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Historical Studies
Location: Albania
Author(s): Kasem Bioku
Title: Aleksandri i Madh n kujtesn historike t Sknderbeut e t shqiptarve
Alexander the Great in the Historical Memory of Scanderbeg and of the Albanians
Issue: 01-02/2005
Citation Kasem Bioku. "Aleksandri i Madh n kujtesn historike t Sknderbeut e t shqiptarve".
style: Studime Historike 01-02:007-029.
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=99608
CEEOL copyright 2017
KASEM BIOKU
1
I. Zamputi, Relacione mbi gjendjen e Shqipris Veriore e t Mesme n
shekullin XVII, vll.II (1634-1650), Tiran, 1965, f.189, 201.
2
F.Ch.H.L. Pouqueville, Voyage en More, Constantinople, en Albanie,
et dans le plusieurs autre parties de lEmpire Othoman, pendant les annes 1789,
1799, 1800 et 1801, Tome troisime, Paris, 1805, f.141; Po ai, Voyage dans la
Grce, Paris, 1820, f.84.
8 Kasem Bioku
3
E drejta zakonore shqiptare, Tiran, 1989, f.128, shn.6.
4
V. Ahmeti, Legjendart e Sulit t amris (roman historik), Tiran,
2002, f.101.
5
N.K. Martis, The Falsification of Macedonian History, Athens, 1984,
f.56.
6
A. Kola, Arvanitasit dhe prejardhja e grekve, Tiran, f.141, 255.
7
N.K. Martis, vep. e prm., f.63, 65-66.
8
Nga jett paralele t Plutarkut Piroja, prkthyer prej S. Papahristos,
Tiran, 1934, f.29; Ilirt dhe Iliria te autort antik, Tiran, 1965, f.221, 232, 241.
9
N. Jorga, Histoire des Roumains et de leur Civilisation, Paris, 1920,
f.186, 188.
10
Cvnevs Prophetarvm de Christo Salvatore mvndi, et eivs evangelica
veritate, italic et epirotic contexta, et in duas Partes diuisa a Petro Bogdano
Macedone Sacr. Congr. De Prop. Fide alvmno. Philosophie, & Sacre Theologiae
Doctore, olim Episcopo Scodrensi, & Administratore Antibarensi, nunc ver
archipiscopo Scvporvm, ac totivs Regni Serviae administratore Pars Prima.
Patavii, MDCLXXXV. Ex typographia seminarii. Opera avgvstini candiani
svperiorum permissv, f.181.
11
P. Xhufi, Ndarja e Shqipris nga Bizanti, n Studime historike,
Tiran, 1999, nr.1-2, f.28.
10 Kasem Bioku
12
Fjalor shqip-greqisht prej Konstandin Kristoforidhit hartuar s pari me
alfabet greqisht dhe botuar n Athin m 1904, - transkriptuar tani me alfabet shqip
prej prof. Aleksandr Xhuvanit, Tiran, 1961, f.181; Fjalor i gjuhs shqipe, Tiran,
1954, f.264; Fjalor i gjuhs s sotme shqipe, Tiran, 1980, f.962.
13
Rr. Zojzi, Ndamja krahinore e popullit shqiptar, n Etnografia
shqiptare I, Tiran, 1962, f. 23, 31.
14
Fjalori enciklopedik shqiptar, Tiran, 1985, f.597-598.
15
Rr. Zojzi, vep. e prm., f.26-27; Fjalori enciklopedik, vep. e prm., f.
308.
16
A. Stoyanovski, Documents turcs sur l`histoire du peuple Macdonien.
Le grand registre de recensement du Sandjak d`Ohrid de 1583, Tome VIII, vol.2,
Skopje, 2000, f.96-588.
17
Fjalori enciklopedik, vep. e prm., f.307.
18
Statuta di Scutari della prima met del secolo XIV con le addizioni fino
al 1469, a cura di Lucia Nadin traduzione in albanese a cura di Pllumb Xhufi con
saggi introduttivi di Giovan Battista Pellegrini, Oliver Jens Schmitt e Gerardo
Ortalli, Roma, 2002. N fletn e par t dorshkrimit t ktij vllimi sht shkruar:
Privilegji i Aleksandrit t Madh t maqedonasve, prkthyer [latinisht - K. B.] nga
origjinali n gjuhn greke dhe prfundon: Aleksandri i Madh i Maqedonis, n
viti 325 para lindjes s Krishtit, ose si njihet ndryshe, viti 4874; Po aty, f.83, 167.
19
M. Barleci, Rrethimi i Shkodrs, prkthyer prej origjinalit latinisht nga
Henrik Lacaj, botim i dyt i shtuar, Tiran, 1967, f.34; F. Blancus, Dictionarvm
latino epiroticvm, Romae, 1635, f.197; P. Bartl, Quellen und Materialen zur
Albanischen Geschichte im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, II, Mnchen, 1979, f.24.
12 Kasem Bioku
20
N.K. Martis, vep. e prm., f.152. Kurse i biri, Aleksandri i Madh, yllin e
stems e bri me tet cepa [Po aty, f.146] dhe kt e vendosi edhe n nj seri
monedhash t prera prej tij [Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Volumen V Ashmolean
Museum Oxford Part III Macedonia, London Published for the British Akademy,
1976, nr.2657, 17.10 Exchuged 1972 Rev. a.x. star on cone; Sh. Gjongecaj, Thesari
i Hijes s Korbit, n Iliria, Tiran, 1985, nr.1, f.168. I shpreh mirnjohjen Sh.
Gjongecaj q m mundsoi t njihem me monedhn e Aleksandrit t Madh q ka
yllin me tet cepa dhe me literaturn prkatse.
21
A. Kola, Arvanitasit dhe prejardhja e grekve, Tiran, 2002, f.330.
22
Sh. Gjongecaj, Le Monnayage macdonien et l`Ilyrie du sud, in Ancient
Macednia V, papers read at the fifth international symposium held in Thessaloniki,
october 10-15, 1989, volume 1, Manolis Andronikos, Thessaloniki, 1993, f.489-
491.
23
E. Durham, Brenga e Ballkanit dhe vepra t tjera, Tiran, 1990, f.470-
473.
24
Dh. Pilika, Duke krkuar Albanica ndr arkiva dhe biblioteke t
jashtme, n Konferenca e par e studimeve albanologjike Tiran, 15-21 nntor
1962, Tiran, 1964, f.720, fig.4; L. Shllaku, Hipothez rreth prejardhjes s
trajtavet Shqipni - Shqiptar, Firence, 1968, ballina dhe fleta e panumrtuar
ndrmjet f.6-7.
ksaj letre ruante m mir se sot gjurmn e vuls. Prshkrim dhe vizatim
sipas nj vshtrimi t drejtprdrejt ka br pr gjurmn e vuls s madhe
t Sknderbeut Tefik Geci n vitet 60 t shek.XX. Ai ka prmendur me
kt rast edhe dmtimin q ka psuar dylli i vuls s letrs s
Sknderbeut gjat kalimit t saj nga arkivi n arkiv (Dubrovnik, Vjen,
Beograd, Vjen, Dubrovnik)25. Ajo q bie n sy sht se t tre vizatimet e
gjurms s vuls s madhe t Sknderbeut kan ndryshime midis tyre n
rrethin ku sht shkruar me shkronja kapitale emri i Heroit ton
Kombtar, sepse dylli sht i dmtuar dhe emrit familjar t tij i mungojn
dy ose tri shkronjat e fundit. Te Dh. Pilika dhe T. Geci mbiemri i
Skenderbeut sht dhn Castriot[ivs], kurse te L. Shllaku Castriot[vs].
Ndryshim tjetr vihet re tek emri mysliman i Heroit. Te Dh. Pilika dhe L.
Shllaku sht Scendarbigo, kurse tek T. Geci Scendarbic, i cili
uditrisht n tekst e ka dhn Scendarbigo. Kur e kam vshtruar n vitet
1972 dhe 1974 letrn e Sknderbeut n Arkivin e Dubrovnikut, trajta
Scendarbic e ktij emri, q e kam pasqyruar n disa botime26 jo vetm
nga ana gramatikore sht e sakt, por edhe nga ana grafike. Pas emrit
Scendarbic sht nj rreth pr t shnuar mbarimin e fjals dhe jo
shkronja o q, si dallohet te emri Georgius, sht vezake dhe m e
madhe. Kto ndryshime i ka dalluar edhe Dritan Egro pas vshtrimit q
ka br gjat shkurtit t vitit 2005 n Arkivin e Dubrovnikut, ku dylli i
dmtuar i letrs s Sknderbeut ruan pjesrisht gjurmn e vuls s tij. N
skicat e botuara pr vuln e Sknderbeut ka ndryshime edhe n trajtn e
yllit q ndodhet n krye t vuls, pikrisht n rrethin ku sht shkruar
emri i Heroit. Sipas Dh. Piliks dhe T. Gecit sht nj yll me tet rreze,
kurse sipas L. Shllakut sht nj yll me tet cepa. Sipas D. Egros tani
sht vshtir t dallohet n se ylli ka qen me cepa apo me rreze.
E rndsishme sht q, bashk me emrin e plot t Heroit ton
Kombtar, Georgivs Castriot[vs] Scendarbic, vula e tij ka pasur n krye
t rrethit ansor nj yll me tet cepa ose rreze, q sht simbol i diellit.
Nn yllin e par dhe midis dy krerve t shqiponjs s vuls s
Sknderbeut sht nj yll i dyt me gjasht cepa.
25
T. Geci, Mbi sfagjistikn e Kastriotve, n Simpozium pr Sknderbeun
Simpozijum o Skenderbegu (9-12 maj 1968) Prishtin, 1969, f.230, shn.6, f.234-
238.
26
K. Bioku, Portreti i Marin Barlecit dhe nj saktsim pr shqiponjn e
Kastriotve, n Studime historike, Tiran, 1999, nr.1-2, f.57; Historia e Popullit
Shqiptar, vll.I, f.433-434 etj.
14 Kasem Bioku
27
Historia e popullit shqiptar, vll.I, Tiran, 2002, f.433-434; V. Shtylla,
Emblema e Kastriotve n Kishn Santa Maria la Nova t Napolit, gazeta 55, 9
shkurt 2003, f.20.
28
M. Barletius, Historia de Vita et Gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum
Principis, Romae, [1508-1510], fl.XVv; K. Bioku, Portreti..., vep. e prm., f.56.
29
K. Bioku, Portreti ..., vep. e prm., f.59.
30
E. abej, Studime gjuhsore, V, Prishtin, 1977, f.72.
31
Por sv descendencia, Valor, y magnitvd de Animo, le Comparaban al
Rey Alexsandro de Macedonia; V. Shtylla, T dhna t reja pr familjen e
Kastriotve, n Ekskluzive, 2001, nr.20, f.78-79.
32
N. Jorga, Histoire des Roumains et de leur Civilisation, Paris, 1920,
f.38-39, 47-48, 129, 130-131; Po ai, tudes Byzantines I, Bucaresti, 1939, f.75, 86,
261.
33
Ilirt dhe Iliria te autort antik, Tiran, 1965, f.221.
34
Vocabolaria della Lingua Italiana, Roma, 1991, vol.III, f.1006.
16 Kasem Bioku
35
J. Radoni , urad Kastrioti Skanderbeg i Arbanija u XV veku, Beograd,
1942, f.16.
36
M. Barletius, Historia de Vita et Gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum
Principis, Romae, [1508-1510], fl.XVv; K. Bioku, Portreti..., vep. e prm., f.56.
37
A. Pertusi, Martino Segono di Novo Brdo vescovo di Dulcigno. Un
umanista serbo-dalmata del tardo Quatrocento Vita e opere, Roma, 1981, f.142.
38
M. Barleci, Historia e jets dhe e vepravet t Sknderbeut, Tiran, 1964,
f.105, 215, 222, 283, 395, 488.
39
Po ai, Rrethimi i Shkodrs Prkthye prej origjinalit latinisht nga Henrik
Lacaj Botim i dyt i shtuar, Tiran, 1967, f.34.
40
F. Blancus, Dictionarum latino epiroticum, Romae, 1635, f.197.
41
P. Bartl, Quellen und Materialen zur Albanischen Geschichte im 17. und
18. Jahrhundert, II, Mnchen, 1979, f.24: La uogliano li Turchi fondata da
Alessandro, chiamata perci da loro Schenderia, cio Alessandro.
42
S. Pulaha, Defteri i regjistrimit t Sanxhakut t Shkodrs i vitit 1485,
Tiran, 1974, f.483.
43
A. Stoyanovski, vep. e prm., f.23.
44
F. Blancus, vep. e prm., Romae, 1635, f.198.
45
Cvnevs Prophetarvm de Christo Salvatore mvndi, et eivs evangelica
veritate, italic et epirotic contexta, et in duas Partes diuisa a Petro Bogdano
Macedone Sacr. Congr. De Prop. Fide alvmno. Philosophie, & Sacre Theologiae
Doctore, olim Episcopo Scodrensi, & Administratore Antibarensi, nunc ver
archipiscopo Scvporvm, ac totivs Regni Serviae administratore Pars Prima.
Patavii, MDCLXXXV. Ex Typographia Seminarii. Opera avgvstini candiani
svperiorum permissv, f.181.
46
Albania Propia ouero Superiore detta anche Macedonia Occidentale
descritta, con Disegni fatti sul luogo da Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola, Roma, 1689:
Petrela tenuta per patria d`Alessandro Magno.
47
N. Agolli, Vallja shqiptare e burrave (Epika), Tiran, 1997, f.12, 19, 20-
21, 28-31; Po ai, Aleksandri i Madh n simbolikn e valles shqiptare Arnautja,
n Tema, 25 e 26 nntor 2004, f.15.
18 Kasem Bioku
48
E. Durham, vep. e prm., f.7-8.
49
Fletorja zyrtare, nr.36, Tiran, 12 korrik 1925, f.38; Monedha dhe
kartmonedha shqiptare nga lashtsia deri 2002, Tiran, 2002, f.40-41, 90-93, 218,
223.
50
K. Bioku, Aleksandri i Madh n t drejtn dokesore shqiptare dhe n
krijimtarin popullore, n RD, 18 janar 2004, f.12-13.
51
L. de Thallczy C. Jire ek E. de Sufflay, Acta et Diplomata res
Albaniae Mediae Aetatis illustrantia, vol.II, Vindobonae MCMXVIII, nr.413.
52
G. Valentini, Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV, vol.II, f.200.
53
Po aty, vol.XXII, f.12.
54
Historia e Popullit Shqiptar, vll.I, Tiran, 2002, f.310.
55
J. Radoni , vep. e prm., Beograd, 1942, f.73.
56
G. Valentini, vep. e prm., vol.XXIII, f.181-182, 189-190, 209, 252,
262-263, 282-283, 291, 309-310, 342-346, 360-364, 387-389.
57
G. Valentini, vep. e prm., vol.XXIV, f.33.
58
Po aty.
59
Albania Immagini e documenti dalla Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana e
dalle collezioni del Museo Correr di Venezia, Venezia, 1998, f.107; O.J. Schmitt,
Actes indits concernant Venise, ses possessions albanaises et ses relations avec
Skanderbeg entre 1464 et 1468, n Turcica, 31, 1999, f.267.
60
J. Radoni , vep. e prm.,, Beograd, 1942, f.214; O.J. Schmitt, Das
venezianische Albanien (1392-1479), 2001, R. Oldenbourg Verlage, Mnchen,
f.505, shn.195.
61
I. Zamputi, Dokumenta t shekullit XV pr Historin e Shqipris,
vll.IV (1479-1506), pjesa I (1479-1499), Tiran, 1967, f.67, 68.
62
Historia e Popullit Shqiptar, vll.I, Tiran, 2002, f.310, 389, 402, 409,
412.
20 Kasem Bioku
63
M. Barleci, Historia..., vep. e prm., Tiran, 1964, f.119.
64
Po aty, f.139, 476, 489.
65
I. Zamputi, Relacione mbi gjendjen e Shqipris Veriore e t Mesme n
shekullin XVII, vll.II (1634-1650), Tiran, 1965, f.85.
66
F. Bardhi, Sknderbeu, Tiran, 1967, f.50, 56, 64, 67,85, 94, 95, 96, 100,
106, 116, 122, 123.
67
F.B. Nopcsa, Beitrge zur Vorgeschichte und Ethnologie
Nordalbaniens, in Archologishe aus Nordalbanien von Dr. Franc Baron Nopcsa,
Wien, 1909, f.86.
68
Tregime dhe kng popullore pr Sknderbeun, Tiran, 1967, f.189-197.
69
Po aty, nr.11, 18, 20, 23, 29, 32, 36.
70
Po aty, nr.8 e 9.
71
Po aty, f.33-34.
72
V. Effendi, E vrteta mbi Shqiprin dhe shqiptart, Prkthim dhe
komentim prej Mehdi Frashrit, Tiran, 1935, f.93.
73
E drejta zakonore shqiptare, 1, Tiran, 1989, f.20, shn.4.
74
E. Durham, vep. e prm., f.116.
22 Kasem Bioku
75
P. Doi, Pr Kanunin, vshtrim kritik, Tiran, 2003, f.10-11.
76
E. abej, Studime etimologjike n fush t shqipes, Bleu III C-D, Tiran,
1987, f.277-278.
77
I. Elezi, Njohuri pr t drejtn zakonore mbarshqiptare, Prishtin,
2003, f.142.
78
L. von Thalloczy, Kanuni i Leks, n Illyrisc - albanische Forschungen
I Band, Mnchen und Leipzig, 1916.
24 Kasem Bioku
79
Po aty, f.460-462.
80
Z. Valentini, Historia e Kanunit, n gazetn 55, 9 gusht 2004, f.16.
81
G. Castelletti, Consuetudine e vita sociale nella montagna albanesi
secondo il Kanuni i Lek Dukagjinit, n Studi albanesi, vol.III-IV 1933-1934,
Roma, f.64-65; Rr. Zojzi, Mbi t drejtn kanunore t popullit shqiptar, n Buletin
pr shkencat shoqrore, Tiran, 1956, nr.2, f.146-148; I. Elezi, E drejta zakonore
penale e shqiptarve dhe lufta pr zhdukjen e mbeturinave t saj n Shqipri,
Tiran, 1983, f.55-56; Po ai, Njohuri pr t drejtn zakonore mbarshqiptare,
Prishtin, 2003, f.18; P. Doi, vep. e prm., Tiran, 2003, f.5-11.
82
Rr. Zojzi, vep. e prm., f.148.
83
I. Elezi, vep. e prm., f.47; Po ai, Njohuri pr t drejtn zakonore
mbarshqiptare, Prishtin, 2003, f.30. Shtrirjen e Kanunit t Leks n Fush-
Kosov e ka konstatuar edhe Edit Durham (vep. e prm. , f. 121).
84
Historia e Popullit Shqiptar,vll.I, Tiran, 2002, f.432.
26 Kasem Bioku
Dhe kjo sht koha e Aleksandrit t Madh, kujtimi dhe emri i t cilit
sht ruajtur i pashlyer n kujtesn historike t shqiptarve.
Shtjefn Gjeovi ka ln nj dshmi shum t rndsishme se
Kanuni i Pirrit85 ka qen emrtimi m i hershm i s drejts dokesore
t prdorur prej banorve t Shqipris s Poshtme. Ky emrtim lidhet
me mbretin Pirro t Epirit. Kurse emrtimi Kanuni i Leks pr t
drejtn dokesore shqiptare ka qen emrtim m i hershm, shum i
rrnjosur e i prdorur n Shqiprin e Eprme, t Mesme dhe n vise t
gjera t Shqipris s Poshtme. Statutet e Shkodrs dshmojn se, q n
mesjet, banort e nj qyteti shum t rndsishm shqiptar e kan lidhur
legjislacionin pr organizimin e veprimtarin e jets s tyre me emrin e
Aleksandrit t Madh.
Emri Lek n shum toponime, gojdhna e, mbi t gjitha, emri i
Leks n emrtimin e s drejts dokesore shqiptare sht ruajtja m e
thell n kujtesn historike t shqiptarve pr Aleksandrin e Madh.
S u m m a r y
The Albanians together with the ancient language and culture have
preserved even the memory for the major figures of the past. From the antiquity
have remained indelible in the historical memory of the Albanians the two
major personalities of that period, Alexander the Great and Pyrrhus of Epirus.
Alexander the Great has been commemorated always with a particular
adoration by the Albanians who are the direct inheritors of the non-Greek
autochthonous inhabitants of the part of the Illyrian Peninsula which extends in
the south of the Danube river (qualified as barbarian by the ancient Greek
authors), to whom belonged even the inhabitants of the old Macedonia and its
history. In the Albanian popular tradition and in the historical heritage he is
85
E drejta zakonore shqiptare, Tiran, 1989, f.128, shn 6.
mentioned mainly as the king Leka the Great. This transformation of the name
in the Albanian language from Alexander the Great into Leka the Great has
been expressed very clearly by Pjeter Bogdani in his work The Detachment of
the Prophetes writing it in Italian Alessandro Magno and Albanian Leka i
Madh. In the historical sources, known up to now, it comes out that the name
Leka has been used by the Albanians since the XI-th century. Alongside with
the name Lek, which is a commemoration of Alexander the Great, it is spread
during the centuries of the Middle Ages even the name Llesh connected with
the saint Alexander (Saint Llesh).
The earliest written testimony for the commemoration of Alexander the
Great by the Albanians belongs to the first half of the XIV-th century. It is
found in the monumental vokume The Shkodra Statutes of the First Half of the
XIV-th Century, which in the Ottoman times were called kanune (canon,
unwritten customary law), are connected by the Shkodrans with the name of
Alexander the Great.
Our National Hero George Castriota Scanderbeg has adored Alexander
the Great. He has held as a second personal name the name of Alexander the
Great who among the Ottomans has had the corresponding Iskander (Sknder in
the Albanian language). In a letter written by Scanderbeg in September 1461,
along with the commemoration of the victories of Pyrrhus against the Romans,
he proudly has written also for Alexander the Great, because our ancestors
with Alexander went up to India. Also the symbol of the coat of arms of
Alexander the Great, the sun in the form of an eight points star Scanderbeg has
put in the seal and the official coat of arms of the Albanian state he created.
In his first work The Siege of Shkodr, published in Latin language in
January 19, 1505 which is the first book published by an Albanian author,
Marin Barletius has noted down a legend. According to it, the town of Shkodr
was founded by Alexander the Great. This very fixed legend in the minds of the
Shkodrans has continued to be transmitted from generation to generation. It is
reproduced also in the publications of the years 30-ies of the XVII-th century as
well in documents of the beginning of the XVIII-th century. According to these
publications, because Alexander the Great had founded Shkodr, the Turks
called this town Sknderia, which in their language means Alexandris. Along
with the form Iskenderije, the name of Shkodr is written in the Ottoman
language even Iskender.
Frang Bardhi is the first author who has written that the birthplace of
Alexander the Great, Pella, was Petrela. This his inexact thought has been given
after years by the cartographer Xhakomo Kanteli (Giaccomo Canteli), who,
after the travels in Albania, has published it in the map of Albania, published by
him, in the year 1689: Petrela is held as the birthplace of Alexander the Great.
The Albanian folk creativity has perpetuated the figure of Alexander the
Great even with a dance danced by 200-300 persons and which is known with
28 Kasem Bioku
The name Lek in many toponyms, legends, and, above all, the name
Lek as denomination of the Albanian customary law is the deeper preservation
in the historical memory of the Albanians for Alexander the Great.