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Pappas
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1. Anti-differentiation
The process of finding f(x) from f(x), is the reverse process of
differentiation and is called anti-differentiation or integration.
Differentiation
f(x) f(x)
Integration
2. Indefinite Integrals
3. Rules of Integration
+ = +
+ = +
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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0 = = +
1 = + = +
+1
= + = +
+1
1
= +
Example 2: 3 + 2 4 = 3 + 2 4 =
3+1
= 3 + 2 4 = + 2 4 + =
3+1
4
= 2 4 +
4
a. 9 8 f.
b. g.
1
c. 3 h.
3
2
d. i.
3+2
3
2
e. + 1 3 j. 9
2
Integration Marios A. Pappas
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Notice that in each case you have to multiply by
Example 3:
3
1 (2 + 5)4 (2 + 5)4
(2 + 5) = + = +
2 4 8
1 1
= 3 5 +
3 5 3
1
sin 4 = cos 4 +
4
1
2 sin 2 + = 2 sin 2 + + = sin 2 + +
2 2 2 2
1
3+2 = 3+2 +
3
6. Integration by substitution
Integration by substitution is based on changing the variable and the integral.
This method could be used when one part of the given integral is a composite
function f(g(x)) and the other part contains the derivative of g(x).
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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4
Example 4: Evaluate .
2 2 +1
4 1
= 4
2 2 +1 2 2 +1
Let u=2x2+1
so = 4 = 4
Give your answer with respect to x, since the original integral was
with respect to x.
7. Definite Integration
An integral with a lower and an upper limit for integration is called definite
integral.
Notation:
reads the integral from a to b of f(x) with respect to x.
Generally, if F(x) is the integral of f(x), where f(x) continuous function on the
interval axb, then the definite interval of f(x) in the given interval is
= F(b) - F(a)
4
Example 5: 3
(3 2 6 + 4) =
4
= 3 3 2 + 4 3 =
= 64 48 + 16 (27 27 + 12) =
= 20
4
Integration Marios A. Pappas
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Useful Properties
=
= +
=
Exercise: Evaluate the following integrals and check your answers using
GDC.
4 2
a. 1
d. 1
4 + + 1
2 2 2 1
b. 0
( 2 + ) e. 1
2
4 1
c. 2 23
f. 2 3 2 +
0
The area S between the graph of f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines x= and
x=b, is the definite integral of f(x) with lower limit and upper limit b, or
simply:
5
Integration Marios A. Pappas
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Area S =
Example 6: Find the area enclosed by the graph of f(x) = sinx and the
x-axis for 0x2.
2
Area = 0
=
2
= 0 =
=-cos+cos0-(-cos2+cos)=
=-cos+cos+cos2-cos=
=1+1+1+1=
=4
Notice that when the curve is under the x-axis, the integral is
a negative number. The area must be positive.
h(x)= 2
The roots of the function are 0 and 1.
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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Now use the table of signs in order to find which function is on the top.
0 1
- + -
As we can see, between the roots h(x) is positive, so the upper function is f(x).
1
Hence, Bounded Area = 0
=
1
= ( 2 ) =
0
1
+1
2 2+1 1
= 1 0 =
+1 2+1
2
2 1
= 00 =
3 3
1
=
3
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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3
Volume = 0
2 =
3
= 2 =
0
1 2 3
= 0 =
2
1 6 1 0
= =
2 2
=632.13
The volume of the solid generated when the region between two graphs
is resolved about the x-axis, is given by the formula:
Volume =
( )
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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11. Kinematics
Linear motion, is a motion along a straight line. On kinematics problems,
we can use either differentiation, since we know that:
The derivative of displacement with time is velocity
The derivative of velocity with time is acceleration
The second derivative of displacement with time is acceleration
or integration, since we know that:
The integral of acceleration over time is velocity
The integral of velocity over time is displacement
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Integration Marios A. Pappas
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sin3t = 1
sin3t = sin
2
3t =
2
t = sec
6
ii. Find the distance travelled by the particle from when it started to when
it first comes to rest.
6
Distance = 6
0
3 3 = 3 + 3 0 = 3 + 3 0 0=
6 6
= 1
2
Total distance travelled from t1 to t2 is given by
() .
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