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VD VD
Re D
Cylinder in Cross Flow (cont.)
Force imposed by the flow is due to the combination of friction and form drag.
The dimensionless form of the drag force is
FD
CD Figure 7.9
A f V 2 / 2
Cylinder in Cross Flow (cont.)
(7.52)
is widely used for Pr 0.7, where the constants C and m are listed in Table
7.2. All properties are evaluated at the film temperature.
Heat Transfer Considerations
Equation 7.52 may also be used for flow over cylinders of noncircular cross
section, with the characteristic length D and the constants obtained from
Table 7.3.
Heat Transfer Considerations
Other correlations have been suggested for the circular cylinder in cross flow
[15, 16, 17]. The correlation due to Zukauskas [16] is of the form
(7.53)
where all properties are evaluated at T, except Prs, which is evaluated at Ts.
Values of C and m are listed in Table 7.4. If Pr 10, n = 0.37; if Pr 10, n = 0.36.
Heat Transfer Considerations
Churchill and Bernstein [17] have proposed a single comprehensive equation that
covers the entire range of ReD for which data are available, as well as a wide range of
Pr. The equation is recommended for all ReD Pr 0.2 and has the form
The Average Nusselt Number Nu D hD / k :
Churchill and Bernstein Correlation:
4/5
0.62Re Pr 1/ 2 1/ 3 Re
5/8
Nu D 0.3 D
1 D
(7.54)
2 / 3 1/ 4
1 0.4 / Pr 282,000
where all properties are evaluated at the film temperature
Again we caution the reader not to view any of the foregoing correlations as sacrosanct. Each
correlation is reasonable over a certain range of conditions, but for most engineering
calculations one should not expect accuracy to much better than 20%. Because they are based
on more recent results encompassing a wide range of conditions, Equations 7.53 and 7.54 are
generally used for the calculations of this text.
Flow Across Tube Banks
Heat transfer to or from a bank (or bundle) of tubes in cross flow is relevant to
numerous industrial applications, such as steam generation in a boiler or air cooling
in the coil of an air conditioner. Typically, one fluid moves over the tubes, while a
second fluid at a different temperature passes through the tubes.
Flow Across Tube Banks
The tube rows of a bank can be either aligned or staggered in the direction of the
fluid velocity V (Figure 7.12). The configuration is characterized by the tube
diameter D and by the transverse pitch ST and longitudinal pitch SL measured
between tube centers. Flow conditions within the bank are dominated by boundary
layer separation effects and by wake interactions, which in turn influence convection
heat transfer.
where NL is the number of tube rows, all properties except Prs are evaluated at the arithmetic mean of the
fluid inlet (Ti = T) and outlet (To) temperatures, and the constants C1 and m are listed in Table 7.5.
Flow Across Tube Banks
If there are 20 or fewer rows of tubes, NL 20, the average heat transfer
coefficient is typically reduced, and a correction factor may be applied such
that
The Reynolds number ReD,max for the foregoing correlation is based on the
maximum fluid velocity occurring within the tube bank.
Tube Banks
ST
Aligned: Vmax V
ST D
Staggered: ST
Vmax V if 2 S D D ST D
ST D
ST
or, Vmax V if 2 S D D ST D
2 SD D
Flow Across Tube Banks
the heat transfer rate could be significantly over predicted by using T = Ts - T as
the temperature difference in Newtons law of cooling.
As the fluid moves through the bank, its temperature approaches Ts and T
decreases. In Chapter 8, the appropriate form of T is shown to be a log-mean
temperature difference.
where Ti and To are temperatures of the fluid as it enters and leaves the bank,
respectively.
Fluid Outlet Temperature (To) :
Ts To DNh
exp
Ts Ti VNT ST c p
N NT x N L
where N is the total number of tubes in the bank and NT is the number of tubes in
each row.
Tube Banks (cont.)
T m
Ts Ti Ts To Total Heat Rate:
Ts Ti q hAs T m
n
Ts To As N DL
Pressure Drop:
The power required to move the fluid across the bank is often a major operating
expense and is directly proportional to the pressure drop, which may be expressed as
[16]
Vmax
2
p N L f
2
(a) Determine the total heat transfer to the air and the temperature of the air leaving the duct heater.
(b) Determine the pressure drop across the element bank and the fan power requirement.
(c) Compare the average convection coefficient obtained in your analysis with the value for an
isolated (single) element. Explain the difference between the results.
(d) What effect would increasing the longitudinal and transverse pitches to 30 mm have on the exit
temperature of the air, the total heat rate, and the pressure drop?
The Sphere
Flow over a sphere
Boundary layer development is similar to that for flow over a cylinder,
involving transition and separation.
Nu D 2 0.4Re 1/ 2
D 0.06Re 2/3
D Pr /
0.4
s
1/ 4
CD Figure 7.8
Spheres and Packed Beds
The Sphere
Drag coefficients for a smooth circular cylinder in cross flow and for a sphere
Example
7.85 A spherical thermocouple junction 1.0 mm in diameter is inserted in a
combustion chamber to measure the temperature T of the products of combustion.
The hot gases have a velocity of V = 5 m/s.