DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL ..................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ........................................................................ ii

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................ iii

DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. vii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

2.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 1

2.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................... 3
2.3 Hipotesis ................................................................................... 4
2.4 Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................... 4
1.4.2 Tujuan Khusus .............................................................. 4
2.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................... 5
1.5.1 Manfaat Akademis ........................................................ 5
1.5.2 Manfaat Praktis ............................................................. 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Tulang .................................................. 6

2.2 Fisiologi Tulang ...................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Peran Metabolik Jaringan Tulang ............................... 13
2.3 Osteosarkoma ........................................................................ 13
2.3.1 Definisi ....................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Epidemiologi............................................................... 14
2.3.3 Etiologi dan Faktor Risiko .......................................... 15
2.3.4 Patogenesis ................................................................. 16

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 2.3.5 Manifestasi Klinik ...................................................... 18
2.3.6 Klasifikasi ................................................................... 19
2.3.7 Diagnosis .................................................................... 24
2.3.8 Stadium ....................................................................... 29
2.3.9 Tatalaksana ................................................................. 31
2.3.9.1 Pembedahan .................................................... 31
2.3.9.2 Kemoterapi ..................................................... 32
2.3.9.3 Radioterapi ...................................................... 33
2.3.10 Prognosis .................................................................. 33
2.3.11 Karakteristik Klinikopatologi Osteosarkoma ........... 33
2.4 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)................................ 37
3.3.1 TILs pada Osteosarkoma .......................................... 40
2.5 Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) ............................ 41
3.3.2 TAMs pada Osteosarkoma ....................................... 42
2.6 Kerangka Teori ..................................................................... 45

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Jenis Penelitian ..................................................................... 46

3.2 Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian .............................................. 46
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel............................................................. 46
3.3.1 Populasi .................................................................... 46
3.3.2 Sampel ...................................................................... 46
3.3.3 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi .................................... 47
3.3.3.1 Kriteria Inklusi.............................................. 47
3.3.3.2 Kriteria Eksklusi ........................................... 47
3.4 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................... 47
3.4.1 Variabel Dependen ................................................... 47
3.4.2 Variabel Independen ................................................. 48
3.5 Definisi Operasional Variabel .............................................. 48
3.6 Cara Pengumpulan Data dan Cara Kerja .............................. 50
3.7 Cara Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ..................................... 51

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 3.8 Kerangka Operasional .......................................................... 53
3.9 Rencana Kegiatan ................................................................. 54
3.10 Rencana Anggaran................................................................ 54

BAB IV JUSTIFIKASI ETIK

4.1 Rangkuman Karakteristik Penelitian .................................... 55

4.2 Analisis Kelayakan Etik ....................................................... 56
4.3 Prosedur Informed Consent .................................................. 56
4.4 Kesimpulan ........................................................................... 56

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 57

BIODATA ................................................................................................... 63

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman
1. Sindroma Genetik yang Berhubungan dengan
Osteosarkoma ................................................................................... 15
2. Enneking System for Staging Malignant Muskuloskeletal
Tumors ............................................................................................. 30
3. American Joint Committee on Cancer System for Staging Bone
Sarcomas .......................................................................................... 31

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman
1. Anatomi Tulang ................................................................................. 7
2. Gambar Skematis Dinding Diafisis Tulang Panjang ......................... 8
3. Osteon (Sistem Havers)...................................................................... 9
4. Remodelling Tulang ......................................................................... 10
5. Fotomikrograf Sediaan Tulang ........................................................ 10
6. Distribusi Osteosarkoma .................................................................. 19
7. Radiografi Osteosarkoma ................................................................. 26
8. Radografi Osteosarkoma Femur Distal ............................................ 26
9. Gambaran Histopatologik Osteosarkoma ........................................ 27
10. Gambaran Histopatologik Osteosarkoma ........................................ 28
11. Osteosarkoma Osteoblastik .............................................................. 29
12. Gambaran Subtipe Histopatologi Osteosarkoma ............................. 36
13. Gambaran Histologis Osteosarkoma pada Canine (H&E)............... 37
14. Analisa Histopatologi Persentasi TILs pada Potongan Tumor
Menggunakan Pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin................................ 39
15. Gambaran Histopatologi Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Breast ............................................................................................... 40
16. Peran Tulang, Sistem Imun dan Pembuluh Darah
Pada Osteosarkoma .......................................................................... 43

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