. . , . .

( )

ABSTRACT ALGEBRA A -
, a, b
AND CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS c A. -
I. B. KOZHUKHOV , . -
(, , , ),
A. A. PROKOFEV
(, , ),
( -
The basic ideas of abstract algebra, as applied ) . (
to the geometrical construction problems, are ) ,
explained. The solvability of these problems is , -
discussed. Examples illustrating the above . -
, , , -
methods are given.

(. [1]).
- -
, - .
. -
. , - XIX ,
-
.
.
-


. -
, -
,
, ,
,
. -
.., .., 2001

-
79- ,
( , -
..),
.
: . -
, ,
www.issep.rssi.ru -
.

. . , . . 117

, - . ,
, 150
. , . ,
, - (1998, 3)
, . , (. 2), -
, , -
ADO O, -
, , -
. , -
. ABCD,
O.
. AB n
. t S 2h + 3t
S = 2a + a ----------- --- = -----------------.
. a, AB, t+h a t+h
- -
, A1K1 = K1L1 = L1M1 = h
= M1N1 = N1B1 (. 1). A1A, B1B - --- , OB OC AOD
t
O K1O, L1O, M1O, N1O. . AOD -
AB K, L, M, N, -
,
AB -
( n = 5). h
--- .
t
A1 K1 L1 M1 N1 B1
a B M C
a h a
K L M N A D
A B N

a || AB t

AD = S
O AB = BC = CD = a
ON = t
O NM = h
. 1
. 2
n -
, n = 2, 4, 8, 16, ,
n . -
, , -
. -
, , ? -
V . .., - ,
XIX . -
1. , , -
, , -
. .
- . [2]
2. , -
,

x + yi , x ,
.
y R. [3] : -
3. , ,
, ,
. . [4] -
, - , [2]. , -
- , -

118 , 7 , 7 , 2 0 0 1

. - F ' F. F ' -
, , , a F ' -
, [5].
a = 0 + 1 + + n 1n 1,
.
, F ' F -
F,
. , F
-
f (x) F
:
F ' F, , f (x) F ',
1) a, b, c F f() = 0 F '. -
a + b = b + a, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), F ', F , F().
ab = ba, (ab)c = a(bc), (a + b)c = ac + bc; .
1. F = R f (x) = x2 + 1, R(i) = , i2 = 1.
2) 0 1, ,
2. F = Q f (x) = x3 2, Q ( ) = Q ( 3 2 )
01 a + 0 = a, a + b + c2, a, b, c Q,
a 1 = a a F; 3 = 2. , Q ( 3 2 ) -
a + b 3 2 + c 3 4 .
3) a F b F, ,
3. Z2 x2 + x +
a + b = 0 ( b = a);
+ 1 = 0. Z2 1 + 1 = 0 1 = 1, , x2 =
4) a 0 c F, , = x 1 = x + 1. Z2(), 2 = + 1, -
ac = 1 ( c = a1). a + b, a, b {0, 1}.
: R Z2():
, Q , .
Z2 = {0, 1}, + 0 1 +1 0 1 +1

0 0 1 +1 0 0 0 0 0
0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 0, 1 1 0 +1 1 0 1 +1
0 0 = 0 1 = 1 0 = 0, 1 1 = 1. +1 0 1 0 +1 1
F F1 . +1 +1 1 0 +1 0 +1 1
F1 F,
a, b F1 F1 a + b, ab, a a1 F , F ' , F " -
(a 0). F1 F, F F ', F F ' F ". F '
F1 . e1 , e2 , , en F, F " f1 , f2 , , fm F ',
f (x) = anxn + + a1x + a0 - , e1 f1 , e1 f2 , , en fm
F F, F " F. ,
- [F " : F] = [F " : F '] [F ' : F].
F. F ' F, 2, -
. F ' -
F - F 1, F ' F. 2 F ',
. , x2 3 - 2 = + , F,
x2 x , F. 1 +
Q, R ( x 3 = ( x 3 ) ( x + 3 ) );
2
+ 1 0 F,
x2 + 1 R, .
F F ', F F '. F '
b D
ax + bx + c = 0 x 1, 2 = ---------------------- ,
2
n F, -
2a
u1 , u2 , , un F ', -
a F '
D
a = 1u1 + + nun , 1 , , n F. D = b2 4ac. 1, 2 = ------------------, D =
2
n F, -
u1 , u2 , , un F ' = 2 + 4. , F ( ) = F ( D ), -
F. [F ' : F]. - ( 1 + 1 0) -
, 1, i R, -
[C : R] = 2. . , F

. . , . . 119

Q, - = aibj + ai + 1bj 1 + + ai 1bj + 1 +
x2 + 3x 1. F = Q(), 2 + 3 1 = 0. p, .
, ci + j p.
3 13
= ------------------------ . , Q ( ) = Q ( 13 ). 2. f(x),
2

F -
, -
( F) ,
Q.
. , f (x) = xn +
. f (x) = anxn + an 1xn 1 +
+ an 1xn 1 + + a1x + a0 F. -
+ a1x + a0. , ... a0 , a1 , , an -
f(x), n = an 1n 1 a1 a0 . -
1. , f(x) = g(x)h(x), g h -
, F()
-
0 + 1 + + n 1n 1, 0 , 1 , , n 1 F. -
. g
. 0 + 1 +
h
+ n 1n 1 = 0 + 1 + + n 1n 1 -
... , ,
. 0 + 1 + + n 1n 1 = 0 .
f (x) , g(x) = n 1x n 1 + + 0 - a c
, g ( x ) = --- ( x ), h ( x ) = --- ( x ),
b d
(...) f g 1. -
... - a, b, c, d Z, (x) (x) -
u(x) (x), f(x)u(x) + ac
. f ( x ) = ------ ( x ) ( x ), bdf(x) = ac(x)(x).
+ g(x)(x) = 1. x = , 1 = f()u() + bd
+ g()() = 0 u() + 0 () = 0 . (x)(x) .
, bd = ac. f(x) = (x)(x),
.
( ). f (x) =
- = anxn + an 1xn 1 + + a1x + a0 -
p -
. - :
1) a0 , a1 , , an 1 p;
, - 2) an p;
. - 3) a0 p2.
f(x) Q.
, . ,
(1)(3), f(x) . 2 f(x) = (bkxk +
. + b0)(clxl + + c0), bi , cj Z. b0c0 = a0 ,
- b0 , c0 p, . ,
, . , b0 p. b0c1 + b1c0 = a1 .
b0 , a1 p, c0 , b1 p.
. , b2 , b3 , p.
. f(x) = anxn + an 1xn 1 + ai p. , an -
+ a1x + a0 p, .
, . 3x3 + 4x2 + 10
1. Q, 3 2, 4 10 2,
1 ( ). 10 22.
.
. (x) = anxn + an 1xn 1 +
+ a1x + a0 (x) = bmxm + bm 1xm 1 + + b1x + b0
. (x) = (x)(x) =
, -
= cm + nxm + n + cm + n 1xm + n 1 + + c1x + c0. ,
x a, b, c, (
p,
).
c0 , c1 , , cm + n . p .
78- , -
ai bj -
(x) (x), p. ci + j = , x = a b, x = a b ,
2 2

120 , 7 , 7 , 2 0 0 1

ab B x C
x = ------ , x = ab,
c
u
. ,
O
, , h
. , - d1 d2
3 3
a a
x = ----- + 2cd , ----- + 2cd = A y D
b b

aa
2
p = a ---------- ,
a 2 . 3
= a ----- + ( 2c d ) =
2 2
p +q ,
b b

q = ( c + c ) d . x = 3 a + b -
3 3
, x.
( ). x.
a, b, c 2 2 2 2 2 2 xy
. F, x + h = d1, y + h = d2, ------------ = u.
x+y
.
. y h, x
-
x 2ux + ( d 2 d 1 )x 2u ( d 2 d 1 )x + ( d 2 d 1 )u = 0. (*)
4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, -
, -
. , : F , -
F1 F2 Fk , i Fi +1 - (*),
Fi , F i + 1 = F i ( a i ), ai Fi . . ( -
(*) .) -
[Fi + 1 : Fi] = 2 i, [Fk : F ] = 2k. .
x F
2k, . x F ', F ' d1 = 5, d 2 = 2 7, u = 2.
2k F, d1 , d2 x u
F F '1 F 'k = F', d1d2
-. d1 = 5, d 2 = 2 7
0 ---------------
. x - d1 + d2
. 52 7
-------------------- > 2, u = 2 ,
- 5+2 7
, , .
(*)
.
x4 4x3 + 3x2 12x + 12 = 0, (x 1)(x3 3x2 12) = 0.
x = 1 , x = 1, u = 2
xy
. ------------ = u y = 2. ,
x+y
. - x3 3x2 12 = 0.
d1 , d2 x3 3x2 12 -
u Q. , [Q() : Q] = 3,
. 3 32 12 = 0. F, 5, 2 7
. x y , h 2, Q ( 7 ), [ Q ( 7 ) : Q ] = 2. -
(. 3). (. 4).
u AO u BO BO CO BO CO
--- = --------, --- = -------- --------- = --------. -------- = --------, - , F, -
x AC y BD OD AO BD AC
u u AO CO xy 3. 3 2n, x =
, --- + --- = -------- + -------- = 1. , u = ------------ .
x y AC AC x+y .

. . , . . 121

2, 3, -
2
2 + 3.
3
Q() 3. -
: ) a
3 b ; ) a
2 b ?
Q 4. Q -
: ) x4 18x2 + 33; ) 8x4 8x3 20x2 +
. 4 + 32x 7.
5. :
, -
. ) [ Q ( 7 4 3 ) : Q ],
( ) d1 , d2 , u
. : ) [ Q ( 9 4 3 ) : Q ].
d1 = 2, d2 = 3, u = 1. ,
. 1. x4 10x2 + 1. 3. ) , -
d1d2
-. (*), x x4
u < --------------- , a = b; ) . 4. ) 2
d1 + d2
2x t. 5. ) 2, Q ( 7 4 3 ) =
2x3 + 5x2 10x + 5 = 0, x4 2x3 + 5(x 1)2 = 0.
x 1 = t, (t + 1)4 2(t + 1)3 + 5t 2 = = Q ( 2 3 ) = Q ( 3 ); ) 4.
= 0, t 4 + 2t 3 + 5t 2 2t 1 = 0.
t 4 + 2t 3 + 5t 2 2t 1
Q ,
1. .. // -
. 1997. 4. C. 99104.
. 1 1 -
2. .. -
, (t + )(t 2 + t + ) ( , , // -
Z) . - . .: , 1963. . 4: . . 205227.
t 4 + 2t 3 + 5t 2 2t 1 = (t 2 + at + 1) 3. .. . .:
(t 2 + bt 1). , 1992. 80 .
t 4 + (a + b)t 3 + abt 2 + (b a)t 1, 4. .. // -
a + b = 2, ab = 5, b a = 2. . 1999. 12. C. 115118.
( 5. . . .: , 1968. 564 .
). ,
Q. , Q ..
-
4. 4 = 22, t ***
. , - , --
x = t + 1 = t + u, , - ,
. .
- .
. 70 .
1. - - , -
, 2 + 3 - ,
. -
. -
2. , Q ( 2 ) ( 3 ) = Q ( 2 + 3 ), , .
, - 40 .

122 , 7 , 7 , 2 0 0 1