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Integration Marios A.

Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

1. Anti-differentiation
The process of finding f(x) from f(x), is the reverse process of
differentiation and is called anti-differentiation or integration.

Differentiation

f(x) f(x)

Integration

2. Indefinite Integrals

If F(x) = f(x), then = F(x) +c, c is a constant.

Example 1: If f(x) = 3x2+7x+10 then f(x)=6x+7


If f(x) = 3x2+7x-15 then f(x)=6x+7
If f(x) = 3x2+7x+c then f(x)=6x+7
There are infinitely many functions of the form f(x)= 3x2+7x+c , which will
give f(x)=6x+7.
Hence,
6 + 7 = 3 2 + 7 + .

3. Rules of Integration

+ = +

+ = +

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

4. Main indefinite integrals

0 = = +

1 = + = +
+1
= + = +
+1
1
= +

Example 2: 3 + 2 4 = 3 + 2 4 =
3+1
= 3 + 2 4 = + 2 4 + =
3+1
4
= 2 4 +
4

Exercise: Find the following integrals:

a. 9 8 f.

b. g.

1
c. 3 h.
3
2
d. i.
3+2

3
2

e. + 1 3 j. 9

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

5. Integrating composite functions with the linear


function x+b. (Anti-chain rule)
( + )+
( + ) =
+

= + +
+

+ = + +


+ = + +

+
+ = +


Notice that in each case you have to multiply by

Example 3:

3
1 (2 + 5)4 (2 + 5)4
(2 + 5) = + = +
2 4 8
1 1
= 3 5 +
3 5 3
1
sin 4 = cos 4 +
4
1
2 sin 2 + = 2 sin 2 + + = sin 2 + +
2 2 2 2
1
3+2 = 3+2 +
3

6. Integration by substitution
Integration by substitution is based on changing the variable and the integral.
This method could be used when one part of the given integral is a composite
function f(g(x)) and the other part contains the derivative of g(x).

Generally we can evaluate if we substitute u=g(x).

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

4
Example 4: Evaluate .
2 2 +1
4 1
= 4
2 2 +1 2 2 +1

Let u=2x2+1

so = 4 = 4

The transformed integral is now


1
= ln + = ln 2 2 + 1 +

Give your answer with respect to x, since the original integral was
with respect to x.

7. Definite Integration
An integral with a lower and an upper limit for integration is called definite
integral.

Notation:
reads the integral from a to b of f(x) with respect to x.

Generally, if F(x) is the integral of f(x), where f(x) continuous function on the
interval axb, then the definite interval of f(x) in the given interval is


= F(b) - F(a)

You can ignore the constants of integration when working


with definite integrals

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Example 5: 3
(3 2 6 + 4) =
4
= 3 3 2 + 4 3 =
= 64 48 + 16 (27 27 + 12) =
= 20

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

Notice that the result of a definite integral is a number

Useful Properties

=


= +


=

Exercise: Evaluate the following integrals and check your answers using
GDC.
4 2
a. 1
d. 1
4 + + 1

2 2 2 1
b. 0
( 2 + ) e. 1
2

4 1
c. 2 23
f. 2 3 2 +
0

8. Area under a curve

The area S between the graph of f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines x= and
x=b, is the definite integral of f(x) with lower limit and upper limit b, or
simply:

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879


Area S =

Example 6: Find the area enclosed by the graph of f(x) = sinx and the
x-axis for 0x2.

2
Area = 0

=
2
= 0 =
=-cos+cos0-(-cos2+cos)=
=-cos+cos+cos2-cos=
=1+1+1+1=
=4
Notice that when the curve is under the x-axis, the integral is
a negative number. The area must be positive.

9. Area between two curves


Example 7: Find the area bounded between the graphs of f(x)= and
g(x)= 2 .

Consider the difference function h(x)=f(x)-g(x):

h(x)= 2
The roots of the function are 0 and 1.

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

Now use the table of signs in order to find which function is on the top.

0 1
- + -

As we can see, between the roots h(x) is positive, so the upper function is f(x).
1
Hence, Bounded Area = 0
=
1
= ( 2 ) =
0
1
+1
2 2+1 1
= 1 0 =
+1 2+1
2

2 1
= 00 =
3 3
1
=
3

10. Volume of a solid of rotation


Consider a given function f(x). We revolve the graph about the x-axis between
x= and x=b.

The volume of the solid formed is given by the formula:



V=
( )

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

Example 8:Find the volume of revolution when the graph of f(x)=


between x=0 and x=3 is revolved about the y-axis.

3
Volume = 0
2 =
3
= 2 =
0

1 2 3
= 0 =
2
1 6 1 0
= =
2 2
=632.13

The volume of the solid generated when the region between two graphs
is resolved about the x-axis, is given by the formula:


Volume =
( )

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

11. Kinematics
Linear motion, is a motion along a straight line. On kinematics problems,
we can use either differentiation, since we know that:
The derivative of displacement with time is velocity
The derivative of velocity with time is acceleration
The second derivative of displacement with time is acceleration
or integration, since we know that:
The integral of acceleration over time is velocity
The integral of velocity over time is displacement

Displacement Velocity Acceleration


s(t) v(t)=s(t) (t)=v(t)

Acceleration Velocity Displacement


(t) v(t)= s(t)=

Example 9: The velocity of a particle is given by v(t)=3-sin3t,


measured in m/s.
i. Find when the particle first comes to rest.
v(t)=0
3=3sin3t

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Integration Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879

sin3t = 1

sin3t = sin
2

3t =
2

t = sec
6

ii. Find the distance travelled by the particle from when it started to when
it first comes to rest.

6
Distance = 6
0
3 3 = 3 + 3 0 = 3 + 3 0 0=
6 6

= 1
2

Total distance travelled from t1 to t2 is given by
() .

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