UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION

Introducing oneself Expressions

Can/ May I introduce myself? My name s Peter.

Let me introduce myself. My name s .

Id like to introduce myself. Im .

I don t think weve met. Im .

Introducing someone else Expressions

Can/May I introduce a good friend of mine? This is .

Have you met ?
Id like you to meet .
I want you to meet .
Making contact
Excuse me, are you Mrs ? - Yes, that s right.
Hello, you must be Mrs .
You are Mr , aren t you?
Have we met?
A. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Dialogue

e.g

I WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU SOMETHING ABOUT MYSELF

My full name is______, I am 19 years old. I am from DN Province. I am Living

at 12 Mango Street with my friends.
Now, I am a second year student at hochiminh University of industry. My major is
engineering.Besides that I also study computer skills and English. In general, my
study isquite busy.I go to school 6 days a week.I like most of the subjects because
they are veryinteresting and useful.I have been learning English for 5years.English is
very interesting butdifficult to learn.I try my best to learn it because I need it for my
study and my job in thefuture. In my free time I like reading book, going out with my
friends, and playing sports.
My family has 4 members; my parents, my sister and i. my father is 45 years
old. He isa doctor. Every day, he goes to hospital to hospital to work from 7 a.m to
5p.m.he is busy but he always takes care of us. My mom is 40 years old. She is a
teacher at a secondaryschool.She is a kind woman.My sister is a student at high
school. This year she is only16.she is very lovely and hard-working. I love my family
very much because my family isvery happy.
For my future. I hope that I can study well and after graduating from university I
canfind a good job with high salary. I hope that my dream will come true.

That is something about me

QUESTION1.

1.Can you spell your name?

2.where were you born?

3.Who do you love best in your family?why?

4.How often do you come back to visit your family?How do you get there

5.Do you miss your family?

6.Do you like living in big city or living in your countryside?why?

7.Why do you learn english?

8.what do you think is the most difficult thing when you learn enghlish?

9.what do you usually do at the weekend?

10.do you like your student life?

 UNIT 2

SHOPPING

DIALOGUE

It's Saturday morning and Mrs. Smith is going shopping.

Mrs S: John, I'm going to the shops. Is there anything you want?
John: Yes please! Can you pick up my magazine from the newsagents?
Mrs S: Of course. Do you want to come with me?
John: No way, I'm going round to Mike's house, sorry.
Mrs S: No problem. I'll be about an hour, be home by 5 o'clock at the latest.
John: O.K. I'll see you later.
A bit later......
Mrs S: John are you home?
John Yes mum, I'm up stairs.
Mrs S: Come down here, I bought you a new Nike T-shirt, I want you to try it on.
John Nike? Great I'm coming!
A few minutes later.....
Mrs S: Well, does it fit?
John I think it's a bit too small.
Mrs S: Let's have a look. Hmmm, I think you've grown again!
John I can't wear it though.
Mrs S: Do you like it?
John Yeah, it's a nice colour.
Mrs S: I'll take it back to the supermarket and see if I can change it.
Mrs Smith had bought a nice new T-shirt for John, but when he tried it on it didn't fit.

It's Saturday evening and Mrs Smith has to return the T-shirt.
Mrs S: Excuse me, can you help me?
Shop
Yes of course, what can I do for you?
Assistant
I bought this T-shirt for my son this afternoon, but it doesn't fit him, it's too
Mrs S:
small.
Shop
Do you want to change it or get a refund.
Assistant
Mrs S: I'd like to change it for a larger size. Do you have these in large?
Shop I'll just check. Let's see, yes we have large or extra large, which would you
Assistant prefer?
Mrs S: I think large will be fine, it's for my son.
Shop That's fine, if it doesn't fit just bring it back again. If you take it to the customer
Assistant service desk, they'll sort it all out for you.
Mrs S: Thank you. Just as a matter of interest do you give refunds?
Shop Yes, of course. You can bring any clothing items back up to three weeks after
Assistant purchase, but you must keep the reciept.
Mrs S: I see, thanks again.
Shop
You're welcome.
Assistant:
Materials:

SHOPPING VOCABULARY

People:
Customer
Cashier / clerk
Attendant / assistant
Manager

Shopping:
Wallet (male)
Purse (female)
Scale
Till / Counter
Barcode
Receipt
Gift receipt
Aisle
Shelf / shelves
Trolley / s
Basket / s
Lift / s
Escalator / s
Bag / s
Fitting rooms / changing rooms

Ways to Pay:
Cheques
Cash
Notes
Coins
Card machine
Chop and pin machine
Credit cards / debit cards
Loyalty card
Where to Buy:
convenience store / general store / newsagents / department store / shop / store
chemist / pharmacy
toy shop / toy store
book shop
ladies clothing shop / boutique
mens clothing shop / tailor
shoe shop / cobblers
jewellers / jewellery store
opticians / optometrists
electrical store
record shop
ironmongers / ironmongery
charity shop / second hand shop
haberdashers / haberdashery
shopping centre
shopping mall / mall
market
florist / botanist
butchers
fishmongers / seafood store
greengrocers / grocery store
bakers / bakery
delicatessen
grocers
DIY store / home supply store
hardware store
off-licence
post office
supermarket
gardening store / gardening centre
 UNIT 4
TALKING ABOUT PRICE

Phrases for The Start Of A Conversation

Salesperson
May I help you?/ Can I help you?
Are you looking for something in particular?
How can I help you?
Is someone looking after you?

Customer
To politely ask something, the customer can start his or her question with "Excuse me, ".
I am looking for a pair of trousers, sport shoes, a DVD
Do you have any?
Do you have these in a size smaller/ bigger, too?
Could you tell me where the is /are?
Where can I find the?
Do you sell?
I need
Id like a bottle of milk, please.
Have you got any cheese?
Where can I buy a newspaper?
Where can I find some vegetables?
Do you work here?
Could you help me?
Could I ask you something?

Shopping Vocabulary

Useful Vocabulary

Shop(s) Customer(s) Cashier(s)

Wallet(s) (m)
Scales Till(s)
Purse(s) (f)

Shelf Shelves Barcode(s)

Trolley(s) Lift(s) Bag(s)

Basket(s) Changing Room(s) Escalator(s)

Ways to pay

Cheque(s) Cash Note(s)

Credit card(s)
Coin(s)
Debit card(s)

Build Up
Where to buy what

Chemist's
 Ladies Clothing Shop or Boutique

Mens Clothing Shop or Tailor's

Shoe Shop or Cobbler's

Jeweller's

Electrical Store

Toy Shop or Toy Store

Record Shop

Book Shop

Newsagent's

Ironmonger's

Optician's

Haberdasher's

All or most of the above Department Store

Butcher's

Fishmonger's

Greengrocer's

Baker's

Delicatessen
 Grocer's

Off Licence

Florist's

Post Office
All or most of the above Supermarket

Naturally Speaking
Useful Shopping Phrases

Finding a Shop Opening Hours

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS

Can you recommend a good What time do you open, please?

toy/clothes shop?
What time do you close, please?
Is there a chemists/supermarket in
the area? What are your opening hours?

Where can I get toothpaste/pet Are you open all day?

food?
Are you open on Sundays?
Where's the nearest shopping
ANSWERS/COMMENTS
centre?

ANSWERS/COMMENTS We're open 24/7. (24 hours a day /

7 days a week)
There's a really good bookshop
just around the corner. We're closed at lunchtime,
between 12 and 2pm.
You can buy that here in the hotel.
We're open from 9am till 6pm,
The best toy shop is in the Monday to Friday.
shopping centre.

The nearest one is a few miles

 away.

Shopping for Clothes Paying

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS

Could you help me, please? Do you take credit cards?

Could you tell me where Do you give credit?

the ................ department is?
Do you have a loyalty card?
Excuse me, I'm looking for
a .......... . Does it have a warranty?

Is there somewhere I can try this Can I pay by cheque?

on, please?
Do you offer a cash discount?
Does it suit me?
Could I have a VAT receipt,
Do you have this in a please?
(larger/smaller size) (different
colour), please? Could I leave my bags here and
pick them up later?
Do you do alterations?
ANSWERS/COMMENTS
Do you have a refund policy? We take all the major credit cards.

Is this in the sale? We only accept cheques with a

cheque card.
ANSWERS/COMMENTS
It's too long / short. We are offering 6 months free
credit with no deposit.
It's too tight / loose.
Sorry, no.
The ladies / gents changing rooms
are over there. Yes, certainly.

You can bring it back and

exchange it or get a refund within
2 weeks if you keep the receipt.
 UNIT 4

ASKING AND GIVING OPINION

Dialogue:

Sofie: Hi, Shella.

Shella: Hi
Sofie: What do you think about my new Hijab?
Shella: You look so beautiful. The color is matching your skin.
Sofie: My sister bought it.
Shella: Your sister Julia?
Sofie: Yes. She came yesterday.
Shella: She brought Hijab from Russia?
Sofie: Yes. She told me about Muslim in Kazan, the second big city in that country.
Shella: Wow!! I thought theres no Muslim there.
Sofie: I thought so. What I have in my mind, Russia is a Non-Muslim Country. But, she told
me that theres a beautiful mosque there. That is Qalsharif Mosque.
Shella: Would she come here?
Sofie: Maybe next Sunday.
Shella: Good news. I really miss her.

Asking opinion and Giving Opinion (Formal)

Asking Opinion:
- Have you got any comments on ..
- Do you have any idea about?
- Do you have any opinion on
- Would you give me your opinion
on.?
- What is your reaction to (N)
- What is your opinion about.?
- What are you feeling about.?
- What are your views on.?
- Please give me your frank opinion?
Have you got any comments on this
accident?
Do you have any idea of this schedule?
What is your reaction to the our last
examination?
What are you feeling about the condition
there?

Giving opinion :
- I personally believe (that/N) ..
- I personally consider .
- I personally think /feel .
- I hold the opinion .
- My own view of the matter is I personally believe that he is guilty
- Well, personally . I hold the opinion that he is a good guy.
Informal
Asking opinion:
- What do you think of.?
- What do you think about?
- What is your opinion?
- Why do they behave like that?
- Do you think its going to?
- How do you like (N)?
- How was the trip? Do you think its going to rain?
- How do you think of Rinasidea ?
- How do you feel about this decision?

Giving opinion:
- I think I like it.
- I dont think I care for it.
- I think that awful/not nice/terrible
- I dont think much of it.
- In my opinion, I would rather.
- In my case ..
- What I have in my mind is
- The way I see is that
- Not everyone will agree with me, but .
- To my mind ..
- From my point of view .
- If you ask me, I feel .
- Absolutely
 UNIT 5
DESCRIPTIVE
A. Descriptive Words For The Appearance Of Things

Dialogue:
Faishal : My friend Rich is coming to town next week. Have you ever met him?
Roni : No, I haven't.
Faishal : He's kind of crazy, but a great guy.
Roni : Yeah, why do you say so? What's he like?
Faishal : He's really hard working, but very much a loner. He's pretty talented and can
do just about anything.
Roni : Sounds interesting. Is he married?
Faishal : No, he isn't.
Roni: What does he look like? Maybe my friend Alice would be interested in meeting him.
Faishal: He's tall, slim and quite good looking. I'm sure your friend would find him attractive.
What's she like?
Roni : She's outgoing and very athletic.
Faishal : Really? What sports does she like playing?
Roni : She's a great tennis player and also goes bicycling a lot.
Faishal : What does she look like?
Roni: She's kind of exotic looking. She's got long dark hair and piercing black eyes. People
think she is rather beautiful.
Faishal : Do you think she would like to meet Rich?
Roni : Sure! Why don't we introduce them?
Faishal : Great idea!
dirty
clean
rusty
musty
musky
dangerous
hazardous
bad
good
evil
sharp
colorful
boring
weird
angled
shaved
carved
painted
unusual
unique
 horrible
terrifying
scary
calming
peaceful
tranquil
organized
disorganized
messy
harrowing

Descriptive Words For People's Bodies

brunette
blonde
brown-eyed
blue-eyed
albino
rosy
heavy
thin
fat
thick
short
tall
muscular
cute
attractive
masculine
feminine
petite
tiny
large
small
pierced
tattooed
scarred
painted
polished
Asian
black
African American
white
Caucasian
Indian
Spanish
Irish
 German
Italian
Greek

Descriptive Words For Disposition

happy
moody
sad
tired
angry
grumpy
sick
ill
mean
cruel
intelligent
dumb
stupified
shocked
angered
excited
aroused
displaced
Other Descriptive Words For Appearance
creepy
fluffy
patterned
checkered
circled
encircled
soft
hard
alive
dead
adequate
important
innocent
dark
light
black
white
blue
green
orange
red
 yellow
purple
magenta
vicious
violent
adorable
alert
beautiful
bright
cloudy
rainy
snowy
icy
slippery
glowing
gleaming
glamorous
fashionable
dowdy
tacky
steep
pale
stormy

WORD FOR DESCRIBING PLACES OR VIEW

- picturesque
e.g a picturesque place or scene is attractive, especially because it is old and interesting

- unspoiled
e.g an unspoiled place has not been changed in ways that make it less beautiful or enjoyable

- pretty
e.g a pretty place, building, or object is attractive, especially in a delicate way, but
not really beautiful or impressive

- panoramic
e.g a panoramic view allows you to see a large area of land or sea around you

- favoured
e.g a favoured place has qualities that make it attractive

- uninterrupted
not hidden by anything, so that you can see a long way

- prettily (adverb)
in a pretty way

- favored
the American spelling of favoured

- picture-postcard
a picture-postcard place or view is extremely attractive

amazing
attractive
awe-inspiring
beautiful
breath-taking
broad/ wide
busy
buzzing
captivating
challenging
congested
convenient
cosmopolitan
crowded
dangerous
delightful
depressing
deserted
desolate
disappointing
distinctive
dramatic
dull
enchanting
exceptional
exciting
exposed (to the elements)
famous
fantastic
forgettable
green
high-tech
historic
huge
iconic
impressive
infamous/ notorious
isolated
magnificent
manic
medium-sized
memorable
modern
natural
noisy
peaceful
picturesque
polluted
quaint
relaxing
remote
romantic
rural
safe
scenic
sheltered
slow-paced
stunning
tiny
traditional
unforgettable
unspoilt
urban
wild

Other positive words and expressions to describe places

facilities
peace and quiet
right in the middle of everything
rolling hills
scenery
sense of community
view
Other negative words and expressions to describe places
dense vegetation
far from civilisation
litter
traffic jam
Kinds of urban area (city etc)
capital (city)
commuter town/ satellite town
(small/ medium-sized/ large) town
new town
regional capital/ state capital/ county town
village/ hamlet
Parts of a town
(central) square
city centre/ town centre
financial district
historic centre
housing estates/ council estates
 industrial estate
main street/ high street
outskirts
suburb(s)
pedestrianised area/ traffic-free zone
reclaimed land
residential area
rundown area/ slum
skyscraper district
surrounding area
shopping centre/ shopping mall
(street/ flea/ farmers/ antiques/ traditional) market (area)
Types and uses of building
(ceremonial) gate
(detached/ semi-detached/ terraced/ traditional) house
(high rise) (block of) flats (= apartment block)/ condo(minium)
(log) cabin
(ski) chalet
(youth) hostel
amusement arcade
B&B (= bed and breakfast)
bungalow
castle/ fort
church/ chapel/ cathedral
cinema/ movie theater
convenience store/ corner shop
cottage
department store
mosque
office building
palace
parliament building/ senate building
serviced apartments
shrine
stately home/ manor house/ historic house
supermarket
superstore/ megastore
temple
villa
skyscraper
town hall/ city hall
embassy/ consulate
(indoor/ covered) market
Places connected to water
(manmade) canal
(sandy/ pebbly/ rocky) beach/ seaside
bay/ (natural) harbour
coast/ coastline
estuary
fountain
 gulf
inland
island
lagoon
peninsular
pier/ jetty
pond/ lake/ reservoir
promenade/ esplanade
river/ stream
riverside/ riverbank/ canal-side
seawall
shore
waterfall
well
Natural places/ Natural features/ Parts of the countryside
(snow-capped) mountain/ mountain range/ peak
cape
cave
cliff
desert
farm
field
hill/ foothill/ slope
jungle
lagoon
meadow
national park
(sand) dune
plain
plateau
valley
wildlife reserve
wood/ forest/ woodland
Types and parts of plants
blossom
branch
bush/ hedge
cactus
cereal
crop
root vegetable
twig
weed
 UNIT 6
ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS
Dialogue

William: Excuse me, am sorry to trouble you, but could you tell me how I can get to the train
station?

Kate: Yes no problem, it's that way. Keeping walking straight ahead then after you pass the
library you have to turn left. then take your first right and it's across from the bus station. You
cannot miss it!

William: Thank you so much! I have only been in Manchester for 2 days, so I don't know
how to get anywhere yet.

Kate: Oh, I know that feeling. Me and my husband moved here a 6 months ago, and I still
don't know how to find certain places! Manchester is so big.

William: So just to double check Keep walking straight ahead till I pass the library, then I
have to turn left and take the first right. Then it's across the bus station. Is that correct?

Kate: Yes, that is correct.

William: Well thanks for helping me. I must go and catch my train, hopefully I haven't miss
it!

Kate: OK, bye.

Materials

Useful hints on asking and giving directions

Questions you can ask about directions

Can you please tell me how do I can get to Oxford Street?

Where is the nearest supermarket?

How can I get to the local market?

I'm trying get to Downing Street.

How do I get to the office?

What's the best way to get to your house next?

Where is McDonalds can you tell me please?

How to give directions to somebody else

Go straight on till you see the hospital then turn left.

Turn back, you have gone past the turning.

Turn left when you see a roundabout.

Turn right at the end of the road and my house is number 67.

Cross the junction and keep going for about 1 mile.

Take the third road on the right and you will see the office on the right.

Take the third road on the right and you will see the shop on the left.

Take the second road on the left and you will see the house on the left.

Take the second road on the left and you will see the hospital straight ahead.

The hospital is opposite the railway station.

The shop is near the hospital.

The house is next to the local cricket ground.

The shop is in between the chemist and KFC.

At the end of the road you will see a roundabout.

 Useful Expressions
How do I get to ?
What's the best way to ?
Where is ?
Go straight on (until you come to ).
Turn back./Go back.
Turn left/right (into -street).
Go along
Cross
Take the first/second road on the left/right
It's on the left/right.
straight on
opposite
near
next to
between
at the end (of)
on/at the corner
behind
in front of
(just) around the corner
traffic lights
crossroads, junction
signpost

You know how to ASK for directions, but what happens when an English speaker asks YOU
for directions. This is not a time for small talk. Give only basic directions with short phrases.
Do the best you can.

Questions you may hear

How do I get to Main Street?
Where is the closest gas station?
Can you tell me where the community centre is?
Im looking for Jane Street.
Are you from around here?

If you know the way

Use basic English to offer directions. Short phrases are best. Speak slowly and use very
careful pronunciation. Spell out a word if necessary.

The easiest way is to

The quickest way is to
The best way is to

go + direction (right, left, down, up, through)

take + road name
turn + right/left
stay on + road name for + distance or time

Examples:
The easiest way is to go right on Commercial Avenue.
The quickest way is to take Road Number 1.
The best way is to turn right on Main Street.
Stay on Route 1 for about ten minutes.

Use transitions
Separate each leg of the route with a transition.

after that
then
next
when you get togo
finally

Offer Ballpark Figures (rough estimates of time or length of travel)

Some people feel better knowing how long it will take to get from A to B.

Its just around the corner (not far).

Its not far.
Its a bit of a way. (it takes a while)
Its about a five minute walk.
Its about a twenty minute bus ride.

Use landmarks
Tell the person what to watch for.

You will see a large clock on the right.

You will pass a gas station.
Its across from the blue church.

More useful language

Its on + street name
Its across from
Its opposite
Its near
Its around the corner from

Offer warnings
Stay in the right lane.
Its a very busy road.
Its a big hill. (if they are walking or on a bike)
There might be construction.
If you pass the you went too far.
Theres no parking.
 Repeat yourself
If YOU repeat the directions again, the other person will feel more confident. Repeat
important details including street names and turns. You can also ask the other person to
repeat the directions back to you.

If you are in the car with the driver

Give a lot of warning.
Turn right at the next street
Get in the left lane.
Go one more block. Then turn right.
At the next traffic lights turn
Its going to be on your right.

Clarify
Make sure that the other person understood your directions. Say: Did you get all that?

If you dont know the way

Dont guess! Dont just shake your head and walk away. Use one of these phrases:

Im sorry, Im not from here.

Im afraid I cant help you.
Sorry I dont know my way around here.

Offer another solution

You could ask the bus driver.
Ask the front desk clerk.
Follow me. Ill show you the way.
Do you want me to draw you a map?
 UNIT 7

DAILY ACTIVITY
 UNIT 8

COMMAND AND PROHIBITION

Read the dialgue !

Chesia : Lulu,so hot today

Lulu : Yeah.. It's very hot
Chesia : Lu,Open the window
Lulu : Alright!
Cheisa : Thank you
Lulu : Your welcome.Chesia,Can i sit here?
Chesia : No.Don't use this chair because the wood is already brittle you can get
knocked down.But use this chair,it's new..
Lulu : Ok,thank you

Command and Prohibition

Study this follwing example:

Dont go away!
Do not let you down!
Dont forget!
Dont leave me alone!
Dont cry, babe!

All sentences above are called Prohibition because they describe how to forbbid someone
else to do something. So, it differs from the command expression which asks someone else to
do something.

There are two kinds of pattern in this lesson, they are:

1. Verbal Prohibition, and

2. Nominal Prohibition

Verbal prohibition is a sentence of prohibition which uses lexical-meaning-verb inside. To

express the prohibition we should combine the word /do not/ or /dont/ before the verb.

For examples:
Dont lie to me!
Dont blame me!
Dont try to touch me!
Dont stop trying!
Dont make yourself stupid!

Nominal prohibition is a sentence of prohibition which uses /BE/ after /Do not/ or /dont/.
after that you have to place a complement in the end.

For examples:

Dont be jealous!
Dont be lazy!
Dont be Careless!
Dont be crazy!
Dont be a fool!
Don;t be bad guy!

To make them more polite, place the word /please/ in the beginning or in the end of the
sentence.

For examples:
Please dont go!
Dont go, please!

or,

Please dont be a liar!

Dont be a liar, please!

Those patterns are the fixed rule that should be obeyed as a pure pattern in English. Besides,
you can also express the prohibition by using /no/ instead of /dont/ or /do not/. Then, change
the verb into -ing form verb (Here, the ing-form is called Gerund which will be posted in
this blog as soon as possible).

For examples:

No smoking!
No kidding!

No climbing!, etc.

To express heavy prohibition you can also use the word /musnt/ in a simple sentence.

For examples:

You musnt be late, linda!

You musnt stop singing!
Take notice that all sentences will be said or called like that when the sentence contains, at
least, one subject and one verb. What about the command or prohibition?

Let me explain you that command or prohibition expressions have a subject, that is, /YOU/.

For examples:
(You) get out!
(You) dont copy!
(You) be easy!
(You) dont be noisy!

All commands or prohibitions use the subject /you/. It is impossible to forbide or ask
someone to do something when the subject is not /you/.

They come here! (False)

or,

She dont take him away! (False)

Because the subject of command or prohibition is always /you/. The subject is understandable
or understood in usage. For this, /you/ is omitted. However, when the omission is set, and
when someone uses /you/ in the command or prohibition, the use or /you/ creates an
emphasized command or urgent prohibition.
ADDITION:

You can use Ever or Never in prohibition pattern.

For examples:
Dont ever come here anymore!

or,
Never come back here anymore!

All sentences above are similar, the differences are in the expression /dont ever/ which is
substituted to /never/ (without /dont/). These expression are heavy prohibition.
PRACTISE IT!

Nows time to practise the prohibition.

Step-1 : Make a full and good prohibition (either in verbal or in Nominal pattern)

Example:

Be self-confident!

Step-2 : Combine the Prohibition with command.

Example:
Dont blame yourself and be self-confident!

Step-3 : Combine the step-2s sentence with the simple sentence.

Example:

I tell you, linda please be self-confident and dont blame yourself!

Note : The order of each sentences depend on the context.

After that, try to speak it out and creates a new and full sentence like above.

Good luck

Test Item

1. Listen and repeat

a. Close the door
b. Open the window, please!
c. Open the book!

2. Observe the following pictures!

3. Listen to your teacher. Do the teachers instruction!

1. Raise your hand, please!
2. Go to the whiteboard.
3. Put the pencil in the pencil case!
4. Get me a broom, please.
5. Show me the picture.
4. Listen to the tape about the following dialogue.
Airin and Adrian are going to the movie. It stars in a view minutes, and Airin is
driving the car.
 Adrian : Hy, Airin, you are driving too fast!
Airin : Well, we are in a hurry. The movie starts in a view minutes.
Adrian : Slow down, please!
Airin : Relax, I am a good driver.
Adrian : Good drivers dont speed the way you do.
Airin : Do not talk too much, do not worry, we are OK.
Adrian : Yes but I am warning you, someday a cop is going to stop you.
Airin : Ok, tke it easy.
Suddenly theres a serine sound
Adrian : Opps, do you hear that?
Airin : Well uh-huWhat do you think of the sound?
Adrian : What do I think? Come on Airin thats a police sirine, even a child knows!

Then, a police officer with his motorcycle gives a sign to Airin and Adrian to stop.
Airin : Oh, my God. Now, he is going to put me in a jail.
Police officer: Good afternoon, Miss. I believe that youre driving to fast. May I see
your driving license, please?
Airien : Oh, yeah I mean yes, certainly, Sir. All right, here you are.
After a while
Police officer: Since you bring your driving license and youre a student, I will just
give you a warn to drive more careful. But, I have your name,
address, and your cars number. So, I will be watching you, Ok?
Be careful next time. Drive with more responsible.
Airin : Yes, yes, I will remember, Sir. Thank you very much.
5. Observe the following pictures and answer the following questions orally.

Close the window, please Sit down, please.

1. What is happening in picture 1?
2. What is happening in picture 2?
6. Make a dialogue about command and prohibit someone!

UNIT 9
Making Invitation

Do you know how to invite someone to your house for dinner or to go to the movies?
What do you say in English when someone invites you?
Here are some common expressions you can use when making or responding to invitations.
Inviting:
Do you want to go to the movies tonight?
Would you like to go to theater tomorrow?
Would you be interested in going to the stadium next Sunday?
How do you fancy going to the restaurant for dinner?
How about going to the movies?
Care to come over for lunch?
I was just wondering if you would like to come over for a drink.
Wed be delighted to have you over for my birthday party.
Accepting invitations:
Sure. What time?
Id love to, thanks.
Thats very kind of you, thanks.
That sounds lovely, thank you.
What a great idea, thank you.
Sure. When should I be there?
Declining invitations:
I cant. I have to work.
This evening is no good. I have an appointment.
Im busy tomorrow. Can I take a rain check on that?
Thats very kind of you, but actually Im doing something else this afternoon.
Well, Id love to, but Im already going out to the restaurant.
Im really sorry, but Ive got something else on.
I really dont think I can. Im supposed to be doing something else.
(*rain check: used to tell someone that you cannot accept invitations now, but would like to
do so at a later time)
Dialogue:
Jack and Jill are in a wedding party:
Jack: Do you want to dance?
Jill: No thanks. Im a bit tired right now.
Jack: How about having a drink?
Jill: Sure, Id love to.

Exercises
Take a look at the quizzes below. Can you find out the correct respond to each
question/statement?
1. Hey there, how are you? Good to see you!
a. Thanks, you too. Im great and you?
b. Hi, you, too. How is it going?
 c. Good to see you, too. Im fine, how are you?
2. Good, thanks. Listen, I am having a birthday party next Friday. Do you want to come?
a. Yes, why not.
b. Sure, Id love to.
c. Yes, thank you. What time?
3. Great! The party starts around 9 pm at my place.
a. Okay, Ill be there. What do you want for your birthday?
b. All right. What do you want for a present?
c. Okay, I could probably only make it at 10.
4. Oh, no presents, please. Just bring something to drink, that would be great.
a. Right. Can my friend come?
b. Sure, Ill do that. Can I bring my friend, too?
c. Okay, no problem. I can come with my friend, can I?
5. Of course! So, Ill see you two on Friday!
a. Yeah. Cant wait!
b. All right. See you.
c. Yes, thanks for the invitation!
6. Im glad you can come! See you soon.
a. See you
b. Bye
c. Take care.

Exercise 2
Make a group of two and create 2 dialogues about invitation. One dialogue should include
accepting the invitation, and one dialogue should include declining the invitation. After that,
practice the dialogues with your partner and present it in front of the class.

Exercise 3
Be spontaneous. The teacher will ask one of you to stand up and make an invitation and then
ask another student to stand up and respond to the invitation. Be creative with your sentence.

UNIT 10
TALKING ABOUT PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
 When we talk about personal experience, it is common to use Simple Past tense and
Present Perfect tense. English learners often confuse these two verb tenses. Lets start with an
example. Can you tell the difference between these two sentences?
Sentence 1: I saw the movie.
Sentence 2: I have seen the movie.
Sentence 1 uses the simple past tense. Sentence 2 uses the present perfect tense.
I saw the movie and I have seen the movie both refer to an action that was
finished in the past. But there is one important difference: I saw the movie suggests that
you saw the movie at a specific time in the past. I have seen the movie suggests that you
saw the movie at an unknown time in the past.
Use the simple past to talk about a finished action that happened at a specific time.
For example, I went out with my friends last night. The adverb last night is not required,
but it does help clarify that the event happened at a specific time.
Thats the easy part. Now lets talk about the present perfect. You form the present
perfect by using have or has followed by the past participle form of the verb. For
example, I have graduated from college. The present perfect confuses English learners
because it refers to a past action. It is also called present perfect because speakers use it to
stress the importance of a past event in the present. The sentence I have graduated from
college, emphasizes the present effect of a past event - - graduation. The exact time of the
graduation is not important.
There are four more common situations that require the present perfect.
First, it can express a repeated action. When an action happened more than one time in the
past, use the present perfect. For example, I have seen the movie three times.
Second, it is common to use the present perfect with the words for and since. For
and since are adverbs that tell about the duration of an activity. They answer the question
how long for example, I have studied English for a long time.
Third, the negative adverb never requires the present perfect. You can say, I have
never been to France. You would not say, I did never go to France.
Finally, when asking a question in the present perfect, use ever, as in, Have you ever
won the lottery?
Heres the tip: pay close attention to adverbs. Adverbs give hints, or clues, about which verb
tense you should use.
Reference
Forming the simple past
Verb II
Ex. He did the job well.
Ex. They won the English debate competition.
Common adverbs in the simple past: last night, last year, yesterday, today, ago, first, then,
later, when
Ex. He did the job well yesterday.
Ex. They won the English debate competition last year.
Forming the present perfect
Have/has + past participle verb (verb III)
Ex. I have proven her theory.
Ex. She has gotten promoted.
Common adverbs in the present perfect: before, after, already, yet, for, since, recently, still,
time.
Ex. I have already eaten.
Ex. I have already visited Angola three times.
Exercises
Exercise 1
1. Make 3 sentences about your experience using simple past tense. That experience is a
finished action that happened in a specific time.
2. Make a sentence about repeated action you experienced in the past using present
perfect tense.
3. Make a sentence about your experience using for and since.
4. Make a sentence about your experience using never.
5. Ask your friend using ever.

Exercise 2
Tell the class about your interesting experience. Use simple past and present perfect tense
correctly. Be confident and enjoy your presentation.

UNIT 10
ASKING AND GIVING CLARIFICATION
Here is a list of useful English phrases you can use to express lack of understanding (that is,
when you fail to understand what has been said to you) and seek clarification from the person
you are talking to.
How to express lack of understanding
When you fail to understand what has been said to you, you can use these expressions:
I beg your pardon?
I beg your pardon, but I dont quite understand.
Im not quite sure I know what you mean.
Im not quite sure I follow you.
I dont quite see what you mean.
Im not sure I got your point.
Sorry, I didnt quite hear what you said.
Sorry, I didnt get your point.
I dont quite see what youre getting at.
How you ask for clarification
When you dont understand what someone has said, you can ask for clarification using the
following expressions:
What do you mean by?
Do you mean?
Could you say that again, please?
Could you repeat, please?
Could you clarify that, please?
Would you elaborate on that, please?
Could you be more explicit?
Could you explain what you mean by?
Could you give us an example?
I wonder if you could say that in a different way.
Could you put it differently, please?
Could you be more specific, please?

How you clarify your point or idea.

To clarify your idea you can use the following expressions:
Let me explain that
Let me explain that in more detail
Let me put it in another way
Sorry, let me explain
In other words
To say this differently
To put it differently
Exercises
Exercise 1
Read each question. Then complete the sentence asking for clarification.
1. Describe a friend who is important to you.
. a friend I have now or a friend from the past?
2. Explain why you liked this movie.
.. explain it generally or in great detail?
3. In your opinion, what kinds of people make the best friends?
. close friends or friends in general?
4. How will the role of older people change in the future?
. older people?
5. In what different ways have animals been useful to people throughout history?
. just pets or animals in general?

Exercise 2
Work with your partner and make questions like exercise 1. First, you ask about something.
Second, you ask for clarification.
1. Question: .
Asking for clarification: .
2. Question: .
Asking for clarification: .
3. Question: .
Asking for clarification: .
4. Question: .
Asking for clarification: .
5. Question: .
Asking for clarification: .

Exercise 3
Work with your partner and create a dialogue about expressing lack of understanding, asking
for clarification, and clarifying your idea. After that, present it in front of the class
 UNIT 11
EXPRESSING INTENTION
To express intention, we usually use:
Will/be going to
Want/ would like
Would rather

11.1 Using will or be going to?

When to use BE GOING TO
The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future but with some
type of connection to the present. We use it in the following situations:
1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior
plan)
The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.
Theyre going to retire to the beach in fact they have already bought a little beach
house.
Im going to accept the job offer.
A: There is good movie on TV tonight.
B: Yes. I know. Im going to watch it.
A: Why is Betty in a hurry?
B: Because she is going to meet her brother at the station at six.
2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence)
Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have. In this case, we
make a prediction in near future,
I think it is going to rain I just felt a drop.
I dont feel well. I think Im going to throw up. (throw up = vomit)
3. When something is about to happen.
Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

When to use WILL

In other cases, where there is no implicit or explicit connection to the present, use WILL.
1. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decision)
This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.
Ill buy one for you too.
I think Ill try one of those. (I just decided this right now)
A: What would you like to drink, Sir?
B: I will have a cup of coffee, please.
A: Oh, you have left the door open.
B: Have I? I will go and shut it.
2. When we think or believe something about the future. In this case, we make a
prediction in the remote future.
My team will not win the league this season.
I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.
 A: How is he doctor?
B: Dont worry. He will get better.
A: The bridge is not safe
B: Yes. One day it will break down.
3. We generally use will for prediction with the following verbs and phrases.
Believe, expect, hope, think, wonder, Im sure, Im afraid, ect.
I believe he will pass the exam.
I hope he wont leave us.
Im afraid he will fail the exam.
Do you think they will divorce?
4. We use will with the adverbs Perhaps, Probably, Certainly
Perhaps they will support you in the election.
Jackson will probably go to London next year.
5. To make an offer, a promise, or a threat.
Ill give you a discount if you buy it right now.
I promise I will behave next time
If you dont stop, Ill tell your mother.
6. You use WONT when someone refuses to do something.
I told him to take out the trash but he wont do it.
My kids wont listen to anything I say.
My car wont start.
More examples of will/be going to:
(The phone rings)
Julie: Ill get it!
(Im going to get it is very strange, because it makes us think that Julie knew the
phone was going to ring before it did).
Im going to go on holiday next week.
(Ill go on holiday next week makes it sound like youve only just decided at that
minute. Of course, this is possible, but normally we plan our holidays more in
advance).
Exercises
1. Make a sentence about something that you have already decided or we INTEND to do
something in the future.
2. Make a sentence about prediction in near future.
3. Make a sentence about something that is about to happen.
4. Make a sentence about rapid decision.
5. Make a sentence about prediction in the remote future.
6. Make a sentence about offer, promise, and threat.
7. Make a sentence using probably, perhaps, and certainly.
8. Make a sentence using Believe, expect, hope, think, wonder, Im sure, Im afraid.
11.2 Want/Would like
Would like is a polite way to say I want in English.
For example:
I want to buy a ticket is impolite because I want sounds selfish and arrogant.
I would like to buy a ticket please is polite and friendly.
To form the negative, add not to would.
For example:
She would not like a single room.
He wouldnt like to book the whole restaurant for Sunday.
You can abbreviate the would to d.
For example: Id like, Youd like, Theyd like, Wed like, hed like, shed like
To form the question, see the example below:
Would you like.?
Would they like.?
Would he like?
etc.
The short reply is
Yes, I/you/he/she/they/we would.
No, I/you/he/she/they/we wouldnt
Other ways to be polite in English
It is important to be polite when you speak to English people. Here are some ways you can do
this:
Say good morning, good afternoon, Hello etc before you ask for something.
Good morning! Id like to buy a return ticket to London, please.
Hello! Can I get a coffee and a Danish to go, please?
Use polite words like please, thank you and excuse me

Always see please when you ask for something. Put please at the end.
Can you tell me the way to the Post office, please?

Say thank you when someone does something for you. You can also say thanks.
A: Hello, Id like to buy a first-class stamp, please.
B: Here you are.
A: Thank you.

Say excuse me as a sort of introduction before you ask for something or speak to
someone.
Excuse me, does this train stop at Reading?
Excuse me, do you know what platform the London train goes from?

Say Im sorry when you inconvenience someone, tread on someones toes in a

crowded train, or if someone asks you something that you cant do.
Im sorry, but I dont understand. Is the post office on the left or the right?
 A: Is Mr. Jones in the office?
B: Im sorry, hes out this morning.
Ask permission before doing something that may inconvenience others.
Do you mind if I open the window?
Can I take this chair?
Avoid controversial topics when you meet someone new.
Some topics of conversation can lead to arguments, so unless you know someone
well, its best to avoid them. These topics are politics, religion and financial
information such as how much money you earn. If you are in doubt about what to talk
about, let the other person take the lead, and respond to them. This leads to the next
point:
Keep the conversation going
If someone asks you a question, respond to it. Avoid one-word answers, and try to say
at least a few words. Then you can return the question.
For example, if someone says Terrible weather, isnt it? avoid just saying yes.
Instead you can say Yes, I wish it would stop raining or Yes, it wasnt like this last
summer, was it?
Some cultural tips
In Britain, queuing is considered polite. If you jump the queue (go to the front,
rather than stand behind the last person in the queue) or push the people in front if
you, you will make yourself very unpopular!
Dont stand too close to people. Stand at least an arms length away if you can. On
crowded public transport this isnt possible, but people rarely talk to each other in this
situation.
Keep eye contact when you talk.

Exercises
Work with your partner and create a dialogue by using would like. Include greeting (good
morning, good afternoon, hello, etc.), thank you, excuse me, please, Im sorry to show
politeness.
11.3 Would rather
Would rather is used to express preference in English.
For example:
A: Lets go out tonight.
B: Thats a good idea.
A: How about going to a film? Theres a new film out with Tom Hanks.
B: Id rather go out for dinner. Im hungry.

Note: abbreviation of would rather is d rather

Exercise
Work with your partner and create a dialogue using would rather and then present it in front
of the class.
 UNIT 11
CONVERSATIONS ON THE PHONE

It is common that English speakers make phone calls either for business reasons or personal
affairs. These are expressions you can use in your conversations on the phone.
Hello
Youve reached company/department.
How can I help you?
Who would you like to speak to?
Can I speak to Mr./Mrs. ?
Could I speak to, please?
Who shall I say is calling?
Whos calling , please?
Whos speaking, please?
Its Mr./mrs here.
ItsMarwah speaking.
Mr./Mrs. speaking.
Please hold and Ill put you through.
Just a second. Ill see if s/he is in.
hang on for a moment.
Just a moment, please.
Hold the line, please.
Could you ask Mr. Kim to call me back?
Oh sorry, I think Ive dialed the wrong number.
Here are some examples of short telephone dialogues. Take a look on how to open and how
to close the phone call.

A. CALLING SOMEONE AT WORK

Kenneth: Hello. This is Kenneth Beare. May I speak to Ms. Sunshine, please?
Receptionist: Hold the line a moment, Ill check if she is in her office.
Kenneth: Thank you.
Receptionist: (after a moment) Yes, Ms. Sunshine is in. Ill put you through.
Ms. Sunshine: Hello, this is Ms. Sunshine. How can I help you?
Kenneth: Hello. My name is Kenneth Bearean Im calling to enquire about the position
advertised in Sundays Times. Ive learnt there a vacancy for a sales executive in your
company.
Ms. Sunshine: Thats right Mr. Beare. We are looking for an experienced sales person.
Kenneth: Sounds good. I have got 4 years of sales experience.
Ms. Sunshine: Great! What sort of product have you sold?
Kenneth: Well, Ive mostly work in the tech industry. Ive sold computers.
Ms. Sunshine: Thats great! In that case Id request you to come over for an interview.
Kenneth: Sure. I can do that. Can you tell me when to come?
Ms. Sunshine: What about this Wednesday 5 PM?
Kenneth: Okay. Ill be there at 5. Thank you very much.
Ms. Sunshine: Alright. Goodbye.
Kenneth: Goodbye.

B. CALLING A FRIEND
Cindy: Hi, Kelly, its Cindy.
Kelly: Hello, Cindy.
Cindy: I was wondering if youd like to go into town and do some shopping on Saturday?
Kelly: Oh, Id love to, but Im afraid I cant because I promised Mum Id help her clean the
house on Saturday.
Cindy: Thats a shame. Tina will be coming, too, and we thought wed have lunch at that new
caf on Bond street.
Kelly: That sounds like fun. Well, sorry. I cant let Mum down. Thanks for asking though.
Maybe another time?
Cindy: Sure. Talk to you later, Kelly. Bye!
Kelly: Bye, Cindy.
Exercise
Work with your partner and make a dialogue about telephone conversation and then present it
in front of the class.
 UNIT 12
MAKING OFFERS

How to make offers in English?

It is common that English speakers make offers in conversations in order to be polite and
helpful. When they do so they use these expressions:
Can I?
Shall I?
Would you like?
How about?
English learners must be able to make offers as well as accept or reject them. The following
are useful expressions to do so.
Examples:
Can I help you?
Shall I open the window for you?
Would you like another cup of coffee?
Would you like me to clean the board?
How about a glass of juice?
Responding to offers
Accepting:
Yes, please. Id like to.
That would be very kind of you.
Yes, please. That would be lovely.
Yes, please. Id love to.
If you wouldnt mind.
If you could.
Thank you, that would be great.
Declining:
Its OK, I can do it myself.
Dont worry. Ill do it.
No, thanks. / No, thank you.
Examples:
Shop assistant: Can I help you?
Billy: No thanks, Im just having a look.
A: Can I help you?
B: Do you know where the post office is?
A: Shall I help you with your math problem?
B: Yes, please. That would be very nice of you.
A: Would you like a cup of tea?
B: No, thank you.
A: Would you like another piece of cake?
B: Yes please, that would be nice.
 Yes please, Id love one.
A: Would you like me to do the ironing for you?
B: If you wouldnt mind.
If you could.
Exercise
Work with your partner and make 10 dialogues about offering something using 10 different
responses (7 accepting offers, 3 declining offers) and present them in front of the class.
 UNIT 13
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

14.1 Conditional sentence type 0 (zero conditional)

Conditional type zero is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts or things
which always happen under certain conditions.
Form: IF + SIMPLE PRESENT , SIMPLE PRESENT
Examples:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.
If you heat ice, it melts.
When it rains, the grass gets wet.
The grass gets wet if it rains.
Note: In zero conditional sentences, you can replace if with when, because both express
general truth. The meaning will be unchanged.

14.2 Conditional sentence type 1

Often called the real conditional because it is used for real or possible situations.
These situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that
the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE FUTURE (will + verb 1)
Use: conditional sentences type 1 refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen
if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We dont know for sure whether the condition
actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seem rather realistic so we think it is
likely to happen.
Example:
If I have enough time, Ill watch the football match.
I may have time to watch the match but Im not sure about it.

14.3 Conditional sentence type 2

Often called the unreal conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or
improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It
is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: IF + SIMPLE PAST, WOULD + BASE VERB (VERB 1)
Were/was?
In conditional type 2, we usually use were in the if clause instead of was even if the
pronoun is I, he, she, or it.
Example:
If I were a millionaire, I would buy an island.
Use: conditional sentence type 2 refers to an action in the present that could happen if the
present situation were different. I dont really expect the situation to change because it is very
unlikely.
Example:
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
14.4 Conditional sentence type 3
It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.
Form: IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB 3)
Use: conditional sentences type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical
results to past given situations.
Example:
If he had been careful, he wouldnt have had that terrible accident.
Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast that he had a terrible accident.

Exercises
1. Make 3 conditional sentences about general truths.
2. Fact: Ronald may have a chance to apologize to Harry, but he is not sure about it.
Make a conditional sentence based on the fact above.
3. Fact: I dont have much money so I wont buy my wife a diamond.
Make a conditional sentence based on the fact above.
4. Fact: Nicky didnt listen to her mother so she had a bad luck.
Make a conditional sentence based on the fact above.
5. Make 3 conditional sentences type 1
6. Make 3 conditional sentences type 2
7. Make 3 conditional sentences type 3
8. Pay attention to the teacher. He/she will ask one student to say the if clause or the main
clause, and then he/she will ask another student to complete the conditional sentence. For
example, one student say If I were a President.. and then another student will say I
would give scholarship to every student so Indonesian students can study better. Students
can use any type of conditional sentence.
 Vocabulary
Invitation : undangan include : memasukkan
invite : mengundang spontaneous : spontan
dinner : makanmalam personal : pribadi
movies : bioskop, film experience : pengalaman
common : umum often : sering
expression : ungkapan confuse : membingungkan
respond : menanggapi specific : spesifik, khusus,
theater : bioskop tertentu
stadium : stadion unknown : tidakdiketahui
interested : tertarik suggest : memberikesan,
interesting : menarik menyarankan
fancy : menyukai required : diperlukan
lunch : makansiang clarify : menjelaskan
come over : datang clarification : penjelasan
wonder : ingintahu follow : mengikuti
would like/want : ingin graduated : lulus
delighted : gembira college : perguruantinggi
accept : menerima emphasize : menekankan
decline : menolak exact : pasti
sure : tentu important : penting
would love : mau/ingin repeated : diulang-ulang
appointment : janjitemu express : mengungkapkan
around : sekitar happen : terjadi
present : saatini, hadiah for : selama
present : mempersembahkan since : sejak
probably : mungkin duration : durasi
perhaps : mungkin ever : pernah
certainly : tentu
never : tidakpernah before : sebelum
lottery : lotre after : setelah
tip/tips : saran, kiat-kiat already : telah
attention : perhatian recently : akhir-akhirini
hint : petunjuk still : masih
clue : petunjuk visit : mengunjungi
form : membentuk, bentuk finish : menyelesaikan
job : pekerjaan finished : selesai
well : denganbaik confident : percayadiri
win : memenangkan presentation : presentasi,
competition : kompetisi persembahan
debate : debat lack : kurang, kekurangan
prove : membuktikan fail : gagal
promote : menaikkan, beg : memohon
memajukan pardon : maaf
quite : cukup close : dekat
mean : maksud role : peran
point : maksud older : lebihtua
elaborate : menguraikan useful : berguna
way : cara throughout : sepanjang
different : berbeda history : sejarah
explain : menjelaskan pet : binatangpeliharaan
detail : rinci partner : pasangan
more : lebih create : membuat
each : setiap idea : ide
describe : menggambarkan intention : maksud
past : masalalu intend : bermaksud
generally : padaumumnya
would rather : lebihsuka explicit : jelas, tersurat
structure : susunan rapid : cepat
normally : normalnya shut : menutup
indicate : mengindikasikan league : liga
future : masadepan season : musim
connection : hubungan later : nanti
decide : memutuskan bridge : jembatan
decision : keputusan break down : runtuh, hancur
prior : lebihdahulu, believe : percaya
sebelumnya expect : mengharapkan
moment : saat hope : berharap
retire : pension think : berpikir
offer : menawarkan leave : meninggalkan
hurry : terburu-buru exam : ujian
station : stasiun divorce : bercerai
definite : jelas support : mendukung
evidence : bukti election : pemilihan
likely : mungkin promise : janji
unlikely : tidakmungkin threat : ancaman
case : kasus behave : berperilakubaik
prediction : prediksi refuse : menolak
near : dekat trash : sampah
remote : jauh anything : apapun
throw up : muntah strange : aneh
vomit : muntah plan : rencana,
bomb : bom merencanakan
explode : meledak advance : sebelumnya
implicit : tersembunyi, tersirat
polite : sopan selfish : egois,
impolite : tidaksopan mementingkandirisendiri
arrogant : arogan, sombong
friendly : ramah consider : menganggap,
whole : seluruhnya mempertimbangkan
book : memesan considered : dianggap
abbreviate : menyingkat rather than : daripada
abbreviation : singkatan push : mendorong
reply : jawaban unpopular : tidakdisukai
return ticket : tiketpulang-pergi crowded : penuhsesak
platform : peron public : umum
inconvenience : merepotkan, rarely : jarang
menyusahkan politeness : kesopanan
tread : menginjak preference : kesukaan
permission : izin business : bisnis
mind : keberatan reason : alasan
avoid : menghindari affair : urusan
controversial : kontroversial, yang reach : sampai, mencapai
sedangdiperdebatkan hold : tahan, menahan
lead to : mendorongkearah put through : memeriksa
argument : perbedaanpendapat check : memeriksa
unless : kecuali dial :
politic : politik menekannomortelepon
religion : agama enquire : menanyakan,
financial : yang memintaketerangan
berhubungandengankeuangan advertised : diiklankan
earn ; menghasilkan vacancy : lowonganpekerjaan
doubt : ragu experienced : berpengalaman
terrible : sangatburuk company : perusahaan
queue : antrian, mengantri mostly : kebanyakan
request : meminta

shame : memalukan possible : mungkin

reject : menolak take place : terjadi
board : papan fulfilled : terpenuhi
lovely : menyenangkan whether : apakah
shop assistant : pegawaitoko weather : cuaca
truth ; kebenaran realistic : realistis
scientific : ilmiah enough : cukup
fact : fakta match : pertandingan
certain : tertentu unreal : tidaknyata
phosphorus : fosfor impossible : tidakmungkin
burn :terbakar, membakar improbable : tidakmungkin
expose to air : terkenaudara provide : menyediakan
melt : meleleh imaginary : khayalan
unchanged : tidakberganti unlikely : tidakmungkin
real : nyata hypothetical : pengandaian
careful : berhati-hati
careless : ceroboh
accident : kecelakaan
apologize : memintamaaf
diamond : berlian
 UNIT 14
ASKING AND GIVING PERMISSION

Objective:
Students are able to speak how to ask and give permission well including the pronunciation.

Study the following expressions, please!

There are some expressions in Asking For Permission
1. May I come in?
2. Do you mind if I leave now?
3. Will you let me go now?
4. Can I go now?
5. Could I borrow your book?
6. Can I be excused? I have to leave now.

The responses to Asking for Permission

Accepting Permission Refusing Permission
1. Yes, please. 1. Im sorry but (give reason).
2. No, I dont mind. 2. Not at all
3. No, of course not. 3. No, you may not
4. Sure/ Yes/ Certainly. 4. No, you cannot
5. By all means. 5. No, you could not

TASK 1.Please read this dialogue then underline the expression of asking and giving permission.

(The phone rings)

Frank : Hello. May I speak to Alice, please.
Alice : Speaking.
Frank : Hi, Alice. This is Frank. Would you like to go to a movie tonight?
Alice : Thanks, Id love to. But, hang on for a second. I have to ask my
mom. Mom, can I go to a movie with Frank tonight?
Mrs. Benson : Let me see. Dont you have any homework to do? (teasing).
Alice : Mom, it is only for two hours. OK?
Mrs. Benson : All right, all right. You may go if you finish your homework first.
Alice : OK, Ill finish my homework first. Thanks Mom. Hello, Frank,
will you pick me up at seven?
Frank : Sure, Ill be at your place at seven.
Alice : Fine. Bye.
(Alices brother, Tom, is reading a newspaper)
Tom : What are you planning to watch?
Alice : I dont know yet. Whats playing according to the adds?
Tom : Wow. This must be good. A Few Good Men, starring Tom
Cruise, Jack Nicholson.
Alice : Great. A Few Good Men. Well I must get ready before Frank
comes.

TASK 2.Complete the following dialogue using the expressions of asking and giving
permission! Then, practice it in front of the class.

John : Its hot in this room, huh?

Ethan : Yeah. Unfortunately the AC is not working.
____________________________ the window?
John : Sure, its a good idea. By the way, ________________________ smoke here?
Ethan : Of course I mind. Its not smoking area, dude.
John : Alright. Ill smoke out side then. Anyway, I didnt see your sister. Where is she?
Ethan : Shes at the store helping my mom there. Why?
John : Nothing. I just want to have your permission to take her to the cinema tonight.
Ethan : ____________________. She has to be at home tonight.
John : Pleas, man. Tomorrow is weekend. Its time for hanging out.
Ethan : No way. Shes still underage.
John : Okay. It doesnt matter. Ill take my sister then. But, please let me have your motorbike.
Ethan : ____________________________.
John : Thanks dude. Youre a very kind friend of mine.

TASK 3.Work in pairs. Make dialogues using expressions of asking/ giving/ denying permission
according to the situations given. Then, practice it in front of the class!

1. Jannissa wants to go to the market to buy some books. But her car is not working. Then,
she decides to borrow her fathers car and her father allows her to use it.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Devina has an English assignment from her teacher. But she doesnt have a dictionary, so
she goes to Indiras house to borrow a dictionary, but Indira doesnt give her the dictionary since
she needs the dictionary at that time to complete her translation assignment.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 UNIT 15
ASKING AND GIVING INFORMATION

Objective:
Students are able to speak how to ask and give information well including the pronunciation.

Study the following expressions, please!

Asking for information is our expressions to ask questions or to ask about explanations from
what we said to someone else, so we get what we asked. Using WH-Questions: What, When,
Where, Who, Why, and How.

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of
the most common:
Could you tell me...?
Could anyone tell me....?
Can you tell me...?
Do you know...?
I'd like to know...
I'm interested in...
I'm looking for..
Have you got an idea of....?
I wonder if you could tell me...?

Asking information

Excuse me. Who is she?

Can you tell me where you live?
Can you help me to find my spectacle?
Could anyone tell me what happen there?
Sorry to trouble you, but do you know where my bag is
Giving information

She is my mother
I live at Saraswati street number 10
I saw it in the living room an hour ago
There is any car accident
Dont you remember that youve left it in my table
Asking direction
- Please tell me the directions to
- What are the directions to ?
- What is the way to ?
- Im looking for the
- How do I go / get to ?
- How can I get to ?
Give directions Ask for directions
- Where is the ?
- Are the washrooms near here ?

Giving a location
on your left/on your right
just next to just past
across from / opposite around the corner from
at the end of the hall the first ( middle, last ) door
just through
the first ( second, third, fourth, fifth, etc. ) door

Expressions of location.
around the corner from ______ on ______ Street
next to / beside the _____ across from _____
between ____ and _____
on the corner of _____ Street and _______behind

TASK 1.Match the request with the appropriate service or place.

Request
a. Can I have a case of 24 beers, please ?
b. Id like a beer, please.
c. Could I borrow the book, The New Earth, please ?
d. May I have a book of blank cheque, please ?
e. Id like the new action DVD, Escape, please.
f. Can you repair my car, please ?
g. Could I buy this TV, please ?
h. Can I have a short military haircut, please ?
i. Could I have a reservation on the next Travel Tour to France, please ?
j. Id like a new electric drill, please.
Service (place)
a. Barber shop. . . . . . . . .____
b. Garage. . . . . . . . . . . . .____
c. Grocery store. . . . . . .____
d. Library. . . . . . . . . . . . .____
e. Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .____
f. Canex. . . . . . . . . . . . . .____
g. Hardware store. . . . . .____
h. Video / DVD store. . .____
i. Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . .____
j. Travel agency. . . . . . .____

Task 2.
Please make a conversation with your partner about your school related to the material today!
Then practice it in front of the class.

Task 3.
Please make a conversation with your partner to look for information about your partner using
WH-Question!

UNIT 16
 QUOTED AND REPORTED SPEECH

Objective:
Students are able to report something to other people.

Study the following explanation, please!

Quotation Marks
Punctuation marks used to indicate that the text represent the exact words (direct speech)
someone has spoken. These punctuation marks vary from language to language.

Direct Speech
The exact words someone says, set within quotation marks.
e.g. will you run for President in the next election? the reporter asked Hillary Clinton.

Indirect Speech
The reporting of what someone has said, not using his or her exact word.
e.g. The reporter asked Hillary Clinton if she would run for President in the next election.

Quoted Speech
Another term for direct speech

Reported Speech
Another term for indirect speech

There are two ways to report what someone says or thinks:

1. Direct speech shows a persons exact words. Quotation marks (.) are a sign that the
words are the EXACT words that a person used.

Direct speech:
Maria asked, Where are you going?
John replied, Im going home.
2. Reported speech puts the speakers words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks.
Noun clauses are usually used. (In reported speech, the reader does not assume that the words are
the speakers exact words; often, they are a paraphrase of the speakers words.

Reported speech:
Maria asked John where he was going.
John said he was going home.

Note: Use of the word that is optional in reported speech. Both of the following sentences are
correct: the boy said that he was lost or the boy said he was lost.

VERB TENSE IN REPORTED SPEECH

When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the
tense the speaker used. These are some examples of verb shifts:
simple present simple past will would
past past perfect can could
present perfect past perfect

Quotation Reported speech

I am hungry. She stated that she was hungry
I saw them leave. Pat said he had seen them leave.
Where have they gone? James wondered where they had gone.
Will you help me? I asked Alex if he would help me.
I cant remember your name. Lisa said she couldnt remember my name

Note: If the reported information is still true, you may use the same tense.
The exam will be next week. Dr. Park said the exam will be next week.
PRONOUNS
The person who is reporting what someone said is usually different from the person who made
the
original statement. As a result, pronouns in reported speech often change.
Quotation Reported Speech
I am hungry. Ciara said she was hungry.
Where will you be? Anne wanted to know where I would be.
Have you seen my glasses? David asked me if I had seen his glasses.

TASK 1.
Read the following paragraph and underline all instances of reported speech. Circle any quoted
speech.
Maria recently returned from a conference in Dubai and told her colleagues about her trip there.
She said that the architecture of Dubai was fascinating, with many new buildings of glass and
steel. Of course, she also saw the BurjKhalifa, the worlds tallest building. Some of her friends
went up to the top, but Maria said she didnt because she has a fear of heights. I dont even like
being on a second-story balcony, so the BurjKhalifa was definitely out of the question for me!
Maria said that there were many shopping centers in Dubai, but that they were expensive. The
weather was unbelievably hot. On her last night in Dubai, Maria and her friends went on a
dinner cruise on a small boat in the harbor. There was music and great food, and they could see
the lights of the city as the boat cruised through the harbor. It was the perfect ending to two
weeks in Dubai, she said.

TASK 2.
Correct the errors in the following sentences!
1. Tomorrows weather will be mostly sunny with a chance of afternoon showers. the
weatherman announced.
2. The instructor said: absolutely no laptop usage during lecture time.
3. Can we postpone the test until Monday? the students asked.
4. All new students must go to the student center to get their new ID card said the
instructor. You must do this before you can get a library card.
5. There will be no tuition increase this year, said the president. In fact, there will be no
tuition increase for the next 3 years.

TASK 3
Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Refer to your handout on verb tense changes in
reported speech.
e.g. Jim said, I am tired.
Jim said he was tired.

1. Kate said, I dont like seafood.

______________________________________________________
2. Tom said, I have already seen that movie.
______________________________________________________
3. Mary said, I am planning to go to Turkey.
______________________________________________________
4. Deb said, I called my doctor.
______________________________________________________
5. Richard said, Im going to New York.
______________________________________________________
6. Tom said, I have to finish my report.
______________________________________________________
7. Ann said, I cant read Farsi.
______________________________________________________
8. Ahmad said, I will come to the presentation.
______________________________________________________
9. Safia said, I can meet you at noon.
______________________________________________________
10. Peter said, Ive been to Afghanistan twice.
______________________________________________________

UNIT 17
 COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

Objective:
Students are able to express the compliment and congratulation with other people

What is Compliment?
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use
compliments to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will. Complement is
for anyone you have occasion to talk with (friends, family, colleagues, and even strangers).
Complement is express to praise about:
the way peoples look/ general appearance
something people have
something people did
something people said
The Expression of Complement:
Thats a beautiful dress!
What a lovely shoes!
You did very well
You are a good cook
You look charming in that dress
The Responses of Compliment:
Thank you
Really? Thanks
Thank you for saying so
I am glad you like it
I am glad you enjoyed it
Example:
Dyan : Thats lovely bag, Mika. Is it new?
Mika : Yes, it is. Its a gift from my mother.
Dyan :Wow..it is really suits on you.
Mika : Really? Thank you Dyan.
Teacher : This is good composition, Gerry.
Gerry : Thank you, Sir. I had work very hard on it. Because the topic was not very familiar to
me.
Teacher : You did a very good job.
Gerry : Thank you, Sir

What is Congratulation?
Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she
success in doing something.
Kinds of Congratulations:
Congratulation of someones success
Happy Birthday
Merry Christmas
Happy New Year
Happy Valentine
Happy Anniversary
The expression of Congratulation
Congratulation!
Congratulation on your promotion
Congratulation for your graduate
I would like to congratulate you .
I must congratulate you .
Let me congratulate on your success
The Responses of congratulation:
Thank you
Thanks, I hope you so
Thanks, I needed that
Its very kind of you to say that
 Do you really think so?
Example:
Syamma : Congratulations on your 15th birthday, Wulana.
Wulana : Thank you, Syamma.
Syamma : You look charming in that black gown.
Wulana : Thank you for saying so, you look charming too.
Aunt : I heard you have passed your English exam, is it true?
Poppy : Yes, aunt.
Aunt : Congratulation for your exam, Poppy.
Poppy : Thank you very much, aunt.
Aunt : So, what is your plan after that?
Poppy : I plant to go to the vocational school, aunt.
Aunt : Good.

TASK 1
Complete the dialogue with the correct phrases you have learnt.
Look at the example:
Ann : thats a great sweater.
Rose : Why, thank you. I just bought it yesterday.
Situation 1
Mary : Hi, Joe. Is that a new ?
Joe : .
Mary : .
Joe : .
Situation 2
Gee : Well, thank you for the
Lee :
Gee : Yes, I really
Lee : .
Situation 3
Zack : .
Bob : Oh thanks. I just lost five pounds.
Zack :
Bob : .
Situation 4
Mr. Tweed : Good morning, Jones.
Jones :
Mr. Tweed : ..
Jones : Well, thank you, Mr. Tweed. But I was just doing my job.
Mr. Tweed : Yes, and were proud of you, Jones.
Jones :
TASK 2
Please make a conversation with your partner about compliment. Then practice it in front of class

TASK 3
Please make a conversation with your partner about congratulation.
 UNIT 18
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ED AND ING

Adjectives that end -ed (e.g. bored, interested) and adjectives that end -ing (e.g. boring,
interesting) are often confused.

-ed adjectives
Adjectives that end -ed describe emotions they tell us how people feel about something.
I was very bored in the math lesson. I almost fell asleep.
He was surprised to see Helen. Shed told him she was going to Australia.
Feeling tired and depressed, he went to bed.

-ing adjectives
Adjectives that end -ing describe the thing that causes the emotion a boring lesson makes you
feel bored.
Have you seen that film? Its absolutely terrifying.
I could listen to him for hours. Hes one of the most interesting people Ive ever met.
I cant eat this. Its disgusting! What is it?

Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people feel bored.
He talks about the weather for hours. Hes so boring.
NOT I was very boring at the party so I went home.

Here are some more adjectives that can have both an -ed and an -ing form
amused (terhibur)
amusing (menghibur/lucu)
annoyed (terganggu)
annoying (mengganggu)
 bored (bosan)
boring (membosankan)
confused (bingung)
confusing (membingungkan)
disappointed (kecewa)
disappointing (mengecewakan)
disgusted (jijik)
disgusting (menjijikkan)
embarrassed (malu)
embarrassing (memalukan)
excited (gembira, bergairah)
exciting (menggairahkan)
exhausted (lelah)
exhausting (melelahkan)
frightened (takut)
frightening (menakutkan)
interested (tertarik)
interesting (menarik)
satisfied (puas)
satisfying (memuaskan)
shocked (terkejut)
shocking (mengejutkan)

Exercise
Make some sentences by using the words below.
amused confused embarrassed
amusing confusing embarrassing
annoyed disappointed excited
annoying disappointing exciting
bored disgusted exhausted
boring disgusting exhausting
frightened interesting shocked
frightening satisfied shocking
interested satisfying
 UNIT 19
HOW + ADJECTIVES

Objective:
Students are able to use how + adjectives in different situation.
A. DEFINITION OF How + adjectives ....
HOW is an adverb which has many possibilities. First, it can modify the meaning of
several sorts of words. Today, we'll learn the different meanings it can have when it modifies
an adjective, or an adverb.

1) To indicate a degree, a quantity, an age , some dimensions...

* deep => the depth => how deep?
* heavy => how heavy?
* high => the height -> how high?
* far => how far?
* fast => quick => how fast?
* many + countable => how many?
* much + uncountable => how much?
* old = aged => how old?
* often => how often? *
wide => the width => how wide?

2) It may also be used with all the adjectives : clear-sighted - important - lazy - good - hard -
difficult - tiring - tired - ....
* 'How clear-sighted he is!... = 'He's so clear-sighted! '
* 'How lazy this boy is!...' = 'This boy is so lazy ...'
3) Used with an adjective or an adverb, HOW can introduce an exclamative form ('How tired
you are!')

We use exclamations to express surprise or shock or a strong emotion about something. The
type of phrase or clause associated with exclamations is called exclamative.
We usually form exclamatives with what or how. In writing, we usually put an exclamation
mark (!) at the end of the exclamative:
What an amazing car!
How I love the summer holidays!

What !
We can use what + noun phrase ((+ verb) (+ tag)):
+ noun phrase + verb + tag
What a beautiful day! What a beautiful day it is! What a beautiful day it is, isnt it!
What bad luck! What bad luck they had! What bad luck they had, didnt they!

How !
We often use how followed by an adjective only:
How sweet! How lovely! How amazing!
We can use How + adjective/adverb + subject + verb:
How interesting it was to hear her story!
How wonderful it is to see you!
How beautifully she sang! Everyone was delighted.
In informal styles, we can also use How + adjective + verb + subject. This is particularly
common in American English:
How clever am I!
How crazy is that!
Here are some short expressions we use to express surprise:
Wow! No way!
Gosh! Thats amazing!

TASK 1.Complete the following sentences.

1. .. cold it is!
a) How
b) What
c) Either could be used here
2. . beautifully you sing!
a) How
b) What
c) Either could be used here
3. rude guy!
a) What
b) What a
c) How a

4. .. pleasant surprise!
a) What
b) What a
c) How
5. .. lovely weather!
a) What
b) What a
c) How
6. She is .. nice girl!
a) such
b) such a
c) what a
7. .. a fool you are!
a) How
b) What
c) What a
8. . foolish she is!
a) How
b) What
c) Such
9. What a lovely smile !
a) you have
b) have you
10. They are . kind people.
a) such
b) so
c) Either could be used here
11. . youve grown!
a) How
b) What
c) Either could be used here
12. He talks rubbish!
a) such
b) such a
c) what

TASK 2. Change the following assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences.

1. It was a very hot day.
2. She dances very well.
3. He is a very rude man.
4. She looks exhausted.
5. The weather is very nice.
6. That was very interesting.
7. She is very generous.
8. That is a sad state of affairs.
9. It was a nice evening.
10. She is an incredibly strong woman.
TASK 3. Please make a conversation with your partner containing exclamative form!

UNIT 20
TELLING A STORY
A useful skill in English is to be able to tell a story or an anecdote. Anecdotes are short stories
about something that happened to you or to someone you know.

How to start
Traditional stories often start with the phrase Once upon a time. However, if you are going
to tell your story after someone else has already spoken, you can say something like:
That reminds me!
Funny you should say that. Did I ever tell you about?
Hearing your story reminds me of when
Something similar happened to me

How to tell your story

First of all, your story should be quite short. Try to keep it grammatically simple as well, so
that it is easy to follow.
Make it easy for the listener to understand by using sequencing and linking words:

Sequencing words
These words show the chronological sequence or events.
First of all, I (packed my suitcase).
Secondly, I (made sure I had all my documents)
Previously (before that) I change some money.
Then I (called a taxi to the airport)
Later (on) (when we were stuck in traffic, I realized )
But before all that (I had double checked my reservation)
Finally (I arrived at the wrong check-in desk at the wrong airport for a flight that didnt
go until the next day)

Linking words
Use these words to link your ideas for the listener. Linking words can be used to show reason,
result, contrasting information, additional information, and to summarize.

I booked a flight because

As a result, I was late
Although I had a reservation, I hadnt checked the airport name.
I made sure I had an up-to-date passport and I also took along my driving licence.
In short, I had made a complete mess of the holiday.

Tenses
We can use a variety of tenses to tell stories and anecdotes. Jokes are often in the present
tense:
A man walks into a bar and orders beers.
We also use the present tense to give a dramatic narrative effect:
The year is 1066. In medieval England people are worried that the king, Harold, is not
strong enough to fight off aa Norman invasion.
However, we generally use past forms to talk about past events. If you tell story in
chronological order, you can use the past simple:
I double checked my reservation. I packed my suitcase, and then I called a taxi.
Use the past continuous to describe activities in progress at the time of your story, or to
describe the background:
The sun was shining and it was a beautiful day. We were driving along the motorway quite
steadily until we suddenly saw in front of us the warning lights to slow down.
Sometimes, you might want to avoid telling your story as one chronological event after the
other. You can use the past perfect (simple and continuous) to add more interest to your story
by talking about events that happened before the events in your story:
I double-checked my reservation, which I had made three days previously.
I wanted to visit some friends who had been living in France for the last five years.
Vocabulary
Try to use a wide range of words to make your story more interesting. Remember that you
can exaggerate when you tell a story, so instead of using words like nice or bad,
experiment with more interesting words, such as beautiful, fabulous, wonderful,
horrible, awful, or terrible.
Finally remember that you are telling a story not giving a lecture. Look at the people
listening, and try to involve them in the story or anecdote. Keep eye contact, use the right
intonation and try to make your face expressive. You might also want to try practicing a few
anecdotes in the mirror before going live. Have fun!

Exercise
Think about an interesting story you have in your life (a funny story, a sad story, an inspiring
story, etc.) and then try to compose it into a good text. Use proper tense and interesting
words. And then, present it in front of the class.

UNIT 21
EXPRESSION OF REQUEST

Objective:
Students are able to request something politely
Study the following expression, please!
Expressions Ask of Request
Formal:
Could you phone me at 7 oclock?
Would you mind repairing my watch?
Would you mind ,please?
Would you mind (Verb-Ing)
Would you mind not. (Verb-Ing)
Would you like .. (Verb-1)
Would it be possible for you to.?
We should be most grateful if ?
Would you be so kind as to ?
Would you like to be patient?
Informal:
Can you give me the book?
Do you think you could take me to the shop
I wonder if you could write me an application letter?
Can I borrow your pen?
Could I have a seat?
Cant I sit beside you?
May I use your computer?
Can you ?
Could you ?
Will you?
Would you ?
Wont you ..?
Will you move here?
Wait a minute, please?
Come here please?
Wont you please be patient?
Attention please?
Close the door, please
Please
Expressions Response of Request
OK
Sure
yes
All right
Certainly
Its a pleasure
I have no objection
I should be delighted to come by all means
Id be happy to.
No problem
Yes, of course
Yes, just a minute
 Yeah.
Right you are
By all means
I should be most happy

Expressions Refusal of Request

Im afraid, I .. (give your reason).
Im sorry, I cant.
Id like to, but(give your reason).
Im afraid its not possible
Im afraid not
Sorry
Sorry, I cant
Sorry, I still use it
No, I wont
Not likely
Of course not
Certainly not
You must be joking
Example 1:
Aslih : The scholarship Australia will be opened next month. Did you know
about it, Rima?
Rima : Really? I didnt know about it if you dont give me the information.
Aslih : Yes. I know about it yesterday from my lecturer.
Rima : Can you give me the detail information about it? I interested to follow it.
Aslih : Sure. I will send it through email.
Rima : Thanks Aslih.
Aslih : Youre welcome.
Example 2:
Sales : What I can do for you sir?
Customer : I am looking for a good pants. Would you mind take me some? so I
can compare each others.
Sales : No, please wait a minute, I will take them for you. (Sales takes some
pants into storeroom)
Customer : Ok, thank you. But could you turn on the air conditioner please? I feel
so hot.
Sales : My pleasure sir.

TASK 1
Please make the expression of request based on the command below!
1. Open the door! Can you please open the door?
2. Give me a Coke! __________________________________
3. Answer the phone! __________________________________
4. Pick up the paper! __________________________________
5. Turn on the light! __________________________________
6. Turn off the computer! __________________________________
7. ___________________! __________________________________
8. ___________________! __________________________________
TASK 2.
Make a request using an expression from above:
1. You are taking things out of the elevator, but the door is closing.
If you dont mind, can you hold the door for me?
2. Your car broke down and you need to go to work.
_________________________________________________
3. You are cleaning the bathroom and somebody comes to the door.
_________________________________________________________
4. Someone is smoking in the building.
_________________________________________________________
5. The food you ordered at the restaurant is cold.
_________________________________________________________
6. You are late for a doctors appointment but your co-worker wants to talk.
_________________________________________________________

TASK 3
Please make a conversation with your partner about expression of request! Then practice it in
front of the class.
 UNIT 22
PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known,
however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example
shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You
have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Active: Rita
Present
Passive A letter is written by Rita.
 :

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive A letter was written by Rita.

:

Present Active: Rita has written a letter.

Perfect
Passive A letter has been written by Rita.
:

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive A letter will be written by Rita.

:

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive A letter can be written by Rita.

:

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

is writing a letter.
Present Active: Rita
Progressive
Passive A letter is being written by Rita.
:

Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Progressive
Passive A letter was being written by Rita.
:

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive A letter had been written by Rita.

:

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

 Passive A letter will have been written by Rita.
:

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive A letter would be written by Rita.

:

Conditional Active: Rita would have written a letter.

II
Passive A letter would have been written by Rita.
:

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two
objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into
a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is
usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal
passive.

Example: They build houses. Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence
(as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use
an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this
passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German,
Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say,
think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer
than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than
men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the
verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an
infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an
active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.