowed to elapse after this operation to ensure
that the bottle and its contents again attain the constant temperature. If the
bottle is still not completely full this process shall be repeated. The bottle
shall then be taken out of the bath, wiped dry and the whole weighed to the
nearest 0.001 g (m4)
Two determinations of the specific gravity of the same soils sample shall
be made
5 Calculation

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 The specific gravity of the soil particles G shall be measured at room
temperature If water has been used as the air-free liquid, then the
following equation shall be used:
( )
( ) ( )

Where,
m1 = mass of density bottle in g;
m2 = mass of bottle and dry soil in g;
m3 = mass of bottle, soil and liquid in g; and
m4 = mass of bottle when full of liquid only in g.

If some other air-free liquid has been used reference should be made
The specific gravity shall be calculated at 27OC. If the room temperature is
different than 27oC, the following correction shall be done:
G = KG
Where,
G = Corrected specific gravity at 27OC, and

3.3.2 Tri Axial Shear Test

1 Purpose
This standard ( Part XII ) lays down the method of determining the shear
strength parameters of saturated soils from triaxial compression shear tests
conducted under consolidated undrained conditions with measurements of
pore water pressures. It also describes a procedure.
2 Reference
IS:2720 (Part-XII)
3 Apparatus
For conducting the a test, the testing system consists of the following five
major functional components:
a) A system to house the sample, that is, a triaxial cell;
b) A system to apply cell pressure and maintain it at a constant magnitude;
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 c) A system to apply additional axial stress;
d) A system to measure pore water pressure; and
e) A system to measure changes of volume of the soil sample.
Any of the apparatus which can achieve the five functions listed above can
be used. One of the suggested variety of the apparatus and general set up
of apparatus is given in Fig.
Components of suggested variety :
1. The Triaxial Cell
2. A system to Fill Water in Cell
3. A System to Apply Cell Pressure and Maintain it at Constant Pressure
4. System to Measure Drainage of Water from the Sample During the
Consolidation Phase of the Test
5. System to Apply Back Pressure to the Sample in Order to Saturate it
6. A System to Measure Cell Pressure and Back Pressure
7. A System to Push. Water into or to Withdraw Water from Zones in the
Cell Pressure Application System and in the Back Pressure Application
System
8. A System to Measure Pore Water Pressure
9. The Membrane Stretcher
10. Rubber Membrane
11. Rubber 0 Rings
12. Coarse Porous Stones
13. Filter Paper for Strips and Discs
14. Accessories

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 Fig.1 : The General Setup of Apparatus

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Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 10
 Fig. 2: Typical Apparatus For Membrane Stretcher

4 Procedure
The test should be conducted in an environment in which ambient temperature
is constant.
Setting Up of Sample - See Fig. 1. All valves are assumed to be closed and it
is also assumed that the pedestal at the base of triaxial cell is covered with
water . Gently slide one de-aired coarse porous stone on to the top of the
pedestal and blow off any excess water from the pedestal. Place a filter paper
disc on the stone and then place the soil sample on the disc. Place the second
de-aired disc and then the coarse porous stone on top of the sample and the
loading cap on top of the second porous stone. Ensure that the sample, the
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 stones, the discs, and the loading cap are all concentrically placed on the
pedestal.
Envelope the sample with eight de-aired filter paper strips placing each strip
in turn so that it touches the top and bottom porous stones and arranging them
so that they are placed at regular intervals around the entire Circumference of
the sample. Alternately wrap the filter paper with slits, around the sample.
Mount the rubber membrane on the membrane stretcher. Suck out the air
between the membrane and the stretcher wall and lower the stretcher on to the
soil sample. Release the vacuum between the membrane and the stretcher wall
and let the membrane cling on to the soil sample. Unfold the membrane from
the top and bottom of the stretcher and loading cap and the pedestal.
Mount rubber 0 rings at the edge of the membrane stretcher and by again
lowering the stretcher on the sample, slip off two 0 rings to seal the
membrane to the pedestal and then two 0 rings to seal the membrane to the
loading cap.
Place the top of the triaxial cell on its base and screw the two together. While
placing the top make sure the loading ram is pulled sufficiently out of the top
so that it does not hit the soil sample when the cell is being assembled.
Fill up cell with water until the cell is almost full. Fill the remaining space in
the top of the cell by injecting oil through the oil inlet ( 14 ). When excess oil
begins to spill out through the air vent ( 12 ) close both the air vent and the oil
inlet.
With valves Cl, Al and Bl closed and valve C2 open, apply cell pressure equal
to the desired amount of effective confining pressure and record it in the
proforma given in Appendix B. The sample is now set up.
Consolidation of Sample - The sample will begin to consolidate as soon as
valves B1 and B2 are opened (valves B3, Al and Cl are still closed). Before
opening valves Bl and B2 ensure the following:
That the water level in burette ( 10 ) is at an appropriate level so that water
draining from or into the sample can be observed and recorded. The burette
should be so positioned that the water level in it is approximately at the same
elevation as the mid-height of the sample. That the initial reading of the water
level in the burette ( 10 ) is recorded in the proforma in Appendix B. That the

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 observer is ready to record data time versus flow of water into or out of the
burette ( 10 ).
Recording Data - Immediately upon opening valves Bl and B2 data of burette
reading versus time and elapsed time should be recorded in the proforma in
Appendix B. Readings may be taken for elapsed times which
have a whole number for their square root, that is, for 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
and 64 minutes, etc, and continued until essentially complete consolidation
has occurred, or for a maximum of 24 hours.
Computation of Post-Consolidation Dimensions of Sample On account of
volume change occurring in the soil during consolidation the length and
diameter of the sample alter. The dimensions after consolidation
may be estimated on the assumption that the sample remains a cylinder and
that the soil behaves isotropically as follows:

( )

( )

Where,
L = post-consolidation length,
Lo, = original length,
V = change in volume during consolidation and is positive if volume has
decreased,
Vo, = original volume,
D = post-consolidation diameter, and
Do = original diameter.
These dimensions should be recorded in the proforma
Setting Proving Ring and Dial Gauge
Loading frames subject the soil to axial deformation. The load required to
cause deformation is usually measured by a proving ring placed between the
yoke of the loading frame and the loading ram of the
triaxial cell. An appropriate proving ring should be chosen for each test. The
proving ring should be selected so that its capacity is greater than the load
required to fail the sample but not so great that precision in measuring the

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 load is lost. An estimate of the load required to fail the sample may be made
by assuming reasonable values for the angle of shearing resistance in terms of
effective stress, Fb) and the A-factor at failure AI for the soil and using the
equation below:,

Load to fail = Pt =

Where,
c = cell pressure,
Ar = the area of the loading ram,
A = the area of the sample, and
B = the back pressure.

Proving ring to be used should have a capacity about l-5 to 2-O times the load
required to cause failure as computed above.
A dial gauge is usually used to observe axial deformation of the soil sample. It
should have a least count of at least 0.02 mm and should be mounted on the
proving ring as shown in Fig. As the loading frame operates, it reduces the
space between the yoke of the frame and the base of the cell. This reduction in
space is shared by compression of the proving ring and compression of the soil
sample. By mounting the dial gauge on the proving ring only the axial
deformation of the sample is measured. The proving ring dial measures the
compression of the proving ring which is related to the load on the proving
ring by the calibration curve of the proving ring.
Setting Deformation Rate - The rate of deformation at which the loading frame
should be set should be selected for each soil. Since pore water pressure is
being measured only at the base of the sample and the
failure zone is away from the base, it is imperative to shear slowly so that the
pore water has an opportunity to equalize and the measured value equals the
value in the shear zone to failure, Tt* may be computed from:

Where,
L = post-consolidation length of sample; and

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 Cv = as given in 6.3.3 and filter paper strips, discs and porous stones.
and by estimating axial strain necessary to produce failure rate of deformation
may be calculated as:

Where
Pt = load to fail, and
K = a linear estimate of the proving ring calibration characteristics

Recording Data - During shear the three observations listed below should be
recorded at regular intervals of axial deformation as read on the dial gauge and
noted Shear Data Sheet corresponding to axial strain values of about 0.33
percent, 0.67 percent, 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, etc, until
failure or until 20 percent .of axial strain. Observations may also be made at
other suitable values of axial strain:
The reading on the proving ring dial Shear Data Sheet , The reading on the
pressure gauge ( 30 ) of pore water pressure record in Shear Data Sheet, and
Elapsed time record in Shear Data Sheet
Determination of strength Parameters:
For determining strength parameters it is necessary to test at least three
samples of the soil under investigation at three different effective cell
pressures in the stress range of interest. The three soil samples should initially
be as identical to each other as possible.
Strength Parameters in Terms of Effective Stress:
From respective Shear Data Sheets or from respective stress strain curves
identify the condition of failure of each of the three samples. Plot a Mohr
circle for the state of stress at failure in, terms of effective stresses for each of
the three samples. Draw the best common tangent to the three circles. The
angle the tangent makes with the horizontal is the angle of shearing resistance
in terms of effective stresses, and the intercept the tangent makes on the y-
axis is the cohesion intercept in terms of effective stresses, c . The
strength parameters mathematically describe the best tangent, that is, the
failure envelope as follows:

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 tf = the shear stress at failure on the plane of tangency and
tf = the normal effective stress on the plane of tangency.

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 Fig. 3 : Stress Conditions at Failure in terms of Effective Stresses

Strength Parameters in Terms of Total Stresses:

Follow the procedure as described above with the difference that the Mohr
circles are to be plotted in terms of total stresses. The major/minor principal
total stress at failure is equal to the major/minor principal effective stress at f-e
plus the pore water pressure at failure. The pore water pressure at failure is
equal to the back pressure plus the change in pore water pressure until failure.
The angle the tangent makes with the horizontal is angle of shearing resistance
in terms of total stresses as obtained from a CU test, cu, and the intercept the
tangent makes on the y-axis is the cohesion intercept in terms of total stresses
as obtained from a CU test, ccu
Undrained Strength Over Effective Confining Stress Ratio:
This ratio can be obtained by obtaining for each sample the ratio of half the
deviator stress at failure to the initial effective cell pressure. For normally
consolidated soil this ratio is usually a constant.

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 Fig. 4 : Stress Conditions at Failure in terms of Total Stresses

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 Performing Tri axial Shear Test
At Geo Engineering Services,
Adipur, (Geotechnical
Laboratory)

Taking reading in observation

sheet of Tri axial Shear Test
At Geo Engineering Services,
Adipur, (Geotechnical
Laboratory)

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 3.3.3 Consolidation Test
1 Purpose
This standard covers the method for conducting one dimensional consolidation
test using either fixed or the floating ring for determining the consolidation
characteristics of soil.
2 Reference
IS:2720 (Part-15)
3 Apparatus
Consolidation Ring, Porous Stones, Consolidation Cell, Dial Gauge, Loading
Device, Jack and Frame, Jig, Trimming Equipment , Equipment for Measuring
Initial Height of Test Specimen to an
Accuracy of 0.1 mm, Moisture Content Containers, Drying Air-Oven
Maintained at 110 5o C Desiccator, Balances Sensitive to 0.01 g, Timing
Device Readable to 1 s
4 Procedure
Preparation of Test Specimen
Weigh the empty consolidation ring, designated WI.
If the specimen is to be prepared from a tube sample, a representative sample
for testing shall be extruded and cut off, care being taken to ensure that the
two plane faces of the resulting soil disc are parallel to each other. The
thickness of the disc of soil shall be somewhat greater than the height of the
consolidation ring.
If the specimen is to be prepared from a block sample, a disc similar in size to
that specified above shall be cut from the block, with two parallel faces. The
diameter of the disc shall be at least 10 mm greater than the inside diameter of
the consolidation ring. Care shall be taken to ensure that the soil stratum is
oriented such that the laboratory test will load the soil in the same direction
relative to the stratum as the applied force in the field. Using the weighed
consolidation ring as a template, the edges of the disc obtained shall be
trimmed carefully until the ring just slides over the soil. The last fraction of
soil is pared away by the cutting edge of the ring as it is pushed down slowly
and evenly over the sample, with no unnatural voids against the inner face of
the ring; this process is best done using a mechanical guide to prevent tilting
or horizontal movement of the ring. The top and bottom surfaces shall project

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 above and below the edges of the ring to enable final trimming. An alternate
procedure is described as below.
Should an occasional small inclusion interfere with the trimming operation, it
shall be removed, and the cavity filled completely with material from the
parings. Alternatively, if sufficient sample is available,
it would be preferable to eventually extrude and discard the portion of the
specimen containing the inclusion from the ring, leaving a specimen free of
such disturbed zones. If inclusions are known to exist in a soil sample, a large
diameter consolidation ring should be used, in order to minimize the relative
effect of the disturbed zones. If excessive inclusions are encountered during
trimming, the sample should be discarded. If no alternative exists, the tube
sample shall be extruded directly into a consolidation ring of equal diameter.
An alternative procedure for obtaining a specimen from a soil disc as obtained
is to use the consolidation ring as sampling device. The ring should be
gradually inserted into the sample by pressing with hands and carefully
removing the material and the ring. This can also be accomplished using a
mechanically operated jig. The soil sample thus obtained shall be trimmed
flush with the top and bottom edges of the ring. For soft to medium soils,
excess soil should be removed using a wire saw, and final trimming may be
done with a straight edge if necessary. For stiff soils, a straight edge alone may
be used for trimming. Excessive remolding of the soil surface by the straight
edge should be avoided. In the case of very soft soils, special care should be
taken so that the specimen may not fall out of, or slide inside the ring during
trimming.
A sample of soil similar to that in the ring, taken from the trimmings, shall be
used for determining moisture content. The thickness of the specimen (Ho)
shall be measured and it shall be weighed immediately ( W2). Should the
nature of the soil make satisfactory thickness determination difficult, the ring
height may be assumed as specimen height.
Assembly of Apparatus
The bottom porous stone shall be centered on the base of the consolidation
cell. If over consolidated clay, or soils sensitive to moisture increase (swelling
or collapsing soils ) are being tested, the stone should be placed dry. When
testing softer, normally consolidated clays, the stone should be wet, and it may

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 be covered by a wet filter paper. No filter paper shall be used for the stiffer
and moisture sensitive soils.
The ring and specimen shall be placed centrally on the bottom porous stone,
and the upper porous stone and then the loading cap shall be placed on top.
The top stone shall be placed dry or wet, and with or without filter paper,
The consolidometer shall be placed in position in the loading device and
suitably adjusted. The dial gauge is then clamped into position for recording
the relative movement between the base of the consolidation cell and the
loading cap. A seating pressure of 0.05 kg/cm2 shall be applied to the
specimen.
The consolidation cell shall be filled with water, preferably of the same ionic
content as the specimen pore water. If this is no& possible, distilled water
shall be used. The type of water used shall be noted in the data sheet. The
specimen shall then be allowed to reach equilibrium for 24 h.
Loading
For consolidation testing, it is generally desirable that the applied pressure at
any loading stage be double than that at the preceding stage. The test may,
therefore, be continued using a loading sequence which would successively
apply stress of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, etc, kg/cm2 on the soil specimen.
For each loading increment, after application of load, readings of the dial
gauge shall be taken using a time sequence such as 0, 0.25, 1, 2.25,
4, 6.25, 9, 12.25, 16, 20.25, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225,
etc, rein, up to 24 h or 0, , , 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 min, and 2, 4, 8, 24 h.
These time sequences facilitate plotting of thickness or change of thickness of
specimen against square root of time or against logarithm of time.
The loading increment shall be left at least until the slope of the characteristic
linear secondary compression portion of the thickness versus log time plot is
apparent, or until the end of primary consolidation is indicated on a square
root of time plot. A period of 24 h will usually be sufficient, but longer times
may be required. If a period of 24 h is seen to be sufficient, it is recommended
that this commonly used load period be used for all load increments. In every
case, the same load increment duration shall be used for all load increments
during a consolidation test. It is desirable that the final pressure be of the order
of at least four times the pre-consolidation pressure, and be greater than the

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 maximum effective vertical pressure which will occur in situ due to the
overburden and the proposed construction. on completion of the final loading
stage, the specimen shall be unloaded by pressure decrements which decrease
the load to one-fourth of the last load. Dial gauge readings may be taken as
necessary during each stage of unloading. If desired, the time intervals used
during the consolidation increments may be adopted; usually it is possible to
proceed much more rapidly. In order to minimize swell during disassembly,
the last unloading stage should be to 0.05 kg/cm2 which should remain on the
specimen for 24 h. On completion of this decrement, the water shall be
siphoned out of the cell and the consolidometer shall be rapidly dismantled
after the release of the final load. The specimen, preferably within the ring,
shall be wiped free of water, weighed ( W3), and thereafter placed in the oven
for drying. If the ring is required for further testing, the specimen may
carefully be removed from the ring in order to prevent loss of soil, and then
weighed and dried.
Following drying, the specimen ( plus ring ) shall be reweighed (w4).The
porous stones shall be boiled clean after the test, in order to prevent clay from
drying on them and reducing their permeability.
Record of Obeservation:
Specimen Data The specimen data shall be recorded at the top of the data
sheet, This includes apart from soil identification, etc, specific gravity of soil
particles, the specimen measurements and water content determinant ions. The
specimen preparation procedure and the type of water used shall also be
specified.
Consolidation Data The data concerning dial readings with time for each
pressure increment for both loading and unloading stages shall be recorded on
the data sheet . The data obtained after specimen disassembly concerning the
final wet weight of the specimen ( W3) and the dry weight ( W4 ) shall be
recorded in space provided

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 Fig. 5 : The Square root of time fitting method

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 Fig. 6 : The Logarithm of time fitting method

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 5. Calculations
Using the Square Root of Time Plot:
The dial reading corresponding to zero primary consolidation, that is, do, is
found by extrapolating the straight line portion of the curve, that is, DC back
to t = 0.
A straight line is then drawn from do such that the abscissae of this line are
1.15 times the abscissae of the straight line CD.The point at which the drawn
line intersects the experimentally obtained curve, that is, d90, corresponds to
90 percent primary consolidation. The time required for 90 percent
consolidation is read off the Curve as t90 and recorded The coefficient of
consolidation, Cv, for the load increment under consideration may be
calculated from the formula

Where Hav is the average specimen thickness for the load increment and Cv
has units of ( length )2 per unit time consistent with the units used and should
be recorded .
Using the Log of Time Plot:
The two straight line portions of the curve shall be extended to intersect at a
point, the ordinate of which gives d100 corresponding to 100 percent primary
compression.
In order to find the dial gauge reading corresponding to zero percent primary
consolidation, do, the readings at two times having a ratio of 1 to 4 arc noted
on the early part of the curve ( see points A and B in Fig.1B). These points are
chosen to be in the range such that the larger of the two should be greater than
one-fourth but less than half of the total deformation for the load increment.
The dial gauge reading corresponding to zero primary consolidation is
determined as the reading at A plus the difference in reading between A and
B.
The dial gauge reading corresponding to 50 percent primary consolidation is
calculated as the average of the readings corresponding to 0 and 100 percent
consolidation. The time required for this deformation is read off the curve (

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 t50 in Fig, 1B ) and recorded The coefficient of consolidation, Cv, may be
calculated from the formula:

Determination of Compressibility
Coefficient of Compressibility:
Transfer the final dial gauge reading for each pressure increment recording it
against the total applied pressure. From the dry weight of the specimen, Ws
the volume of soil solids, Vs, shall be obtained as

where
Gs, = specific gravity of the solid particles, and
W == unit of water.
The equivalent height of soil solids can be determined as

where A is area of specimen in cm2.

determine H for each pressure increment and record it. The height of
specimen at the end of each pressure increment, H, can be determined by
subtracting H of a particular increment from H of the specimen prior to
application of that increment. This is to be recorded.
Void ratio, e, is obtained as

Values of de and d obtained respectively are recorded The coefficient of

compressibility, av, with units of inverse of units for stress shall be calculated
as

Compression Index, Cc

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 Plot the void ratio, e versus log . The slope of the straight line portion, that is,
for the soil in the normally consolidated state, is designated as Cc.. This can be
directly obtained from the plot or calculated as

CHAPTER 4
TEST RESULTS OF SELECTED SAMPLES

4.1 Obtained Properties of Sample

Here we carried out the test like specific gravity, Tri axial shear test for Shear
parameters and Consolidation which is used for calculation of bearing capacity of
soil. Obtained properties are given in Table No. 2

4.2 Test Results

Table No. 2 : Obtained Properties
RES ULT S UMMARY
Grain S ize Distribution Atterberg's limit Standard Proctor Swelling
ID Mark %M & M.D.D O.M.C Pressure,
%G %S LL, % PL, % PI, %
C gm/cc % kg/cm2

1 Sample-3 0 9 91 89.4 37.4 52.0 1.524 16.74 0.68

IS:2720
IS:2720 (Part-7):
IS: 2720 (Part-4):1985 IS: 2720 (Part-5):1985 (Part-41):1977
TES T METHOD 1980 Reaffirmed :
Reaffirmed : 2010 Reaffirmed : 2010 Reaffirmed:
2011
1997

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 RES ULT S UMMARY
Consolidation
Cohesion, Angle of
S pecific S oil
ID Mark C, internal Pc
Gravity Cc Classification
kg/sq.cm friction,
kg/cm2
1 Sample-3 2.512 1.03 6 0.090 0.65 CH

IS: 2720 (Part IS 2720 (Part-12):1981

IS: 2720
3,Sec-1):1985 Reaffirmed : 2002 / IS
TES T METHOD (Part-15):1986 -
Reaffirmed : 2720 (Part-13) :1986
Reaffirmed : 1997
2010 Reaffirmed : 2002

Observation Table
Table No. 3 : Observation table for Shear Parameter

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 CORRECTED
AXIAL DEVIATOR LOAD, N DEVIATOR S TRES S
DIAL AREA
GAUGE S TRAIN [E]
[ Pd ] [ Ac ] [S IGMA D]
READING,
mm (1) x L.C Ao / (1-E) (4)/(5) x 1000
L kg cm
2
kg/cm2
Pressure Pressure
1 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
1 2 4 5 6

0.00 0.0000 0 0 0.000 11.34 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.25 0.0034 2.90 3.6 4.100 11.38 0.255 0.316 0.360
0.50 0.0068 5.50 6.4 6.900 11.42 0.482 0.561 0.604
0.75 0.0101 7.90 9.3 10.100 11.46 0.690 0.812 0.882
1.00 0.0135 9.90 11.9 12.500 11.50 0.861 1.035 1.087
1.25 0.0169 12.40 14.2 14.900 11.54 1.075 1.231 1.292
1.50 0.0203 14.80 16.8 17.600 11.58 1.279 1.451 1.520
1.75 0.0236 16.50 19.1 20.300 11.62 1.420 1.644 1.748
2.00 0.0270 18.20 21.2 22.600 11.66 1.561 1.819 1.939
2.25 0.0304 19.70 23.1 24.700 11.70 1.684 1.975 2.112
2.50 0.0338 21.10 24.3 26.900 11.74 1.798 2.070 2.292
2.75 0.0372 22.60 25.9 28.200 11.78 1.919 2.199 2.394
3.00 0.0405 24.10 27.6 29.300 11.82 2.039 2.335 2.479
3.25 0.0439 25.30 28.5 30.400 11.86 2.133 2.403 2.563
3.50 0.0473 26.30 29.5 30.900 11.90 2.209 2.478 2.596
3.75 0.0507 27.10 29.7 31.100 11.95 2.268 2.486 2.603
4.00 0.0541 27.50 29.7 31.100 11.99 2.294 2.477 2.594
4.25 0.0574 27.60 29.7 31.100 12.03 2.294 2.468 2.585
4.50 0.0608 27.70 29.7 31.000 12.08 2.294 2.460 2.567
4.75 0.0642 27.80 29.6 31.000 12.12 2.294 2.442 2.558
5.00 0.0676 27.70 29.6 31.000 12.16 2.277 2.434 2.549
5.25 0.0709 27.60 29.6 30.900 12.21 2.261 2.425 2.531
5.50 0.0743 27.50 29.6 30.900 12.25 2.245 2.416 2.522
5.75 0.0777 27.40 29.4 30.900 12.30 2.228 2.391 2.513
6.00 0.0811 27.30 29.4 30.90 12.34 2.212 2.382 2.504
6.25 0.0845 29.4 30.90 12.39 2.373 2.494
6.50 0.0878 29.4 30.90 12.43 2.365 2.485
6.75 0.0912 29.4 30.80 12.48 2.356 2.468
7.00 0.0946 29.3 30.80 12.53 2.339 2.459
7.25 0.0980 29.3 30.80 12.57 2.330 2.450
7.50 0.1014 29.3 30.80 12.62 2.322 2.441
7.75 0.1047 29.3 30.80 12.67 2.313 2.431
8.00 0.1081 30.70 12.72 2.414
8.25 0.1115 30.70 12.76 2.405
8.50 0.1149 30.70 12.81 2.396
8.75 0.1182 30.70 12.86 2.387
9.00 0.1216 30.70 12.91 2.378

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 Fig. 7 : Stress Conditions at Failure

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 Fig. 8 : Stress & Strain Curve

Table No. 4 : Applied pressure & Void ratio for Consolidation

APPLIED VOID RATIO
PRES S URE [e]
2
kg/cm (H - Hs) / Hs

0.10 0.626
0.20 0.623
0.40 0.612
0.80 0.591
1.60 0.564
3.20 0.521

Cc = 0.090

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 SEMI-LOG PLOT OF PRESSURE-VOIDS RATIO RELATIONSHIP

0.700
0.680
0.660
0.640
0.620
0.600
VOIDS RATIO e

0.580
0.560
0.540
0.520
0.500
0.480
0.460
0.440
0.420
0.400
0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0
0.39 Pc = 0.65
LOG s ' (kg/cm2 )

Fig. 9: Pressure Void ratio Relationship - Consolidation

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4.3 Bearing Capacity of Soil
Here we carried out the tests required for calculating the bearing capacity of soil.
Bearing capacity calculated as per IS: 6403.
Least of SBP and SBC shall be considered as the allowable bearing capacity in the
design

Table No. 5: Assumed Foundation data

FOUNDATION DETAILS
Safe Bearing Safe Bearing
Type
Size Depth Capacity, T/m2 Pressure, T/m2
in Mt. in Mt.

R.C.C. Strip
9.0 x 3.0 1.50 31.15 7.56
footing

SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL - Based on IS: 6403

Shape of footing
Depth of footing, D 1.50 1.50 1.50 Cohesion, C, kg/sq.cm : 1.030
Width of footing, B 3.00 3.00 4.00 Angle of Int.Friction, f : 6
Length of footing, L 9.00 3.00 4.00 Specific Gravity, g : 2.512
Bulk Density, Yd, gm/cc : 1.779
Depth of Water Table,m 6 6 6 Sat. Density, Ysat, gm/cc : 1.917
Ratio d/B 1.500 1.500 1.125 Sub. Density, Y', gm/cc : 0.917
Water Table Factor 1.00 1.00 1.00 Inclination Angle a : 0
Effective Surcharge over 0.00 m Factor of Safety : 2.5
EGL, m Surcharge Density : 1.000
Dry Density, Yd, gm/cc 1.524 Assumed, gm/cc
Moisture Content, % 16.74
Overburden Pressure, 2.67 t/m2 Void Ratio, eo = G x Yw -1
Yd
Mode of Failure = = 0.648
Intermediate Shear Failure
F ' = Tan -1 (0.67 tan F) Nc'' = 6.550 Nc' = 6.23
= 4.03 Nq'' = 1.607 Nq' = 1.46
N g '' = 0.485 Ng' = 0.36

for intermediate shear failure i.e. 0.55< Void Ratio < 0.75
qu = cN''cScdcic + q(N''q-1) Sqdqiq + 0.5 B g N'' g S g d g i g W'
= 77.88 qs = 31.15 t/m 2

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 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF SOIL - Based on I.S. 8009 Part I
G.L

Modulus of Elasticity, kg/cm2 185

Pressure Intensity, kg/cm2 = 1 D in m = 1.50 No. of Layers = 7.5 m
H= 200 cms
Cc 1.000 gm/cc B in m = 3.0
0.090 Cc = 0.090 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d1 = 2.00 z1 = 0.5
0.090 Cc = 0.090 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d2 = 4.00 z2 = 2.5
0.090 Cc = 0.090 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d3 = 6.00 z3 = 4.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d4 = 8.00 z4 = 6.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d5 = 10.00 z5 = 8.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d5 = 12.00 z6 = 10.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d5 = 14.00 z7 = 12.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d5 = 16.00 z8 = 14.5
0.090 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.779 eo = 0.4120 d5 = 18.00 z8 = 16.5

I= 1.2
Assume Pressure P, t/m2 = 7.56 0.756 kg/cm2
DP = PxI = 0.756 xI
ri = Px B ( 1 - m2) x I = 1.459
E
Zi Z = 2 x Zi B/Z C I Po DP H log (Po+DP) r c ri rt
in m in m =4xC = Yx d =PxI 1 + eo (Po) (8) x Cc x (9) for assumed ri + rc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pressure P

0.5 1 3.000 0.246 0.984 0.356 0.744 141.64 0.490 6.248

2.5 5 0.600 0.104 0.417 0.712 0.316 141.64 0.159 2.032
4.5 9 0.333 0.041 0.164 1.067 0.124 141.64 0.048 0.608
1.104 7.326
6.5 13 0.231 0.020 0.081 1.423 0.062 141.64 0.018 0.000
8.5 17 0.176 0.013 0.050 1.779 0.038 141.64 0.009 0.000
10.5 21 0.143 0.009 0.037 2.135 0.028 141.64 0.006 0.000

Settlement, S = 5.00 cms Soil factor 0.700

50.00 mm Rigidity factor 0.800
= Therefore the assumed pressure is right = 7.57T/Sq.m Depth factor 0.853

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Symbols

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Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 37
 CHAPTER 5
TEST OF SOIL WITH FIBER

5.1 Obtained Properties of Sample

We carried out the required test on soil to found out the bearing capacity. And
calculate the bearing capacity of soil & bearing pressure of soil. Now we introduce
the fibers with soil in different proportions. In previous studies fibers were used with
soil in proportion of 0.25, 0.5, 075 and 1.0 % of soil sample. We are selected the
polyester fiber. Physical properties is given in the below table. We used fiber
proportion with soil is 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, & 0.8 % of fiber by weight of soil.

5.2 Test Result

5.2.1 Proctor Density
First we carried out proctor density of soil with fiber in proportion of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 &
0.8% of fiber by weight of soil. Procedure of proctor test as per clause no. 5.2.3,
Chapter No.5, Project Phase-I.
Obtained results given in below table

Table No. 6: Obtained M.D.D. & O.M.C of Soil with Fiber

% of Fiber M.D.D., g/cc O.M.C., %

0.0 1.524 16.74

0.2 1.533 16.38

0.4 1.539 16.02

0.6 1.543 15.67

0.8 1.536 15.89

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Here we found maximum density obtained with 0.6% of fiber with soil.

5.2.2 Atterbergs Limit & Swelling Pressure

Now we carried out Atterbergs limit and swelling pressure test with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 & 0.8% of
fiber. results are given below.

Table No. 7: Obtained results of Atterbergs limit, & Swell Pressure test of Soil with Fiber

Atterberg's limit
Swelling Pressure,
% of Fiber
kg/cm2
LL,% PL, % PI,%

0.0 89.0 37.4 51.6 0.68

0.2 80.6 36.2 44.4 0.52

0.4 71.3 33.8 37.5 0.34

0.6 63.9 31.6 32.3 0.16

0.8 61.4 30.9 30.5 0.11

5.2.3 Shear Properties

After getting the results of basic properties we carried out tri axial shear test. We obtained
shear parameter as below

Table No. 8: Obtained results of shear parameter of Soil with Fiber

Cohesin, C, Angle of
% Fiber
kg/cm2 friction,
0 1.03 6

0.2 0.92 10
0.4 0.78 17

0.6 0.70 24
0.8 0.63 26

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 0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
Deviator Stress kg/cm2 0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.5 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.0 kg/cm2
0.00 1.5 kg/cm2
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Axial Strain

Fig. 10: Strain - Stress Curve with 0.2% Fiber

0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
Deviator Stress kg/cm2

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01 0.5 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.0 kg/cm2
0.01
0.00 1.5 kg/cm2
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Axial Strain

Fig. 11: Strain - Stress Curve with 0.4% Fiber

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 0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Deviator Stress kg/cm2
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01 0.5 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.0 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.5 kg/cm2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Axial Strain

Fig. 12: Strain - Stress Curve with 0.6% Fiber

0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Deviator Stress kg/cm2

0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01 0.5 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.0 kg/cm2
0.01
0.01 1.5 kg/cm2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Axial Strain

Fig.13: Strain - Stress Curve with 0.8% Fiber

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 Fig. 14: Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.2 % Fiber

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 Fig. 15 : Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.4 % Fiber

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 Fig. 16: Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.6 % Fiber

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 Fig. 17: Stress Conditions at Failure with 0.8 % Fiber

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We found that the optimum fiber content is 0.6% based on results of Proctor Density,
Atterbergs limit, Swell Pressure & Shear Parameter.

In proctor test we getting maximum density with 0.6 % fiber. No major improvement found
after increasing of fiber more than 0.6% in Atterbergs limit, Swell Pressure & Shear
Parameters.

We getting better improvements with 0.6% of fiber. So, we carried out Consolidation test
only on 0.6% of Fiber.

5.2.4 Consolidation Test

Table No. 9 : Applied pressure & Void ratio for Consolidation

APPLIED VOID RATIO

PRES S URE [e]
2
kg/cm (H - Hs) / Hs

0.10 0.638
0.20 0.636
0.40 0.631
0.80 0.624
1.60 0.612
3.20 0.600

Cc = 0.038

Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 46

 SEMI-LOG PLOT OF PRESSURE-VOIDS RATIO RELATIONSHIP

0.700
0.680
0.660
0.640
0.620
0.600
VOIDS RATIO e

0.580
0.560
0.540
0.520
0.500
0.480
0.460
0.440
0.420
0.400
0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0
0.39 Pc = 0.56
LOG s ' (kg/cm2 )

Fig. 18 : Pressure Void ratio Relationship - Consolidation

Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 47

 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Results
Results of test carried with soil with fiber in different proportions are tabulated below.
Table No. 10: Result Summary
Consolidation
Atterberg's limit Standard Proctor Shear Parameter
Characteristics
Swelling
Sr. Pre
ID Mark Pressure, Compression
No. LL, PL, M.D.D O.M.C 2 Cohesion, Angle of Consolidation
PI, % kg/cm index,
% % gm/cc % C, kg/cm2 Friction, Pressure,
Cc
Pc
1 Soil 89.0 37.4 51.6 1.524 16.74 0.68 1.03 6 0.090 0.65
2 Soil + 0.2% Fiber 80.6 36.2 44.4 1.533 16.38 0.52 0.92 10 -- --
3 Soil + 0.4 % Fiber 71.3 33.8 37.5 1.539 16.02 0.34 0.78 17 -- --
4 Soil + 0.6 % Fiber 63.9 31.6 32.3 1.543 15.67 0.16 0.70 24 0.038 0.46
5 Soil + 0.8 % Fiber 61.4 30.9 30.5 1.536 15.89 0.11 0.63 26 -- --

6.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil with Fiber

Here we carried out the tests required for calculating the bearing capacity of soil.
Bearing capacity calculated as per IS: 6403.
Least of SBP and SBC shall be considered as the allowable bearing capacity in the
design
Table No. 11: Assumed Foundation data

FOUNDATION DETAILS Allowable

Safe Safe
Safe
Bearing Bearing
Sample ID Size Depth Bearing
Type Capacity, Pressure,
Capacity,
in m in m T/m2 T/m2
T/m2

Soil R.C.C. 9.0 x 3.0 1.50 31.15 7.56 7.56

Strip
Soil + 0.6 % footing 9.0 x 3.0 1.50 69.98 18.66 18.66
Fiber

Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 48

 SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL - Based on IS: 6403

Shape of footing
Depth of footing, D 1.50 1.50 1.50 Cohesion, C, kg/sq.cm : 0.700
Width of footing, B 3.00 3.00 4.00 Angle of Int.Friction, f : 24
Length of footing, L 9.00 3.00 4.00 Specific Gravity, g : 2.512
Bulk Density, Yd, gm/cc : 1.785
Depth of Water Table,m 6 6 6 Sat. Density, Ysat, gm/cc : 1.929
Ratio d/B 1.500 1.500 1.125 Sub. Density, Y', gm/cc : 0.929
Water Table Factor 1.00 1.00 1.00 Inclination Angle a : 0
Effective Surcharge over 0.00 m Factor of Safety : 2.5
EGL, m Surcharge Density : 1.000
Dry Density, Yd, gm/cc 1.543 Assumed, gm/cc
Moisture Content, % 15.67
Overburden Pressure, 2.68 t/m2 Void Ratio, eo = G x Yw -1
Yd
Mode of Failure = = 0.628
Intermediate Shear Failure
F ' = Tan -1 (0.67 tan F) Nc'' = 16.686 Nc' = 12.22
= 16.61 Nq'' = 7.828 Nq' = 4.73
N g '' = 7.101 N g ' = 3.53

for intermediate shear failure i.e. 0.55< Void Ratio < 0.75
qu = cN''cScdcic + q(N''q-1) Sqdqiq + 0.5 B g N'' g S g d g i g W'
= 174.95 qs = 69.98 t/m 2

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 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF SOIL - Based on I.S. 8009 Part I
G.L

Modulus of Elasticity, kg/cm2 185

Pressure Intensity, kg/cm2 = 1 D in m = 1.50 No. of Layers = 7.5 m
H= 200 cms
Cc 1.000 gm/cc B in m = 3.0
0.038 Cc = 0.038 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d1 = 2.00 z1 = 0.5
0.038 Cc = 0.038 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d2 = 4.00 z2 = 2.5
0.038 Cc = 0.038 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d3 = 6.00 z3 = 4.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d4 = 8.00 z4 = 6.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d5 = 10.00 z5 = 8.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d5 = 12.00 z6 = 10.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d5 = 14.00 z7 = 12.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d5 = 16.00 z8 = 14.5
0.038 Cc = 0.000 G= 2.512 gd = 1.785 eo = 0.4073 d5 = 18.00 z8 = 16.5

I= 1.2
Assume Pressure P, t/m2 = 18.66 1.866 kg/cm2
DP = PxI = 1.866 xI
ri = Px B ( 1 - m2) x I = 1.459
E
Zi Z = 2 x Zi B/Z C I Po DP H log (Po+DP) r c ri rt
in m in m =4xC = Yx d =PxI 1 + eo (Po) (8) x Cc x (9) for assumed ri + rc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pressure P

0.5 1 3.000 0.246 0.984 0.357 1.836 142.12 0.788 4.257

2.5 5 0.600 0.104 0.417 0.714 0.779 142.12 0.320 1.729
4.5 9 0.333 0.041 0.164 1.071 0.306 142.12 0.109 0.589
2.723 7.326
6.5 13 0.231 0.020 0.081 1.428 0.152 142.12 0.044 0.000
8.5 17 0.176 0.013 0.050 1.785 0.094 142.12 0.022 0.000
10.5 21 0.143 0.009 0.037 2.142 0.069 142.12 0.014 0.000

Settlement, S = 5.00 cms Soil factor 0.700

50.00 mm Rigidity factor 0.800
= Therefore the assumed pressure is right = 18.66T/Sq.m Depth factor 0.853

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6.3 Conclusion
1. We found that the optimum fiber content is 0.6% based on results of Proctor Density,
Atterbergs limit, Swell Pressure & Shear Parameter.
2. In proctor test we are getting maximum density with 0.6 % fiber. and results were shown
no major improvement found after increasing of fiber more than 0.6% in Atterbergs
limit, Swell Pressure & Shear Parameters.
3. We getting better improvements with 0.6% of fiber. So, we carried out Consolidation test
only on 0.6% of Fiber.
4. Based on results we calculate the Safe Bearing Capacity and safe Bearing Pressure for
Soil with 0.6% fiber. allowable Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil is 7.56 T/m2. and after
adding the 0.6% of fiber the allowable Safe Bearing Capacity of soil increases up to 18.66
T/m2 .
5. The increasing of safe bearing capacity is approximately 146%.
6. Design of foundation for any structure with SBC 7.56 T/m2 is difficult and some special
treatments and foundation require, but soil with SBC 18.66 T/m2 is stable in compere
with soil having poor SBC. In stable soil foundation will be designed with less treatment
and saving the project cost.

Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 51

 REFERENCES
1. H. P. Singh, M. Bagra Associate Professor, Department of Civil Eng., NERIST,
Itanagar, A.P., India 1
Improvement in CBR value of Soil reinforced with jute fiber
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
2. K.V.Maheshwari M.E.(Geotech) Ph.D. Scholar, Performance of Fiber Reinforced
Clayey Soil.. EJGE, Vol. 16 (2011), Bund. J
3. K.V. Maheshwari, Research Scholar , K.V. Desai, Assistance Professor,
A.K .Solanki, C.H. Assistance Professor
Probabilistic Analysis of Randomly Distributed Fiber Reinforced Soil Indian
Geotechnical Conference 2010, GEOtrendz December 1618, 2010 IGS Mumbai
Chapter & IIT Bombay.

Thanking You

Veerayatan Group of Institutions F.O.E. & F.O.M. Page 52