EPC Va QoS Trong LTE

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

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NGUYN TH THANH THIM
NGHIN CU MNG LI EPC V GII PHP M BO QOS TRONG

MNG
Chuyn ngnh : K thut in t
LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

K THUT IN T
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC :

NGUYN TI HNG
H Ni 2010
LI M U
c sng to u tin trong th gii di ng, h thng con a phng tin IMS
tr thnh nn tng dch v chung c chp nhn trn ton cu cho cc dch v a
phng tin pht trin trn cc mng th h mi. Song song vi IMS, Internet cng
hng n tm ra phng thc truyn thng a phng tin mt cch lin tc v mi
trng cc dch v thng tin, gii tr m in hnh l Web 2.0. V vy, xu th m cc h
thng thng tin hin ti ang hng n l dch v truy nhp v tuyn cng vi s hi
t gia Internet v di ng.
Khi cp n cc mng truy nhp khng dy LTE ch h tr kh nng truyn
tin dng gi th khi nim mng di ng th h mi m in hnh l EPS li tr nn
thc s ni bt v c quan tm mt cch c bit. Mt nn tng iu khin kt ni IP
mi c nh ngha cho phn mng li ca EPS nhm h tr tnh a dng v cng
ngh truy nhp khng dy di cc nn tng dch v khc nhau gi l EPC. EPC tha
k nhiu nguyn l ca IMS nh tnh cc v QoS da trn cc chnh sch, nhn thc
ngi dng, h tr chuyn giaonhng ch gii hn dnh cho cc kt ni IP ca mt
nn tng dch v. Mng truy nhp LTE yu cu h tr chuyn giao vi cc mng truy
nhp khng dy khc s ph thuc vo hot ng ca EPC ph hp vi tnh cht ca
tng kch bn chuyn giao . Thm na, vn QoS trong mi trng ny cng phi
i mt vi nhiu thch thc. ti lun vn thc s: Nghin cu mng li EPC v
gii php m bo QoS trong mng s cp mt gii php cho vn QoS cho
mng EPC hin ang c trin khai trn th gii.
Ni dung ti c chia lm cc chng nh sau:
- Chng 1: Dch v Web v kin trc hng dch v. Chng ny s gii
thiu khi qut v cc dch v Web c pht trin trn kin trc hng dch v,
cc thnh phn c bn ca kin trc SOA t thy c kh nng p ng
yu cu ca cc dch v i vi mng dn n nhu cu ra i ca EPC.
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- Chng 2: Khi qut chung v EPC. Ni dung ca chng ny s tm hiu
tin trnh ra i v cc kh nng ca EPC. ng thi, chng ny cng i su
v kin trc ca EPC, cc thnh phn chnh, cc giao thc c s dng, giao
din gia cc thnh phn trong mng cng nh giao din vi thnh phn ca cc
mng khcv so snh nhng u im ca n so vi cc kin trc mng hin ti.
- Chng 3: M hnh QoS trong cc mng hin nay. Chng ny s a ra
nhng khi nim c bn v QoS, nhng phng thc m bo QoS c s
dng trong cc mng hin ti nh Intserv, Diffserv, MPLS v nguyn l, giao
thc c s dng ca tng phng thc cng nh nhng u, nhc im ca
chng.
- Chng 4: Vn QoS trong EPC. y l vn quan trng trong EPC cn
c c bit quan tm c th t c nhng mc tiu c bn ca mng.
Trong chng ny, mt khi nim mi c a ra lin quan n QoS, l
khi nim bearer. ng thi, ni dung ca chng cn cp n cc nguyn
tc v m hnh m bo QoS i vi cc dch v trong EPC. Mt khi nim
quan trng na lin quan n QoS trong EPC m cc mng hin ti khng c l
khi nim cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng v mi lin h vi QoS m
mng h tr.
- Chng 5: Gii php QoS trong EPC. Ni dung chng ny s cp n
nhng thch thc m vn QoS gp phi v a ra mt gii php hin ang
c trin khai trn th gii. Gii php ny l ti u ha QoS trong mng c
mt nh vn hnh. ng thi, chng ny cng a ra hng nghin cu i
vi vn ny trong tng lai.
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LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan nhng ni dung trong lun vn thc s hon ton l do kt qu
ca qu trnh t tm hiu, nghin cu ca bn thn ti, khng sao chp t bt k ti liu
no, khng vi phm bn quyn ca cc nghin cu khoa hc khc. Nu nhng ni dung
trn khng ng, ti xin hon ton chu trch nhim.
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LI CM N
Ti mun gi li cm n su sc n Tin S Nguyn Ti Hng, ngi tn

tnh hng dn v h tr ti rt nhiu trong sut thi gian ti thc hin ti ny. Thy
lun gip , ng vin, lng nghe, ging gii v truyn t cho ti nhng kinh
nghim qu bu c th hon thnh tt ni dung ca ti.
Ti cng mun gi li cm n chn thnh n tt c cc thy c trong trng
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni cng nh trong Vin o to sau i hc ca trng
gip v to mi iu kin thun li cho ti hc tp, nghin cu.
Cui cng, ti mun gi li cm n chn thnh n ngi thn v cc bn
lun c v, ng vin v gip ti rt nhiu trong thi gian ti thc hin ti ny.
Do cn nhiu hn ch v thi gian cng nh hiu bit, kinh nghim nn ti ny s
khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu
gi ca cc thy c v cc bn ti c th hon thin hn vn nghin cu.
Hc vin: Nguyn Th Thanh Thim
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DANH SCH CC THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt Thut ng ting Anh Thut ng ting Vit
3GPP : Third Generation Partnership Hip hi d n th h th ba

Project
AAA : Authentication, Authorization Nhn thc, cp php v tnh cc

and Accounting
AMBR : Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate Tc bit tng ln nht
APN : Access Point Name Tn im truy nhp
AuC : Authentication Center Trung tm nhn thc
AVP : Attribute Value Pair Cp gi tr thuc tnh
CDMA : Code Division Multiple a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Access
CoA : Care of Address a ch tm thi
CoS : Class Of Service Lp dch v
CT : Class-Type Loi dch v
DCP : DiffServ Code Point im m phn bit dch v
DPI : Deep Packet Inspection Kim tra gi
DS-TE : Diffserv-aware Traffic K thut lu lng c quan tm n

Engineering Diffserv
eHRPD : Evolved High Rate Packet D liu gi tc cao c nng

Data cp
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EPC : Evolved Packet Core Mng li chuyn mch gi c
nng cp
ePDG : Evolved Packet Data Gateway Gateway d liu gi c nng cp
EPS : Evolved Packet System H thng mng chuyn mch gi

c nng cp
ETSI : European Telecommunication Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u

Standards Institute
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service Dch v truy nhp v tuyn mng
gi
GRE : Generic Routing Encapsulation ng gi nh tuyn chung
GSM : Global System for Mobile H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Communication
GTP : GPRS Tunneling Protocol Giao thc ng hm GPRS
HA : Home Agent Trm thng tr
HLR : Home Location Register B ng k v tr thng tr
HoA : Home Address a ch thng tr
HRPD : High Rate Packet Data D liu gi tc cao
HSGW : HRPD Serving Gateway Gateway phc v mng gi tc cao
HSDPA/ : High Speed Downlink/Uplink Truy nhp mng gi ng

HSUPA Packet Access ln/ng xung tc cao
HSS : Home Subscriber Server Server thu bao thng tr
HTML : Hypertext Markup Language Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn
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IMS : IP Multimedia SubSystem H thng con a dch v IP
IMSI : International Mobile Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t

Subscriber Identity
IPSec : Internet Protocol / secure Bo mt IP
LMA : Local Mobile Anchor Anchor di ng cc b
LTE : Long Term Evolution Cuc cch mng tng lai
MAG : Mobile Access Gateway Gateway truy nhp di ng
MME : Mobility Management Entity Thc th qun l di ng
MMTel : MultiMedia Telephony Thoi a phng tin
MN : Mobile Node Nt di ng
MSC : Mobile Switching Centre Server trung tm chuyn mch di

Server Server ng
MSISDN : Mobile Subscriber ISDN S ISDN ca thu bao di ng

Number
NAS : Non-Access Stratum Non-Access Stratum
NDS/IP : Network Domain Security for Bo mt min cho min iu khin

IP-based control plane da trn IP
OCS : Online Charging System H thng tnh cc online
OFCS : Offline Charging System H thng tnh cc offline
PCEF : Policy and Charging Chc nng thc thi chnh sch v
Enforcement Function tnh cc
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PCRF : Policy and Charging Rules Chc nng cc quy tc tnh cc v
Function chnh sch
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Giao thc hi t d liu gi

Protocol
PDN : Packet Data Network Mng d liu gi
PGW : PDN GateWay Gateway mng d liu gi
PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng cng cng
PMIP : Proxy Mobile IP Giao thc Internet di ng Proxy
RAT : Radio Access Technology Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
RNC : Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RSVP : Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc chim gi ti nguyn
SAE : System Architecture Evolution Cch mng kin trc h thng
SCTP : Stream Control Transmission Giao thc truyn iu khin lung

Protocol
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr phc v GPRS
SGW : Serving Gateway Gateway phc v
SOA : Service Oriented Architecture Kin trc hng dch v
SOAP : Service Oriented Architecture Giao thc kin trc hng dch v
Protocol
SRVCC : Single-Radio Voice Call Tnh lin tc cuc gi n sng

Continuity
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TA : Tracking Area Vng theo di
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn
UDDI : Universal Description, Thnh phn tch hp, m t, tm

Discovery, and Integration kim c in
UE : User-Equipment Thit b u cui
UMTS : Universal Mobile H thng vin thng di ng c in

Telecommunications System
WCDMA : Wide-band Code Division a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Multiple Access bng rng
WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Truy nhp siu cao tn ton cu

Microwave Access
WSDL : Web Services Definition Ngn ng nh ngha dch v Web

Language
XML : Extensible Markup Language Ngn ng nh du m rng
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DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Mi quan h gia gin XML v cc ti liu XML

Hnh 1.2: Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong th h th nht
Hnh 1.3: Cc dch v Web tro i vai tr trong cuc hi thoi
Hnh 1.4: Kin trc SOA cho mt ng dng a tng
Hnh 1.5: Kin trc tch hp hng dch v
Hnh 1.6: Cc bn tin SOAP
Hnh 1.7: Cc m t dch v c tp trung trong mt thnh phn ng k c nhn
Hnh 2.1: Tin trnh ra i ca EPS
Hnh 2.2: Cc min kin trc 3GPP
Hnh 2.3: Kin trc EPC c bn cho truy nhp LTE
Hnh 2.4: H tr chc nng cho kin trc EPC c bn
Hnh 2.5: Tng tc mng s dng giao din GTP
Hnh 2.6: Tng tc gia LTE v cc mng eHRPD
Hnh 2.7: Kin trc EPC cho truy nhp cc mng khng thuc 3GPP
Hnh 2.8: Kin trc EPC h tr thoi
Hnh 2.9: Lu lng c nh tuyn qua mng thng tr
Hnh 2.10: Vt ro cc b
Hnh 2.11: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din MME.
Hnh 2.12: Ngn xp giao thc min iu khin cho giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc
PMIP
Hnh 2.13: Ngn xp giao thc min ngi dng trn giao din S5/S8 da trn giao
thc PMIP
Hnh 2.14: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S6a/S6d
Hnh 2.15: Ngn xp giao thc giao din S1-U
Hnh 2.16: Ngn xp giao thc cho giao din S1-MME
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Hnh 2.17: Giao din gia mng li v mng truy nhp truyn thng
Hnh 2.18: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S6b
Hnh 2.19: Ngn xp giao thc lp iu khin cho giao din S2a
Hnh 2.20: Ngn xp giao thc lp ngi dng cho giao din S2a
Hnh 2.21: Ngn xp giao thc lp iu khin i vi giao din S2b
Hnh 2.22: Ngn xp giao thc lp ngi dng i vi giao din S2b
Hnh 3.1: M hnh trm-b nh tuyn trong RSVP
Hnh 3.2: nh ngha trng DSCP
Hnh 3.3: Cc thnh phn chc nng ti bin
Hnh 3.4: Phn mo u ca bn tin MPLS
Hnh 3.5: nh x gia IP header v MPLS header cho E-LSP v L-LSP
Hnh 3.6: ng i ca gi trong MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv
Hnh 3.7: Kin trc LSR vi hng i v b lp lch trnh
Hnh 4.1: Kin trc khng roaming PCC
Hnh 4.2: M hnh iu khin QoS do mng khi to
Hnh 4.3: M hnh on-path v cc th tc bearer do mng khi to
Hnh 4.4: iu khin QoS do u cui khi to
Hnh 4.5: M hnh off path v cc th tc bearer do u cui khi to
Hnh 4.6: Cc th tc bo hiu iu khin QoS
Hnh 4.7: Cc chc nng QoS min ngi dng
Hnh 4.8: Mc QoE cho cc tc bit
Hnh 4.9: QoE i vi hai dch v thi gian thc
Hnh 5.1: Kin trc cung cp cc dch v v cung cp cc chnh sch QoS
Hnh 5.2: Kin trc m hnh QoS do mng iu khin
Hnh 5.3: Trao i bn tin gia cc thc th trong mng
Hnh 5.4: Trao i bn tin trong qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn
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Chng 1: CC DCH V WEB V KIN TRC HNG DCH V
Li gii thiu
Trong qu trnh pht trin, Internet lun hng n tm ra mt phng thc
truyn thng nhm cung cp cc dch v thng tin v gii tr nh Web 2.0. Tuy nhin,
kin trc hin ti m Internet ang s dng l kin trc hng dch v SOA th hin
nhng hn ch trong vic h tr Internet t n mc tiu ra. Chng ny s gii
thiu cc dch v Web, kin trc SOA v nhng thnh phn c bn ca n t
thy c l do v sao n cha p ng c yu cu pht trin ca Internet.
1.1. Tng quan v XML
1.1.1. Cc khi nim lin quan
HTML a ra c php m t nh dng chun ca mt vn bn do Web
Browser a ra. Do , cc vn bn HTML khng th a ra cc thng tin v bn cht
ca d liu c hin th. Chnh s thiu ht ca cht lng thng tin trong cc vn
bn HTML s hn ch hiu qu v kh nng ca Internet khi chia s thng tin. Do vy,
XML khc phc c nhc im trn ca HTML. N cho php ngi dng a
thm cc thng tin meta v cc nhn t m t ca cc on vn bn. Do vy, cc ti
liu Web cng tr thnh mt kho cha thng tin nh.
1.1.2. Cc thnh phn
Cng ging nh HTML, XML s dng mt tp cc thnh phn. Tuy nhin, cc
thnh phn ca XML khng c nh ngha trc m n c to ra theo yu cu ca
khch hng th hin cc d liu trong mt ng cnh duy nht. Mt tp cc thnh
phn XML c phn loi nh l mt t. Cc t vng c th c to ra m t mt
loi ti liu kinh doanh no nh ha n hoc n hng. Mt trng hp c th ca
t vng l ti liu XML. y l khi c bn trong mt kin trc XML.
1.1.3. Gin
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Cc t c th c nh ngha s dng ngn ng nh ngha gin . Gin XML
nh ngha kin trc ca cc ti liu XML. N m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu trong
ti liu bng cch cung cp cu trc, cc quy tc xc nhn tnh hp l, p kiu v mi
quan h gia cc thnh phn. Ni cch khc, gin XML th hin nhng g c th v
khng th lm vi cc d liu XML. Hnh di y l th hin mi quan h gia gin
XML v cc ti liu XML.
Cu trc
Cc quy tc
Kiu d liu
Gin XML Cc ti liu XML
1.2. Cc dch v Web v kin trc hng dch v SOA

1.2.1. Khi nim cc dch v
Khi nim v dch v trong ng dng xut hin trc y, dch v ging nh
cc thnh phn, l cc khi c xy dng c lp nhm m t v mi trng ng
dng. Khng ging nh cc thnh phn truyn thng, cc dch v c mt s cc c
tnh ring tr thnh mt phn ca kin trc hng dch v.
Mt trong nhng tiu chun ny l n hon ton c lp i vi cc dch v
khc. iu ny c ngha rng mi dch v c th chu trch nhim vi mi min qun
l ca n v cc min ny thng c gii hn phm vi cc chc nng kinh doanh
no (hoc mt nhm cc chc nng lin quan)
Kt qu ca phng php thit k ny trong vic to cc n v c lp vic v
chc nng kinh doanh lin kt vi nhau theo mt framework chun. Do s c lp v
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dch v trong framework, cc chng trnh khng cn thit tun theo bt k mt nn
tng hoc cng ngh no.
UDDI

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Cc dch
v Web
Thut ng Web 2.0 dng ch th h th hai ca Web c cng nhn bi

cng ng Web v cc dch v nh mng x hi, wikis, v folksonomies - cc dch v
ny nhm mc ch to iu kin cho sng to, cng tc v chia s gia ngi s dng.
Thut ng Web 2.0 c bit n mt cch rng ri sau hi ngh v Web 2.0 ca
O'Reilly Media din ra ln u trong nm 2004. Mc d thut ng ny a ra mt
phin bn mi ca World Wide Web, nhng n khng cp nht bt k thng s k
thut no m ch thay i phng thc s dng web ca cc nh pht trin phn mm
v ngi dng. Theo Tim O'Reilly:
Web 2.0 l cuc cch mng kinh doanh trong lnh vc cng nghip my tnh bi n
ang tin n s dng Internet nh mt nn tng, v c gng hiu cc quy tc ca n
trn nn tng mi ny
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tng Web 2.0 lin quan n qu trnh chuyn mt vi website c thng tin
bit lp n cc nn tng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau v n hot ng nh l phn
mm cc b trong nhn thc ca ngi dng. Web 2.0 bao gm cc yu t x hi m
ngi s dng c th t to v phn tn ni dung, ty chia s v s dng li thng
tin.
Sau ny, Web 2.0 khng c nh ngha nh mt cu trc tnh. Web 2.0 ni
chung c th c m t nh mt tp hp chung ca cc kiu thit k v kin trc, n
c th thc thi trong nhiu ng cnh. Nhng kiu mu ny to ra nhiu ch cho cc
nh thit k phn mm khai thc tr tu tp th. Hu ht cc kiu cu trc Web 2.0 da
vo kin trc hng dch v hot ng.
Website Web 2.0 cho php ngi dng lm c nhiu hn l ch nhn thng
tin. Nhng website ny c th gip tnh ton mng nh nn tng cho php ngi
dng chy cc ng dng phn mm trn trnh duyt. Ngi dng c th s hu d liu
trn Web 2.0 v kim sot d liu . Nhng site ny c th c cu trc tham gia nn
khuyn khch ngi dng cng thm gi tr cho cc ng dng khi s dng. Quan im
ny tri ngc vi iu khin truy cp phn cp trong cc ng dng, trong , cc h
thng phn loi ngi dng mc khc nhau v chc nng. Nt c trng ca cc
site Web 2.0 l giao din phong ph v thn thin vi ngi dng da trn Ajax, Flex.
Cc cng ngh nh weblogs (blogs), social bookmarking, wikis, podcasts, RSS feeds,
social software, web APIs v cc dch v web online nh l eBay c nng cp so
vi cc website ch c.
Khi thit k cc ng dng Web 2.0 da vo cc kiu trn, cc kin trc thng
c yu cu c bit v chuyn dch d liu. i vi mc ch thng mi, n yu cu
c bit v kh nng nng cp, s mm do v kh nng truyn cc dch v ny n
nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau. Cc kin trc thng cn phi m rng kh nng trao
i d liu qua cc kiu yu cu p ng n gin v chp nhn nhiu kiu trao i
bn tin khc khi c kch hot bi cc s kin
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1.2.2. Dch v Web da trn XML
Loi hnh dch v thnh cng v c chp nhn rng ri nht l dch v Web da trn
XML. Loi dch v ny c 2 yu cu c bn:
- N giao tip thng qua giao thc Internet (thng thng l HTTP)
- N gi v nhn d liu c nh dng vn bn XML
S chp nhn rng ri ca m hnh dch v Web lm ni bt nn ngha v tp hp cc
cng ngh cung cp tr thnh cc chun c chp nhn trn thc t. Do vy, mt
dch v Web chun c mong i :
- Cung cp s m t dch v t nht l bao gm mt vn bn WSDL
- C kh nng truyn cc vn bn XML s dng SOAP qua HTTP
Hn na, thng thng, cc dch v web:
- Hot ng nh ngi yu cu dch v v ngi cung cp dch v
- ng k vi i l tm kim
Trong hot ng thng thng vi dch v web, mt client khi to yu cu l
Web service. Nh trn hnh 1.3 th hin, bt k mt giao din no c ch ra bi
client service ny cng c bit l mt dch v m mt dch v khc c th yu cu
thng tin t n. Do vy, dch v web khng ph hp vi m hnh client-server. Thay
vo , chng thit lp h thng peer-to-peer trong mi dch v c th ng vai tr
l client hoc server.
1.2.3. Kin trc hng dch v (SOA)
Nh cp trn, c qu nhiu rc ri a ng dng vo mt vi dch v
web. S kt hp b gii hn ny l vic b xung mt kin trc ng dng hin ti vo
mt phn dch v da trn chc nng m n p ng mt yu cu c th ch cha phi
l mt kin trc hng dch v.
C mt s khc bit gia:
- ng dng s dng dch v web
- ng dng da trn kin trc hng dch v
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er
L serv
L
cl i
en
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Gi yu cu
Dch v A Dch v B
Gi yu cu
se L
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cl i
en
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SOA l mt m hnh thit k i su vo vic a nguyn l ng dng vo trong

cc dch v m n tng tc thng qua giao thc giao tip chung. N a ra mt lp
nguyn l mi trong nn tng tnh ton phn tn. Lp tch hp dch v s thit lp mt
im tch hp chung trong cc tng ng dng v gia cc ranh gii gia cc ng dng.
SOA da trn dch v web XML xy dng trn cc lp cng ngh XML tp trung vo
cc ng dng tn ti nh cc dch v c kt hp lng lo vi nhau. h tr m
hnh ny, SOA khuyn khch s dng c ch tm kim dch v thng qua thnh phn
trung gian hoc i l tm kim.
Hnh 1.4 ch ra cch SOA chn la cc kin trc a tng hin ti bng cch ch ra lp
nguyn l thit lp mt im kt hp chung qua vic s dng giao din chng trnh
chun c cung cp bi dch v web
Lp kt hp dch v ny hnh thnh ln nn tng ca kiu m hnh mi m n
c th c m rng ra khi phm vi ca mi ng dng n thng nht cc nn tng
khc nhau trong mi trng tng thch m. Khi cc dch v Web c s dng
tch hp gia cc ng dng, t chng s thit lp tr thnh mt phn ca h tng doanh
nghip.
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Do s dng nhiu dch v nn yu cu bo mt v kh nng nng cp tng. Cc mi
trng hng dch v c thit k c gng gii quyt cc vn ny bng h tng
thch hp hn l a ra cc gii php i vi mt ng dng c th.
Thng mi
Trnh din
Tch hp
D liu
Thng mi
Trnh din
1.2.4. Cc vai tr ca dch v Web

Cc dch v c th c cc vai tr khc nhau khi tham gia vo qu trnh tng tc
khc nhau. Ph thuc vo ng cnh m n c xem xt, cng nh trng thi lm vic
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hin ti, mt dch v web c th thay i vai tr hoc c gn nhiu vai tr ti cng
mt thi im
ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Tch hp
Trnh din
Trnh din
Thng mi
Trnh din

1.3. Giao thc SOAP
1.3.1. Khi nim chung
So vi nhng ngy u mi ra i, SOAP c nng cp tr thnh giao thc
v nh dng bn tin c h tr rng ri nht s dng cc dch v Web. Do ,
SOAP thng c thay cho giao thc kin trc hng dch v (hoc giao thc ng
19
dng) thay v giao thc truy nhp i tng n gin. SOAP thit lp mt nh dng
bn tin chun bao gm mt ti liu XML c th t chc d liu dng ti liu v dng
RPC. Do , n lm cho cc m hnh trao i d liu ng b (yu cu v p ng)
cng nh khng ng b (theo qu trnh) tr nn d dng.
ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Cc bn tin SOAP
Trnh din
Trnh din
1.3.2. Framework trao i bn tin trong SOAP

SOAP xy dng mt phng php trao i da vo m hnh x l lin quan n
framework cc dch v web nu trn. Tuy nhin, n khc ch n a ra cc
thut ng v cc khi nim lin quan n cch cc bn tin SOAP c x l.
a) Cc nt SOAP
Cc nt ny th hin nguyn l qu trnh chu trch nhim truyn, nhn v thc
hin cc cng vic khc nhau trong cc bn tin SOAP. Mt nt SOAP c th c gi
l mt SOAP server hoc SOAP listener cng nh SOAP router. Tt c cc loi ny
c gi chung l nt SOAP.
b) Cc loi nt SOAP
Ging nh cc dch v Web, cc nt SOAP c th tn ti nh nt gi, nt nhn
v cc nt trung gian. Trong khi cc dch v Web c chia ra thnh cc nh cung cp
v cc bn yu cu th cc nt SOAP cng thc hin cc cng vic tng ng (gi
v nhn) v c gi l nt SOAP gi v nt SOAP nhn.
20
Cng mt nt SOAP c th hot ng vi cc vai tr khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr ca
n trong ng truyn bn tin v trng thi hot ng hin ti ca doanh nghip. V d,
mt nt SOAP truyn mt bn tin (ng vai tr l mt nt gi khi to), sau n c
th nhn bn tin p ng nn c xem l nt nhn sau cng.
c) Cc chc nng ca nt SOAP
Cc chc nng ca mt nt SOAP c gn vi loi nt m n thc hin chc
nng nhn. Ni cch khc, l cc nt nhn trung gian v nt nhn sau cng.
1.4. UDDI
1.4.1. Khi nim chung v UDDI
Mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca kin trc SOA l c ch tm kim
cc m t dch v Web. thit lp c thnh phn ny cn c mt th mc trung
tm dnh cho cc m t dch v. Th mc ny c th tr thnh phn khng th thiu
ca mt t chc hoc cng ng Internet nn n c coi l s m rng h tng c s.
Do , UDDI ngy cng tr nn quan trng.
1.4.2. M t UDDI
Thnh phn cha kha ca UDDI l s chun ha ca cc bn ghi profile c
lu trong th mc nu trn v c gi l thnh phn ng k. Mt thnh phn ng k
cng cng l mt th mc ton cu ca cc m t dch v trn ton th gii. Thnh
phn ny c kim sot bi cc cng ty ln trn nhiu server UDDI. Cc bn tin
UDDI t ng c sao chp gia cc kho lu tr. Mt s cng ty khc cng c th
ng vai tr nh cc thnh phn ng k UDDI cho php cc cng ty khc c th thm
v sa cc thng tin m t dch v ca h.
Thnh phn ng k c nhn l kho cha cc m t dch v c kim sot
trong ni b mt t chc. Vic cp php truy nhp vo th mc ny c th bao gm c
vic la chn cc thnh phn truy nhp t bn ngoi. Thnh phn ng k c gii
hn cho nhng ngi dng ni b ch c th c xem l thnh phn ng k ni b.
21
ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Tch hp
Trnh din
Trnh din
B ng k
UDDI
Mt dch v
Qu trnh tm kim c th xy ra theo nhiu trng hp khc nhau ty thuc vo

l do thng tin dch v c yu cu. V d:
- Mt cng ty ang tm kim thit lp mi quan h mi i vi cc phin giao
dch online th c th tm v so snh cc thnh vin ph hp s dng thnh phn
ng k cng cng.
- Khi xy dng mt knh tch hp gia cc hot ng kinh doanh, mt kin trc
ang c s dng cho mt thnh vin ca t chc cn phi bit n im lin
lc ra bn ngoi ca t chc. Cc giao din v nguyn l chng th hin s hnh
thnh ln nn tng cho cc dch v web c thit k bi thnh vin. Khi truy
22
nhp vo thnh phn ng k c nhn ca t chc, n cho php kin trc tp
hp cc thng tin ny.
- Cc nh thit k mt ng dng c th tm ra kh nng s dng li khi c cc
m t dch v hin ti ca h thng. Cc m t dch v trung tm trong mt
thnh phn ng k ni b cung cp kho ti nguyn m t u cui cng
cng.
- Mt nh pht trin dch v mi cn truy nhp cc nh ngha giao din cho cc
dch v hin ti. Thnh phn ng k ni b gip h khng phi lo lng rng cc
giao din dch v c kt hp cht ch c tn ti hay khng.
Cc thnh phn ng k UDDI t chc cc u vo theo 6 loi d liu c bn:
- thc th thng mi
- cc dch v thng mi
- cc con tr c tnh
- loi dch v
- cc loi dch v
- cc thu bao
23
Chng 2: TNG QUAN V EPC
Li gii thiu
Mc tiu hng ti ca cc h thng thng tin hin ti l cung cp a dng cc
dch v qua mt mng di ng bng rng cng vi s hi t gia Internet v di ng.
Nhn thy cc kin trc mng hin ti cn nhiu hn ch nn khng th h tr cho
nhng yu cu trn, t chc 3GPP a ra mt kin trc mng hon ton mi, l
EPS. S thay i c bn ca EPS so vi cc mng hin ti l mng li vi kin trc
phng. Thng tin trong mng hon ton ch di dng cc gi IP nn kin trc
mng tr nn n gin hn, d qun l v nng cp. Chng ny s cp n cc
vn chung v EPS, sau i su v kin trc mng li EPC: cc thnh phn chnh
v chc nng ca chng, cc giao thc c bn c s dng cng nh cc giao din
gia cc thnh phn trong EPC v vi cc thnh phn ca mng truy nhp khc kt
ni vi EPC.
2.1. Khi qut chung v EPS

2.1.1. Tin trnh ra i ca EPS
Trong nhiu nm qua ra i nhiu chun v tuyn khc nhau m ni bt nht
l cc chun GSM, CDMA v WCDMA/HSPA. Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA v CDMA cng gn vi cc mng li khc nhau. Ban u,
GSM c pht trin trong vin cc chun vin thng chu u ETSI v c mng truy
nhp v tuyn v mng li nhm cung cp dch v thoi chuyn mch knh. Cc thnh
phn chnh ca mng li cho GSM bao gm trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC v
b ng k v tr thng tr HLR. Sau , do nhu cu h tr lu lng IP trong cng
nghip di ng, h thng cc dch v v tuyn dng gi GPRS c to ra b sung cho
h thng GSM hin hnh. Theo , hai thc th mng mi cng c thm vo cho
mng li bao gm nt h tr dch v GPRS v nt h tr Gateway GPRS. Vi s pht
trin ca GPRS, khi nim mng li chuyn mch gi tr nn thng dng trong cc
ti liu lin quan. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn t mng truy nhp v tuyn EDGE
(GERAN) sang mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UTRAN, 3GPP x l vic chun
24
ha cc cng ngh mng li v mng v tuyn cho UTRAN v UTRAN/WCDMA. Sau
, 3GPP tip tc a ra mt nn tng chung cung cp a dch v cho cc mng li gi
l h thng con a phng tin IP (IMS). Cc dch v trn nn IMS l a dng do IMS
da trn cc giao thc mm do nh SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). Thm vo ,
chun IMS cn h tr VoIP v cho php tng tc vi mng PSTN qua cc gateway
media v gateway bo hiu. Mc d IMS c xem nh s nng cp c ngha trong
vic tch hp cc dch v nhng cc nh vn hnh mng li khng thc thi n rng ri
v s dng n nh mt nn tng chung cho tt c cc dch v bao gm cc dch v
thoi, dch v thi gian thc v dch v khng phi thi gian thc do n khng h tr
s di ng lin tc ca cc dch v thoi gia cc mng trn nn CS v IMS.
1991 2000 2004 2008
Mng IP PSTN Mng IP
PSTN PSTN Mng IP PSTN IMS IMS
Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn

mch knh mch knh mch gi mch knh mch gi Chuyn mch gi
Mng truy
Mng truy nhp Mng truy nhp Mng truy nhp
nhp
Cch mng Cch mng

2G GSM EPS (LTE/EPC)
2G/GPRS/EDGE 3G/IMS
EPS l s nng cp mi nht ca chun UMTS c v mt giao din v tuyn v
mng li th hin vic s dng bng thng hiu qu gp i so vi HSDPA/HSUPA
v mt kin trc n gin v hp nht khi ton b thng tin trong mng u c coi
nh d liu dng gi.
Trong nhng ngy u ca EPC, c hai kiu kin trc mng li c thit k
vi cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau. Vi cuc cch mng cho thng tin di ng
bng rng, mng li tn dng c cc cng ngh IP tit kim chi ph cho ngi
s dng v cho cc nh vn hnh. ng thi, mng li mi cng h tr cc mng truy
nhp m bo cc ci t cho mng hin hnh vn c th kt ni vi EPC. Cng ti
25
thi im , nhiu nh vn hnh trong 3GPP2 cng bt u quan tm n cuc cch
mng trong mng li din ra trong 3GPP. H cng mong mun tham gia vo h thng
LTE v pht trin mng li chuyn mch gi chung ca SAE. iu c ngha l mc
tiu ca SAE l ci thin v xy dng cu ni gia hai loi mng li ang tn ti.
2.1.2. Nhng thay i ca EPS so vi cc kin trc hin ti
EPS ra i p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng v cc nh vn hnh. i
vi ngi dng, nu h mun s dng dch v di ng bng rng, h cn la chn mt
nh vn hnh h tr dch v v mua thit b h tr bng thng cao nht c cung cp
bi E-UTRAN s dng EPS. i vi nh vn hnh, cung cp dch v di ng bng
rng ch truyn d liu, kin trc phi c nng cp ln EPS v n cung cp cc thnh
phn cho php cc mng truy nhp 2G/3G s dng EPC. Vi cc dch v thoi, s kt
hp IMS v EPS s cung cp mt mng ton IP m bo s truy nhp ca ngi
dng i vi dch v.
C mt s min trong EPS, mi min bao gm cc nt logic c th tng tc
vi nhau cung cp mt tp cc chc nng trong mng. Mt mng thc thi chun
3GPP c th hin trong hnh 2.2.
GSM/GPRS Cc mng
chuyn mch
knh
Mng li
WCDMA/HSPA Min chuyn mch knh
Min qun l ngi

LTE dng
Min IMS
Min chuyn mch gi

Cc mng
khng thuc 3GPP
Cc mng IP
Min kin trc ny bao gm cc min mng truy nhp khc nhau bao gm
GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA, LTE cng nh cc mng truy nhp khng do 3GPP a
ra v cc min mng li. LTE l cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn di ng bng thng
26
rng mi nht. Cc min mng li bao gm min chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi
v IMS. Cc min ny tng tc vi nhau qua mt s giao din c nh ngha trc.
Min qun l ngi dng cung cp cc thng tin v thu bao v h tr roaming, di
ng trong v gia cc min khc nhau. iu c bit cn ch y l kin trc EPC
chnh l cuc cch mng ca min li chuyn mch gi v min qun l ngi dng
Nh vy, EPS hng n mt kin trc phng, cung cp mt framework cho cc
dch v thi gian thc v khng thi gian thc vi thng tin trong mng u di dng
gi d liu. E-UTRAN l mng truy nhp vi tc d liu cao, tr nh v cng ngh
truy nhp v tuyn c ti u ha. N c th hin giao din v tuyn mi, cc
giao thc mi v kin trc mng truy nhp mi.
2.2. Nhng yu cu chung ca EPS
Nh trn cp, EPS l mt mng ton IP v l mt h thng chuyn mch
gi c ti u vi mc ch l nng cp cng ngh chuyn mch gi p ng c
s tng t bin ca lu lng IP. N h tr cc dch v ch yu nh thoi, video, tin
nhn, trao i file d liu. ng thi, n phi m bo c cc yu cu c bn sau:
- C kh nng h tr nhiu h thng truy nhp khc nhau nhm cung cp mi
trng h thng a truy nhp cho ngi dng
- Cung cp chc nng di ng trong mt mng truy nhp hoc gia cc mng
truy nhp khc nhau. Chc nng ny c ti u ha tc l n h tr phn bo
hiu nh nht, thi gian ngng chuyn giao nh nht, th tc chuyn giao bo
mt v vt ro cc b.
- Cung cp kh nng tng tc vi vi cc mng qung b trn nn IP
- Nng cp hot ng ca mng: tr thp, thi gian thit lp kt ni ngn v cht
lng truyn tin cao.
- H tr nhiu m hnh lu lng nh u cui u cui, u cui n cc nt
khc trong mng.
- Cung cp kh nng h tr cho cc thu bao roaming trong v ngoi mng EPS
v vi cc mng thng tin truyn thng khc.
- C kh nng h tr v tng tc vi cc dch v chuyn mch gi v chuyn
mch knh trong cc mng trc .
27
- H tr s lin tc v dch v gia cc h thng truy nhp 3GPP v vi cc mng
khng thuc 3GPP m khng ph thuc vo UE c h tr truyn thng tin v
tuyn mt cch ng thi hay khng cng nh s lin tc v dch v i vi
mng hn hp gia di ng v c nh
- Cho php s dng hiu qu cc ti nguyn h thng, c bit l cc ti nguyn
v tuyn bng cch ti u truyn dn v bo hiu.
2.3. Kin trc ca EPC
2.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca EPC
EPC thc hin chc nng ca mt mng li n gin ton IP khng nhng nhm
h tr tt c cc dch v chuyn mch gi, nhng dch v da trn nn IMS m cn c
kh nng tng tc vi mng PSTN truyn thng, m bo s lin tc ca dch v gia
h thng c v mi. thc hin cc chc nng yu cu, EPC bao gm cc thnh phn
chc nng chnh sau:
- Thc th qun l di ng MME
- Cc Gateway: Gateway phc v SGW v Gateway mng chuyn mch gi d
liu PGW
- Thnh phn chc nng tnh cc v chnh sch PCRF
- Server lu d liu v cc thu bao HSS
Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh c nu trn, khi thc hin giao tip vi cc mng
truy nhp khc, EPC cn c thm cc thnh phn khc nh 3GPP AAA Server cho cc
mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP, ePGW cho cc mng truy nhp khng tin cy v
Access GW cho cc mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP.
2.3.1.1. MME (Thc th qun l di ng)
MME l nt chnh iu khin mng truy nhp LTE. N thc hin la chn
SGW cho mt UE trong sut qu trnh khi to kt ni cng nh trong qu trnh
chuyn giao gia cc mng LTE nu cn. N chu trch nhim thc hin cc th tc
thng bo v chuyn giao i vi cc UE trong ch ri v cc th tc kch hot cng
nh ngng kch hot cc bearer vi t cch i din cho UE. MME cn tng tc vi
28
HSS thc hin nhn thc ngi dng. MME cng m bo UE c cp php s
dng mt PLMN ca nh vn hnh v thc thi cc hn ch roaming m UE c th c.
ng thi, MME cng cung cp cc chc nng iu khin di ng gia LTE v cc
mng truy nhp 2G/3G.
Trong qu trnh chuyn giao, nu MME thay i th n s thc hin chc nng
la chn MME khc da vo m hnh ca mng. Nu mt s MME phc v cng mt
vng no th th tc la chn s da trn mt s tiu chun khc nh la chn mt
MME sao cho gim kh nng phi thay i n v sau hoc da vo nhu cu cn bng
ti trong mng.
Ngoi ra, MME cn thc hin bo hiu NAS. ng thi, MME cng hot ng
nh im u cui trong mng vi mc ch bo mt cho bo hiu NAS, x l mt m
v qun l cc kha bo mt.
2.3.1.2. Cc Gateway trong EPC
EPC c hai Gateway c th c thc thi ti cng mt nt hoc ti cc nt vt l ring
bit bao gm:
- SGW: l gateway kt thc giao din ti E-UTRAN v ng vi mi UE c kt
ni vi EPS, ti mt thi im ch c mt SGW
- PGW: l gateway kt thc giao din ti PDN. Nu mt UE ang truy nhp nhiu
PDN th c th c nhiu P-GW cho UE ny
a) SGW
SGW thc hin mt vi chc nng i vi cc kin trc mng da trn giao thc
GTP v PMIP. SGW c giao din vi mng E-UTRAN. Mi UE khi kt ni n EPS
u c gn vi mt SGW. i vi cng mt MME, SGW s c la chn cho UE
da vo topo ca mng v v tr ca UE theo mt s tiu chun nh chn SGW sao cho
gim kh nng phi thay i SGW v sau v yu cu cn bng ti gia cc SGW.
Mi khi mt UE c gn vi SGW, n s x l chuyn tip cc gi d liu ca
ngi dng v cng hot ng nh mt im anchor cc b khi c yu cu cho
29
chuyn giao gia cc eNodeB. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao t LTE n cc mng
truy nhp khc thuc 3GPP, SGW s cung cp mt kt ni chuyn lu lng ngi
dng t cc h thng mng 2G/3G v PGW.
Khi mt UE trong ch IDLE, SGW s kt thc ng xung i vi d
liu. Nu cc gi mi n, SGW kch hot th tc thng bo n UE. Khi , SGW
qun l v lu tr thng tin lin quan n UE nh cc thng s ca mt bearer hoc
thng tin nh tuyn trong mng.
Cn lu rng SGW v MME c th c thc hin trn cng mt hoc mt vi nt
vt l.
b) PGW
PGW cung cp cc kt ni cho UE n cc PDN bn ngoi vi chc nng nh
im vo v ra i vi lu lng d liu UE. Mt UE c th c kt ni ti mt hoc
nhiu PGW nu n cn phi truy nhp n mt hoc nhiu PDN. PGW cng cp pht
a ch IP cho UE. Cc chc nng ny ca PGW c p dng cho kin trc EPC khi
s dng giao thc GTP v PMIP.
Vi vai tr l mt GW, PGW c th thc hin kim tra cc gi DPI, lc gi i
vi lu lng ca tng u cui. ng thi, n cng thc hin iu khin m cng
mc dch v v thc thi cc chnh sch v tc v sp xp cc gi. i vi cc yu
cu v QoS, PGW cng nh du cc gi ng ln v xung bng im m phn bit
dch v DCP.
Ngoi ra, PGW cng hot ng nh mt im anchor qun l di ng gia
cc mng truy nhp thuc 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP nh WiMAX v
CDMA/HRPD.
2.3.1.3. PCRF
PCRF l thnh phn iu khin tnh cc v chnh sch ca kin trc SAE, bao
gm cc quyt nh iu khin chnh sch v cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc da
vo lung d liu. iu c ngha l n cung cp cc iu khin da trn mng lin
30
quan n pht hin lung d liu dch v SDF, m cng, QoS v tnh cc theo lung
n chc nng thc thi tnh cc v chnh sch PCEF. Tuy nhin, PCRF khng chu
trch nhim v qun l tn dng.
PCRF nhn cc thng tin v dch v t chc nng ng dng AF v quyt nh
phng php m PCEF x l i vi lung d liu ca mt dch v xc nh. PCRF
cng m bo nh x lu lng min ngi dng v phng php x l tng ng vi
profile ca thu bao.
Cc chc nng ca PCRF s c cp r hn trong chng 4 di y.
2.3.1.4. HSS
HSS l c s d liu chnh ca EPC lu cc thng tin v thu bao. HSS c th c
xem l s kt hp ca HLR v AuC. y l hai chc nng c trong cc mng 2G/GSM
v 3G/UMTS. Phn HLR ca HSS chu trch nhim lu v cp nht khi cn c s d
liu bao gm tt c cc thng tin v thu bao gm:
- a ch v nhn dng ngi dng tng ng l IMSI v MSISDN hoc s in
thoi di ng.
- Thng tin profile ca ngi dng bao gm trng thi thu bao dch v v thng
tin v QoS cho thu bao (nh thng tin v tc bit cho php hoc lp lu
lng c cho php)
Phn AuC ca HSS chu trch nhim to ra cc thng tin bo mt t cc kha nhn
dng ngi dng. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp n HLR v cc thc th khc
trong mng. Thng tin bo mt ch yu c s dng cho:
- Nhn thc chung cho mng v ngi dng
- Bo v s tch hp v mt m ca ng truyn v tuyn m bo cc d
liu v thng tin bo hiu c truyn gia mng v u cui khng b thay i
hoc mt
Ngoi cc thc th nu trn, EPC cn c cc thc th khc h tr cho s tng tc
vi cc mng truy nhp khc thuc 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP nh 3GPP AAA
31
Server, Access GW, ePDG v ANSDF. Cc thc th ny s c cp n trong cc
phn sau ca chng ny.
2.3.2. M hnh kin trc ca EPC
2.4.1.1. M hnh kin trc khng roaming
1) Kin trc c bn ca EPC vi mng truy nhp LTE
Trong kin trc ny, tt c cc eNodeB c kt ni n t nht mt MME qua
giao din logic S1-MME. MME s x l tt c cc bo hiu iu khin lin quan n
LTE bao gm cc chc nng bo mt v di ng cho cc thit b kt ni qua LTE
RAN. MME cng qun l tt c cc u cui trong ch IDLE.
MME c kt ni vi HSS qua S6a ly cc thng tin lin quan n ngi
dng ang thc hin truy nhp qua LTE. Cc thng tin ny c s dng nhn thc
v cp php truy nhp v HSS cng h tr qun l di ng trong LTE cng nh gia
LTE v cc mng truy nhp khc. Phn d liu ngi dng trong cc gi IP c x l
bi SGW v PGW. SGW c giao din S1-U vi eNodeB v thit lp im anchor h
tr di ng trong LTE cng nh gia GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA v LTE. SGW lu
cc gi IP ng xung vo b m v h tr QoS mc chuyn vn
PGW l im lin kt ra mng ngoi qua giao din SGi. N bao gm cc chc
nng cp pht a ch IP, tnh cc, lc gi v iu khin da trn cc chnh sch i
vi cc lung d liu ngi dng. PGW cng l nt h tr QoS cho cc dch v dnh
cho ngi dng.
SGW v PGW c kt ni vi nhau qua giao din S5 nu ngi dng khng
roaming hoc S8 nu ngi dng roaming. Cc giao din ny c th hot ng da trn
giao thc GTP hoc PMIPv6. Ty thuc giao thc s dng m c s phn chia chc
nng gia hai thc th ny. C ba trng hp xy ra nh sau:
- Khi mt ngi dng mun kt ni vi hn mt mng d liu ngoi ti cng mt
thi im v tt c cc mng khng c phc v bi cng mt PGW. Khi
32
, tt c d liu ngi dng lin quan s lun i qua cng mt SGW nhng i
qua hn mt PGW.
- Khi nh vn hnh thit lp cc PGW v tr trung tm trong khi SGW li phn
tn gn cc eNodeB hn.
- Khi mt ngi dng di chuyn gia hai eNodeB khng thuc cng mt vng
dch v, cn phi thay i SGW trong khi gi nguyn PGW khng lm gin
on kt ni.
Mng IP khc
SGi
PGW
S6a
HSS MME S5/S8
S11
SGW
S1-MME
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
Bo hiu iu khin gia MME v SGW c trao i thng qua giao din S11.
Giao din ny c s dng thit lp kt ni IP cho ngi dng LTE qua cc
Gateway kt ni v eNodeB, ng thi h tr s di ng khi ngi dng di chuyn
gia cc eNodeB.
33
2) Thm cc chc nng h tr truy nhp LTE
h tr truy nhp LTE, EPC thm vo kin trc 3 nt logic v cc giao din
lin quan bao gm PCRF, OCS v OFCS.
Rx
Mng IP khc
SGi
OFCS
Gz Gx
PGW PCRF S9
S10
S6a S5/S8
HSS MME
Gy S11
SGW Gxc
S1-MME
OCS
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
PCRF cu to mt phn quan trng ca khi nim trong kin trc EPC c gi l
PCC. Khi nim ny c thit k tnh cc da vo lung d liu dch v bao gm
kim sot tn dng online, iu khin chnh sch bao gm h tr cp php dch v v
qun l QoS. Chnh sch y l mt quy tc cho phng php x l mt lung IP
trong mng v d nh d liu s c tnh cc hoc QoS dnh cho dch v ny nh
th no. C hai chc nng iu khin chnh sch v tnh cc u da vo vic tt c
cc lung IP c phn loi trong PGW/SGW s dng cc b lc gi duy nht hot
ng trong thi gian thc trn cc lung IP. PCRF bao gm quyt nh iu khin
chnh sch v cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc theo lung d liu. Trn giao din
34
Rx ca n, cc server ngoi c th gi cc thng tin dch v bao gm cc yu cu v ti
nguyn v cc thng s lin quan n lung IP n PCRF. PCRF c giao din Gx vi
PGW v trong trng hp S5 da trn PMIPv6 th PCRF giao din vi SGW qua Gxc.
OFCS v OCS giao tip vi PGW qua giao din Gz v Gy v h tr cc chc nng lin
quan n tnh cc ca ngi dng da vo cc thng s nh thi gian, dung lng, s
kin
Cc MME c kt ni vi nhau qua giao din S10 v c s dng khi MME ang
phc v mt ngi dng phi c thay i do bo dng, do nt b li
3) Tng tc gia LTE vi GSM/GPRS v WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS
Hnh 2.5 th hin gii php m 3GPP a ra c th tng tc gia LTE v
GSM/GPRS/WCDMA/HSPA. Trong , SGSN thc hin thm 4 giao din mi trong
3 giao din S3, S4 v S16 da trn giao thc GTP. Giao din th t S6d l giao din
gi ca S6a gia MME v HSS nhn cc thng tin thu bao lin quan n GSM v
WCDMA t HSS nhng cho SGSN. S6d s dng giao thc Diameter ca IETF. S3 ch
l giao din bo hiu. N c s dng gia SGSN v MME h tr di ng gia
cc h thng. S16 l giao din gia cc SGSN vi nhau trong khi S4 c ni SGSN
vi SGW. y ch quan tm n cc giao din lin quan n EPC bao gm S3, S4 v
S6d. Vic kt ni SGSN vi SGW to ra mt im anchor chung cho LTE,
GSM/GPRS v WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS trong SGW. Do SGW cho cc thu bao
roaming c t mng tm tr nn tt c cc lu lng ngi dng lin quan n
thu bao c a qua im anchor ny trong mng cho php nh vn hnh mng tm
tr iu khin v gim st lu lng theo mt cch thng. Mt kt ni trc tip gia
RNC trong WCDMA v SGW c to ra: giao din S12. Nu s dng giao din ny,
SGSN s ch x l bo hiu iu khin cho WCDMA m khng phi x l dung lng
ca ngi dng. u im ca vic s dng S3 v S4 y l cc tiu chun 3GPP cho
php ti u ti bo hiu cho tt c cc u cui trong ch IDLE. Khi nim ny gi
l ISR (IDLE Mode Signalling).
35
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
IMS
Mng IP khc Rx
SGi
OFCS SGSN
Gz Gx
S6d PGW PCRF S9
S3 S10
S4
S6a
HSS MME
S5/S8
Gy S11
Gxc
S1-MME SGW
OCS
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
4) Tng tc vi mng CDMA

Nguyn tc c bn cho php cc mng tng tc vi nhau l to ra mt c s d
liu v thu bao cho mc ch nhn thc v gi thng tin v mng m ngi dng
mun kt ni. y, HSS xem nh c s d liu chung v thu bao ca cc mng.
Vic nhn thc truy nhp thu bao kt ni vi eHRPD c thc hin bng chc nng
AAA nn eHRPD c kt ni vi AAA server ca EPC qua giao din STa.
AAA Server c th l mt phn mm trong HSS cng c th l mt thit b n v giao
tip vi HSS qua giao din SWx. PGW giao tip vi Server ny qua S6b PGW c
th nhn c cc d liu v thu bao. ng thi, n cng c s dng lu thng
tin lin quan n PGW m ngi dng ang kt ni n. Mc ch l khi ngi
36
dng di chuyn v kt ni qua LTE, MME c th la chn cng mt PGW nh c
s dng cho eHRPD. PGW cng hot ng nh mt im anchor chung cho ngi
dng kt ni qua eHRPD. D liu ngi dng gia HSGW v PGW c truyn qua
giao din S2a. EPC cng cho php PCRF p dng cc chnh sch trong mng eHRPD
qua giao din Gxa.
IMS
Mng IP khc SGi Rx

STa
OFCS AAA
S4
Gz Gx
S6b PGW S2a PCRF S9
S10
S6a
HSS MME
S5/S8
S101
Gy
Gxc
S1-MME S11 SGW
OCS
eNodeB
X2
S1-U S103
ePDG Gxa
LTE
eHRPD
Ngoi ra, cn c thm cc giao din s dng ti u chuyn giao v h tr cc dch

v thoi bao gm S101, S103 v S102.
5) Tng tc gia cc cng ngh 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP
37
Bn cnh c trng c lp vi cng ngh truy nhp v s dng chung i vi
vic x l dch v, kin trc EPC cn cho php tng tc gia cc cng ngh 3GPP
(GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS v LTE) v khng thuc 3GPP (CDMA,
WLAN v cc cng ngh truy nhp c nh).
IMS
Mng IP khc
OCS OFCS Rx
Gx PCRF S9
Gz Gxa
SGi
HSS
Gy S2b
PGW Gxb
S6b S2a
SWx
SWm
AAA ePDG
STa
S2c SWn
SWa
Mng khng tin cy Mng tin cy

khng thuc Khng thuc
3GPP 3GPP
SWu
UE
Ty thuc l kt ni n mng tin cy hay khng tin cy v c ch di ng

c s dng (da trn mng hay da trn client) m s tng tc c thc hin s
khc nhau. Cc giao din STa v Gxa c p dng cho mng truy nhp tin cy khng
38
thuc 3GPP iu khin chnh sch v d liu ngi dng. S2a c s dng kt
ni d liu khi p dng m hnh di ng da trn mng cho cc mng tin cy.
Vi cc mng khng tin cy, cc giao din tng ng bao gm S2b, Swa v
Gxb. Tuy nhin, do nh vn hnh khng tin vo cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP
khi u cui kt ni nn S2b v Gxb khng trc tip giao tip vi mng m thng qua
nt logic ePDG. ePDG thuc v nh vn hnh di ng. Cc ng hm c m ha
c thit lp gia u cui v ePDG m bo mi thit b c th giao tip mt cch
bo mt vi mng. N to ra mt kt ni logic Swu gia u cui v ePDG mang
cc thng tin bo hiu qun l cc ng hm v mang thng tin d liu. ePDG sau
kt ni vi PGW, d liu v thng tin bo hiu c trao i gia hai nt qua giao
din S2b. ePDG cng giao tip vi PCRF qua Gxb h tr cc c ch iu khin
chnh sch. Giao din gia ePDG v mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP khng tin cy
l SWn. Giao din ny mang cc thng tin bo hiu v d liu gia hai mng. Thng
tin bo hiu v lu lng SWu lun c nh tuyn qua SWn. Giao din SWm gia
ePDG v AAA Server l giao din ch s dng truyn bo hiu. Thng tin truyn l
cc thng s lin quan n AAA h tr thit lp v nhn thc cc ng hm IPSec
gia ePDG v u cui.
6) H tr cho dch v thoi
Trong EPC, cc dch v thoi c mc u tin cao. Do dch v thoi s dng
cng ngh chuyn mch knh nn cn c cc c ch c bit cho php ngi dng
s dng dch v thoi qua truy nhp LTE.
C hai phng php gii quyt vn ny:
- s dng dch v VoIP
- gn vi chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi
Nu theo phng php th hai th ngi dng tm thi ri LTE thc hin cuc gi
qua 2G/3G v sau khi cuc gi kt thc li tr v LTE. Tuy rng phng php ny
khng ti u nhng cng c th c s dng trong trng hp khng c h tng IMS.
39
Khi ngi dng ang thc hin cuc gi IMS/MMTel di chuyn, c kh nng
vng ph sng ca LTE b mt. 3GPP a ra cc c ch chuyn giao mt cuc
gi IMS/MMTel. Nu h thng mi c h tr IMS/MMTel th cuc gi s tip tc sau
khi chuyn giao. Nhng ngc li, cuc gi s c x l qua mt cuc gi chuyn
mch knh trong GSM, WCDMA hoc 1xRTT. c th chuyn giao hiu qu, th
tc ny lin quan n s ng k trc ca u cui trong min chuyn mch knh
trong h thng ch v bo hiu chuyn giao.
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
IMS
MSC-S
Mng IP khc
SGS
N
Sv SGi
SGs
S6d PGW
S3
S2a
S4
S6a
HSS MME S101
S5/S8
S102 CDMA
S11
S10
SGW S103
S1-MME
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
Nu mng khng h tr IMS hoc ngi dng LTE phi tm thi di LTE trong qu
trnh thc hin cuc gi, MME tng tc vi h tng chuyn mch gi thc hin nt
40
cuc gi khi cc dch v LTE b treo. Trong kin trc h tr dch v thoi c s xut
hin ca MSC Server ca GSM/WCDMA giao tip vi EPC.
Trong trng hp chuyn giao gi n GSM/WCDMA s c h tr bng
cch s dng bo hiu qua giao din S3 (hoc Gn) gia MME v SGSN. Giao din
tng ng cho CDMA l S101 v kt ni MME vi RNC c s dng cho eHRPD.
ti u hot ng chuyn giao, c th thc hin chuyn tip cc gi. iu c
ngha l bt k gi no dnh cho u cui u c th c gi tr v t PGW (n
SGSN, SGW, eHRPD, HSGW) c th c chuyn tip n nt tng ng trong h
thng ch. iu ny khng hon ton bt buc nhng c th ci thin cht lng tri
nghim ca ngi dng i vi qu trnh chuyn giao do v nguyn tc, trong qu trnh
chuyn giao khng c php xy ra mt d liu. S chuyn tip gi gia LTE v
GSM/WCDMA c h tr qua Gn/S4 gia SGSN v SGW, cn gia LTE v eHRPD
c h tr qua S103 gia SGW v HSGW.
Trong trng hp MMTel khng c h thng ch h tr, c nhiu chc nng
chuyn giao cuc gi IMS sang cuc gi chuyn mch knh. N c thc hin qua
cc th tc c thc thi qua giao din Sv gia MME v MSC Server (cho GSM v
WCDMA) hoc S102 gia MME v 1xRTT MSC. Th tc ny c gi l SRVCC
(Single-Radio Voice Call Continuity).
2.3.2.2. Kin trc roaming
Roaming l mt c trng quan trng ca cc mng di ng, cho php cc thu
bao ca mt mng no trong mt nc c th s dng dch v ca mt mng
khc ch khng phi mng thng tr. Mt thu bao roaming c kt ni vi E-
UTRAN, MME v SGW ca mng LTE tm tr. Tuy nhin, SAE li cho php PGW c
th trong mng thng tr hoc tm tr. S dng cc mng thng tr, PGW c th
cho php thu bao truy nhp vo cc dch v ca nh vn hnh mng thng tr thm
ch khi n ang cc mng tm tr.
1) Trng hp 1: Lu lng c nh tuyn qua mng thng tr
41
C th thc hin roaming trong trng hp ny bng cch kt ni SGW trong
mng PLMN tm tr vi PGW trong PLMN thng tr. Tt c cc lu lng ca
ngi dng u c nh tuyn qua mng thng tr. Giao din gia SGW v PGW
s l S8 da trn cc giao thc GTP hoc MIPv6 nh c trnh by trong cc phn
di y.
Trng hp ny cn c gi l vt ro t xa
PCRF Rx
HSS S7
PGW SGi IMS/PDN

hPLMN S6a
S8
vPLMN
MME
ME
-M
S1
S11 SGW
S1-U
cell
UE eNodeB EPC
E-UTRAN
2) Trng hp 2: Vt ro cc b
UE c th truy nhp trc tip t mng PLMN tm tr ch khng nh tuyn lu
lng qua mng thng tr. Khng c bt k gi d liu no c nh tuyn qua
mng thng tr. thc thi kin trc ny cn c s trao i thng tin lin quan n
chnh sch v tnh cc gia hai PCRF mng hPLMN v vPLMN
a) PCRF mng thng tr (hPCRF)
y l mt thnh phn bao gm cc chc nng quyt nh iu khin tnh cc
v chnh sch trong hPLMN v trong vPLMN. hPCRF s s dng im tham chiu S9
y quyn thng tin n PCEF qua vPCRF v cc th tc lin quan n Gx bao gm
ch dn ca cc bn tin thit lp, kt thc phin giao dch cng nh cc bn tin tnh
42
cc v chnh sch. Khi phin iu khin Gateway c u quyn cho hPCRF th
hPCRF s s dng im tham chiu S9 y quyn BBERF qua vPCRF nhng th tc
lin quan n Gxx bao gm ch dn ca cc bn tin kt thc v thit lp phin iu
khin cng v cc bn tin v quy tc QoS.
b) PCRF tm tr (vPCRF)
vPCRF l thnh phn thc hin cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc v chnh
sch trong vPLMN. vPCRF da vo thnh phn nhn dng thu bao quyt nh thu
bao c roaming hay khng. vPCRF cung cp cc chc nng thc hin cc chnh
sch v vic cp php QoS ca nh vn hnh mng theo yu cu ca nh vn hnh
mng thng tr nh trong cc tha thun v roaming. vPCRF s thng bo n
hPCRF khi mt yu cu b t chi, ng thi n c th cung cp cc thng tin QoS c
th chp nhn cho dch v .
hPCRF
HSS
S6a
hPLMN S9
vPLMN
MME vPCRF Rx
S7
ME
-M S11
S1
cell SGW S5 PGW SGi

IMS/PDN
S1-U
UE eNodeB
E-UTRAN EPC
Khi tng tc Gxx kt thc cc b ti vPCRF th n thit lp Gx lin kt

phin iu khin Gateway. Khi tng tc Gxx kt thc cc b ti vPCRF, cc quy tc
QoS c ly ra t cc quy tc PCC c cung cp bi hPCRF qua giao din S9.
43
vPCRF cung cp cc quy tc PCC cp nht cho PCEF v cc quy tc QoS cho
BBERF nu cn.
2.4. Cc giao thc c s dng trong EPC
2.4.1. Giao thc GTP
Ban u, GTP c s dng cho GSM m bo cc yu cu v qun l
bearer v qun l di ng cng nh to ng hm lu lng d liu ngi dng cho
GPRS. Sau , GTP cng c nng cp s dng cho mng 3G UMTS. Khi EPS ra
i, GTP li c nng cp ci thin mt s tnh nng c bit s dng cho EPS.
GTP c hai thnh phn chnh bao gm phn iu khin GTP-C v phn ngi dng
GTP-U. GTP-C c ba phin bn bao gm GTPv0, GTPv1 v GTPv2 c s dng
iu khin v qun l cc ng hm cho cc u cui ring bit kt ni vi mng
thit lp ng d liu ngi dng. GTP-U c hai phin bn bao gm GTPv0 v
GTPv1, s dng c ch to ng hm mang lu lng d liu ngi dng. Tuy
nhin, y ch cp n GTPv2-C v GTPv1-U dnh ring cho EPS.
Cc chc nng c bn ca GTP c s dng trong EPC bao gm:
- Chc nng qun l di ng: chc nng ny bao gm qun l nhn dng ca u
cui v duy tr s c mt/trng thi gia cc thnh phn mng, x l vic
chuyn tip d liu gia cc thc th trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao/nh v
li ca thit b di ng.
- Qun l ng hm: lin quan n vic to hoc hy b cc phin giao dch ca
ngi dng, thay i hoc hy b cc bearer c thit lp trong sut thi gian
ngi dng c kt ni hoc c kch hot lin quan n cc dch v ca
mng. Cc bn tin ny cng m bo cc yu cu v dch v khc nhau ca
ngi dng c duy tr trong mng khi ngi dng di chuyn trong hoc gia
cc PLMN.
- Cc chc nng c bit v dch v: GTPv2 cung cp cc bn tin cho chc nng
chuyn giao ti u vi 3GPP hoc khng thuc 3GPP.
44
- Chuyn tip cc thng tin v u cui: chc nng ny cng l mt phn trong
chc nng qun l di ng v ch h tr cho cc truy nhp mng
GERAN/UTRAN.
- Bo dng h thng: thc hin qun l ng truyn, x l li, phc hi d liu
v lu tr ti cc thc th ca mng.
Cc ng hm c s dng gia hai nt GTP tng ng trao i thng tin qua mt
giao din da trn giao thc ny phn tch lu lng thnh cc lung thng tin khc
nhau. Mt im cui ng hm cho mi nt c xc nh bi thnh phn nhn dng
im cui ng hm cc b (TEID), a ch IP v cng UDP. ng truyn GTP
c nhn dng ti mi nt vi mt a ch IP v cng UDP. Mt ng truyn c th
c s dng ghp nhiu ng hm nn c th c nhiu ng truyn gia hai
thc th h tr GTP.
a) Min iu khin (GTPv2-C)
Qua cc bn tin GTP, cc ng hm c to ra, s dng, qun l v gii
phng. Mi im cui ca mt ng hm c mt TEID ca min iu khin (TEID-
C). Ty thuc vo giao din v chc nng ca n m mc ch ca cc ng hm
GTP v TEID-C l khc nhau.
- TEID-C l duy nht i vi mi kt ni trn giao din S5 v S8. Cng mt
ng hm c th c chia s cho nhiu bn tin iu khin lin quan n tt c
cc bearer gn vi kt ni . Mt TEID-C trn giao din ny c gii phng
sau khi cc tt c cc bearer gn vi n b hy.
- Ch c mt cp TEID-C i vi mi UE trn mi giao din S3 v S10. Cng
mt ng hm c th c chia s cho cc bn tin iu khin lin quan n
cng mt hot ng ca UE. TEID-C ny s c gii phng sau khi tt c cc
thuc tnh ca UE gn km u b hy b hoc UE ngt kt ni.
- Ch c mt cp TEID-C i vi mi UE qua giao din S11 v S4. Cng mt
ng hm c th c chia s cho cc bn tin iu khin lin quan n cng
45
mt hot ng ca UE. TEID-C ny s c gii phng sau khi tt c cc bearer
gn km b hy b.
b) Min ngi dng (GTPv1-U)
Cc ng hm GTP-U c s dng mang d liu c ng gi v cc bn tin
bo hiu gia mt cp im cui ng hm GTP-U. TEID-U c lu trong GTP
header. Do , cc gi c ghp hoc tch bi GTP-U gia mt cp im cui ng
hm. Trong trng hp EPC, cc ng hm GTP-U c thit lp bng cch s dng
S1-MME hoc GTP-C.
2.4.2. Giao thc Mobile IP
Giao thc MIP c s dng khc phc nhc im ca giao thc IP khi u
cui di ng. N cho php UE thay i mng con ca n m vn s dng cng mt a
ch IP v duy tr cc phin giao dch ang din ra. a ch IP c gi l a ch
thng tr (HoA) v c ly t khng gian a ch ca mng thng tr. Khi ni n
MIP, khi nim mng thng tr khng ging khi nim mng thng tr trong trng
hp roaming. y, mng thng tr l mng cp pht a ch IP cho UE, lin quan
n topo mng v nh tuyn IP. UE di ng c gi l nt di ng MN. Khi UE kt
ni vi mng thng tr ca n, n c th s dng HoA nh bnh thng m khng
cn n cc dch v MIP. Tuy nhin, khi MN di chuyn sang mng khc tc l n c
kt ni ti mt mng ngoi lai th a ch HoA khng cn thuc topo mng mi ny. V
th, UE yu cu a ch IP cc b t mng ny c gi l CoA. Lc ny, cc gi c
a ch ch l CoA s c chuyn n MN cn cc gi c a ch HoA s c
chuyn v mng thng tr ca MN . gii quyt vn ny, cn c mt router
mng thng tr ca MN (c gi l HA). Trong EPS, chc nng HA c thc hin
PGW. Mi lin h gia hai loi a ch ny c gi l binding. Khi MN sang mng
ngoi lai, n s thng tin cho HA v CoA ca n. Sau , HA s chn cc gi c
nh tuyn n mng thng tr c a ch HoA v chuyn cc gi n mt ng
hm dn n v tr hin ti ca MN (CoA).
46
Trong EPS, MIP h tr kh nng di ng mc IP khi UE di chuyn t cc mng 3GPP
sang mng WLAN. MIP c nhiu phin bn p dng cho IPv4 v IPv6 hoc c hai.
MIP p dng cho IPv6 (MIPv6) s dng li nhiu khi nim c bn ca MIPv4 nhng
bn thn n vn l mt giao thc ring bit. MIPv6 ngn xp kp da trn MIPv6
nhng c s nng cp ph hp vi hot ng IPv4/IPv6 ngn xp kp. PMIPv6 l
phin bn da trn mng ca MIPv6.
* Hot ng ngn xp kp
MIPv6 c thit k cho IPv6 ch h tr lu lng IPv6 v cc mng s dng
IPv6. Do , mt nt ch h tr IPv6 ch s dng MIPv6 duy tr kt ni khi di
chuyn gia cc mng IPv6. MIPv4 cng tng t nh vy. Tuy nhin, khi UE c
h tr c IPv4 v IPv6 th n cn s dng MIPv4 cho ngn xp IPv4 v MIPv6 cho
ngn xp IPv6. Gii php ny c nhiu hn ch nh UE cn c h tr hai tp giao
thc qun l di ng khc nhau, do cn truyn hai tp bn tin bo hiu khc nhau
mi khi chuyn giao bo cho MIPv4 HA v MIPv6 HA v s di chuyn . ng
thi, cc mng truy nhp cng cn phi s dng hai giao thc h tr s di ng cho
c IPv4 v IPv6. Do , MIPv6 c nng cp ln thnh DSMIPv6 c th mang
cc a ch IPv4 CoA, IPv4 HoA ca MN v a ch IPv4 ca HA vo bn tin bo hiu
MIPv6. iu c ngha l UE cng c gn a ch IPv6 HoA.
2.4.3. Giao thc Proxy Mobile IPv6
PMIPv6 l giao thc qun l s di ng da trn mng m bo s lin tc
ca phin giao dch lp IP. N s dng li nhiu khi nim v nh dng gi c nh
ngha trong MIPv6. Nhng khc vi MIPv6, khi s dng PMIPv6, UE khng cn phi
c phn mm MIP v khng tham gia bo hiu di ng. Mt thc th di ng trong
mng hot ng nh mt proxy cho n thc hin bo hiu di ng. V vy m giao
thc ny c gi l PMIPv6.
PMIPv6 a ra hai thc th mng l Gateway truy nhp di ng MAG v Anchor di
ng cc b LMA. MAG hot ng nh mt client di ng i din cho UE. LMA l
47
im anchor di ng duy tr s lin h gia HoA v CoA hin ti ca UE. MAG c
t trong mng truy nhp, cn LMA t trong mng m HoA c ly ra. MAG phi
pht hin ra s di chuyn ca UE v khi to thng tin bo hiu ph hp. Chc nng
quan trng ca n l m phng mng thng tr ca UE n khng pht hin ra s
thay i lp 3 ngay c sau khi di chuyn sang mng khc. UE s c cp pht cng
a ch IP v cc thng s cu hnh khc nh trc khi n di chuyn. MAG ch cng
c cp nht cc thng s khc nh a ch lin kt cc b IPv6 m bo khi
chuyn giao, MAG s dng cng mt a ch lin kt cc b nh MAG ngun.
Do PMIPv6 l giao thc di ng da trn mng nn n c yu cu v bo mt
khc so vi MIP. PMIPv6 yu cu nhn thc v cp php i vi s truy nhp. V vy,
cn c mt kt ni tin cy gia UE v MAG trc khi MAG khi to bo hiu. Bn
thn cc bo hiu PMIPv6 gia MAG v LMA cng cn c bo v bng cch s
dng IPSec. EPS s dng framework NDS/IP thc hin iu .
S nng cp v ngn xp kp ca PMIPv6 s dng li nhiu c trng ngn xp
kp c nh ngha cho DSPMIPv6. Nhng khc vi DSPMIPv6, IPv6 HoA trong
PMIPv6 l khng bt buc. N cho php ch gn IPv4 HoA cho u cui.
2.4.4. Giao thc Diameter
Diameter l giao thc ban u c thit k cho mc ch nhn thc, cp php
v tnh cc nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca giao thc RADIUS. Diameter h
tr x l li hiu qu hn, truyn cc bn tin tin cy hn vi lng thng tin ln hn,
tng tnh bo mtDiameter h tr cc thc th trung gian nh proxy nhng n cng
k tha nhiu khi nim t RADIUS c th tng thch v d dng chuyn t
RADIUS sang Diameter
Giao thc Diameter c xy dng nh mt tiu chun c s cho cc ng dng
ca n. Cc ng dng ny c to ra trn giao thc c s Diameter h tr cc yu
cu c bit. Chng c th da trn cc ng dng hin ti c nh ngha trc.
48
Mt s ng dng c th c chun ha bi IETF cn mt s do 3GPP nh ngha nh
S6a, S6b, Swa, SWx.
Diameter nh ngha ba loi nt theo chc nng ca chng gm client, server v agent.
Client l thc th yu cu dch v t Diameter server v to ra bn tin yu cu khi to
mt phin giao dch Diameter vi server. Diameter agent c s dng h tr mt
h thng gm nhiu nh vn hnh (v d kin trc roaming). ng thi n thc hin
tng hp cc yu cu i vi mt loi dch v no , sau n kim tra cc yu cu
ny v quyt nh chnh xc ch gi cc yu cu ny. Ngoi ra, n cng thc hin cc
chc nng cng bng ti v x l cc bn tin c thm vo. C bn loi agent:
- Relay agent: c s dng chuyn tip mt bn tin n ch ty thuc vo
thng tin c trong bn tin.
- Proxy agent: ging vi relay agent nhng n c th x l thm cc bn tin
Diameter
- Redirect agent: cung cp chc nng nh tuyn. N gi bn tin tr li n nt
gi yu cu mang thng tin cho php nt gi li yu cu khng trc tip n
server.
- Translation agent: thc hin chuyn i gia Diameter v cc giao thc khc m
in hnh l chuyn i gia Diameter v RADIUS.
Diameter agent chuyn tip yu cu da vo ch v ng dng c dng. Do ,
n s dng mt ch khc da vo nhn dng ng dng. Nt Diameter duy tr mt danh
sch cc vng c h tr v cc im Diameter c bit trc cng nh cc nng
lc ca chng. Mt agent c th gii quyt vn v server v do vy n c th tp
hp cc yu cu t cc ngun khc nhau ti mt ch xc nh. iu ny cho php
agent hot ng nh mt thc th nh tuyn tp trung. c tnh ny cng c th c
s dng trong EPS trong trng hp mt mng trin khai nhiu server Diameter, v d:
nhiu nt HSS v PCRF. Diameter client c th khng bit nt HSS no x l bn ghi
thu bao ca mt ngi dng. Khi , mt agent gin tip hoc proxy agent c th thc
49
hin chuyn t danh sch v tn ngi dng sang tn server i vi HSS ang gi bn
ghi thu bao. Diameter agent cng c s dng la chn PCRF.
Mi thc th Diameter phi c kh nng tm ra nt tip theo. Diameter vn h tr
ty chn cu hnh tnh cc im Diameter nhng cng c kh nng s dng nhiu c
ch tm im ng c th s dng DNS. Ty thuc vo ng dng v mc bo mt
m client tm ra nt tip theo ph hp chuyn tip gi tin. V tr ca nt tm c v
cu hnh nh tuyn c s dng nh du cc quyt nh nh tuyn. Ngoi ra,
giao thc c s Diameter cng gm nhng c ch h tr x l li truyn gia cc
im.
Diameter s dng TCP hoc SCTP truyn cc bn tin gia hai nt. y l hai
giao thc truyn tin tin cy v hng kt ni. Do , kt ni Diameter gia hai nt
c thit lp trc khi thc hin truyn tin.
Phin giao dch Diameter l mt khi nim logic m t mi quan h gia client v
server lp ng dng. Phin giao dch c nhn dng bi mt thnh phn nhn dng
phin.
h tr s mm do i vi cc ng dng, cc nt Diameter kt ni vi nhau s
trao i v thnh phn nhn dng, kh nng ca chng (cc thuc tnh h tr, c ch
bo mt, cc ng dng Diameter c h tr)
2.4.5. Giao thc S1-AP
Tri ngc vi nhiu giao thc khc trong EPS, giao thc S1-AP c thit k
dnh cho bo hiu trn mt giao din n gia MME v eNodeB. N h tr tt c cc
c ch cn thit cho cc th tc gia hai nt trn v cng h tr truyn cc th tc mt
cch trong sut i vi MME v UE.
S1-AP bao gm cc th tc c bn c nh ngha ring bit v c gi nh cc th
tc c lp nhau, c th c kch hot song song. Mt th tc c bn gm mt bn tin
khi to v mt bn tin p ng.
Giao thc S1-AP h tr cc chc nng sau:
50
- Cung cp thng tin v dung lng ca UE cho MME
- Cc chc nng di ng cho UE cho php chuyn giao trong mt RAT hoc
gia cc RAT.
- Cho php EPC kh nng thng bo n UE
- Cc chc nng qun l giao din S1 bao gm: reset, hin th li, hin th qu ti,
cc chc nng cn bng ti v thit lp S1.
- Chc nng truyn bo hiu NAS gia UE v MME bao gm: thay i, gii
phng thuc tnh ca UE.
- Chc nng chuyn trng thi (chuyn thng tin trng thi PDCP SN t eNodeB
ngun n eNodeB ch theo th t v trnh lp li i vi chuyn giao trong
LTE).
- Tm ra cc UE c kch hot
- Bo co v tr
- To ng hm CDMA mang cc thng tin bo hiu CDMA gia UE v
CDMA RAT qua giao din S1
- Truyn cc bn tin cnh bo.
S1-AP thc hin cc c ch truyn tin cy v c thit k chy tng trn ca
SCTP.
2.5. Cc giao din trong EPC
2.5.1. Giao din gia cc thnh phn trong EPC
2.5.1.1. Giao din gia MME v MME (S10)
Giao din S10 c xc nh gia 2 MME s dng GTPv2-C v ch dnh cho
truy cp LTE. Chc nng chnh ca S10 l truyn ti cc thuc tnh ca tng u
cui c kt ni ti mng EPC v gi n cho mi UE. Giao din ny c s dng
ch yu khi c s di chuyn MME. Hnh 2.11 a ra cc ngn giao thc cho giao din
S10.
51
GTPv2-C GTPv2-C
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
MME S10 MME

Hnh 2.11: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din gia cc MME
2.5.1.2. Giao din gia MME v SGW (S11)

Giao din S11 c xc nh gia MME v SGW s dng GTPv2-C v ch
dnh cho mng truy cp LTE. Do s phn chia chc nng lp ngi dng v iu
khin gia MME v SGW, giao din S11 c s dng to ra v qun l mt phin
mi. Giao din S11 lun c kch hot trc tip bi mt vi s kin t bo hiu mc
NAS ca u cui, v d nh mt thit b kt ni n mng EPS, thm cc bearer mi
cho mt phin ang tn ti hoc to mt kt ni ti PDN mi, cc qu trnh chuyn
giao, hoc S11 c th c kch hot trong cc th tc do mng khi to nh l trong
cc th tc thay i bearer do PGW khi to. Thng thng, giao din S11 gi cho cc
th tc lp ngi dng v lp iu khin ng b vi mt u cui trong sut thi gian
n c kch hot/kt ni trong EPS. Trong trng hp chuyn giao, giao din S11
c dng xc nh li v tr SGW, thit lp ng hm chuyn tip trc tip hoc
gin tip lu lng ngi dng v qun l lung lu lng ny.
Ngn xp giao thc qua giao din S11 hon ton ging ngn xp giao thc giao din
S10 trong hnh 2.11. Giao din S11 cng chia s cc chc nng chung vi giao din S4.
2.5.1.3. Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8)
a) Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8) da trn giao thc GTP
Giao din S5/S8 c nh ngha gia SGW v PGW. Giao din S5 c dng
trong trng hp khng roaming khi SGW c t trong mng thng tr hoc trong
52
trng hp roaming khi SGW v PGW u nm trong tm tr (vt ro cc b). Giao
din S8 l mt bin th ca S5 v c s dng trong trng hp roaming khi SGW
t trong mng tm tr v PGW t trong mng thng tr.
Khi s bin th ca GTP c s dng th giao din S5/S8 cung cp cc chc nng
khi to/xa b/hiu chnh/thay i cc bearer i vi tng ngi dng kt ni ti
EPS. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin trn mi kt ni PDN n tng u cui.
SGW cung cp anchor cc b cho tt c cc bearer hng ti PGW i vi tng u
cui v qun l chng. Ngn xp giao thc qua giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc
GTP hon ton ging ngn xp giao thc giao din S10 (hnh 2.11).
b) Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8) da trn giao thc PMIP
Vic nh ngha cc giao din S5 v S8 cng hon ton ging trong trng hp
s dng giao thc GTP. Tuy nhin, khc vi trng hp trn, cc giao din S5/S8 da
trn giao thc PMIP thc hin to cc ng hm min ngi dng gia SGW v
PGW v qun l chng. N c s dng nh v li SGW khi UE di chuyn v
trong trng hp SGW cn phi kt ni n mt PGW khng c sp xp i vi cc
kt ni PDN c yu cu.
Cc ngn xp giao thc cho S5/S8 trong trng hp ny bao gm PMIP-S5-CP (min
iu khin) v PMIP-S5-UP (min ngi dng). SGW hot ng nh mt MAG v
PGW nh mt LMA. Min ngi dng c to ng hm s dng GRE.
PMIPv6 GTPv2-C
IPv4/IPv6 UDP
L2 L2
L1 L1
SGW S5/S8 PGW
Hnh 2.12: Ngn xp giao thc min iu khin cho giao din S5/S8 da trn
giao thc PMIP
53
2.5.1.4. Giao din gia MME v HSS (S6a)
Giao din gia MME v HSS c nh ngha l giao din S6a c s dng
cho cc mc ch sau:
- Trao i thng tin v v tr: MME hin ti ang phc v UE s thng bo cho
HSS v nhn dng ca n. Khi UE kt ni vi MME mi, MME ny s hi HSS
v thng tin ca MME c phc v UE.
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
RELAY
GTP-U
GRE
GRE
UDP
Cc lp SGSN, GERAN,
UTRAN hoc IP IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
di bao
gm MAC, E-UTRAN
RLC,...
L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1
S1-U, S4,
UE SGW S5/S8 PGW SGi
Iu
Hnh 2.13: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc PMIP
- Cp php cho ngi dng truy nhp vo EPS: HSS lu cc thng tin v thu bao
nh tn im truy nhp ca n (APN) v cc thng tin khc lin quan n cc
dch v c cp php ca thu bao. Cc thng tin ny c ti v MME v s
dng khi phn quyn cho ngi dng truy nhp vo EPS.
- Trao i cc thng tin nhn thc: HSS cung cp thng tin nhn thc (vector
nhn thc) cho MME khi nhn thc ngi dng
- Ti v x l cc thay i v d liu thu bao c lu trong server: khi d liu
v thu bao trong HSS thay i, cc thng tin thay i s c ti n MME
54
hin ang phc v UE MME thay i cc phin giao dch lin quan, thm ch
ngt kt ni vi UE.
- Gi thng tin nhn dng PGW v APN c s dng cho kt ni PDN. Thng
tin v cc kt ni PDN ang c kch hot c lu trong HSS h tr qun
l di ng vi cc mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- Ti cc thng tin nhn dng PGW v APN c lu trong HSS cho kt ni ang
kch hot (v d trong chuyn giao gia cc mng 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP).
Ngn xp giao thc s dng cho S6a nh hnh 2.14.
Diameter Diameter
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
MME/SGSN S6a/S6d HSS

2.5.1.5. Giao din gia SGW v PCRF (Gxc)

Giao din Gxc l giao din gia BBERF v PCRF khi BBERF c t trong
SGW. Do vy, cc chc nng ca n cng hon ton ging giao din Gxa gia BBERF
khi t trong Access GW v PCRF.
2.5.1.6. Giao din gia PCRF v PCEF (Gx)
im tham chiu Gx c t gia PCRF v PCEF. Giao din ny c s
dng x l nhng quy tc PCC v x l cc s kin i vi PCC cng nh a
thng tin v lu lng t PCEF n PCRF. im tham chiu Gx c th c s dng
iu khin tnh cc v iu khin chnh sch hoc c hai bng cch p dng cc
AVP lin quan n ng dng.
* Cung cp cc quy tc PCC
55
Vic cung cp cc quy tc PCC c th c thc hin thng qua cc th tc sau:
- Th tc PULL: p dng khi c yu cu t PCEF
- Th tc PUSH: p dng khi PCRF t a ra cc quy tc PCC
* La chn quy tc PCC cho cc gi IP ng ln
Nu PCC cho php, PCEF s la chn quy tc PCC thch hp cho mi gi
ng ln c nhn trong mt bearer bng cch nh gi cc gi da vo cc b lc
lung d liu dch v ng ln ca cc quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc hoc cc
quy tc do PCRF cung cp theo th t u tin ca chng. Khi mt quy tc PCC c
cung cp bi PCRF v mt quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc c quyn u tin ging
nhau th b lc lung d liu dch v ng ln ca quy tc PCC do PCRF cung cp s
c p dng trc. Khi mt gi ph hp vi mt b lc lung d liu dch v, quy tc
PCC cho b lc ny c p dng. Cc gi IP ng ln khng ph hp vi bt k quy
tc PCC no ca bearer tng ng s b loi b.
* La chn mt quy tc PCC v bearer cho gi IP ng xung
Nu PCC c php, th PCEF s la chn quy tc PCC cho mi gi IP ng
xung c nhn trong mt phin giao dch IP CAN bng cch nh gi gi da vo
cc b lc lung d liu dch v ng xung ca cc quy tc PCC c cung cp bi
PCRF hoc cc quy tc hot ng c nh ngha trc ca tt c cc bearer ca cc
phin giao dch IP theo th t u tin ca quy tc PCC. Khi mt quy tc PCC c
cung cp bi PCRF v quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc c cng th t u tin th
b lc lung d liu ng xung ca quy tc PCC c cung cp bi PCRF s c
s dng trc. Khi gi ph hp vi b lc lung d liu dch v th qu trnh lc cc
gi ny hon thnh. V quy tc PCC cho b lc s c p dng. Gi IP ng
xung s c chuyn trong bearer nh x quy tc PCC c la chn. Gi IP ng
xung khng ph hp vi bt k quy tc PCC no ca phin IP s b loi b.
* Chc nng m cng
56
Chc nng m cng th hin mt chc nng lp ngi dng cho php hoc
khng cho php chuyn tip cc gi ca lung dch v. Nu quy tc PCC bao gm cc
AVP m t lung c th p dng cho cc lung IP ng ln, n s m t mt cng
dnh cho cc lung IP ng ln tng ng. Nu quy tc PCC bao gm cc AVP m
t lung c th p dng cho lung IP ng xung, n s m t mt cng vi lung IP
ng xung tng ng. AVP trng thi lung ca quy tc PCC s m t nu cng
ng ln hoc xung c m hoc ng. Nu cng ng, tt c cc gi ca lung IP
lin quan s b loi b. Nu cng m, cc gi ca lung IP lin quan c php chuyn
tip.
2.5.2. Cc giao din h tr EPC giao tip vi cc mng truy nhp
2.5.2.1. Giao din h tr EPC giao tip vi LTE
a) Giao din gia SGW v eNodeB (S1-U)
Giao din S1-U c nhim v truyn gi d liu ngi dng gia eNodeB v
SGW. Giao din ny cho php s dng mt ngn xp giao thc lp chuyn vn rt n
gin GTP qua UDP/IP m n ch c nhim v l ng gi d liu ngi dng.
Khng c bt k c ch kim sot li, kim sot dng d liu hoc mt c ch no
khc m bo cho qu trnh truyn qua S1-U.
GTP-U GTP-U
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
eNodeB S1-U SGW

Hnh 2.15: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S1-U
b) Giao din gia MME v eNodeB (S1-MME)
y l giao din bo hiu h tr mt tp cc hm v th tc gia eNodeB v
MME. Cc th tc bo hiu S1-MME c chia lm 4 nhm:
57
- Cc th tc mc bearer: tp ny tng ng vi cc th tc lin quan n vic
thit lp, thay i v gii phng bearer. Trong phm vi giao din S1, mt bearer
tng ng vi on S1 ca mt phin giao dch cng vi ng truyn giao
din v tuyn. Cc th tc ny thng c s dng trong sut qu trnh thit
lp hoc gii phng mt phin giao dch.
- Cc th tc chuyn giao: bao gm tt c cc hm S1 lin quan n s di ng
ca ngi dng gia eNodeB hoc vi cc mng 2G hoc 3GPP.
- Truyn bo hiu NAS: tng ng vi s truyn bo hiu gia u cui v MME
qua S1. Bo hiu nh vy c gi l NAS (Non Access Stratum Signalling) v
n trong sut i vi eNodeB. Do tm quan trng ca cc bn tin bo hiu ny
nn chng c truyn qua S1-MME bng cc th tc nht nh ch khng qua
S1-U GTP.
- Cc th tc thng bo: c s dng trong trng hp ngi dng kt thc mt
phin giao dch. Qua th tc ny, MME yu cu eNodeB thng bo kt thc
ti mt s cell
Giao din S1-MME s cung cp mc tin cy cao hn trnh vic truyn li cc bn
tin v thi gian tr khng cn thit khi thc hin cc th tc min iu khin.
NAS NAS
RELAY
RRC S1-AP
RRC S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
UE E-UTRAN-Uu eNodeB S1-MME MME

Ty thuc vo vic thc thi mng truyn dn, c th c mt vi trng hp m

vic truyn UDP/IP khng tin cy. Bn cnh , khi mng truyn dn khng phi
ca nh vn hnh mng v tuyn, c th cht lng dch v s khng c m bo
58
trong sut thi gian thc hin dch v. y l l do m giao din S1-MME s dng lp
mng truyn dn tin cy c thit lp t eNodeB n MME. Trong kin trc EPS,
dch v ny c m bo bi SCTP.
Trong cc mng di ng 2G v 3G, s kt ni gia mng li v mng truy nhp
c nh ngha nh mt mi quan h phn cp mt-nhiu: mt nt mng li phc v
mt tp cc b iu khin v tuyn v mt b iu khin ch c th c gn vi mt
nt mng li trong mt min. Ni cch khc, mi nt mng li c kt ni vi mt
tp cc b iu khin v tuyn ca bn thn n m khng c s giao nhau vi cc tp
khc. Trong release 5 ca chun 3G/UMTS, mt c trng mi c a ra cho php
linh hot hn trong vic kt ni gia cc nt mng li v mng truy nhp, ph v phn
cp mng thng thng. N c gi l s linh hot ca S1 (S1-flex).
Nh trong hnh 2.17, S1-flex cho php mt eNodeB c kt ni vi hn mt
nt MME hoc SGW. Trong hnh ny, MME v SGW c gom trong mt nt cho
n gin nhng S1-flex c p dng cho c MME v SGW mt cch c lp nhau.
y cn a ra khi nim vng h: y l mt vng m mt u cui c th di
chuyn vo m khng cn phi thay i nt mng li phc v n. N bao gm mt tp
cc eNodeB tng ng vi mt hoc mt vi vng t hiu chnh TA. Mt vng pool c
th c phc v bi mt hoc mt vi MME hoc/v SGW. V mt MME hoc SGW
c th phc v mt hoc mt vi vng h.
Mc d mt eNodeB c th c kt ni vi mt vi MME nhng mt u cui
ch c th c gn vi mt MME ti mt thi im do cc phin giao dch ca mt
thu bao lun lun di s iu khin ca mt nt MME ca mng li.
S1-flex c nhiu u im nh sau:
- Bng cch m rng vng dch v thng thng, S1-flex cho php gim s th
tc chuyn giao gia cc nt mng li ( ch kt ni) hoc cp nht vng
t iu chnh (trong ch ri). N m rng kh nng cho mt MME duy tr kt
ni vi mt u cui di ng min l u cui vn cn trong vng pool .
Do vy, S1-flex gip lm gim ti cho HSS khi MME thay i.
- S1-flex cng nh ngha cc kin trc mng vi nhiu nh vn hnh khc nhau.
- S1-flex cho php mng tr nn mnh hn i vi cc li ca nt mng li v khi
mt mt nt mng th n s c b bi cc nt khc trong cng vng h. iu
59
ny lm tng s c sn ca dch v nhng li khng linh hot, tc l khi c li
xy ra, cc phin giao dch ang din ra s khng t ng chuyn n mt nt
mi.
MME MME
SGW
MME SGW
MME
SGW SGW
S1
eNodeB eNodeB eNodeB eNodeB

eNodeB
eNodeB
Vng h 2
Vng h 1
2.5.2.2. Giao din h tr tng tc gia LTE vi GSM/WCDMA/HSPA

a) Giao din gia MME v SGSN (S3)
Giao din S3 gia SGSN v MME h tr chuyn giao n/i ca mng truy cp
v tuyn 2G/3G vi cc truy cp thuc 3GPP. Cc chc nng c h tr bao gm
truyn ti cc thng tin lin quan n u cui ang chuyn giao, cc bn tin chuyn
giao hoc cc bn tin nh v li dnh cho tng u cui. Giao din ny c dnh
ring h tr GTPv2-C. Ngn giao thc i vi S3 hon ton ging ngn xp giao
thc trn giao din S10 (hnh 1.11).
b) Giao din gia SGW v SGSN (S4)
Giao din S4 c nh ngha gia SGSN SGW. Giao din ny c chc nng
tng ng vi giao din S11 nhng dnh cho mng truy nhp v tuyn 2G/3G v h
tr cc th tc lin quan cc u cui ny c th kt ni qua EPS. Giao din ny
c thit k dnh ring cho GTPv2-C v cung cp cc th tc to ng hm lp
60
ngi dng gia SGSN v SGW trong trng hp mng 3G khng to ra ng hm
trc tip cho lu lng lp ngi dng t RNC n/i SGW. Ngn xp giao thc cho
giao din S4 hon ton ging cho giao din S10 (hnh 2.11).
c) Giao din gia HSS v SGSN (S6d)
Giao din S6d c nh ngha gia HSS v SGSN v ch p dng cho SGSN da
trn S4. Cc chc nng ca S6d cng hon ton ging vi cc chc nng ca S6a khi
MME c thay bi SGSN. Giao din S6a c trnh by trn.
2.5.2.3. Giao din h tr tng tc gia LTE vi CDMA
a) Giao din gia PGW v AAA server (S6b)
S6b l giao din c nh ngha gia PGW v AAA Server trong trng hp
khng roaming hoc roaming vi lu lng c nh tuyn n PGW trong mng
thng tr) v gia PGW v AAA proxy khi roaming vi PGW nm trong mng tm
tr.
Giao din ny khng c s dng khi UE kt ni trong GERAN, UTRAN hoc
E-UTRAN m ch dng khi UE kt ni vi cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP.
S6b c s dng thng bo cho AAA Server/Proxy v thng tin nhn dng PGW
hin ti v APN ang c s dng cho UE hoc khng c s dng na. S6b cng
c th c s dng ly cc thng s lin quan n thu bao nh cc thng tin QoS
dnh cho cc truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP.
Cc chc nng khc ca S6b ph thuc vo giao din di ng c s dng l
g khi kt ni UE n EPC. Nu DSMIPv6 c s dng trn giao din S2c th S6b
cng dng nhn thc v cp php cho UE. N cng cho bit th tc cp pht li
PGW s c thc hin. Khi s dng giao din S2c, S6b cng c s dng truyn
thng tin v kt thc phin giao dch t AAA Server/proxy n PGW kch hot th
tc ngt kt ni PDN.
Khi UE kt ni n EPC s dng giao din S2a da trn giao thc MIPv4, S6b
cng dng nhn thc v cp php bn tin yu cu ng k MIPv4 do UE gi i.
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Giao din S6b da trn giao thc Diameter c nh ngha nh mt ng dng
Diameter ca mng 3GPP. Ngn xp giao thc cho S6b c th hin trn hnh 2.18.
b) Giao din gia AAA Server v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP
(STa)
Giao din STa c nh ngha gia mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP
v AAA server trong trng hp khng roaming. Trong trng hp roaming, n c
nh ngha gia mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP v AAA proxy.
Diameter Diameter
SCTP/TCP SCTP/TCP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
3GPP AAA
PGW S6b
Server/Proxy
Giao din ny thc hin cc chc nng nh cp php, nhn thc ngi dng khi
ngi dng kt ni vi mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP; truyn cc d liu
ngi dng nh APN-AMBR v cc thng s QoS mc nh t AAA Server n mng
truy nhp. AAA server nhn d liu thu bao t HSS; truyn cc thng s di ng cn
thit cho giao din S2a khi s dng PMIPv6 hoc MIPv4. Cc thng tin ny bao gm
thng tin nhn dng PGW v cc APN c cp pht cho UE khi kt ni vi mng truy
nhp 3GPP; truyn cc thng s di ng lin quan n giao din S2c khi UE kt ni
vi EPC s dng giao thc DSMIPv6; truyn cc thng tin v la chn ch di ng
t mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP n AAA Server/proxy v cc c trng di ng
c h tr bi cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP cng nh cc thng tin t AAA
Server/Proxy n Access GW lin quan n cc c ch di ng c la chn.
62
Giao din STa c da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt
ng dng Diameter. Ngn xp giao thc trn STa hon ton ging trn S6b (hnh 2.18).
c) Giao din gia AAA Server v HSS (SWx)
Giao din SWx gia AAA Server v HSS c s dng cho vic gim st thng
tin thu bao cng nh i vi vic qun l v tr cc truy nhp mng khng thuc
3GPP.
SWx bao gm cc chc nng sau:
- ng k AAA server: 3GPP AAA server ng k a ch 3GPP AAA server
hin ti trong HSS cho ngi dng khi mt thu bao mi c nhn thc bi
3GPP AAA server.
- Gi ln thng tin nhn dng ca PDN GW v APN: 3GPP AAA server thng
bo ti HSS v c im nhn dng ca PDN GW v APN ang c s dng
cho mi thu bao hoc thnh phn ca PDN GW v APN khng s dng.
- Ti cc thnh phn nhn dng PDN GW v APN: 3GPP AAA server ti xung
thng tin nhn dng PDN GW v APN c lu tr trong HSS i vi cc kt
ni PDN cho UE. y l trng hp khi mt UE c gn cho cc PDN GW do
s kt ni trc trong mng truy cp 3GPP. (Khi UE di chuyn t mng truy
nhp 3GPP sang mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- 3GPP AAA server c th xa thng tin 3GPP AAA server c ng k hin ti
trong HSS cho thu bao no v lc d liu trng thi thu bao khng thuc
3GPP lin quan c lu trong HSS. iu ny xy ra nu mt UE b ngt kt
ni vi mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- HSS c th khi to th tc lc thng tin ca UE ra khi 3GPP AAA server.
iu ny xy ra khi qu trnh thu bao ca ngi dng b hy b hoc l do v
nh iu hnh. Nh vy, 3GPP AAA server c th dng hot ng ca bt k
ng hm UE no trong PDN GW v/hoc ngt kt ni ca cc UE khi mng
truy nhp.
63
Th tc qun l thng tin thu bao qua giao din SWx bao gm cc chc nng sau:
Truyn thng tin thu bao: HSS c th quyt nh gi thng tin thu bao ti
3GPP AAA server ng k khi thng tin thu bao c thay i trong HSS
v 3GPP AAA server cn phi cp nht.
Yu cu thng tin thu bao: 3GPP AAA server cng c th yu cu thng tin
thu bao t HSS. Th tc ny c gi khi thng tin thu bao b mt hoc cn
c cp nht.
Giao din SWx da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt ng dng
Diameter c trng ca nh cung cp 3GPP. Ngn xp giao thc hon ton ging ngn
xp giao thc cho giao din S6b (hnh 2.18).
d) Giao din gia PGW v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (S2a)
Giao din S2a c xc nh gia mt Access GW trong mng truy cp tin cy non-
3GPP v PDN GW. Giao din S2 c xc nh cho c 2 qu trnh roaming v khng
roaming. Giao din ny m bo vic to ng hm lp ngi dng v gim st
ng hm gia mng truy cp tin cy non-3GPP v PDN GW. N h tr tnh di ng
bn trong mng truy cp tin cy non-3GPP v gia cc mng truy cp khc nhau.
Access GW PGW
Mng truy nhp tin cy

khng thuc 3GPP
S2a
Hnh 2.19: Giao din S2a
Giao din S2a da trn giao thc PMIPv6. Ngn giao thc cho S2a c ch ra trong
cc hnh 2.20 v 2.21 (lp iu khin v lp ngi dng). Mt Access GW trong mng
truy cp tin cy non-3GPP hot ng nh MAG cho PMIPv6 v PDN GW hot ng
nh LMA. Lp ngi dng c to ng hm bng cch s dng GRE. Phn m
64
rng chnh ca GRE c dng khi gi tr trng chnh c s dng nhn dng
mt kt ni PDN.
PMIPv6 PMIPv6
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
L2 L2
L1 L1
Mng tin cy khng S2a PGW

thuc 3GPP
Hnh 2.20: Ngn giao thc lp iu khin cho giao din S2a
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
Cc giao Cc giao GRE GRE

thc gia BS hoc cc thc gia
UE v thc th khc UE v
Access GW ca mng Access GW
ph thuc ty thuc ph thuc IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
vo cng vo cng ngh vo cng
ngh truy truy nhp ngh truy
nhp L2 L2
nhp
L1 L1
UE Access GW S2a PGW SGi

Hnh 2.21: Ngn xp giao thc lp ngi dng trn giao din S2a
e) Giao din gia MME v mng truy nhp eHRPD (S101)

S101 l giao din min iu khin c nh ngha gia MME v mng truy
nhp eHRPD. l mt ng hm mang cc bn tin qua mng truy nhp ang phc
v n mng truy nhp ch chun b cho qu trnh chuyn giao. MME khng thay
i cc bn tin c truyn qua giao din ny nhng li chuyn tip n/t mng truy
nhp ngun v ch. Mi bn tin phi c thnh phn nhn dng (thnh phn nhn dng
65
phin giao dch) c th nhn dng duy nht mt u cui m bn tin c chuyn
n hoc chuyn i.
ng hm c cu hnh trc mang cc bn tin t MME hoc mng truy nhp
eHRPD n trm ca n trong mng ch s dng p ng v bn tin chuyn d liu
trc tip.
f) Giao din gia SGW v GW ca mng truy nhp eHRPD (S103)
Giao din ny h tr chuyn tip cc d liu ng xung trong qu trnh
chuyn giao t LTE sang HRPD nhm gim d liu ngi dng khi thc hin chuyn
giao. Cc thng s v th tc bo hiu trn S101 c s dng thit lp ng hm
GRE trn giao din S103. S103 phi c kh nng nhn dng lu lng d liu ngi
dng trn mi u cui v mi kt ni PDN.
2.5.2.4. Giao din h tr tng tc gia cc mng truy nhp 3GPP vi cc mng truy
nhp khng thuc 3GPP
a) Giao din gia PGW v ePDG (S2b)
Giao din S2b c nh ngha gia ePDG v PGW cho c hai trng hp
roaming v khng roaming nhm cung cp ng hm cho min ngi dng v qun
l ng hm gia ePDG v PDN GW. S2b da trn giao thc PMIPv6. Ngn giao
thc cho S2b c ch ra nh cc hnh 2.22 v 2.23 di.
IKEv2 IKEv2 PMIPv6 PMIPv6
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
Cc giao Cc thnh phn

thc gia ca mng gia
UE v ePDG L2 L2 L2
UE v
Access nh BS, router...
GW ph
thuc vo L1 L1 L1
cng ngh
truy nhp
UE ePDG S2b PGW
Mt truy cp GW trong mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP hot ng nh mt MAG i
66
vi PMIPv6 v PDN GW hot ng nh mt LMA. Lp ngi dng c to ng
hm bng cch s dng GRE. Lp ngi dng c to ng hm bng cch s dng
GRE. Phn m rng chnh ca GRE c dng khi gi tr trng chnh c s dng
nhn dng mt kt ni PDN.
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
IPSec IPSec GRE GRE
Cc giao Cc thnh phn

thc gia ca mng gia
UE v ePDG L2 L2 L2
UE v
Access GW nh BS, router...
ph thuc
vo cng L1 L1 L1
ngh truy
nhp
UE ePDG S2b PGW
SG
b) Giao din gia PGW v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (S2a)
Giao din ny c trnh by trn.
c) Giao din gia AAA Server v ePDG (SWm)
Giao din SWm c xc nh gia ePDG v 3GPP AAA server hoc gia ePDG v
3GPP AAA server proxy.
Giao din SWm bao gm cc chc nng :
Nhn thc v cp php cho user khi thit lp ng hm trn giao din Swu
(gia UE v ePDG).
Truyn d liu thng tin thu bao t 3GPP AAA server n ePDG. 3GPP AAA
server nhn li d liu thng tin thu bao t HSS.
Truyn cc tham s di ng cn thit cho giao din S2b, l khi PMIPv6
c dng kt ni UE n EPC. Thc t th thng tin ny bao gm cc thnh
67
phn nhn dng PDN GW v cc APN c cp pht n UE trong qu trnh
kt ni trc trong mng truy cp 3GPP.
Truyn cc tham s di ng n giao din S2c khi UE kt ni ti EPC s dng
DSMIPv6.
Truyn thng tin v la chn ch di ng IP. Cc thng tin ny bao gm
thng tin v ePDG n 3GPP AAA server/proxy v cc c tnh di ng c
h tr bi ePDG v thng tin t 3GPP AAA server/proxy n ePDG i vi
cng ngh di ng c la chn.
truyn cc yu cu v ch dn s kt thc phin. Chc nng ny bao gm s
ch dn v kt thc phin t ePDG ti 3GPP AAA server/proxy trong trng
hp i vi UE c kt thc trong phin ny v cc yu cu kt thc phin t
3GPP AAA server/proxy yu cu ePDG kt thc mt phin c a ra.
Giao din ny da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt ng
dng Diameter c trng ca nh cung cp 3GPP.
Ngn giao thc trn giao din SWm cng hon ton ging trn giao din S6b (hnh
2.18).
d) Giao din gia PCRF v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (Gxa)
Giao din Gxa c p dng khi BBERF c t trong Access GW ca mng
tin cy khng thuc 3GPP. Mc ch chnh ca giao din Gxa l h tr quy tc QoS
v x l cc s kin cho PCC. Giao din ny ging nh giao din Gx nhng khc ch
giao din Gx x l cc quy tc PCC trong khi Gxa x l cc quy tc QoS.
Giao din Gxa c da trn giao thc Diameter. Mt ng dng c trng ca
thnh phn Diameter mi l ng dng Diameter Gxx, n c nh ngha v s dng
trn c hai giao din Gxa v Gxc (l giao din gia BBERF khi n t trong SGW vi
PCRF). Ngn giao thc ca giao din Gxa v Gxc hon ton ging ngn giao thc ca
giao din S6b (hnh 2.18).
68
Chng 3: M HNH QoS TRONG CC MNG IP HIN NAY
Tm tt
Ngay khi xc nh r tm quan trng ca cht lng dch v trong cc mng,
mt s phng thc nhm m bo QoS c xy dng. Trong , dch v tch hp
(Intserv) cng vi giao thc bo hiu chim gi ti nguyn (RSVP) cung cp kin
trc QoS ban u cho cc dch v mng. Tuy nhin, do nhng hn ch ca n m IETF
a ra mt kin trc khc l kin trc a dch v (Diffserv). Dng thc c bn ca
n khng yu cu giao thc bo hiu nn khc phc c nhc im ca Intserv.
Sau , MPLS li c xy dng nh mt kiu kin trc hng kt ni v c p dng
k thut lu lng. Bn thn MPLS khng h tr QoS nhng khi kt hp vi Diffserv,
n m bo c cc yu cu QoS cho tng loi dch v. Chng ny s i trnh by
cc vn c bn lin quan n QoS v cc phng thc m bo QoS nu trn c
s dng trong cc mng hin nay.
3.1. Tng quan v QoS
3.1.1. Khi nim chung v QoS
Trong nhng ngy u pht trin Internet, cc dch v ca n ch dng li
best effort tc l tt nht c th. N khng c s m bo no i vi cc gi tin
c chuyn i cng nh kh nng p ng dch v c yu cu. Tuy nhin, khi nhu
cu s dng ca ngi dng cng tng, yu cu i vi cc dch v cng tng hay
ni cch khc cc yu cu i vi cc dch v khc nhau cng khc nhau. C th ni,
QoS l kh nng ca mt thnh phn mng no (ng dng, router) cung cp cc
mc khc nhau m bo cho cc d liu c chuyn ti trong mng. C nhng dch
v c nhng yu cu kht khe v QoS nh cc dch v thi gian thc, nhng li c
nhng dch v ch yu cu mc best effort. C hai loi QoS c bn:
- Chim gi ti nguyn: cc ti nguyn mng c phn chia theo cc yu cu v
QoS ca ng dng v a ra chnh sch qun l ti nguyn.
69
- Th t u tin: lu lng ca mng s c phn loi v chia cc ti nguyn
mng theo chnh sch qun l bng thng. Do , cc thnh phn mng phi c
cc phng php u tin hp l i vi tng loi khi yu cu ngy mt tng.
Cc loi QoS ny c th c p dng cho cc ng dng ring l hoc cho mt tp hp
cc lung d liu (ng dng) khc nhau.
- i vi mt lung ring l: mt lung c nh ngha l mt lung d liu ch
c mt hng, ring bit gia hai ng dng v c nhn dng duy nht bi 5
thng s.
- i vi tp hp cc lung: mt tp hp c th gm hai hoc nhiu lung v c
th gm cc thng tin nh cc thng s 5-tuple, s th t u tin hoc thng tin
nhn thc
Cc ng dng, cng ngh mng v chnh sch s quyt nh loi QoS no ph hp nht
i vi cc lung ring bit v vi tp hp cc lung.
3.1.2. Cc tham s QoS quan trng
3.1.2.1. S sn c ca dch v
y l yu t quan trng nh gi cht lng dch v. C th nh gi s sn c
ca dch v da trn mi quan h gia s ln dch v sn c so vi s ln khch hng
cn s dng dch v . y khng quan tm n vic c kt ni hay khng m iu
quan trng hn l ty thuc vo mc cn s dng dch v ca khch hng ti mt
thi im. V d nh khch hng cn s dng dch v n 514 ln nhng thc t nh
cung cp dch v li ch c th p ng c 485 ln. Nh vy, khi o s sn c ca
dch v th ch t 94.35%.
3.1.2.2. Bng thng
Khch hng thng s dng dch v vi bng thng thp hn hoc rt him khi
bng vi bng thng nh yu cu vi nh cung cp dch v. L do c th l mt
hoc mt s hoc tt c nhng yu t nh site m khch hng ang truy cp, nh cung
70
cp dch v, cc router, switch, cp, anten, v tinh v thit b u cui ca khch
hng m thng tin c chuyn qua.
3.1.2.3. Tr
Tr l thi gian m thng tin do khch hng gi i n c ch. Khi mng
khng b tc nghn, tr s rt ngn. Nhng khi tc nghn xy ra, tr c th rt ln.
trnh tc nghn, cc gi thng tin truyn i s c xp vo hng i. Khi mt s gi
c truyn n router m n khng th tip tc gi i, s c hai la chn: hoc l xa
cc gi i v thng tin s b mt hoc l tip tc cho cc gi vo hng i cho
n khi ng truyn c th p ng c yu cu gi tin.
Mt vn khc l thi gian time out. Nu mt s ng dng ang i thng tin nhng
thng tin li khng c sn sau mt khong thi gian nht nh (thi gian time out)
th thng tin ny s khng c s dng.
3.1.2.4. Jitter
Jitter chnh l thi gian tr khi n thay i (khng phi l hng s). Ngay khi tc
nghn xy ra hoc c gii quyt, ty thuc vo ti ca mng m tr tng hoc gim
s to ra hiu ng jitter. Tuy nhin, nu tc nghn xy ra trm trng, tr s tng v t
n gi tr khng th chp nhn c. Lc ny khch hng s khng th s dng dch
v.
3.1.2.5. Mt gi
Mt gi xy ra khi ng truyn xy ra tc nghn v cc thit b trn ng
truyn buc phi hy b cc gi . Vn tc nghn c nh hng rt ln n cc
dch v thi gian thc nh thoi, video, a phng tin.
3.1.3. Cc chc nng QoS
QoS cn m bo cc chc nng sau:
- Qun l cc ng dng nhy cm vi tr
- Qun l cc ng dng nhy cm vi jitter
- Kim sot mt gi khi tc nghn xy ra
71
- Thit lp mc u tin lu lng
- Qun l bng thng
- Trnh tc nghn
- Qun l khi xy ra tc nghn
3.2. Cc phng thc m bo QoS trong cc mng hin nay
3.2.1. Intserv
3.2.1.1. M hnh Intserv
Intserv l m hnh c pht trin bi IETF nhm a ra cc m rng h tr
truyn lu lng tt nht c th trc ht l trong Internet cng nh trong cc ng
dng thi gian thc. Do tr nh tuyn v mt gi khi tc nghn xy ra nn cc ng
dng thi gian thc khng c trin khai hiu qu trn m hnh Internet hin ti. Cc
cuc hi tho c hnh, qung b v cc phn mm hi tho cn c bng thng c
m bo c c cht lng chp nhn c. h tr cc yu cu ny th cn phi
thay i h tng Internet c th iu khin bng thng v tr u cui n u cui
trong mng.
h tr m hnh Intserv, mt router phi m bo cht lng dch v i vi
tng lung lu lng theo m hnh dch v v gi y l chc nng iu khin lu
lng. N bao gm cc thnh phn nh iu khin s cho php, phn loi gi, t lch
trnh cho gi v giao thc chim gi ti nguyn. Chc nng iu khin s cho php bao
gm cc thut ton quyt nh m router s dng nu c ti nguyn chp nhn
QoS yu cu cho mt lung mi. Nu khng c ti nguyn, lung mi ny s b
t chi. Nu lung mi c chp nhn, cc ti nguyn s c chim gi m bo
QoS cho lung ny.
Phn loi gi l chc nng thc hin nhn dng cc gi ca mt lung lu lng
trong cc trm v cc router mc dch v no. c th iu khin lu lng hiu
qu, mi gi u vo s c nh x vo cc lp nht nh. Tt c cc gi cng mt
72
lp s c t lch trnh nh nhau. Mt gi s c la chn da vo a ch IP ch
v ngun v s cng trong header ca gi hoc s hiu lp c thm vo mi gi.
Chc nng t lch trnh gi thc hin qun l vic chuyn tip cc lung gi
khc nhau trong cc trm v cc router da vo lp dch v ca chng bng cch qun
l hng i v s dng cc thut ton t lch trnh khc nhau. Chc nng ny m bo
truyn cc gi tng ng vi thng s QoS cho mi lung.
3.2.1.2. Giao thc chim gi ti nguyn RSVP
Intserv s dng giao thc RSVP qun l s m bo QoS trong mng IP.
Intserv v RSVP cung cp kh nng chim gi ti nguyn theo mt chiu i vi tng
lung. Trong m hnh ny, bn gi s gi bn tin PATH n bn nhn. Bn tin ny s
c cp nht mi khi n qua mt router trn ng i trong mng. Bn nhn s p
ng li bng bn tin RESV v th hin cc ti nguyn cn thit tng trm nhm h
tr cho lung lu lng n. Nu bn gi nhn c bn tin RESV, cc ti nguyn
c yu cu dnh cho lung s c chim gi. Nh trong hnh di, ng dng
mun gi cc gi d liu theo cc lung c chim gi ti nguyn s dng RSVP,
giao thc ny s c gng thit lp vic chim gi theo QoS yu cu. Qu trnh ny
c chp nhn nu ng dng chu trch nhim v cc gii hn chnh sch v cc
router c th x l QoS c yu cu. Nu ng dng ny truyn cc gi d liu n
b phn loi nt u tin, n s nh x lung ny n mt lp dch v no ph
hp vi QoS c yu cu. Cc gi ny c nhn dng bng a ch IP ca ngi
gi v c truyn n b t lch trnh. Ty thuc vo lp dch v ca gi m b
ny s chuyn tip cc gi n router tip theo v cui cng l n trm nhn. V
RSVP l giao thc n gin nn vic m bo QoS ch c thc hin theo mt chiu
t nt gi n nt nhn. Nu ng dng mun hy b vic m bo QoS cho mt lung
d liu, n s gi mt bn tin n trm chim gi gii phng cc ti nguyn b
chim trong tt c cc router trn ng truyn s dng cho cc lung khc.
73
Host Router
Qu trnh RSVP Qu trnh

ng dng RSVP
RSVP
iu khin iu khin
Qu trnh chnh
chnh
nh tuyn sch
sch
iu khin iu khin
s cho s cho
php php
B phn B t lch D liu B phn B t lch D liu
loi trnh gi loi trnh gi
Hnh 3.1: M hnh host-router trong RSVP
V m hnh ny m bo ti nguyn c chim gi cho tng lung nn mi

lung s c thnh phn m t lung nh ngha cc c tnh QoS v lu lng ca
n. C hai loi giao thc thit lp kh nng chim gi bao gm hng kt ni (trng
thi cng) v khng kt ni (trng thi mm). Vi kiu hng kt ni, trng thi c
to ra v xa i hon ton do cc router thc hin. Khi mt trm yu cu mt phin
giao dch, mng s thc hin to ra v sau xa i trng thi cn thit. RSVP thc
hin m hnh khng kt ni m cc trng thi chim gi c cc trm cui thit lp v
lm mi theo nh k. Nh vy m m hnh ny tr nn n gin hn.
Mt chc nng quan trng na ca RSVP l ghp cc lung li vi nhau. Trn
thc t, khi c nhiu yu cu chim gi ti nguyn t cc trm khc nhau i vi cng
mt phin giao dch cho cng mt b lc gi, RSVP s ch thit lp mt th tc chim
gi trn giao din .
3.2.1.3. Cc lp dch v
Intserv a ra nh ngha hai loi dch v bao gm cc dch v c m bo v
cc dch v c iu khin ti. C hai loi dch v ny u tp trung vo cc yu cu ca
tng ng dng ring bit. Intserv nh ngha cc dch v c iu khin ti gn ging
vi cc dch v tt nht c th trong mi trng khng ti hoc cc iu kin mng
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n gin. Ni cch khc, dch v ny c th tt hn trong iu kin mng xy ra tc
nghn. Cc ng dng s dng dch v ny c th gi thit rng t l cc gi c truyn
thnh cng cao tc l t l mt gi s tng ng vi t l li ca ng truyn. Tr
gi cng khng vt qu tr nh nht ca cc gi c truyn thnh cng. Cc dch
v ny c s dng vi cc ng dng thi gian thc nh pht qung b ting v hnh
theo mt chiu m khng cn yu cu tuyt i v tr nhng c th m d liu nhn
c.
Lp dch v m bo a ra m hnh chuyn tip d liu cho cc ng dng yu
cu phi m bo bng thng c sn v gii hn trn ca tr. ng thi, phi m bo
khng xy ra mt gi do trn b m nu lung vn nm trong gii hn cc thng s
lu lng c bit ca n. Lp dch v ny khng c gng ti thiu ha jitter nhng n
iu khin tr hng i ln nht. c th t c mc m bo cao th mi thnh
phn mng u phi h tr kiu dch v ny. Hn na, tnh ng ca dch v ny yu
cu phi s dng giao thc thit lp yu cu cc dch v v cp nht n cc router
trung gian
thc thi Intserv vi RSVP yu cu phi c thng tin v trng thi ca tng
lung v bo hiu mi nt trong mng. V vy, mng s tr nn phc tp v khng c
kh nng nng cp hn na. Do , m hnh Intserv ch c thc thi trong mt s
mng v n c thay th bi m hnh Diffserv.
3.2.1. Diffserv
3.2.1.1. Nguyn l ca m hnh Diffserv
Diffserv l mt m hnh a dch v tha mn nhiu yu cu QoS khc nhau.
Trong m hnh ny, cc lung d liu s c tp hp li thnh cc lp, mi lp tng
ng vi cc yu cu QoS nht nh ca ring lp . Cc gi c phn loi s
c nh du bng mt tp cc DSCP. Diffserv s dng li mt trng trong header
ca gi IP (trng Type of Service i vi IPv4 v trng Traffic Class i vi IPv6)
nh ngha trng DSCP cho php cc router trung gian phn loi cc gi. Ty
75
thuc vo gi tr ca trng DSCP m router c th y cc gi vo mt hng i
nht nh v tun theo th t u tin cho cc gi.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IPv6 Phin bn Lp lu lng (8bit) Nhn ca lung lu lng
DSCP CU
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chiu di
Phin bn phn mo TOS (8bit) Chiu di tng cng
u
IPv4
DSCP CU
DSCP: im m dch v phn bit

CU: Hin ti khng c s dng
Trong :
- Bit 0-2: th t u tin
- Bit 3: 0 = tr thng; 1 = tr thp
- Bit 4: 0 = thng lng bnh thng; 1 = thng lng cao
- Bit 5: 0 = tin cy bnh thng; 1 = tin cy cao
- Bit 6-7: dng cho tng lai
Nh vy, 6 bit ca trng DSCP c th nh ngha ti a 64 loi dch v khc nhau.
Mt khi nim quan trng trong Diffserv l PHB. PHB l mt c ch cp pht ti
nguyn, la chn hng i, th t u tin khi truyn cc gi ra khi router cng nh
th t u tin loi b cc gi. Ni cch khc, l mt phng php chuyn tip cc
76
gi qua mng. Mi PHB c thit k p ng c nhng tha thun gia cc nh
vn hnh mc dch v tng ng vi mt lp lu lng xc nh. C 4 loi dch v
c nh ngha nh sau:
- Lp EF: c s dng h tr cc ng dng yu cu tr v jitter thp hn. Do
, lp ny s c mc u tin cao hn. Nguyn tc ca lp ny l loi b cc
gi khng nm trong profile v tc chuyn tip ca lp t router phi bng
hoc vt qu tc lung n ln nht m khng ph thuc vo lu lng ca
cc lp khc. Ni cch khc, EF cung cp mt ng truyn thu bao o (hoc
dch v c bit quan trng). Do vy, ti u hiu qu s dng, EF ch nn s
dng cho cc ng dng quan trng nht, c bit l khi xy ra tc nghn.
- Lp AF: lp ny c nh ngha h tr cc ng dng d liu vi cc yu
cu v bng thng phi c m bo. Cc gi thuc lp ny s c chuyn
tip vi xc sut cao min l tc ca lp ny khng vt qu tc nh
ngha trc. AF s chia lu lng thnh 4 lp, mi lp c gn mt dung
lng b m v bng thng nht nh theo tha thun ca nh cung cp dch v
hoc theo chnh sch c p dng. Trong mi lp, cc gi s c gn cc
mc th t u tin loi b. Cc gi khng nm trong profile s c nh du
tng ng vi kh nng b loi b cao hn khi xy ra tc nghn.
- Lp PHB mc nh: ti nguyn dnh cho lp ny khng c m bo v bng
thng cp pht l rt nh.
- Lp CS: lp ny c nh ngha h tr tng thch vi cc thit lp v th
t u tin trong mt gi.
thc hin c cc yu cu trn, Diffserv bao gm cc thnh phn chc nng sau:
- Cc thnh phn chc nng ti bin bao gm phn loi, nh du gi v iu
chnh lu lng. Cc b phn loi s da vo cc gi tr trong cc trng header
ca gi la chn v a cc gi n thnh phn nh du ph hp. C th
thy cc chc nng logic ti bin trong m hnh Diffserv nh trong hnh di
77
y. B nh du l thnh phn thit lp gi tr ca trng DS. N c th c
cu hnh nh du tt c cc gi bi mt m n hoc nh du mt gi bi
mt trong tp cc m c s dng la chn PHB trong mt nhm.
B o lng
Chuyn tip
B phn loi B nh du B nh dng/b loi b
Cc gi
Loi b
Chc nng o lng thc hin o cc thng s tc thi ca lung v so snh cc

lung gi u vo vi cc thng tin lu lng c tha thun t trc. B nh
dng s lm tr mt s hoc ton b cc gi trong lung lu lng mang cc
lung ph hp vi thng tin lu lng. Mt b nh dng thng c mt b m c
kch thc hu hn nn cc gi c th b loi b nu khng khng gian b m
cho cc gi. B loi b s thc hin b mt hoc tt c cc gi trong mt lung lu
lng lung ph hp vi profile lu lng. B loi b l trng hp ring ca
b nh dng khi kch thc b m bng 0.
- Cc thnh phn chc nng li: c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng phc tp
hn l chuyn tip cc gi da vo PHB gn km vi lp gi . Cc Router
nh ngha cc lp gi v phn tch cc gi n theo tng lp. Vic x l s
c thc hin trn cc lp . Trong cc router li, Diffserv s dng hai c ch
chuyn tip lp i vi tng gi l EF v AF.
3.2.1.2. Giao thc c s dng
78
M hnh Diffserv khng cn s dng giao thc bo hiu nh trong m hnh
Intserv. Do , m hnh ny n gin hn Intserv
3.2.1.3. Thut ton qun l b m
Khi cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, vic thc hin cc chnh sch hng i l
ht sc quan trng. Thng thng, trc khi c x l, cc gi c lu vo hng i
c kch thc c nh. Khi hng i b trn, cc gi khng th tip tc i vo hng i
m s b loi b. Kch thc hng i cng ln th cng t gi b loi b cui hng
i. Tuy nhin, nu kch thc hng i qu ln th s gy ra cc vn v tr, cc gi
c lu gi qu lu trong hng i thay v phi b loi b hng i s b ng khi
mt lung c php chim gi ton b hng i.
1) Cc k thut hng i
a. Hng i u tin (Priority Queuing)
Theo phng php ny, mi gi c gn mt th t u tin v t trong hng
i c phn cp theo th t u tin. Khi hng i c mc u tin cao nht y th
gi s c t trong hng i c mc u tin thp hn. Cc hng i c mc u tin
cao hn s c x l trc. Do vy, c th cc gi trong hng i c mc u tin thp
hn s b tr hoc loi b nu hng i c mc u tin cao ang nhn c nh mt
lung cc gi.
b. Hng i da vo lp (CBQ)
CBQ l mt dng ca hng i u tin. Cc gi trong hng i c m bo tc
truyn nht nh. Nu mt hng i khng c s dng th bng thng s c s
dng cho hng i khc. Cc thit b s dng CBQ s phn loi cc gi da vo a
ch, loi ng dng, giao thc, URL v cc thng tin khc. CBQ khng ch l mt m
hnh hng i m ng thi cng l m hnh QoS. N xc nh cc loi lu lng khc
nhau v to ra hng i da vo cc thng s c nh ngha trc.
c. Hng i ngang bng (Fair Queuing)
79
Phng php ny c s dng gii quyt vn khi mt s hng i c
mc u tin thp khng c phc v. Bng thng ca mng s c chia s cho tt c
cc hng i. Ti mt thi im, ch mt gi ti cc hng i c chuyn i. Do vy,
khi kch thc gi thay i hoc hng i qu di th mt s hng i s mt nhiu thi
gian c th c phc v hon ton.
d. Hng i ngang bng c trng s (Weighted fair queuing)
y l s kt hp ca phng php fair queuing v hng i u tin. Tt c cc
hng i u c phc v nhng c mt s hng i c phc v u tin hn. Cc
hng i s c gn trng s nh gi mc u tin ca hng i . V d, mt
hng i c th s dng mt na bng thng, phn bng thng cn li s c s dng
cho cc hng i cn li. Lu lng s c u tin theo a ch ngun v ch, gi
c nh du, s cng v cc thng tin trong trng TOS. Mt c trng ca phng
php ny l n chuyn cc lu lng ca dch v thi gian thc ln u hng i v
dnh mt phn ln bng thng cho phn lu lng ny. Phn cn li ca bng thng s
c chia u cho cc lu lng cn li.
Tt c cc dng hng i nu trn u thc hin loi b gi khi hng i y.
C ba phng php loi b cc gi nh loi b cc gi cui hng i, u hoc loi
b cc gi mt cch ngu nhin. gii quyt cc vn do hng i y s dng c
ch qun l hng i tch cc. Bng cch loi b cc gi trc khi hng i b trn, c
ch ny cho php cc router kim sot cc gi b loi b khi no v nh th no. Nh
, n c nhiu u im nh gim c s lng gi b loi b trong router, gim tr
trong cc dch v tng tc, trnh c hin tng ng ca hng i m m bo
lun c hng i cho cc gi d liu u vo. Mt c im khc ca c ch ny l n
kim sot ton b kch thc trung bnh ca hng i cng nh kch thc trung bnh
ca mt lp hoc lung ring. Do m khi u vo hng i tng nhanh th cc gi
vn c lu li m khng b loi b v tr cng gim xung. V vy, c ch ny
cn c p dng cho cc lp hoc cc lung cng nh trong bn thn mi lp (lung).
80
2) Thut ton qun l hng i RED
RED (Random Early Detection) l mt thut ton qun l hng i dnh cho cc
router. Khc vi cc thut ton truyn thng khc, RED thc hin loi b cc gi n
hng i theo xc sut. Xc sut cc gi b loi b tng khi kch thc trung bnh ca
hng i tng. Cn lu l RED ch quan tm n kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
theo thi gian ch khng phi l kch thc tc thi.
Thut ton RED bao gm hai phn:
- c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
- Quyt nh loi b cc gi n hng i
a) c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
RED c th c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i theo chiu chuyn tip hoc
khng theo chiu chuyn tip theo cng mt c ch. Kch thc hng i c th c
o bng s lng gi tin hoc byte. Khi c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
theo chiu chuyn tip, c mt trng hp c bit l khi gi n hng i th hng i
li rng. Do , khi tnh ton cn xem xt n thi gian m hng i rng.
b) Quyt nh loi b cc gi n hng i
quyt nh loi b cc gi, RED a ra hai thng s l minth (ngng nh nht) v
maxth (ngng ln nht). Nu kch thc hng i trung bnh di gi tr minth th
khng gi no b loi b. Nhng nu ln hn gi tr maxth th tt c cc gi s b loi
b. V kch thc hng i trung bnh thay i t minth n maxth nn tt c cc gi b
loi b vi xc sut thay i tuyn tnh t o n maxp. Cc quyt nh c th thc hin
ch gi (tc l b qua kch thc ca gi) hoc ch byte (c tnh n kch
thc ca gi).
3.2.2. MPLS
3.2.2.1. Nguyn l ca MPLS
K thut lu lng MPLS cung cp kh nng thit lp cc ng hm lu lng
qua mng MPLS m ng lu lng tng tng ng vi cc yu cu c th v bng
81
thng c nh tuyn qua . Cc c ch ny cho php gn cc gi lu lng n vi
cc ng trung k lu lng v tm ra ng dn trong mng tha mn nhng p t
(nh tuyn p t). Nh hnh di a ra phn header nhn gm 4 byte vi nhn gm
20 bit nhn dng mt ng hm hoc mt kt ni ca gi u vo n mng MPLS.
Da vo cc nhn gn vi gi m cc router bn trong mng s nh tuyn gi
n kt ni tng ng. Do , cc quyt nh t lch trnh v la chn hng i cho
gi s c thc hin da vo cc p t i vi kt ni .
Nhn EXP s TTL u vo ngn

xp nhn
Nhn: th hin gi tr nhn (20 bit) S: y ca ngn xp (1 bit)

EXP: S dng theo kinh nghim (3 bit) TTL: Thi gian tn ti (8 bit)
Hnh 3.4: Phn header ca bn tin MPLS
MPLS cung cp kh nng thit lp kt ni da vo phng php nh tuyn OSPF hoc

nh tuyn r rng. Bng thng c cp pht trong mi router theo ng truyn qua
mng MPLS v c th phn loi dch v s dng trng EXP di 3 bit trong MPLS
header. Cc gi u vo u c kim sot bin mng m bo lu lng ph
hp v mt thnh phn t lch trnh trong mi router phi m bo cc gi trn mt
kt ni c truyn theo th t u tin v m bo QoS yu cu.
3.2.2.2. H tr QoS trong MPLS
Nh trn ni, Diffserv cung cp mt gii php QoS i vi ton b lu
lng. y l gii php n gin v c kh nng nng cp v n khng yu cu bo
hiu i vi tng lung. Tuy nhin, n khng th m bo QoS v n khng nh hng
n mt ng truyn gi, do , khi xy ra tc nghn hoc li, thm ch cc gi c
mc u tin cao khng c c bng thng yu cu. Trong khi , MPLS li p cc
gi vo cc ng truyn nht nh kt hp vi nh tuyn cng bc n c th m
bo bng thng cho cc FEC. Tuy nhin, bn thn MPLS khng nh r c phng
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php phn loi lp i vi cc lung d liu. Do , kt hp Diffserv v k thut lu
lng da trn MPLS s m bo QoS trong mng li.
MPLS-Diffserv nh ngha hai loi LSP: E-LSP v L-LSP. Trong mt E-LSP,
mt nhn c s dng th hin ch FEC v trng EXT vi di 3 bit th hin
lp ca lung d liu nhm la chn PHB ca n, bao gm c t lch trnh v mc
u tin loi b gi. Trong L-LSP, nhn c s dng th hin ch FEC v mc
u tin t lch trnh ca n. Trng EXP trong L-LSP ch c s dng th hin
mc u tin loi b gi. c th h tr Diffserv qua MPLS, cc thit lp DSCP
trong IP header cn c nh x n trng EXP. Ty thuc vo s PHB m c th c
hai trng hp xy ra:
- Trng hp 1: nu mng h tr ti a 8 PHB th mi DSCP c th c nh x
n mt gi tr EXP duy nht
- Trng hp 2: Nu mng h tr trn 8 PHB th chng khng th c nh x
n mt gi tr EXP duy nht. gii quyt vn ny, nhn c s dng
chuyn PHB v trng EXP dng chuyn th t u tin loi b gi. Do ,
PHB s c quyt nh da trn nhn v gi tr EXP. Router khi s gn mt
nhn c th vi mt PHB trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni.
Cc nh x gia cc header IP vi cc header chn MPLS v Diffserv i vi trng
hp E-LSP v L-LSP c th hin trong cc hnh di y.
5 thng s 5-tuple nh c trnh by trong phn trc. Mi loi LSP c u nhc
im khc nhau. E-LSP d dng vn hnh v c th nng cp hn na v chng gi cc
nhn v s dng trng EXT cho cc c trng Diffserv. Cn L-LSP li cng knh
hn do n cn nhiu nhn dng cho tt c cc PSC ca tt c FEC. Nhng khi bng
thng c chim gi cho mt L-LSP, n c gn vi mt hng i u tin m LSP
ny thuc v. Cc hnh sau th hin qu trnh nh tuyn mng c h tr QoS so vi
khng h tr QoS.
83
E-LSP
DSCP
5-tuple (FEC) ECN
PSC Loi b
OA
BA
Nhn (LSP=mt vi OA) EXP
L-LSP
DSCP
5-tuple (FEC) ECN
PSC Loi b
OA
BA
Nhn (LSP=mt OA) EXP
Hnh 3.5: nh x gia IP header v PMLS header cho E-LSP v L-LSP
Hnh di th hin s khc nhau gia mt ng truyn nh tuyn ngn nht v

ng truyn p dng k thut lu lng. ng truyn ny s c la chn v khi
bng thng cho mi FEC s c chim gi nhng bng thng ny khng gn vi
mt lp dch v c th no, do lu lng u tin s khng c bng thng cho
hng i ca n. Do vy, cng ngh MPLS c h tr Diffserv c p dng ci
thin c th chim gi bng thng cho cc hng i u tin xc nh. Gi s lu
lng VoIP s dng hng i Q-0, y l hng i trn cng trong tt c cc LSP.
LSP-4 c th c bng thng dnh cho tt c cc hng i ca n nhng khng c
bng thng trong Q-0. V vy, ng (2) s khng cung cp QoS ph hp cho VoIP v
84
chng ta b qua hng i VoIP i vi LSP-4. Nhng nu L-LSP c s dng c
chim gi bng thng cho hng i Q-0 th lu lng c th c nh tuyn qua LSR-
3 v LSR-2. Khi , VoIP c th c m bo QoS.
(1) ng ngn nht khng p dng MPLS-TE
(3) MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv (L-LSP)

LSR2
I-LER E-LER
LSR1 LSR3 LSR5
(2) MPLS-TE khng gn vi CoS

LSR4
Hnh 3.6: ng i ca gi MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv
3.2.2.3. K thut lu lng MPLS c quan tm n Diffserv (DS-TE)

Nh trn cp, MPLS c th c trin khai trong cc mng m LSR c
th h tr Diffserv. Tuy nhin, c c chc nng ny v m bo c QoS, cc
mng ny cn quan tm hn na n cc k thut lu lng c p dng cho mi lp
khc vi k thut cho ton b lu lng ca cc lp. M hnh DS-TE l mt thnh
phn quan trng m bo QoS trong mng MPLS. Mc tiu ca DS-TE l m bo
bng thng cho tng loi lu lng ci thin v ti u cc hot ng ca n p ng
cc yu cu v QoS. Trong m hnh ny, bng thng da trn lp dch v c m
bo bi hai chc nng mng:
- Chc nng th nht: Chim gi bng thng ring bit cho tng lp lu lng
85
- Chc nng th hai: p dng cc th tc iu khin s cho php i vi tng lp
m t hai chc nng trn, DS-TE a ra hai khi nim sau:
- Kiu lp (CT): l mt tp cc trung k lu lng da vo cc gi tr CoS ca
chng. V vy, chng c th chia s cng bng thng v mt CT c th i din
cho mt trong nhiu lp.
- Bng thng cng bc (BC): l gii hn theo phn trm ca bng thng ca mt
kt ni m mt CT hoc mt nhm cc CT c th chim gi.
DS-TE cng nh ngha mt c ch cho php gii phng bng thng c chia s do
nhm lu lng c mc u tin thp hn chim gi khi c yu cu ca mt nhm
lu lng c mc u tin cao hn. V gi y l lp k thut lu lng. N c nh
ngha bng hai thng s: Kiu lp v mc u tin (p). Hai hoc nhiu lp TE c th
c cng CT vi p khc nhau hoc cc CT khc nhau c th c cng gi tr p. V vy c
th u tin v duy tr cc LSP trong mt CT hoc gia cc CT.
M hnh DS-TE cho php thc hin k thut lu lng mt cch mm do. N
cho php gn cc CT cho mt hng i thit lp lch trnh LSR v khi thc thi cp pht
bng thng, n s iu chnh cc thng s bng thng ca mi hng i n trng thi
chim gi cho tng nhm lu lng. Qu trnh iu chnh ny c thc hin t ng
khi s chim gi bi cc LSP mi tng v gim, hoc c th iu chnh tnh theo cu
hnh vi ti t trc ph hp.
C nhiu l do t bng thng cp pht ln nht cho tng loi lu lng. V
d nh cung cp kh nng iu khin tr i vi cc lu lng thi gian thc, t l
phn trm kt ni c s dng bi lu lng thi gian thc mc di 50%.
Mi quan h gia CoS v CT l ty thuc vo tng nh vn hnh mng. Cc lp
lu lng nht nh c th khng khc nhau nhiu c c cc chnh sch bng
thng c m bo l khc nhau. Gi s vi cc dch v VoIP v VoATM khng nn
u i qua mng MPLS. Hai lp lu lng thi gian thc c th c cc phng php
x l lch trnh l khc nhau nhng mt gii hn phn trm bng thng i vi c hai
86
dch v ny l nh nhau. V chng c th c x l nh mt kiu lp CT. Cng hon
ton tng t, c th chng vo hai lp TE khc nhau vi cng mt gi tr CT
nhng mc u tin p l khc nhau.
3.2.2.4. Qun l hng i trong MPLS-Diffserv
Mc d cc hng i c th c qun l trc v sau khi thc hin chuyn
mch LSR, nhng c th sp xp cc LSP s tranh chp chuyn mch l nh nht v
qu trnh xp hng xy ra sau khi chuyn mch v trc khi n giao din u ra nh
th hin hnh di.
Giao din u vo Giao din u ra
Cc hng i B t lch trnh

I1
Q0 S0 E1
S1
Khung chuyn mch
Q1 S2 Cc gi
B phn loi
S3
I2 Q2
Q3
Cc gi
Cc gi
IN Cc gi
EM
Trong hnh trn, cc gi n mt trong N giao din u vo. N c phn loi v

chuyn n giao din u ra thch hp, ti y chng c chuyn n hng i u tin
tng ng. C th c M giao din u ra. Mi giao din h tr 4 hng i u tin t 0
n 3 v cc gi c ko ra t mi hng i da vo mc u tin ca n.
Trn thc t, s qun l hng i ca E-LSP v L-LSP phc tp hn nhiu. V
d nh cc hng i c th c cp pht cho mi lp dch v ca mi LSP. Nu mt
E-LSP c h tr bn cch t lch trnh khc nhau, mi E-LSP c hai cch th LSR
s c tm hng i khc nhau, mi hng i tng ng vi mt CoS ca mi LSP.
Vic sp xp ny rt kh qun l v nng cp.
87
Mt phng php khc c th sp xp c mt tp nh cc hng i cho mi giao
din u ra. Cc gi n mi hng i ny th hin cc LSP khc nhau nhng cc hng
i c qun l c quan tm n loi b v t lch trnh cho gi.
i vi MPLS-Diffserv, mt L-LSP th hin mt mc u tin ring v cp
pht ti nguyn n mt L-LSP s m bo c QoS. Mt E-LSP li th hin mc
u tin t lch trnh, cp pht ti nguyn cho mt E-LSP khng c ngha l tt c CoS
s c ti nguyn theo mt hng i nht nh.
88
Chng 4: VN QoS TRONG EPC
Tm tt
Nh trong cc chng trc cp, QoS l mt vn rt quan trng trong
cc h thng thng tin, c bit l vi EPC. y l mt trong cc mc tiu c bn m
EPC hng ti. m bo c mt mc QoS yu cu i vi cc dch v trin khai
trong mng, EPC gp phi nhng thch thc nht nh m cc mng trc cng
tng gp phi. Do , ph hp vi kin trc phng cng nh cc c trng khc
ca mnh, EPC c xy dng cc phng thc m bo QoS tng ng m s c
trnh by trong chng ny. ng thi, mt vn ni bt khc EPC l n khng ch
quan tm n cht lng dch v m ci ch cui cng l cht lng tri nghim ca
ngi dng (QoE). Chng ny cng s gii thiu v vn QoE v mi quan h gia
QoE v QoS trong EPC.
4.1. Vn QoS trong EPC
4.1.1. Nhng yu cu v s cn thit ca QoS trong EPC
Mc ch cui cng ca tt c cc h thng c thit k l nhm nng cao hiu
qu cng nh ci thin hn na mc hi lng ca ngi dng i vi cc dch v
m h thng cung cp. Nh trn nu, EPC l mng li ton IP h tr a dch v
ng thi cng h tr a cng ngh truy nhp. V vy, EPC gp phi nhng thch thc
sau:
Th nht, vi mi loi dch v li c cc yu cu v cc thng s QoS l khc
nhau. V d nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc th tr v mt gi c nh hng c
bit nghim trng n cht lng ca dch v nhng cc thng s li khng nh
hng nhiu i vi email, truyn file hay cc ng dng Web.
Th hai, i vi cng mt dch v nhng cc nhm thu bao khc nhau s c
nhng yu cu v cht lng dch v khc nhau. Cc nhm thu bao bao gm: thu bao
89
tr trc v thu bao tr sau; thu bao theo nhm v thu bao ring l; thu bao
roaming v thu bao khng roaming
Th ba, ti nguyn bng thng ca mng l hu hn trong khi s ngi s dng
dch v ngy cng tng tc l lu lng truyn trong mng cng tng theo.
Th t, mi mng truy nhp c kh nng m bo cht lng dch v mc
nht nh. Khi cc thu bao di chuyn t mng truy nhp ny sang mng truy nhp
khc, cc yu cu v QoS vn phi c m bo.
Nh vy, EPC phi a ra c ch QoS ph hp gii quyt v dung ha nhng yu
cu v cht lng dch v nu trn.
4.1.2. Cc khi nim c bn v nhng tham s QoS trong EPC
4.1.2.1. Cc khi nim c bn
Khi nh ngha mt thut ton v cc thng s QoS th khng th khng cp
n cc lung thng tin s dng chng. V vy, cn xem xt n EPS bearer v cc
thng s ca n. y l mt cng c c bn x l QoS trong EPS. N cung cp mt
knh truyn logic gia UE v PDN truyn lu lng IP. Mi bearer c gn vi
mt tp cc thng s QoS m t cc tnh cht ca knh truyn nh tc bit, tr v t
l li bit,...
Cc lung d liu c bn c truyn qua bearer l cc lung d liu dch v
SDF. Mi lung c c trng bi 5 thng s: a ch IP ch, a ch IP ngun, s
cng ch, s cng ngun, ID giao thc trn giao thc IP xc nh cc im u cui v
ng dng, dch v c s dng.
Tt c lu lng gi qua cng mt bearer s nhn cng mt phng php x l
QoS. cung cp cc c ch QoS khc nhau cho hai lung khc nhau, cc lung ny
cn c gi qua cc bearer khc nhau. Tt c cc bearer thuc cng mt kt ni PDN
chia s cng mt a ch IP ca UE.
Mi kt ni PDN c t nht mt bearer nhng cng c th c nhiu bearer
cung cp cc c ch QoS khc nhau. Khi mt kt ni PDN c thit lp, mt bearer
90
s c to ra v duy tr trong sut thi gian tn ti ca kt ni gi l bearer mc
nh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bearer mc nh s c gn vi mt loi QoS
mc nh v c p dng cho lu lng khng c yu cu c bit v QoS. Cc
bearer khc c th c kch hot cho mt kt ni theo yu cu c gi l bearer dnh
ring.
4.1.2.2. Cc thng s QoS ca mt bearer
Mi EPS bearer c c trng bi cc thng s QoS sau:
a) Thng s nhn dng lp cht lng dch v QCI
QCI c s dng nh mt tham chiu n tp cc thng s QoS lin quan n mng
truy nhp dnh cho cc ng truyn gia u cui v eNodeB. N cho php tch bit
cc dch v vi nhau.
b) Mc u tin cp pht v chim gi ti nguyn ARP
ARP c s dng a ra th t u tin cho vic cp pht v chim gi cc bearer.
N ch yu c s dng cp pht cc bearer khi thit lp phin giao dch hoc
trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao.
Trong trng hp ti nguyn khan him, mng c th s dng ARP u tin
s thit lp v thay i ca cc bearer vi ARP cao hn khi iu khin cho php hot
ng. Cn lu rng cc bearer vi ARP cao hn c gn cc gi tr ARP thp hn
v ngc li. V d nh mt cuc gi VoIP khn cp c c hi c chp nhn cao
hn so vi mt cuc gi VoIP thng thng, do c gn mt ARP cao hn. ARP
cng h tr quyn chn u tin ca cc bearer. Trong trng hp b gii hn v ti
nguyn, mng c th s dng ARP quyt nh bearer no s b hy b. N c th
xy ra trong trng hp chuyn giao. Mt trng hp khc na l khi ARP c s
dng gii phng lu lng bng cch hy b cc bearer c ARP thp.
c) GBR
GBR c p dng cho cc bearer yu cu cht lng dch v phi c m
bo cho dch v (v d nh dch v thoi). Mt bearer vi tc bit c m
91
bo c ngha l mt bng thng nht nh s c chim gi cho bearer ny m khng
cn bit n c c s dng hay khng. Do , GBR bearer trong trng hp thng
thng s khng lm mt gi do s tranh chp trong mng hoc tranh chp ng
truyn v tuyn. Mt GBR bearer ch c php thit lp nu c ti nguyn sn c.
d) MBR
MBR gii hn tc bit m mt GBR bearer c th cung cp cho dch v lin
quan. Trong trng hp tc lu lng vt qu gii hn, mng c th gii hn tc
bng cc chc nng hn ch lu lng. Hin ti, EPC ch h tr trng hp MBR
v GBR bng nhau. Trong tng lai c th s nng cp cho php MBR ln hn
GBR. Mt trong nhng l do nng cp l h tr tt hn cc b m ha/gii m
tng thch tc m tc bit ti thiu c mng m bo (GBR) trong khi c
th thm bng thng nu c sn (MBR).
Mt non-GBR bearer khng gn vi cc thng s v tc bit. N khng c
bng thng c nh, do vy s khng m bo c lu lng m n c th cho truyn
qua. V th, c th s xy ra mt gi trong trng hp tranh chp. Cc ti nguyn v
tuyn dnh cho mt non-GBR bearer ty thuc vo tng ti ca mt cell cng nh QCI
ca bearer. Trong EPS, cc non-GBR bearer c kim sot tc mc tp hp ch
khng phi mc tng bearer. Do , mc d cc bearer ny khng c MBR tng
ng nhng nh vn hnh vn c th kim sot bng thng s dng ca bearer bng tc
bit ln nht ca tp hp AMBR (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate). AMBR bao gm
hai loi:
- APN-AMBR nh ngha tc bit tng c php s dng cho tt c cc bearer
gn vi mt APN xc nh.
- UE-AMBR c nh ngha cho mi thu bao v nh ngha tng tc bit
dnh cho tt c cc non-GBR bearer ca mt bearer.
Vic quyt nh mt bearer l GBR hay non-GBR cn ty thuc vo dch v s
dng bearer . Cc GBR bearer thng c s dng cho cc dch v m trong
92
trng hp cc ti nguyn khng c sn th dch v s b kha chng hn nh dch v
VoIP v cc dch v. Cn i vi dch v khc nh trnh duyt Internet, email,
chatthng khng cn bng thng c nh. Do , cc dch v ny s s dng cc
non-GBR bearer. i vi mt dch v nht nh, vic s dng GBR hoc non-GBR
bearer cn ty thuc vo nh vn hnh mng v cng c th c kim sot bng m
hnh lm vic PCC.
Mc ch ca QCI v cc thng s khc l a ra cc thng s QoS c
chia s gia mng li v mng truy nhp. Mi lp QoS bao gm cc thng s sau:
- Loi bearer: ch ra bearer l GBR hay non-GBR tc l c cn phi cp pht
vnh vin cc ti nguyn trong sut thi gian tn ti ca bearer khng.
- Qu tr gi: i vi cc GBR bearer, y l gii hn thi gian ln nht cho vic
truyn gi. Vi cc non-GBR bearer, n c th c s dng loi b cc gi
nm trong hng i qu lu do tc nghn mng.
- T l mt gi: m t t l ln nht cc gi khng n c ch.
Bng di y nh ngha cc lp QoS c th c i vi mt s loi GBR bearer v
non-GBR bearer.
4.2. M hnh PCC
4.2.1. Khi qut chung v m hnh PCC
4.2.1.1. Kin trc PCC
Kin trc mng tham chiu cho PCC trong EPS c th hin trn hnh 4.1.
Cc thc th chc nng ca kin trc ny bao gm:
- AF: l thc th tng tc vi cc ng dng hoc dch v c yu cu PCC ng.
Cc bo hiu lp ng dng ca dch v c cho qua hoc kt thc AF. AF s
tch cc thng tin v phin giao dch t bo hiu ri a n PCRF qua giao
din Gx. AF cng c th chu trch nhim v cc s kin nh kt thc phin
hoc thay i cng ngh truy nhp do BBERF hoc PCEF pht hin ra. AF l
khi nim do PCC a ra. Thc t, chc nng AF c th nm trong mt s thc
93
th ty thuc vo dch v m UE yu cu. Vi IMS, AF chnh l P-CSCF. Vi
cc dch v khng phi IMS, n c th l video streaming server.
- SPR l thc th chc nng bao gm cc thng tin thu bao nh d liu v cc
chnh sch c bit ca ngi dng.
- OCS: l h thng qun l tn dng i vi tnh cc tr trc. PCEF tng tc
vi OCS kim tra tn dng v bo co trng thi ca ti khon.
QCI Loi Mc Qu Tc li Cc dch v
bearer u tin tr gi mt gi
1 GBR 2 100ms 10-2 Cuc m thoi
2 4 150ms 10-3 Cc video m thoi
3 3 50ms 10-3 Game thi gian thc
4 5 300ms 10-6 Cc video khng mang tnh cht
m thoi (lu trong b m)
5 Non-GBR 1 100ms 10-6 Bo hiu IMS
6 6 300ms 10-6 Video (lu trong b m) trn nn
TCP (email, chat, chia s file im-
im, progressive video)
7 7 100ms 10-3 Thoi, video m thoi, game tng
8 8 300ms 10-6 tc
Video trong b nh m, cc dch
9 9 300ms 10-6 v trn nn TCP (email,chat, ftp,
chia s im-im, progressive
video)
v trn nn TCP (email,chat, ftp,
video)
94
PDN
AF OFCS
SGi
z
G
Rx
PCEF
Gx
SPR Sp PCRF PGW
G
y
S5
c Gx a OCS
Gx a S2
SGW Access GW
BBERF BBERF
SGSN MME
Mng truy nhp
khng thuc 3GPP
E-UTRAN
GERAN UTRAN
Giao din min iu khin PCC cho c m hnh on-path v off-path
Giao din min iu khin PCC ch p dng cho m hnh off-path
Giao din min iu khin v tnh cc
Cc giao din ngi dng
- OFCS: c s dng tnh cc offline. N nhn cc s kin lin quan n

tnh cc t PCEF v to ra cc bn ghi d liu tnh cc CDR. Cc CDR sau
c chuyn tip n h thng tnh cc.
- PCRF l chc nng iu khin chnh sch ca PCC. N nhn cc thng tin v
phin giao dch v thng tin t mng qua giao din Gx. Nu s dng BBERF,
95
PCRF s nhn thng tin qua cc im tham chiu Gxa/Gxc. PCRF cng nhn
cc thng tin v thu bao t SPR. N mang cc thng tin thu thp c v cc
chnh sch ca nh vn hnh vo ti khon v to ra cc quyt nh chnh sch
mc dch v. Cc quyt nh ny c a n PCEF v BBERF. PCRF cng
chuyn tip cc bo co s kin gia BBERF, PCEF v AF.
- PCEF: thc th ny thc thi cc chnh sch nhn c t PCRF v cung cp cho
PCRF cc thng tin v ngi dng v mng truy nhp. PCEF cng o lu lng
ngi dng v bo co vic s dng cc ti nguyn n OFCS v giao tip vi
OCS qun l tn dng.
Trong kin trc PCC, c th s dng BBERF trong Access GW hoc khng c
BBERF trong Access GW (ch off-path v ch on-path). Ch on-path c s
dng khi giao thc trn giao din S5/S8 l GTP. ch ny, cc bo hiu
bearer/QoS c thc hin trn cng mt ng truyn vi d liu ngi dng. Khi
, PCRF s iu khin QoS bng cch cung cp cc thng tin v chnh sch QoS n
PCEF qua giao din Gx. Ch off-path c s dng khi giao thc trn S5/S8 l
MIP. Trong ch ny, PCRF s gi cc quy tc QoS n BBERF. Cc th tc chim
gi ti nguyn v cc th tc bearer ch c thc hin trn cc ng truyn t UE
n Access GW trong mng truy nhp v SGW. PGW khng x l cc thng tin QoS
nh trong m hnh on-path.
4.2.1.2. Cc chc nng ca PCC
PCC cung cp cho cc nh vn hnh nhng cng c cao cp iu khin tnh
cc v QoS theo dch v. N cho php iu khin tp trung m bo cc dch v
c cung cp bng thng v phng php x l QoS ph hp.
Trong m hnh PCC, bearer mang ngha l ng truyn IP vi cc c tnh c
nh ngha trc nh dung lng, tr, t l li bit Do , n khng ph thuc vo
ng truyn c to ra nh th no hoc QoS c qun l ra sao i vi tng
cng ngh truy nhp. Tt c cc lu lng c truyn qua mt bearer c cng phng
96
php x l QoS. iu c ngha l cc dch v khc nhau c truyn qua cng mt
bearer s c x l nh nhau. PCC cn c thm cc c ch kim sot tnh cc v
QoS theo mc dch v.
Kin trc PCC cng h tr nhiu c trng ca EPS nh a cng ngh truy
nhp, roaming v di ng a truy nhp. Trong m hnh ny, vic iu khin cc chnh
sch bao gm cc chc nng iu khin cng v iu khin QoS
1) iu khin cng
y l chc nng cho php hoc khng cho php cc gi IP thuc mt lung IP dnh
cho mt dch v no . PCRF to ra cc quyt nh m cng v PCEF s thc thi
quyt nh .
2) iu khin QoS
Chc nng ny cho php PCRF cung cp ti PCEF cc thng s QoS c cp
php cho cc lung d liu. Cc thng s ny c th l tc bit hoc lp QoS. PCEF
hoc BBERF s thc thi cc quyt nh iu khin QoS bng cch to ra cc bearer
thch hp v PCEF m bo cc phin giao dch khng vt qu gi tr QoS c cp
php.
Tuy nhin, trong phm vi ti ch xt n chc nng iu khin QoS ca PCC.
4.2.1.3. Cc quyt nh PCC, quy tc PCC v quy tc QoS
PCRF l thc th trung tm trong PCC. N c chc nng to ra cc quyt nh
PCC da vo cc thng tin sau:
- Cc chnh sch p dng cho mt dch v nht nh do nh vn hnh mng thit
lp
- Thng tin v thu bao v cc chnh sch p dng cho thu bao ly t SPR
- Thng tin v dch v (ly t AF)
- Thng tin t cng ngh mng truy nhp,
PCRF a ra cc quyt nh di dng cc quy tc PCC. PCRF cng cung cp mt tp
cc thng tin gi l cc quy tc QoS n BBERF nu s dng m hnh off-path. Mt
97
quy tc PCC bao gm cc thng tin trong c mu lung d liu dch v SDF cho
php PCEF nhn dng cc gi ca mt dch v. Tt c cc gi c 5 thng s (IP 5-
tuple) ph hp vi cc b lc ca mt mu SDF s c ch nh cho mt SDF. Quy
tc PCC cng bao gm thng tin v trng thi ca cc cng v cc thng tin lin quan
n tnh cc v QoS cho SDF. Thng tin QoS bao gm QCI, MBR, GBR v ARP.
Mt iu quan trng l khc vi cc thng s QoS ca bearer, cc thng s QoS trong
quy tc PCC c p dng cho lung IP c m t trong SDF ch khng phi cho
bearer. Mt bearer c th c s dng mang lu lng c m t bi nhiu quy
tc PCC min l bearer cung cp QoS ph hp cho cc lung d liu ca quy tc PCC
. Mng truy nhp nhn quy tc PCC s nh x gi tr QCI ca quy tc PCC vi cc
thng s QoS cho tng mng truy nhp.
Xt trng hp PCRF cung cp cc quy tc PCC cho PCEF qua giao din Gx,
cc quy tc ny s c cung cp ng v c gi l quy tc PCC ng. Tuy nhin,
nh vn hnh vn c th cu hnh trc tip cc quy tc vo PCEF v gi y l cc quy
tc PCC c nh ngha trc.
PCRF to ra cc quy tc QoS da trn cc thng tin nhn c t cc quy tc PCC
tng ng. Cc quy tc QoS c chuyn n BBERF m bo thc hin qu trnh
nh x bearer. Cc quy tc ny bao gm cc thng tin cn thit pht hin SDF v
cc thng s QoS. N khng mang cc thng tin lin quan n tnh cc
4.2.1.4. nh x bearer
nh x bearer l vic nh x cc quy tc PCC/QoS n mt bearer tng ng
trong mng truy nhp m bo cc gi s nhn c chnh sch QoS ph hp. Chc
nng nh x bearer c thc hin trong PCEF (vi m hnh on-path) v trong BBERF
(vi m hnh off-path) v c gi chung l BBF.
Khi cc quy tc PCC/QoS mi hoc thay i c a n BBF, n s kim
tra xem c th s dng cc bearer ang tn ti khng. Nu s dng c th BBF s
khi to cc th tc thay i bearer iu chnh tc bit ca bearer . Nu khng
98
dng c cc bearer sn c v s dng cc th tc bearer do mng khi to th BBF
s thit lp mt bearer mi. C th, nu quy tc bao gm cc thng s GBR, BBF phi
m bo tn ti mt GBR bearer cho quy tc PCC. Sau , BBF kch hot vic chim
gi ti nguyn ca mng truy nhp m bo c th cung cp QoS c cp php ca
quy tc PCC.
Khi UE truy nhp cc mng 3GPP, BBF s dng cc th tc bearer khi kch
hot cc quy tc PCC/QoS. Cc mng truy nhp khc khi tng tc vi EPS u c cc
c ch bo hiu QoS ring. thit lp cc ti nguyn QoS thch hp trong mng truy
nhp, PCEF/BBERF cn thc hin cc th tc QoS hp l v nh x cc thng s QoS,
c th l nh x QCI ca quy tc vi cc thng s QoS ca mng. i vi cc mng
3GPP, QCI cng c s dng nh cc thng s QoS cho cc bearer.
4.2.2. iu khin QoS do mng khi to
Trong m hnh iu khin QoS do mng khi to, mng (c th l AF s khi
to bo hiu thit lp cc chnh sch QoS n u cui v mng. Khi u cui ang
trong E-UTRAN, mng s khi to th tc bearer dnh ring.
Khi s dng m hnh ny, ng dng trn client khng cn phi quan tm n m
hnh QoS ca mng truy nhp. Tuy nhin, ng dng c th bit v QoS m khng cn
quan tm n phng php truy nhp v to mt yu cu QoS qua lp ng dng bng
cc giao thc bo hiu SIP, RTSP kt hp vi SDP Cng cn lu rng trong bo
hiu ny khng c cc thng tin v vic truy nhp ca thu bao. Phng thc iu
khin QoS ny c th c s dng cung cp QoS cho cc ng dng client khng
quan tm n truy nhp (v d nh cc ng dng do ngi dng ti v ci t). thc
hin c m hnh ny, trc ht mng phi hiu c cc ti nguyn QoS cn cho
dch v. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, nhiu dch v li c cung cp bi nh vn hnh
mng truy nhp hoc thng qua nh vn hnh khc. Do , nh vn hnh cng c th
gn cc mc QoS cho SDF gn vi dch v .
99
Bo hiu lp dch v/ng dng ty chn (SIP, RSTP)
ng dng AF
khng quan
tm n QoS
Rx
PCRF
Th tc bearer dnh ring
u cui vi
Gx/Gxx Mng li
giao din truy (cc b lc gi ng ln)
nhp
Th tc bearer dnh
Access GW PGW
RAN ring (thng tin QoS)
C th qu trnh iu khin QoS c thc hin theo cc bc sau:

1. Bo hiu ng dng (v d IMS) AF
(P-CSCF) 4. Quyt nh
ng dng
2. Thng tin phin giao dch chnh sch
3. Thng tin
SPR PCRF
thu bao
UE OCS
5. Quy tc PCC
6. Qun l tn dng
PCEF
Mng truy nhp
Giao din
7. Kch hot/thay i bearer PGW
truy nhp
7. nh x bearer
8. Lung IP ng
8. Pht hiu lung
ln cho nh x
d liu dch v
bearer
1) Thu bao khi to yu cu dch v v thc hin bo hiu ng dng t u cui

n u cui. Trong trng hp IMS, bo hiu ng dng s dng giao thc SIP.
M t v dch v c yu cu c coi l mt phn ca bo hiu ng dng.
Trong IMS, s dng giao thc SDP m t dch v.
2) Da vo cc thng tin m t dch v, AF cung cp cho PCRF cc thng tin lin
quan qua giao din Rx. Cc thng tin ny thng bao gm thng tin QoS (loi
100
dch v, cc yu cu v tc bit) cng nh cc thng s lu lng nhn
dng lung d liu tng ng vi phin dch v .
3) PCRF c th yu cu cc thng tin v thu bao t SPR.
4) PCRF cn xem xt cc thng tin v dch v, cc chnh sch dch v do nh vn
hnh nh ngha, thng tin thu bao v cc thng tin khi xy dng cc quy tc
PCC.
5) Cc quy tc PCC s c PCRF gi n PCEF. Sau , PCEF s thc thi cc
quy tc ny. Ton b lu lng ngi dng s c gi qua PGW.
6) Nu quy tc PCC ch nh s dng tnh cc online th PCEF s kt ni vi
OCS yu cu tnh cc theo phng php o xc nh trong quy tc PCC.
7) PGW ci t cc quy tc PCC v thc hin nh x bearer.
8) PCEF pht hin SDF tch ra cc lung IP cho dch v ny truyn trn
bearer tng ng.
4.2.3. iu khin QoS do u cui khi to
Vi m hnh iu khin QoS do u cui khi to, UE s khi to bo hiu
thit lp mt chnh sch QoS n mng. i vi E-UTRAN, u cui s gi mt yu
cu cc ti nguyn bearer n mng. ng dng trn u cui phi bit cc yu cu QoS
ca n v kch hot API trn u cui. Nh vy, xc nh thng tin QoS, cc ng
dng client phi bit m hnh QoS ca mng truy nhp. PCRF khng cn a thng tin
QoS vo mng nhng PCRF vn c s dng cp php cho cc ti nguyn QoS do
u cui yu cu.
Trong m hnh ny, cc bc bo hiu ng dng cng hon ton ging m hnh QoS
do mng khi to.
Cc bc tip theo bao gm:

4) ng dng trong UE to ra mt yu cu cho giao din truy nhp yu cu ti
nguyn cho ng dng mi.
101
5) UE gi mt yu cu n mng yu cu cc ti nguyn cho dch v ny. Cc
yu cu ny bao gm cc thng tin v lp QoS, cc b lc gi gn vi dch v
v GBR. Nu l E-UTRAN, UE gi yu cu thay i ti nguyn bearer. i vi
truy nhp GERAN/UTRAN, UE s yu cu kch hot hoc thay i kt ni PDN
th cp.

ng dng (c AF
quan tm n
QoS)
Rx
PCRF
Khi to th tc bearer dnh ring
(thng tin QoS + cc b lc gi ng ln) Gx/Gxx Mng li

u cui vi
giao din truy Th tc bearer dnh
nhp Access GW PGW
Yu cu QoS (qua giao din

ng dng QoS truy nhp)

(P-CSCF) 7. Quyt nh
ng dng
2. Thng tin ng dng chnh sch
4. Yu cu ti
nguyn QoS
3. Thng tin
SPR PCRF
thu bao
UE 6. Yu cu 9. Quy tc PCC
Mng truy nhp quy tc
QoS 8. Quy tc PCC
Giao din PCEF
5. Yu cu cc ti nguyn QoS do UE khi to Access GW
truy nhp
PGW
10. Hot ng ca bearer BBERF 11. Kch hot
quy tc PCC
10. Kch hot quy

12. Lung IP ng 12. Pht hiu
tc PCC. nh x
ln cho nh x lung d liu
bearer
bearer dch v
Hnh 4.5: M hnh off-path v cc th tc bearer do u cui khi to
102
6) BBERF khi to kt ni vi PCRF khi nhn c mt yu cu ca UE.
7) PCRF cn xem xt cc thng tin v phin giao dch, cc chnh sch dch v do
nh vn hnh nh ngha, thng tin thu bao v cc thng tin khc khi xy dng
cc quy tc PCC. Do s dng PCC off-path, PCRF s to ra cc quy tc QoS
da vo cc quy tc PCC.
8) PCRF gi cc quy tc QoS n BBERF
9) PCRF gi cc quy tc PCC tng ng n PCEF
10) BBERF (SGW) ci t cc quy tc QoS v thc hin nh x bearer
11) PGW ci t cc quy tc PCC. PCEF thc hin m cng, tnh cc mc dch v
v thc thi QoS c nh ngha trong quy tc PCC.
12) UE s dng cc b lc gi ng ln quyt nh bearer no s mang lu
lng ng ln. C BBERF v PCEF pht hin SDF. BBERF chuyn tip cc
lu lng ng xung qua bearer thch hp.
4.2.4. Cc c ch QoS
Mt c im quan trng trong kin trc EPC l vic x l cc th tc min iu khin
v min ngi dng c x l ring bit v mt s l do chnh sau:
- Bo hiu min iu khin tng theo s thu bao trong khi bo hiu min ngi
dng li ch yu ph thuc vo cc dch v mi v cc ng dng cng nh kh
nng ca thit b
- C th ti u ha hot ng ca c hai min iu khin v min ngi dng
- C th b tr cc nt x l min ngi dng v min iu khin mt cch linh
hot hn: tp trung cc nt x l bo hiu min ngi dng v phn tn cc nt
bo hiu min iu khin
V cc l do trn, chng ta cng xem xt cc c ch QoS trn cc min ngi dng v
min iu khin.
4.2.4.1. X l min iu khin
103
Nt iu khin chnh sch PCRF s quyt nh cc lung gi s c x l nh
th no v cc thng s QoS (mc lung gi). Cc lung c m t trong cc b lc
gi DL/UL. ng thi, n cng to ra cc quy tc gi n GW kch hot thit lp
mt bearer mi hoc thay i bearer ang tn ti nhm x l cc lung gi v thay i
vic x l cc lung .
Cc b lc UL
Cc b lc Dl
QCI
Nh iu
ARP khin chnh
MBR sch
GBR(ty chn)
Thit lp/thay i (lung)

Mc lung d liu gi
Mc bearer Cc b lc UL
QCI Cc b lc Dl
Cc b lc ARP QCI
UL MBR ARP
GBR(ty chn) MBR
GBR(ty chn)
u cui
LTE RAN
Thit lp/thay i (bearer-ID)
Mc bearer
Mc giao vn
Giao vn Gateway

Ngoi ra, nh vn hnh cng c th cu hnh cc chc nng QoS ngay trn cc
nt mng bng h thng vn hnh v bo dng O&M. Mt chc nng do nh vn
hnh thit lp in hnh l chc nng lp lch trnh. Chc nng ny thc hin phn phi
cc ti nguyn mng truy nhp cho cc bearer theo c ng ln v xung. Chc nng
ny m rng kh nng m bo cc c tnh QoS i vi cc bearer khc nhau.
4.2.4.2. X l min ngi dng
104
Cc chc nng QoS min ngi dng c thc hin nhiu nt khc nhau v
c chia thnh cc chc nng cc mc lung, mc bearer v mc DSCP (mc
chuyn vn).
Kim tra gi
Thc hin
chnh sch vi
lung UL v DL Cc chc nng thc
hin vi mi lung
Cc chc nng thc
Lc gi UL Cho php Lc gi DL
hin trn bearer
ARP/GBR
Cho php ARP
u tin ARP
Chnh sch tc u tin ARP

Chnh sch tc
Qun l hng
Qun l hng
i
i
t lch trnh
UL v DL
Cu hnh L1/L2
UE nh x QCI nh x QCI Cc chc nng thc

n DSCP n DSCP hin trn bearer
Qun l hng Cc chc nng thc hin

i trn DSCP
t lch trnh
UL v DL
LTE RAN Giao vn Gateway

1) Cc chc nng mc lung d liu
Cc GW thc hin kim tra cc gi d liu bng chc nng DPI lc cc gi c cc
c tnh QoS ph hp trc khi c chuyn qua cc bearer, ng thi thc hin cc
chnh sch iu khin tc ca lung d liu . y l cc chc nng QoS rt
hu ch gip cho nh vn hnh c th gii hn thng lng ca thu bao s dng.
2) Cc chc nng mc bearer
Cc chc nng mc bearer c thc hin ti GW bao gm:
105
- Lc gi ng xung: mc ch ca lc gi l la chn cc lung tng ng
cho cc bearer thch hp
- iu khin cho php s dng ARP
- iu khin tc nghn s dng ARP: GW s da vo gi tr ca ARP quyt
nh bearer no s b gii phng khi h thng qu ti hoc khi cn ti nguyn
cho cc mc ch khc nh cho cuc gi khn cp. Khi , bearer no c ARP
thp hn s c gii phng.
- Chnh sch tc : chnh sch ny c thc hin h tr mng trnh khi qu
ti v m bo cc dch v truyn d liu vi gc ln nht (AMBR v
MBR). Vi cc non-GBR bearer, chnh sch ny c thc hin da trn APN-
AMBR.
- nh x QCI vi DSCP: mc ch ca chc nng ny l chuyn t QoS mc
bearer sang QoS mc chuyn vn. Khi , cc gi c gi tr QCI s c nh
du vi mt DSCP tng ng truyn trong lp giao vn. Qu trnh ny c
thc hin da vo cc chnh sch ca nh vn hnh thng qua h thng vn hnh
v bo dng O&M.
3) Cc chc nng mc DSCP
Cc nt mng thc hin m hnh qun l hng i v cc thut ton lp lch trnh i
vi lu lng UL v DL. Trong mng vn chuyn, khng cn nhn thy cc bearer, do
cc thut ton ny quyt nh phng php chuyn tip cc gi ring bit da vo
DSCP.
4.3. QoE v mi quan h vi QoS
4.3.1. Khi nim QoE
Khc vi cc mng trc , EPS nh gi s thnh cng ca mng v cc dch
v c h tr da vo vic cm nhn ca cc thu bao v n nh th no hay cn gi
l cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng. QoE l mt vn rt quan trng. Nu nh
cung cp dch v c th m bo cho khch hng QoE cao, h s hi lng nhng ngc
106
li, n s to ra mt khong cch tri nghim khch hng gia nhng g h mun v
nhng g h nhn c. Thng th khong cch ny gy ra bi nh cung cp khng
hiu ht cc yu t nh hng n cht lng tri nghim ca khch hng. Mc d h
thc c tm quan trng ca QoE nhng li ch p ng c mt phn rt nh.
Theo s pht trin ca cng ngh, s lng khch hng ngy cng nhiu v theo
l yu cu QoE ngy cng cao. Do dn n s cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp
dch v i vi cng mt dch v no . H cng c th d dng chuyn t nh cung
cp ny sang nh cung cp khc nu h c QoE khng tt. Cc quyt nh ca h ch
yu da trn QoE trong khi QoS thc t li khng lin quan nhiu n ngi dng.
QoE khng ch nh hng n s chp nhn dch v ca ngi dng m cn c bit
quan trng i vi s hi lng v trung thnh ca ngi dng i vi dch v .
C nhiu khi nim v QoE c a ra nh l vic o lng mt cch nh tnh v
nhng tri nghim hng ngy ca ngi dng khi h s dng dch v m h ng k
nh dch v b ngng, cht lng hnh nh, tc ca cc dch v Internet tc cao,
tr, dch v khch hng Cng c khi nim QoE tng i ging nhng thu hp
hn QoS. Nhn chung, c th thy mt s yu t quyt nh n cht lng tri nghim
ca ngi dng nh sau:
a) Cht lng dch v
QoS khng ng nht vi QoE nhng cng ngh p dng hoc dch v trong hu ht
cc trng hp l iu kin tin quyt t c QoE. Do vy, kha cnh ny cn
xem xt 4 mc: ng dng/dch v, server, mng, thit b u cui.
b) S tin dng
S tin dng cng l mt yu t c quan tm n trong hu ht cc nh ngha v
QoE. S tin dng th hin tnh thn thin vi ngi dng, d dng thao tc, tng
tc gia my v ngi dng. Ni cch khc, y l cc vn lin quan n cm xc
ca ngi dng khi s dng thit b v cng ngh.
c) Hiu qu
107
y, cn phn bit gia 3 mc thit b u cui, mng v ng dng. V mt k thut,
mt cng ngh c th hot ng rt tt nhng ti cng thi im, n c th khng hiu
qu lm hi lng ngi dng hoc khng nh mong mun ca ngi dng.
d) t c s mong i ca ngi dng
Khi nim ny cho php nh cung cp c th o c cht lng hiu qu ca dch v.
Ch khi thc s hiu r ngi dng mong mun g th mi c th bit c cng ngh
c hot ng tt hay hiu qu khng.
e) Hon cnh
QoE cn xem xt n s tri nghim ca khch hng trong mt hon cnh r rng. V
cn phn bit gia 5 loi hon cnh: mi trng, bn thn/x hi, vn ha, cng ngh
v tnh t chc.
f) Gi c
Chi ph cho c s h tng mng v u cui cng nh cc ph ca cc dch v l
nhng yu t quyt nh n QoE ca ngi dng.
Nh vy, QoE khng ch bao gm cc yu t QoS m cn c c nhng yu t ch quan
tc ng n ngi dng. C cc mc QoE nh sau:
- Tuyt vi
- Rt tt
- Tt
- Trung bnh
- Km
4.3.2. Cc phng php o QoE
Nh trn trnh by, QoE ca ngi dng khng ch lin quan n yu t QoS
ca mng m cn lin quan n cc yu t ch quan khc. Do , vic o lng v ci
thin QoE l ht sc kh khn i vi bt k mng no.
C hai phng php o QoE:
4.3.2.1. S dng cc mu thng k
108
Phng php ny c thc hin i vi tt c cc thu bao ca mng o
QoE. Nu mu thng k c la chn ng, chnh xc ca php o l rt cao. Cc
qu trnh lin quan bao gm:
- nhn dng v nh lng QoE
- nh lng i cc ng dng chnh
- xc nh cc mu thng k thch hp: cc vng a l, thi gian, cc loi lu
lng
- s dng cc thng tin ti u cui lm cho kt qu chnh xc hn
- cho im tng QoE
u im ca phng php ny l c th o QoE cho bt k mng no m khng
cn truy nhp vo mng, nh vn hnh cng c th o QoE i vi cc thu bao ca
nh vn hnh khc. Phng php ny cng c lp vi nh cung cp v c lp vi
bearer. Vic kim tra thng xuyn c th ci thin c chnh xc ca cc kt qu.
4.3.2.2. S dng cc thng s QoS
Phng php ny bao gm vic nhn dng mi quan h gia cc thng s QoS
v nh hng ca chng n QoE v o cc thng s QoS trong mng c th nh
gi QoE ca ngi dng. V nguyn tc, phng php ny c th l l tng i vi
cc nh vn hnh nhng n li ph thuc vo vic nh x cc thng s QoS vi s tri
nghim thc ca ngi dng. y l mt bc rt kh khn v kh c th t c
chnh xc cao. Phng php ny cng thiu s mm do v kh nng nng cp.
4.3.3. Mi quan h gia QoE v QoS
C th biu din mi quan h gia QoE v QoS di hai dng:
- dng ha: ch ra mi quan h gia cc thng s QoS ca dch v v QoE
tng ng.
- dng vn bn: m t QoE ca mt dch v trong mt trng hp no tng
ng vi cc thng s QoS nht nh.
a) Dng ha
109
dng ha, QoE c biu din di dng cc im tng ng vi cc thng s
QoS nh tc bit v tr.
Hnh 4.8 di y l v d cho 2 dch v, mi dch v o QoE cho 10 tc bit
tng ng. T hnh v cho thy c c mc QoE tt cho c hai dch v th tc
bit cn t nht l 600 kbps. Nu dch v 1 khng quan tm nhiu n QoE th dch v 2
s phi c tc bit thp nht l 100kbps c QoE mc tt. Nu trong cc giai
on mng bn m khng th cung cp dch v tc ln hn 50kbps th dch v 1 l
khng th s dng c.
Rt tt Dch v 1
Dch v 2
Tt
Chp nhn
c
C th s
dng
Khng th
s dng
Tc bit (kbps)
10 50 100 400 600 800 1000 1500 3000 6000

Dng ha cng c th c s dng kim tra mt s dch v tm ra dch v
no d thc hin vi chi ph thp nht.
Mt v d i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, QoE chu nh hng ca cc c tnh tr
khc nhau. y thc hin o tr gia u vo audio pha pht v u ra pha thu.
S so snh ny c th hin trn hnh 4.9.
b) Dng vn bn
Dng vn bn l tng kt ca cc ngun kinh nghim v tham chiu n cc ngun .
c c nh dng chung cn phi tr li cc cu hi:
- dch v l g
110
- cc thng s QoS chnh
- tnh hung s dng l g
- tri nghim ca ngi dng ra sao
- c th so snh vi dch v (QoS) no
Dch v 1
Tuyt vi
Dch v 2
Tt
Bnh
thng
Ngho nn
Tr (ms)
10 50 100 200 300 400 500 650 800 1000

Do , dng vn bn th hin s nh hng ca cc yu t n QoE nh sau:
<dch v> with <QoS> for <tnh hung> gives <QoE> (compared with <dch v>)
c th xy dng c dng vn bn nu trn, cn da vo cc kt qu kim tra i
vi ngi dng nh sau:
IF <tnh hung>
USING <dch v>
WITH <cc thng s k thut>
THEN <QoE>
Trong :
tnh hung bao gm :
- hnh ng ca thu bao: c mail, phng vn
- nhm thu bao: thng nhn, sinh vin.
111
- mi trng: phng hp, trn xe t
Dch v bao gm cc thng s:
- loi dch v: cuc gi video, email
- loi thit b u cui: laptop, thit b di ng cm tay
Cc thng s k thut (QoS) bao gm:
- tc bit
- giao thc mng
- giao thc truyn tin lp di
- tr
- mt ng b audio/video
- jitter
- mt gi
- tc khung hnh
- phn gii ca hnh
Tri nghim ca ngi dng bao gm:
- Hiu sut cng vic: thi gian thc hin, s ln ngt qung
- hi lng ca thu bao: chp nhn dch v,
- yu thch dch v ca thu bao
112
Chng 5: GII PHP QoS TRONG EPC
Tm tt
Nh trn nu, QoS trong EPC l mt trong nhng vn c bit c quan
tm nghin cu. V nguyn l, c hai m hnh c th p dng, l m hnh QoS do
mng iu khin v m hnh QoS do u cui iu khin. Trong qu trnh trin
khai trn thc t, da vo cc chun c t chc 3GPP a ra cho EPC, mt s
gii php c xy dng m bo QoS trong c gii php ti u ha QoS khi
mng c mt nh vn hnh ca hc vin FOKUS v trng i hc Berlin thc hin.
Chng ny s i su phn tch gii php v nu ra cc vn cn m rng thm
cho gii php.
5.1. Gii php ti u ha QoS vi mng c mt nh vn hnh

5.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Nh trong cc chng trc nu, EPC xut hin do nhu cu hi t nhiu loi
mng khc nhau nn mc ch chnh ca n l trong sut i vi cc mng truy nhp.
N c kh nng lin kt gia bo hiu v QoS trong cc mng truy nhp, do thc
hin kt ni cc dch v c yu cu vi ng truyn d liu theo mt chun chung.
Mng iu khin IMS c tch hp lp mng vi EPC vi mc ch chim gi ti
nguyn thc t v iu khin chnh sch vi cc cng ngh truy nhp. IMS c kt
ni vi EPC thng qua PCRF. PCRF thc hin nhn cc chnh sch trn ng d liu,
gi trng thi ca phin giao dch v thng bo s iu khin IMS trong cc trng
hp c bit. mt mc ch khc ca EPC l khng ch truyn d liu trong min
thng tr, m cn trong min tm tr ca UE nn c hai loi hPCRF v vPCRF nh
nu trong chng 2.
Mi mt cng ngh s a ra mt phng php cung cp QoS ring ca n da
vo UE. Cc c ch ny cho php cc dch v c m bo cc yu cu da trn s
113
mong i ca ngi dng m khng quan tm nhiu n mng. Nh trong hnh di,
mt UE ang trao i thng tin vi mt h tng cung cp dch v s dng mt cng
ngh truy nhp v c th truyn d liu vi Internet qua mt GW mng truy nhp.
iu khin cc ti nguyn c sn trong mng, nh vn hnh ca mng truy nhp s
dng mt s thnh phn iu khin c a vo trong mt thc th iu khin mng
truy nhp.
M hnh chim gi ti nguyn do ngi dng iu khin gi thit rng h tng
cung cp dch v khng th trao i thng tin vi ng chim gi ti nguyn. Do ,
sau khi dch v c cung cp, UE phi s dng c ch ring thc thi cc chnh
sch trn ng d liu. iu c th dn n trng hp mng khng th cung
cp cc ti nguyn theo yu cu do hai ng bo hiu tch bit nhau.
M hnh QoS iu khin bi mng gi thit rng trong sut qu trnh thng
lng i vi mt dch v no , h tng cung cp dch v trao i thng tin vi iu
khin mng truy nhp ca mng m ngi ang nh v . B iu khin ny s
thc thi cc chnh sch c mng truy nhp v GW mng truy nhp. nh gi theo
kinh nghim, m hnh ny s gy tr ln hn trong qu trnh cung cp phin giao dch.
Nhng rng chim gi ti nguyn do UE iu khin c thc hin sau khi
xong vic thng lng thng tin ca phin giao dch v s dng bo hiu khc m n
c th khng gy tr ln nhng li c th c nhiu trng hp b li, v d nh thng
tin phin giao dch c thng lng nhng ch mt trong cc thnh phn lin
quan n phin ny c th chim gi ti nguyn trong mng truy nhp ca n.
Nh trong kin trc nu hnh di, s trao i thng tin gia h tng dch v
IMS v ng truyn d liu qua EPC c chun ha bi 3GPP. Bng cch tch hp
hai h tng ny, mt kh nng mi mng iu khin QoS xut hin.
Cc kch bn IMS hin ti ang s dng m hnh QoS c iu khin bi UE vi cc
mng truy nhp v QoS do mng iu khin vi mng li. Khi s lng u cui tng,
cc u cui cng c th s dng ng thi nhiu mng truy nhp cng lc th vic
114
chim gi ti nguyn trn cc mng truy nhp ph thuc nhiu hn vo kh nng ca
u cui.
H tng cung
cp dch v
iu khin mng
truy nhp
GW mng truy
nhp
Cng ngh truy

nhp
Hnh 5.1: Kin trc cung cp dch v v cung cp cc chnh sch QoS
Khi UE thc hin a truy nhp, ti nguyn c th b lng ph nu khng trao i

thng tin v mc u tin vi mng li. UE s quyt nh la chn mng da vo cc
tiu chun nh gi c, cng tn hiu v mc u tin m n c c t cc kt
ni trc v t cc chnh sch tnh ca nh vn hnh mng c lu trong thit b
m khng quan tm n cc thng s tc thi ca mng. Trong trng hp xu, thit b
kt ni vi mng ch tm ra cc yu cu ca n khng c h tr. Do , nhn
c cc dch v theo yu cu, n cn phi kt ni vi mng khc, v vn trn vn
c th lp li. Do , lm gim kh nng tm ra mng c th p ng c nhu cu v
cc ti nguyn.
115
Mt s cng ngh truy nhp nh WLAN li s dng cc tn s t ph chung.
Do vy, ngi dng c th la chn trong s nhiu mng khc nhau, mt s mng
trong c lin h vi nh vn hnh v c th cung cp cc dch v yu cu, mt s
khc li lin h vi cc nh vn hnh khc. khc phc hn ch ny, cn a ra khi
nim cc mng ng c. l cc mng m UE c th truy nhp n. C th lu tt c
cc thng tin v tt c cc mng ca nh vn hnh trong UE. Do , s tn b nh v
c th b trng lp. Vn tng t cng c th xy ra khi mt tiu chun c nh
la chn mng c lu trong UE. Do vy, ch c mt cch nhn thng tin t cc
mng c th kt ni l s dng mt knh thng tin khc nu n c thit lp. Thng
tin ny b hn ch bi v tr a l ca UE v bi cc thng tin v ngi dng.
Do c nhiu giao din trong mt ln cung cp dch v nn mt ngi dng no c
th gi ng thi rt nhiu yu cu chim gi ti nguyn cho tt c cc giao din sn
c. V th, c th s gy nh hng n mng.
Cng tng t nh vy, trong cc mng c tn s cng cng, ngi dng khng
th c nhn dng hon ton. Cc thit b khc c th tip tc cung cp dch v nh
UE v xy ra s trng lp. hn ch kh nng ny, m hnh QoS do mng cung cp
c a ra.
Hin ti, cc dch v c th c p ng nhiu mc cht lng khc nhau do
s thng nht ca nhiu dch v vo mt dch v mi nh thoi v dn n c nhiu
c ch truyn khc nhau m chng c th tng thch trong thi gian thc vi s thay
i bng thng khc nhau, v d nh m ha video H.261, H.263. Do , c ch cung
cp QoS cn phi tng thch vi s thay i ny ca dch v. Trong cc kin trc thc
t, s chim gi ti nguyn ca mt dch v phn tng c thc hin bi nhiu yu
cu c gi bi UE cho n khi mt lp c tha mn. V d vi dch v IPTV vn
quan tm n tc truyn a dch v. Nu mc tt nht m UE yu cu khng c
tha mn, mt yu cu khc s c thit lp. Qu trnh ny lp i lp li n khi ti
nguyn cho mt lp c chim gi. iu c th gy ra tr thit lp cuc gi rt
116
ln, nh hng n s hi lng ca ngi dng i vi dch v. M hnh QoS do mng
iu khin gii quyt vn cp pht ti nguyn bng cch ch s dng mt yu cu
duy nht. Vic chim gi ti nguyn khng ch c kch hot bi u cui m cn bi
cc thc th khc trong mng v c thc hin bng cch cho qua mt tp cc b lc
da vo cc chnh sch v s c sn ti nguyn tc thi trn cc mng truy nhp.
y ch nh gi vi mng c mt nh vn hnh.
5.1.2. Kin trc m hnh QoS do mng iu khin
D liu
Bo hiu
D liu v bo hiu QIF I2 hPCRF I5 Mng li IMS
I3
PGW
Min thng tr I1
2G/3G I3
vPCRF
MME
I4
SGW
E-UTRAN
Min tm tr
ePDG
Dch v trong sut Truy nhp chuyn

Truy nhp chuyn
cho truy nhp mch gi khng tin
mch gi tin cy
chuyn mch gi cy
Trong m hnh ny, chc nng QIF c a ra lu gi cc thng tin v ti

nguyn trong mng v chim gi chng cho cc yu cu t PCRF. Cc thng tin ny
c ly t MME. PCRF s thc hin lc cc thng tin c yu cu ca ngi dng
theo cc thng tin nhn c t QIF. Sau khi PCRF to ra cc lp chnh sch, chng
c a n mng truy nhp v cc GW. Khi , cc ti nguyn s c chim gi
hon ton trn ng truyn t UE n GW v trong mng li. Cc giao din mi c
117
a ra thc hin cc chc nng thc thi cc chnh sch v truyn cc thng tin v ti
tc thi ca cc ti nguyn yu cu:
- Giao din I1 chuyn cc thng tin v tnh trng ca ti nguyn mng t QIF n
PCRF.
- Giao din I2 mang cc thng tin v tnh trng ti nguyn mng t mng truy
nhp n QIF. Khi cc chnh sch QoS c thc thi, I2 cng gi mt bn tin
n QIF.
- Cc giao din I3 v I4 c s dng PCRF thc thi cc chnh sch v ti
nguyn QoS n cc mng truy nhp v n cc Access GW.
- Giao din I5 l giao din vi li IMS dng truyn thng tin v cc b lc
nhn dng phin giao dch v cc yu cu QoS ca u cui. ng thi, cc bn
tin iu khin chnh sch v tnh cc cng c chuyn t u cui n mng
li thng qua giao din ny.
Cc thng tin v v tr ca thu bao c lu trong TA. PCRF s kt hp cc
thng tin ny v cc thng tin v ti tc thi ca mng t QIF cng nh cc chnh sch
c bit ca thu bao quyt nh v thng bo cho u cui bit n nn kt ni n
mng no c c cht lng dch v tt nht.
5.1.3. Qu trnh ng k ca thu bao
Chc nng ng k mng truy nhp c s dng nhn cc thng tin v cc
mng truy nhp khc nhau v a ra cc b lc la chn mng m bo c ti
nguyn cho dch v yu cu. Ngoi ra, i vi mt s mng truy nhp EPC cn ly cc
thng tin v v tr ca UE t vng TA. y a ra hai giao din mi:
- Giao din th nht: gia PCRF v thc th iu khin mng truy nhp thc
thi cc chnh sch v di ng
- Giao din th hai: gia PCRF v cc GW thc thi cc chnh sch mt cch
trong sut i vi cc thnh phn khc lin quan n dch v
118
B iu Gateway
UE khin mng mng truy QIF PCRF IMS
truy nhp nhp
ng k mng (1)
ng k mng (2)
Chim gi ti
nguyn mc nh (3)
Chim gi ti
nguyn mc nh (4)
ng k mng (5)
ng k mng (6)
ng k IMS (7)
Chim gi
ti nguyn
mc nh
Chim gi ngi dng (8)
ti nguyn mc nh
ngi dng (9)
Chim gi
ti nguyn mc nh
ngi dng (10)
Chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh ngi dng (11)
Chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh ngi dng (12)
119
Hnh 5.3 th hin qu trnh cp pht mt knh bo hiu mc nh khi mt u
cui ng k vi mng m khng ph thuc vo cng ngh mng truy nhp.
Khi mt thu bao mi mun ng k n mt mng truy nhp no , thng tin
ca n s c gi n im iu khin mng truy nhp nhn dng thu bao i
vi mng nht nh. Cc thng tin ny phi c i qua PCRF chim gi ti nguyn
ti thiu cho thu bao . Trc ht, cc ti nguyn ny s c mt im anchor ca
mng truy nhp chim gi, sau c xc nhn li v thc thi cp pht cho thu bao.
Tuy nhin, thu bao cng c th yu cu ti nguyn cao hn so vi ti nguyn
mc nh ca ngi dng nc danh. Lc , sau khi thu bao ng k vi kin trc
cung cp dch v s xy ra qu trnh cp pht li cc ti nguyn mc nh nu dung
lng tc thi ca mng cho php. PCRF nhn thng tin thu bao t kin trc IMS v
cc thng tin t QIF, n s thc thi cc chnh sch c to ra trn im anchor v
mng truy nhp.
Trong kin trc cn s dng cc b lc nhm tch bit ton b lu lng qua
cc access GW hn ch s truy nhp ca cc thu bao nc danh n cc vng khc,
ngn chn cc thu bao khng ng k truy nhp vo mng.
Nu vic cp pht cc ti nguyn mc nh c s dng nh mt bearer d liu i
vi cc dch v cp 3 th vic cp pht ny c th c thc hin ng s dng cc
thng tin c chn vo cc bn tin ng k v c PCRF xc nhn. V d, nu mt
nh vn hnh quyt nh cn cp bng thng cho cc dch v khng c bit no th
sau khi thu bao ng k, dch v ny c th c cung cp bng cch s dng c
ch cp pht li. Cc ti nguyn c cp pht c th c iu chnh qua cc yu cu
ng k sau .
5.1.4. Qu trnh iu khin QoS
Qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn s dng cng mt c ch cung cp QoS do
mng iu khin trong mng truy nhp nh hnh di.
120
B iu Gateway
UE khin mng mng truy PCRF IMS
truy nhp nhp
Yu cu QoS (1)
Yu cu QoS (2)
Chim gi ti nguyn
theo yu cu thu bao (3)
Yu cu chim gi ti nguyn
Cp pht v
gii hn
ti nguyn (5)
p ng yu cu chim gi ti nguyn
vi cc mng c th s dng khc (6) p ng QoS
theo yu cu
vi cc mng c
th s dng khc (7)
p ng QoS theo yu cu vi cc mng c th s dng khc (8)
Kt ni vi
mng khc (9)
Yu cu li vic chim gi ti nguyn (10)
Yu cu QoS (11)
Chim gi ti nguyn
Chim gi ti nguyn
p ng QoS theo
yu cu thu bao (14)
p ng QoS cho yu cu chim gi li ti nguyn (15)

Khi mt trong cc thu bao gi yu cu cp pht ti nguyn, IMS s to mt yu
cu n PCRF. Sau khi nhn c yu cu, PCRF s kt hp cc thng tin v thu bao,
121
cc chnh sch v ti tc thi ca mng nhn t QIF quyt nh lp QoS v gi n
cc access GW. ng thi, yu cu thc thi cng c gi n thnh phn iu khin
mng truy nhp thng bo cc ti nguyn c chim gi t hn so vi yu cu ca
thu bao nu cn.
Thnh phn iu khin mng truy nhp s cp pht ti nguyn cho u cui
mng truy nhp. B lc ca QIF thc hin la chn mt mng c kh nng p ng tt
nht cc yu cu v ti nguyn ca thu bao v gi n IMS. Khi QoS c chim gi
mc thp th thng tin xc nhn mc QoS v thng tin v cc mng khc c th ci
thin cht lng dch v s c gi li cho thu bao.
Sau khi nhn c cc thng tin v yu cu QoS v cc mng khc c th p ng yu
cu th thu bao s kt ni vi mng khc, nhn thc v c chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh nh nu trn. Quyt nh ny khng ch da trn cc thng tin n nhn
c m cn da vo cng tn hiu ca mng v s di chuyn ca thu bao. Khi
kt ni c vi mng th hai th UE s gi mt yu cu QoS mi cho cng mt phin
giao dch. Yu cu ny s c PCRF v QIF x l v thc thi trn ng dn t UE
n access GW.
5.1.5. Cung cp cc chnh sch
Cc chnh sch y c th l tp cc b m ha v gii m lp dch v v bng
thng c gi t li IMS sang EPC. PCRF da vo thng tin v cc mng m UE c
th kt ni n la chn tp cc chnh sch c th thc thi nu ti nguyn cho php.
PCRF cng nhn thng tin v vic chim gi cc mng t QIF. Cc thng tin ny cng
vi cc chnh sch t PCRF c gi n thu bao. Do vy, thu bao c th bit c
cc mng m thu bao c th kt ni n v cc ti nguyn c cp pht tng ng.
Khi , UE c th ly cc thng tin v cc mng ln cn m bo tnh lin tc ca dch
v.
Thng tin v cc v tr ca mng c xc nh bng c ch nh v. Ti mt
thi im, n khng cn xc nh chnh xc cc mng no m ch cn a ra tp cc
122
mng m UE c th kt ni n. Do , cc mng c th kim sot mt vng ln hn
so vi vng v tr chnh xc ca UE nn UE c th la chn mng kt ni da vo
s di chuyn ca n v cng nh cc tiu chun khc. Thng tin ny c bit hu ch
khi UE kt ni vi mt mng no , nhng mng li khng p ng c cc
yu cu v dch v (v d nh sng gim mnh khi khong cch gia im truy nhp
dch v v UE tng). Khi thu bao quyt nh chuyn giao, n khng ch cn c vo
cng tn hiu v cc thng s di ng ca UE m cn da vo mc p ng
QoS trong mng.
UE gi cc yu cu QoS v kh nng p ng ti nguyn mng c gi qua
ng bo hiu dch v. N cng cho php cc thng tin v cc ti nguyn c chim
gi v cc ti nguyn khc c gi t mng n UE. Nh vn hnh kim sot hon
ton mng nn lm gim kh nng ri ro b tn cng cng nh tr ca vic khi phc
sau li.
Bng cch s dng c ch trn, ban u, cc dch v u phi c mc chim gi
ti nguyn t nht l mc ti thiu. Nu sau , dung lng tc thi ca mng cho
php th cc ti nguyn c th c cp pht thm theo yu cu. Nh vy c th ci
thin c s hi lng ca khch hng v cung cp nhiu lp QoS.
Cc UE c th s dng hiu qu kh nng ca cc mng m n c th truy nhp
s dng nhiu ti nguyn di s kim sot ca nh vn hnh. Do , nh vn hnh
d dng iu khin lu lng d liu qua mng li, ng thi tng kh nng s dng
mng v gim tr nh cc c ch loi tr khi cung cp cc chnh sch QoS. Ngoi ra,
bng vic s dng hai giao thc chim gi ti nguyn, card th hai ca UE s ch kt
ni ch sau khi cc ti nguyn c yu cu nn lm gim tiu th cng sut i vi
UE.
5.2. Mt s vn cn m rng nghin cu
Gii php c nu trn l s nng cp i vi EPC ti u ha vic cung cp
QoS trong trng hp c mt nh vn hnh. Do , n ci thin c cht lng tri
123
nghim ca khch hng i vi dch v, c bit i vi cc UE a mng v cc lp
dch v khc nhau. Cn phi nghin cu thm i vi cc trng hp c nhiu nh vn
hnh m bo kh nng roaming.
Mt m hnh n gin c a ra m t cc chnh sch ca thu bao v c
ch x l cc chnh sch ny i vi IMS v EPC. Trong tng lai cn c cc nghin
cu phng php UE cung cp cc chnh sch n EPC v cc thc th trong IMS
v phng php la chn c thc hin bi PCRF, QIF v b iu khin cng ngh
truy nhp trong mng li.
124
KT LUN
Cuc cch mng trong h thng thng tin di ng m kt qu l h thng EPS

bao gm cuc cch mng mng truy nhp v mng li. Vic loi b hon ton phn
chuyn mch knh trong mng li to ra mt kin trc phng EPC, mt kin trc
n gin v d qun l. N khc phc c nhng nhc im ca cc mng li
trc , ci thin nhiu c trng v c nhng u im ng k. EPC tr thnh cu
ni cho cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau tng ng vi cc chun khc
nhau nhm cung cp a dng cc dch v thi gian thc v khng thi gian thc. Mt
vn rt quan trng trong EPC l gii php m bo cht lng dch v c th ci
thin tt nht cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng. Chnh nhng u im ca EPC
li tr thnh nhng thch thc m cc nh nghin cu phi ngh ti. V nguyn l,
EPC khc phc c nhng hn ch trong cc phng thc m bo QoS trong cc
mng trc . Tuy nhin, trn thc t, mi ch c mt s gii php c a ra gii
quyt vn . Trong phm vi lun vn ny ch cp n mt gii php hin ang
c trin khai trn th gii, l gii php ti u ha QoS trong mng c mt nh
vn hnh. Gii php ny mi ch gii quyt c mt kha cnh ca QoS trong EPC.
Trong tng lai, cn nghin cu thm cc gii php i vi mng c nhiu nh vn
hnh m bo kh nng roaming ca thu bao, mt vn cng rt quan trng trong
EPC. ng thi, c th nghin cu phng php UE c th cung cp cc chnh sch
n EPC cng nh cc thc th IMS.
125
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. The Mobile Broadband Evolution: 3GPP Release 8 and Beyond , 3G American,

Techical White Paper, 2009.
2. 3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Services and
System Aspects;General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access(Release 8), 3GPP
TS 23.401.
System Aspects;Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses (Release 8),
3GPP TS 23.402.
4. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network
and Terminals; Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via non-3GPP
access networks; Stage 3; (Release 8) 3GPP TS 24.302.
5. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and
System Aspects; Policy and charging control architecture (Release 8), 3GPP TS
23.203.
System Aspects;Circuit Switched Fallback in Evolved Packet System;Stage
2(Release 8), 3GPP TS 23.272
7. Hannes Ekstrm (2009), QoS Control in the 3GPP Evolved Packet System, IEEE
Communications Magazine.
8. Magnus Olsson, Shabnam Sultana, Stefan Rommer, Lars Frid, Catherine Mulligan
(2009), SAE and the evolved packet core, Elsevier International, ISBN: 978-0-12-
374826-3
126
9. Marius Iulian Corici, Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia, Thomas Magedanz, A
Network Controlled QoS Model over the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core, Fraunhofer
Institute FOKUS
10. Quality of Experience (QoE) of mobile services: Can it be measured and
improved?, Nokia Whitepaper, 2004
11. Pierre Lescuyer, Thierry Lucidarme, EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM (EPS): The
LTE and SAE evolution of 3G UMTS, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008.
12. Ramaswamy Pavithara, Comparison of end-to-end QoS Reservation Schemes in
Next Generation Networks, Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University,
2009.
13. Prof. Dr. Thomas Magedanz, Marius Corici, Fraunhofer, ragos Vingarzan (2009,
OpenEPC tutorial, Fraunhofer FOKUS.
14. Victoria Fineberg (2003), QoS Support in MPLS Networks, MPLS/Frame Relay
Alliance White Paper.
127
LI M U
c sng to u tin trong th gii di ng, h thng con a phng tin IMS
tr thnh nn tng dch v chung c chp nhn trn ton cu cho cc dch v a
phng tin pht trin trn cc mng th h mi. Song song vi IMS, Internet cng
hng n tm ra phng thc truyn thng a phng tin mt cch lin tc v mi
trng cc dch v thng tin, gii tr m in hnh l Web 2.0. V vy, xu th m cc h
thng thng tin hin ti ang hng n l dch v truy nhp v tuyn cng vi s hi
t gia Internet v di ng.
Khi cp n cc mng truy nhp khng dy LTE ch h tr kh nng truyn
tin dng gi th khi nim mng di ng th h mi m in hnh l EPS li tr nn
thc s ni bt v c quan tm mt cch c bit. Mt nn tng iu khin kt ni IP
mi c nh ngha cho phn mng li ca EPS nhm h tr tnh a dng v cng
ngh truy nhp khng dy di cc nn tng dch v khc nhau gi l EPC. EPC tha
k nhiu nguyn l ca IMS nh tnh cc v QoS da trn cc chnh sch, nhn thc
ngi dng, h tr chuyn giaonhng ch gii hn dnh cho cc kt ni IP ca mt
nn tng dch v. Mng truy nhp LTE yu cu h tr chuyn giao vi cc mng truy
nhp khng dy khc s ph thuc vo hot ng ca EPC ph hp vi tnh cht ca
tng kch bn chuyn giao . Thm na, vn QoS trong mi trng ny cng phi
i mt vi nhiu thch thc. ti lun vn thc s: Nghin cu mng li EPC v
gii php m bo QoS trong mng s cp mt gii php cho vn QoS cho
mng EPC hin ang c trin khai trn th gii.
Ni dung ti c chia lm cc chng nh sau:
- Chng 1: Dch v Web v kin trc hng dch v. Chng ny s gii
thiu khi qut v cc dch v Web c pht trin trn kin trc hng dch v,
cc thnh phn c bn ca kin trc SOA t thy c kh nng p ng
yu cu ca cc dch v i vi mng dn n nhu cu ra i ca EPC.
1
- Chng 2: Khi qut chung v EPC. Ni dung ca chng ny s tm hiu
tin trnh ra i v cc kh nng ca EPC. ng thi, chng ny cng i su
v kin trc ca EPC, cc thnh phn chnh, cc giao thc c s dng, giao
din gia cc thnh phn trong mng cng nh giao din vi thnh phn ca cc
mng khcv so snh nhng u im ca n so vi cc kin trc mng hin ti.
- Chng 3: M hnh QoS trong cc mng hin nay. Chng ny s a ra
nhng khi nim c bn v QoS, nhng phng thc m bo QoS c s
dng trong cc mng hin ti nh Intserv, Diffserv, MPLS v nguyn l, giao
thc c s dng ca tng phng thc cng nh nhng u, nhc im ca
chng.
- Chng 4: Vn QoS trong EPC. y l vn quan trng trong EPC cn
c c bit quan tm c th t c nhng mc tiu c bn ca mng.
Trong chng ny, mt khi nim mi c a ra lin quan n QoS, l
khi nim bearer. ng thi, ni dung ca chng cn cp n cc nguyn
tc v m hnh m bo QoS i vi cc dch v trong EPC. Mt khi nim
quan trng na lin quan n QoS trong EPC m cc mng hin ti khng c l
khi nim cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng v mi lin h vi QoS m
mng h tr.
- Chng 5: Gii php QoS trong EPC. Ni dung chng ny s cp n
nhng thch thc m vn QoS gp phi v a ra mt gii php hin ang
c trin khai trn th gii. Gii php ny l ti u ha QoS trong mng c
mt nh vn hnh. ng thi, chng ny cng a ra hng nghin cu i
vi vn ny trong tng lai.
2
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan nhng ni dung trong lun vn thc s hon ton l do kt qu
ca qu trnh t tm hiu, nghin cu ca bn thn ti, khng sao chp t bt k ti liu
no, khng vi phm bn quyn ca cc nghin cu khoa hc khc. Nu nhng ni dung
trn khng ng, ti xin hon ton chu trch nhim.
3
LI CM N
Ti mun gi li cm n su sc n Tin S Nguyn Ti Hng, ngi tn

tnh hng dn v h tr ti rt nhiu trong sut thi gian ti thc hin ti ny. Thy
lun gip , ng vin, lng nghe, ging gii v truyn t cho ti nhng kinh
nghim qu bu c th hon thnh tt ni dung ca ti.
Ti cng mun gi li cm n chn thnh n tt c cc thy c trong trng
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni cng nh trong Vin o to sau i hc ca trng
gip v to mi iu kin thun li cho ti hc tp, nghin cu.
Cui cng, ti mun gi li cm n chn thnh n ngi thn v cc bn
lun c v, ng vin v gip ti rt nhiu trong thi gian ti thc hin ti ny.
Do cn nhiu hn ch v thi gian cng nh hiu bit, kinh nghim nn ti ny s
khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu
gi ca cc thy c v cc bn ti c th hon thin hn vn nghin cu.
Hc vin: Nguyn Th Thanh Thim
4
DANH SCH CC THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt Thut ng ting Anh Thut ng ting Vit
3GPP : Third Generation Partnership Hip hi d n th h th ba

Project
AAA : Authentication, Authorization Nhn thc, cp php v tnh cc

and Accounting
AMBR : Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate Tc bit tng ln nht
APN : Access Point Name Tn im truy nhp
AuC : Authentication Center Trung tm nhn thc
AVP : Attribute Value Pair Cp gi tr thuc tnh
CDMA : Code Division Multiple a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Access
CoA : Care of Address a ch tm thi
CoS : Class Of Service Lp dch v
CT : Class-Type Loi dch v
DCP : DiffServ Code Point im m phn bit dch v
DPI : Deep Packet Inspection Kim tra gi
DS-TE : Diffserv-aware Traffic K thut lu lng c quan tm n

Engineering Diffserv
eHRPD : Evolved High Rate Packet D liu gi tc cao c nng

Data cp
5
EPC : Evolved Packet Core Mng li chuyn mch gi c
nng cp
ePDG : Evolved Packet Data Gateway Gateway d liu gi c nng cp
EPS : Evolved Packet System H thng mng chuyn mch gi

c nng cp
ETSI : European Telecommunication Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u

Standards Institute
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service Dch v truy nhp v tuyn mng
gi
GRE : Generic Routing Encapsulation ng gi nh tuyn chung
GSM : Global System for Mobile H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Communication
GTP : GPRS Tunneling Protocol Giao thc ng hm GPRS
HA : Home Agent Trm thng tr
HLR : Home Location Register B ng k v tr thng tr
HoA : Home Address a ch thng tr
HRPD : High Rate Packet Data D liu gi tc cao
HSGW : HRPD Serving Gateway Gateway phc v mng gi tc cao
HSDPA/ : High Speed Downlink/Uplink Truy nhp mng gi ng

HSUPA Packet Access ln/ng xung tc cao
HSS : Home Subscriber Server Server thu bao thng tr
HTML : Hypertext Markup Language Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn
6
IMS : IP Multimedia SubSystem H thng con a dch v IP
IMSI : International Mobile Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t

Subscriber Identity
IPSec : Internet Protocol / secure Bo mt IP
LMA : Local Mobile Anchor Anchor di ng cc b
LTE : Long Term Evolution Cuc cch mng tng lai
MAG : Mobile Access Gateway Gateway truy nhp di ng
MME : Mobility Management Entity Thc th qun l di ng
MMTel : MultiMedia Telephony Thoi a phng tin
MN : Mobile Node Nt di ng
MSC : Mobile Switching Centre Server trung tm chuyn mch di

Server Server ng
MSISDN : Mobile Subscriber ISDN S ISDN ca thu bao di ng

Number
NAS : Non-Access Stratum Non-Access Stratum
NDS/IP : Network Domain Security for Bo mt min cho min iu khin

IP-based control plane da trn IP
OCS : Online Charging System H thng tnh cc online
OFCS : Offline Charging System H thng tnh cc offline
PCEF : Policy and Charging Chc nng thc thi chnh sch v
Enforcement Function tnh cc
7
PCRF : Policy and Charging Rules Chc nng cc quy tc tnh cc v
Function chnh sch
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Giao thc hi t d liu gi

Protocol
PDN : Packet Data Network Mng d liu gi
PGW : PDN GateWay Gateway mng d liu gi
PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng cng cng
PMIP : Proxy Mobile IP Giao thc Internet di ng Proxy
RAT : Radio Access Technology Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
RNC : Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RSVP : Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc chim gi ti nguyn
SAE : System Architecture Evolution Cch mng kin trc h thng
SCTP : Stream Control Transmission Giao thc truyn iu khin lung

Protocol
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr phc v GPRS
SGW : Serving Gateway Gateway phc v
SOA : Service Oriented Architecture Kin trc hng dch v
SOAP : Service Oriented Architecture Giao thc kin trc hng dch v
Protocol
SRVCC : Single-Radio Voice Call Tnh lin tc cuc gi n sng

Continuity
8
TA : Tracking Area Vng theo di
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn
UDDI : Universal Description, Thnh phn tch hp, m t, tm

Discovery, and Integration kim c in
UE : User-Equipment Thit b u cui
UMTS : Universal Mobile H thng vin thng di ng c in

Telecommunications System
WCDMA : Wide-band Code Division a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Multiple Access bng rng
WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Truy nhp siu cao tn ton cu

Microwave Access
WSDL : Web Services Definition Ngn ng nh ngha dch v Web

Language
XML : Extensible Markup Language Ngn ng nh du m rng
9
DANH MC CC HNH V

Hnh 2.11: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din MME.
Hnh 2.12: Ngn xp giao thc min iu khin cho giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc
PMIP
Hnh 2.13: Ngn xp giao thc min ngi dng trn giao din S5/S8 da trn giao
thc PMIP
Hnh 2.15: Ngn xp giao thc giao din S1-U
10
Hnh 2.19: Ngn xp giao thc lp iu khin cho giao din S2a
Hnh 2.20: Ngn xp giao thc lp ngi dng cho giao din S2a
Hnh 3.1: M hnh trm-b nh tuyn trong RSVP
Hnh 3.4: Phn mo u ca bn tin MPLS
Hnh 3.5: nh x gia IP header v MPLS header cho E-LSP v L-LSP
Hnh 3.6: ng i ca gi trong MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv
Hnh 4.5: M hnh off path v cc th tc bearer do u cui khi to
Hnh 5.1: Kin trc cung cp cc dch v v cung cp cc chnh sch QoS
11
Chng 1: CC DCH V WEB V KIN TRC HNG DCH V
Li gii thiu
Trong qu trnh pht trin, Internet lun hng n tm ra mt phng thc
truyn thng nhm cung cp cc dch v thng tin v gii tr nh Web 2.0. Tuy nhin,
kin trc hin ti m Internet ang s dng l kin trc hng dch v SOA th hin
nhng hn ch trong vic h tr Internet t n mc tiu ra. Chng ny s gii
thiu cc dch v Web, kin trc SOA v nhng thnh phn c bn ca n t
thy c l do v sao n cha p ng c yu cu pht trin ca Internet.
1.1. Tng quan v XML
1.1.1. Cc khi nim lin quan
HTML a ra c php m t nh dng chun ca mt vn bn do Web
Browser a ra. Do , cc vn bn HTML khng th a ra cc thng tin v bn cht
ca d liu c hin th. Chnh s thiu ht ca cht lng thng tin trong cc vn
bn HTML s hn ch hiu qu v kh nng ca Internet khi chia s thng tin. Do vy,
XML khc phc c nhc im trn ca HTML. N cho php ngi dng a
thm cc thng tin meta v cc nhn t m t ca cc on vn bn. Do vy, cc ti
liu Web cng tr thnh mt kho cha thng tin nh.
1.1.2. Cc thnh phn
Cng ging nh HTML, XML s dng mt tp cc thnh phn. Tuy nhin, cc
thnh phn ca XML khng c nh ngha trc m n c to ra theo yu cu ca
khch hng th hin cc d liu trong mt ng cnh duy nht. Mt tp cc thnh
phn XML c phn loi nh l mt t. Cc t vng c th c to ra m t mt
loi ti liu kinh doanh no nh ha n hoc n hng. Mt trng hp c th ca
t vng l ti liu XML. y l khi c bn trong mt kin trc XML.
1.1.3. Gin
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Cc t c th c nh ngha s dng ngn ng nh ngha gin . Gin XML
nh ngha kin trc ca cc ti liu XML. N m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu trong
ti liu bng cch cung cp cu trc, cc quy tc xc nhn tnh hp l, p kiu v mi
quan h gia cc thnh phn. Ni cch khc, gin XML th hin nhng g c th v
khng th lm vi cc d liu XML. Hnh di y l th hin mi quan h gia gin
XML v cc ti liu XML.
Cu trc
Cc quy tc
Kiu d liu
Gin XML Cc ti liu XML
1.2. Cc dch v Web v kin trc hng dch v SOA

1.2.1. Khi nim cc dch v
Khi nim v dch v trong ng dng xut hin trc y, dch v ging nh
cc thnh phn, l cc khi c xy dng c lp nhm m t v mi trng ng
dng. Khng ging nh cc thnh phn truyn thng, cc dch v c mt s cc c
tnh ring tr thnh mt phn ca kin trc hng dch v.
Mt trong nhng tiu chun ny l n hon ton c lp i vi cc dch v
khc. iu ny c ngha rng mi dch v c th chu trch nhim vi mi min qun
l ca n v cc min ny thng c gii hn phm vi cc chc nng kinh doanh
no (hoc mt nhm cc chc nng lin quan)
Kt qu ca phng php thit k ny trong vic to cc n v c lp vic v
chc nng kinh doanh lin kt vi nhau theo mt framework chun. Do s c lp v
13
dch v trong framework, cc chng trnh khng cn thit tun theo bt k mt nn
tng hoc cng ngh no.
UDDI

c tru
y nh
Ch
p s
d
op
ng
tm
h
ki
p
m
nh x n SOAP
WSDL
i a
ng
t
n g ti
M
th
hp
op
Ch
Cc dch
v Web
Thut ng Web 2.0 dng ch th h th hai ca Web c cng nhn bi

cng ng Web v cc dch v nh mng x hi, wikis, v folksonomies - cc dch v
ny nhm mc ch to iu kin cho sng to, cng tc v chia s gia ngi s dng.
Thut ng Web 2.0 c bit n mt cch rng ri sau hi ngh v Web 2.0 ca
O'Reilly Media din ra ln u trong nm 2004. Mc d thut ng ny a ra mt
phin bn mi ca World Wide Web, nhng n khng cp nht bt k thng s k
thut no m ch thay i phng thc s dng web ca cc nh pht trin phn mm
v ngi dng. Theo Tim O'Reilly:
Web 2.0 l cuc cch mng kinh doanh trong lnh vc cng nghip my tnh bi n
ang tin n s dng Internet nh mt nn tng, v c gng hiu cc quy tc ca n
trn nn tng mi ny
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tng Web 2.0 lin quan n qu trnh chuyn mt vi website c thng tin
bit lp n cc nn tng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau v n hot ng nh l phn
mm cc b trong nhn thc ca ngi dng. Web 2.0 bao gm cc yu t x hi m
ngi s dng c th t to v phn tn ni dung, ty chia s v s dng li thng
tin.
Sau ny, Web 2.0 khng c nh ngha nh mt cu trc tnh. Web 2.0 ni
chung c th c m t nh mt tp hp chung ca cc kiu thit k v kin trc, n
c th thc thi trong nhiu ng cnh. Nhng kiu mu ny to ra nhiu ch cho cc
nh thit k phn mm khai thc tr tu tp th. Hu ht cc kiu cu trc Web 2.0 da
vo kin trc hng dch v hot ng.
Website Web 2.0 cho php ngi dng lm c nhiu hn l ch nhn thng
tin. Nhng website ny c th gip tnh ton mng nh nn tng cho php ngi
dng chy cc ng dng phn mm trn trnh duyt. Ngi dng c th s hu d liu
trn Web 2.0 v kim sot d liu . Nhng site ny c th c cu trc tham gia nn
khuyn khch ngi dng cng thm gi tr cho cc ng dng khi s dng. Quan im
ny tri ngc vi iu khin truy cp phn cp trong cc ng dng, trong , cc h
thng phn loi ngi dng mc khc nhau v chc nng. Nt c trng ca cc
site Web 2.0 l giao din phong ph v thn thin vi ngi dng da trn Ajax, Flex.
Cc cng ngh nh weblogs (blogs), social bookmarking, wikis, podcasts, RSS feeds,
social software, web APIs v cc dch v web online nh l eBay c nng cp so
vi cc website ch c.
Khi thit k cc ng dng Web 2.0 da vo cc kiu trn, cc kin trc thng
c yu cu c bit v chuyn dch d liu. i vi mc ch thng mi, n yu cu
c bit v kh nng nng cp, s mm do v kh nng truyn cc dch v ny n
nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau. Cc kin trc thng cn phi m rng kh nng trao
i d liu qua cc kiu yu cu p ng n gin v chp nhn nhiu kiu trao i
bn tin khc khi c kch hot bi cc s kin
15
1.2.2. Dch v Web da trn XML
Loi hnh dch v thnh cng v c chp nhn rng ri nht l dch v Web da trn
XML. Loi dch v ny c 2 yu cu c bn:
- N giao tip thng qua giao thc Internet (thng thng l HTTP)
- N gi v nhn d liu c nh dng vn bn XML
S chp nhn rng ri ca m hnh dch v Web lm ni bt nn ngha v tp hp cc
cng ngh cung cp tr thnh cc chun c chp nhn trn thc t. Do vy, mt
dch v Web chun c mong i :
- Cung cp s m t dch v t nht l bao gm mt vn bn WSDL
- C kh nng truyn cc vn bn XML s dng SOAP qua HTTP
Hn na, thng thng, cc dch v web:
- Hot ng nh ngi yu cu dch v v ngi cung cp dch v
- ng k vi i l tm kim
Trong hot ng thng thng vi dch v web, mt client khi to yu cu l
Web service. Nh trn hnh 1.3 th hin, bt k mt giao din no c ch ra bi
client service ny cng c bit l mt dch v m mt dch v khc c th yu cu
thng tin t n. Do vy, dch v web khng ph hp vi m hnh client-server. Thay
vo , chng thit lp h thng peer-to-peer trong mi dch v c th ng vai tr
l client hoc server.
1.2.3. Kin trc hng dch v (SOA)
Nh cp trn, c qu nhiu rc ri a ng dng vo mt vi dch v
web. S kt hp b gii hn ny l vic b xung mt kin trc ng dng hin ti vo
mt phn dch v da trn chc nng m n p ng mt yu cu c th ch cha phi
l mt kin trc hng dch v.
C mt s khc bit gia:
- ng dng s dng dch v web
- ng dng da trn kin trc hng dch v
16
er
L serv
L
cl i
en
t
Gi yu cu
Dch v A Dch v B
Gi yu cu
se L
er
L
rv
cl i
en
t
SOA l mt m hnh thit k i su vo vic a nguyn l ng dng vo trong

cc dch v m n tng tc thng qua giao thc giao tip chung. N a ra mt lp
nguyn l mi trong nn tng tnh ton phn tn. Lp tch hp dch v s thit lp mt
im tch hp chung trong cc tng ng dng v gia cc ranh gii gia cc ng dng.
SOA da trn dch v web XML xy dng trn cc lp cng ngh XML tp trung vo
cc ng dng tn ti nh cc dch v c kt hp lng lo vi nhau. h tr m
hnh ny, SOA khuyn khch s dng c ch tm kim dch v thng qua thnh phn
trung gian hoc i l tm kim.
Hnh 1.4 ch ra cch SOA chn la cc kin trc a tng hin ti bng cch ch ra lp
nguyn l thit lp mt im kt hp chung qua vic s dng giao din chng trnh
chun c cung cp bi dch v web
Lp kt hp dch v ny hnh thnh ln nn tng ca kiu m hnh mi m n
c th c m rng ra khi phm vi ca mi ng dng n thng nht cc nn tng
khc nhau trong mi trng tng thch m. Khi cc dch v Web c s dng
tch hp gia cc ng dng, t chng s thit lp tr thnh mt phn ca h tng doanh
nghip.
17
Do s dng nhiu dch v nn yu cu bo mt v kh nng nng cp tng. Cc mi
trng hng dch v c thit k c gng gii quyt cc vn ny bng h tng
thch hp hn l a ra cc gii php i vi mt ng dng c th.
Thng mi
Trnh din
Tch hp
D liu
Thng mi
Trnh din
1.2.4. Cc vai tr ca dch v Web

Cc dch v c th c cc vai tr khc nhau khi tham gia vo qu trnh tng tc
khc nhau. Ph thuc vo ng cnh m n c xem xt, cng nh trng thi lm vic
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hin ti, mt dch v web c th thay i vai tr hoc c gn nhiu vai tr ti cng
mt thi im
ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Tch hp
Trnh din
Trnh din
Thng mi
Trnh din

1.3. Giao thc SOAP
1.3.1. Khi nim chung
So vi nhng ngy u mi ra i, SOAP c nng cp tr thnh giao thc
v nh dng bn tin c h tr rng ri nht s dng cc dch v Web. Do ,
SOAP thng c thay cho giao thc kin trc hng dch v (hoc giao thc ng
19
dng) thay v giao thc truy nhp i tng n gin. SOAP thit lp mt nh dng
bn tin chun bao gm mt ti liu XML c th t chc d liu dng ti liu v dng
RPC. Do , n lm cho cc m hnh trao i d liu ng b (yu cu v p ng)
cng nh khng ng b (theo qu trnh) tr nn d dng.
ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Cc bn tin SOAP
Trnh din
Trnh din
1.3.2. Framework trao i bn tin trong SOAP

SOAP xy dng mt phng php trao i da vo m hnh x l lin quan n
framework cc dch v web nu trn. Tuy nhin, n khc ch n a ra cc
thut ng v cc khi nim lin quan n cch cc bn tin SOAP c x l.
a) Cc nt SOAP
Cc nt ny th hin nguyn l qu trnh chu trch nhim truyn, nhn v thc
hin cc cng vic khc nhau trong cc bn tin SOAP. Mt nt SOAP c th c gi
l mt SOAP server hoc SOAP listener cng nh SOAP router. Tt c cc loi ny
c gi chung l nt SOAP.
b) Cc loi nt SOAP
Ging nh cc dch v Web, cc nt SOAP c th tn ti nh nt gi, nt nhn
v cc nt trung gian. Trong khi cc dch v Web c chia ra thnh cc nh cung cp
v cc bn yu cu th cc nt SOAP cng thc hin cc cng vic tng ng (gi
v nhn) v c gi l nt SOAP gi v nt SOAP nhn.
20
Cng mt nt SOAP c th hot ng vi cc vai tr khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr ca
n trong ng truyn bn tin v trng thi hot ng hin ti ca doanh nghip. V d,
mt nt SOAP truyn mt bn tin (ng vai tr l mt nt gi khi to), sau n c
th nhn bn tin p ng nn c xem l nt nhn sau cng.
c) Cc chc nng ca nt SOAP
Cc chc nng ca mt nt SOAP c gn vi loi nt m n thc hin chc
nng nhn. Ni cch khc, l cc nt nhn trung gian v nt nhn sau cng.
1.4. UDDI
1.4.1. Khi nim chung v UDDI
Mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca kin trc SOA l c ch tm kim
cc m t dch v Web. thit lp c thnh phn ny cn c mt th mc trung
tm dnh cho cc m t dch v. Th mc ny c th tr thnh phn khng th thiu
ca mt t chc hoc cng ng Internet nn n c coi l s m rng h tng c s.
Do , UDDI ngy cng tr nn quan trng.
1.4.2. M t UDDI
Thnh phn cha kha ca UDDI l s chun ha ca cc bn ghi profile c
lu trong th mc nu trn v c gi l thnh phn ng k. Mt thnh phn ng k
cng cng l mt th mc ton cu ca cc m t dch v trn ton th gii. Thnh
phn ny c kim sot bi cc cng ty ln trn nhiu server UDDI. Cc bn tin
UDDI t ng c sao chp gia cc kho lu tr. Mt s cng ty khc cng c th
ng vai tr nh cc thnh phn ng k UDDI cho php cc cng ty khc c th thm
v sa cc thng tin m t dch v ca h.
Thnh phn ng k c nhn l kho cha cc m t dch v c kim sot
trong ni b mt t chc. Vic cp php truy nhp vo th mc ny c th bao gm c
vic la chn cc thnh phn truy nhp t bn ngoi. Thnh phn ng k c gii
hn cho nhng ngi dng ni b ch c th c xem l thnh phn ng k ni b.
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ng dng A ng dng B
D liu
D liu
Thng mi
Thng mi
Tch hp
Trnh din
Trnh din
B ng k
UDDI
Mt dch v
Qu trnh tm kim c th xy ra theo nhiu trng hp khc nhau ty thuc vo

l do thng tin dch v c yu cu. V d:
- Mt cng ty ang tm kim thit lp mi quan h mi i vi cc phin giao
dch online th c th tm v so snh cc thnh vin ph hp s dng thnh phn
ng k cng cng.
- Khi xy dng mt knh tch hp gia cc hot ng kinh doanh, mt kin trc
ang c s dng cho mt thnh vin ca t chc cn phi bit n im lin
lc ra bn ngoi ca t chc. Cc giao din v nguyn l chng th hin s hnh
thnh ln nn tng cho cc dch v web c thit k bi thnh vin. Khi truy
22
nhp vo thnh phn ng k c nhn ca t chc, n cho php kin trc tp
hp cc thng tin ny.
- Cc nh thit k mt ng dng c th tm ra kh nng s dng li khi c cc
m t dch v hin ti ca h thng. Cc m t dch v trung tm trong mt
thnh phn ng k ni b cung cp kho ti nguyn m t u cui cng
cng.
- Mt nh pht trin dch v mi cn truy nhp cc nh ngha giao din cho cc
dch v hin ti. Thnh phn ng k ni b gip h khng phi lo lng rng cc
giao din dch v c kt hp cht ch c tn ti hay khng.
Cc thnh phn ng k UDDI t chc cc u vo theo 6 loi d liu c bn:
- thc th thng mi
- cc dch v thng mi
- cc con tr c tnh
- loi dch v
- cc loi dch v
- cc thu bao
23
Chng 2: TNG QUAN V EPC
Li gii thiu
Mc tiu hng ti ca cc h thng thng tin hin ti l cung cp a dng cc
dch v qua mt mng di ng bng rng cng vi s hi t gia Internet v di ng.
Nhn thy cc kin trc mng hin ti cn nhiu hn ch nn khng th h tr cho
nhng yu cu trn, t chc 3GPP a ra mt kin trc mng hon ton mi, l
EPS. S thay i c bn ca EPS so vi cc mng hin ti l mng li vi kin trc
phng. Thng tin trong mng hon ton ch di dng cc gi IP nn kin trc
mng tr nn n gin hn, d qun l v nng cp. Chng ny s cp n cc
vn chung v EPS, sau i su v kin trc mng li EPC: cc thnh phn chnh
v chc nng ca chng, cc giao thc c bn c s dng cng nh cc giao din
gia cc thnh phn trong EPC v vi cc thnh phn ca mng truy nhp khc kt
ni vi EPC.
2.1. Khi qut chung v EPS

2.1.1. Tin trnh ra i ca EPS
Trong nhiu nm qua ra i nhiu chun v tuyn khc nhau m ni bt nht
l cc chun GSM, CDMA v WCDMA/HSPA. Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA v CDMA cng gn vi cc mng li khc nhau. Ban u,
GSM c pht trin trong vin cc chun vin thng chu u ETSI v c mng truy
nhp v tuyn v mng li nhm cung cp dch v thoi chuyn mch knh. Cc thnh
phn chnh ca mng li cho GSM bao gm trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC v
b ng k v tr thng tr HLR. Sau , do nhu cu h tr lu lng IP trong cng
nghip di ng, h thng cc dch v v tuyn dng gi GPRS c to ra b sung cho
h thng GSM hin hnh. Theo , hai thc th mng mi cng c thm vo cho
mng li bao gm nt h tr dch v GPRS v nt h tr Gateway GPRS. Vi s pht
trin ca GPRS, khi nim mng li chuyn mch gi tr nn thng dng trong cc
ti liu lin quan. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn t mng truy nhp v tuyn EDGE
(GERAN) sang mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UTRAN, 3GPP x l vic chun
24
ha cc cng ngh mng li v mng v tuyn cho UTRAN v UTRAN/WCDMA. Sau
, 3GPP tip tc a ra mt nn tng chung cung cp a dch v cho cc mng li gi
l h thng con a phng tin IP (IMS). Cc dch v trn nn IMS l a dng do IMS
da trn cc giao thc mm do nh SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). Thm vo ,
chun IMS cn h tr VoIP v cho php tng tc vi mng PSTN qua cc gateway
media v gateway bo hiu. Mc d IMS c xem nh s nng cp c ngha trong
vic tch hp cc dch v nhng cc nh vn hnh mng li khng thc thi n rng ri
v s dng n nh mt nn tng chung cho tt c cc dch v bao gm cc dch v
thoi, dch v thi gian thc v dch v khng phi thi gian thc do n khng h tr
s di ng lin tc ca cc dch v thoi gia cc mng trn nn CS v IMS.
1991 2000 2004 2008
Mng IP PSTN Mng IP
PSTN PSTN Mng IP PSTN IMS IMS
Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn Chuyn

mch knh mch knh mch gi mch knh mch gi Chuyn mch gi
Mng truy
Mng truy nhp Mng truy nhp Mng truy nhp
nhp
Cch mng Cch mng

2G GSM EPS (LTE/EPC)
2G/GPRS/EDGE 3G/IMS
EPS l s nng cp mi nht ca chun UMTS c v mt giao din v tuyn v
mng li th hin vic s dng bng thng hiu qu gp i so vi HSDPA/HSUPA
v mt kin trc n gin v hp nht khi ton b thng tin trong mng u c coi
nh d liu dng gi.
Trong nhng ngy u ca EPC, c hai kiu kin trc mng li c thit k
vi cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau. Vi cuc cch mng cho thng tin di ng
bng rng, mng li tn dng c cc cng ngh IP tit kim chi ph cho ngi
s dng v cho cc nh vn hnh. ng thi, mng li mi cng h tr cc mng truy
nhp m bo cc ci t cho mng hin hnh vn c th kt ni vi EPC. Cng ti
25
thi im , nhiu nh vn hnh trong 3GPP2 cng bt u quan tm n cuc cch
mng trong mng li din ra trong 3GPP. H cng mong mun tham gia vo h thng
LTE v pht trin mng li chuyn mch gi chung ca SAE. iu c ngha l mc
tiu ca SAE l ci thin v xy dng cu ni gia hai loi mng li ang tn ti.
2.1.2. Nhng thay i ca EPS so vi cc kin trc hin ti
EPS ra i p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng v cc nh vn hnh. i
vi ngi dng, nu h mun s dng dch v di ng bng rng, h cn la chn mt
nh vn hnh h tr dch v v mua thit b h tr bng thng cao nht c cung cp
bi E-UTRAN s dng EPS. i vi nh vn hnh, cung cp dch v di ng bng
rng ch truyn d liu, kin trc phi c nng cp ln EPS v n cung cp cc thnh
phn cho php cc mng truy nhp 2G/3G s dng EPC. Vi cc dch v thoi, s kt
hp IMS v EPS s cung cp mt mng ton IP m bo s truy nhp ca ngi
dng i vi dch v.
C mt s min trong EPS, mi min bao gm cc nt logic c th tng tc
vi nhau cung cp mt tp cc chc nng trong mng. Mt mng thc thi chun
3GPP c th hin trong hnh 2.2.
GSM/GPRS Cc mng
chuyn mch
knh
Mng li
WCDMA/HSPA Min chuyn mch knh
Min qun l ngi

LTE dng
Min IMS
Min chuyn mch gi

Cc mng
khng thuc 3GPP
Cc mng IP
Min kin trc ny bao gm cc min mng truy nhp khc nhau bao gm
GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA, LTE cng nh cc mng truy nhp khng do 3GPP a
ra v cc min mng li. LTE l cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn di ng bng thng
26
rng mi nht. Cc min mng li bao gm min chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi
v IMS. Cc min ny tng tc vi nhau qua mt s giao din c nh ngha trc.
Min qun l ngi dng cung cp cc thng tin v thu bao v h tr roaming, di
ng trong v gia cc min khc nhau. iu c bit cn ch y l kin trc EPC
chnh l cuc cch mng ca min li chuyn mch gi v min qun l ngi dng
Nh vy, EPS hng n mt kin trc phng, cung cp mt framework cho cc
dch v thi gian thc v khng thi gian thc vi thng tin trong mng u di dng
gi d liu. E-UTRAN l mng truy nhp vi tc d liu cao, tr nh v cng ngh
truy nhp v tuyn c ti u ha. N c th hin giao din v tuyn mi, cc
giao thc mi v kin trc mng truy nhp mi.
2.2. Nhng yu cu chung ca EPS
Nh trn cp, EPS l mt mng ton IP v l mt h thng chuyn mch
gi c ti u vi mc ch l nng cp cng ngh chuyn mch gi p ng c
s tng t bin ca lu lng IP. N h tr cc dch v ch yu nh thoi, video, tin
nhn, trao i file d liu. ng thi, n phi m bo c cc yu cu c bn sau:
- C kh nng h tr nhiu h thng truy nhp khc nhau nhm cung cp mi
trng h thng a truy nhp cho ngi dng
- Cung cp chc nng di ng trong mt mng truy nhp hoc gia cc mng
truy nhp khc nhau. Chc nng ny c ti u ha tc l n h tr phn bo
hiu nh nht, thi gian ngng chuyn giao nh nht, th tc chuyn giao bo
mt v vt ro cc b.
- Cung cp kh nng tng tc vi vi cc mng qung b trn nn IP
- Nng cp hot ng ca mng: tr thp, thi gian thit lp kt ni ngn v cht
lng truyn tin cao.
- H tr nhiu m hnh lu lng nh u cui u cui, u cui n cc nt
khc trong mng.
- Cung cp kh nng h tr cho cc thu bao roaming trong v ngoi mng EPS
v vi cc mng thng tin truyn thng khc.
- C kh nng h tr v tng tc vi cc dch v chuyn mch gi v chuyn
mch knh trong cc mng trc .
27
- H tr s lin tc v dch v gia cc h thng truy nhp 3GPP v vi cc mng
khng thuc 3GPP m khng ph thuc vo UE c h tr truyn thng tin v
tuyn mt cch ng thi hay khng cng nh s lin tc v dch v i vi
mng hn hp gia di ng v c nh
- Cho php s dng hiu qu cc ti nguyn h thng, c bit l cc ti nguyn
v tuyn bng cch ti u truyn dn v bo hiu.
2.3. Kin trc ca EPC
2.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca EPC
EPC thc hin chc nng ca mt mng li n gin ton IP khng nhng nhm
h tr tt c cc dch v chuyn mch gi, nhng dch v da trn nn IMS m cn c
kh nng tng tc vi mng PSTN truyn thng, m bo s lin tc ca dch v gia
h thng c v mi. thc hin cc chc nng yu cu, EPC bao gm cc thnh phn
chc nng chnh sau:
- Thc th qun l di ng MME
- Cc Gateway: Gateway phc v SGW v Gateway mng chuyn mch gi d
liu PGW
- Thnh phn chc nng tnh cc v chnh sch PCRF
- Server lu d liu v cc thu bao HSS
Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh c nu trn, khi thc hin giao tip vi cc mng
truy nhp khc, EPC cn c thm cc thnh phn khc nh 3GPP AAA Server cho cc
mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP, ePGW cho cc mng truy nhp khng tin cy v
Access GW cho cc mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP.
2.3.1.1. MME (Thc th qun l di ng)
MME l nt chnh iu khin mng truy nhp LTE. N thc hin la chn
SGW cho mt UE trong sut qu trnh khi to kt ni cng nh trong qu trnh
chuyn giao gia cc mng LTE nu cn. N chu trch nhim thc hin cc th tc
thng bo v chuyn giao i vi cc UE trong ch ri v cc th tc kch hot cng
nh ngng kch hot cc bearer vi t cch i din cho UE. MME cn tng tc vi
28
HSS thc hin nhn thc ngi dng. MME cng m bo UE c cp php s
dng mt PLMN ca nh vn hnh v thc thi cc hn ch roaming m UE c th c.
ng thi, MME cng cung cp cc chc nng iu khin di ng gia LTE v cc
mng truy nhp 2G/3G.
Trong qu trnh chuyn giao, nu MME thay i th n s thc hin chc nng
la chn MME khc da vo m hnh ca mng. Nu mt s MME phc v cng mt
vng no th th tc la chn s da trn mt s tiu chun khc nh la chn mt
MME sao cho gim kh nng phi thay i n v sau hoc da vo nhu cu cn bng
ti trong mng.
Ngoi ra, MME cn thc hin bo hiu NAS. ng thi, MME cng hot ng
nh im u cui trong mng vi mc ch bo mt cho bo hiu NAS, x l mt m
v qun l cc kha bo mt.
2.3.1.2. Cc Gateway trong EPC
EPC c hai Gateway c th c thc thi ti cng mt nt hoc ti cc nt vt l ring
bit bao gm:
- SGW: l gateway kt thc giao din ti E-UTRAN v ng vi mi UE c kt
ni vi EPS, ti mt thi im ch c mt SGW
- PGW: l gateway kt thc giao din ti PDN. Nu mt UE ang truy nhp nhiu
PDN th c th c nhiu P-GW cho UE ny
a) SGW
SGW thc hin mt vi chc nng i vi cc kin trc mng da trn giao thc
GTP v PMIP. SGW c giao din vi mng E-UTRAN. Mi UE khi kt ni n EPS
u c gn vi mt SGW. i vi cng mt MME, SGW s c la chn cho UE
da vo topo ca mng v v tr ca UE theo mt s tiu chun nh chn SGW sao cho
gim kh nng phi thay i SGW v sau v yu cu cn bng ti gia cc SGW.
Mi khi mt UE c gn vi SGW, n s x l chuyn tip cc gi d liu ca
ngi dng v cng hot ng nh mt im anchor cc b khi c yu cu cho
29
chuyn giao gia cc eNodeB. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao t LTE n cc mng
truy nhp khc thuc 3GPP, SGW s cung cp mt kt ni chuyn lu lng ngi
dng t cc h thng mng 2G/3G v PGW.
Khi mt UE trong ch IDLE, SGW s kt thc ng xung i vi d
liu. Nu cc gi mi n, SGW kch hot th tc thng bo n UE. Khi , SGW
qun l v lu tr thng tin lin quan n UE nh cc thng s ca mt bearer hoc
thng tin nh tuyn trong mng.
Cn lu rng SGW v MME c th c thc hin trn cng mt hoc mt vi nt
vt l.
b) PGW
PGW cung cp cc kt ni cho UE n cc PDN bn ngoi vi chc nng nh
im vo v ra i vi lu lng d liu UE. Mt UE c th c kt ni ti mt hoc
nhiu PGW nu n cn phi truy nhp n mt hoc nhiu PDN. PGW cng cp pht
a ch IP cho UE. Cc chc nng ny ca PGW c p dng cho kin trc EPC khi
s dng giao thc GTP v PMIP.
Vi vai tr l mt GW, PGW c th thc hin kim tra cc gi DPI, lc gi i
vi lu lng ca tng u cui. ng thi, n cng thc hin iu khin m cng
mc dch v v thc thi cc chnh sch v tc v sp xp cc gi. i vi cc yu
cu v QoS, PGW cng nh du cc gi ng ln v xung bng im m phn bit
dch v DCP.
Ngoi ra, PGW cng hot ng nh mt im anchor qun l di ng gia
cc mng truy nhp thuc 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP nh WiMAX v
CDMA/HRPD.
2.3.1.3. PCRF
PCRF l thnh phn iu khin tnh cc v chnh sch ca kin trc SAE, bao
gm cc quyt nh iu khin chnh sch v cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc da
vo lung d liu. iu c ngha l n cung cp cc iu khin da trn mng lin
30
quan n pht hin lung d liu dch v SDF, m cng, QoS v tnh cc theo lung
n chc nng thc thi tnh cc v chnh sch PCEF. Tuy nhin, PCRF khng chu
trch nhim v qun l tn dng.
PCRF nhn cc thng tin v dch v t chc nng ng dng AF v quyt nh
phng php m PCEF x l i vi lung d liu ca mt dch v xc nh. PCRF
cng m bo nh x lu lng min ngi dng v phng php x l tng ng vi
profile ca thu bao.
Cc chc nng ca PCRF s c cp r hn trong chng 4 di y.
2.3.1.4. HSS
HSS l c s d liu chnh ca EPC lu cc thng tin v thu bao. HSS c th c
xem l s kt hp ca HLR v AuC. y l hai chc nng c trong cc mng 2G/GSM
v 3G/UMTS. Phn HLR ca HSS chu trch nhim lu v cp nht khi cn c s d
liu bao gm tt c cc thng tin v thu bao gm:
- a ch v nhn dng ngi dng tng ng l IMSI v MSISDN hoc s in
thoi di ng.
- Thng tin profile ca ngi dng bao gm trng thi thu bao dch v v thng
tin v QoS cho thu bao (nh thng tin v tc bit cho php hoc lp lu
lng c cho php)
Phn AuC ca HSS chu trch nhim to ra cc thng tin bo mt t cc kha nhn
dng ngi dng. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp n HLR v cc thc th khc
trong mng. Thng tin bo mt ch yu c s dng cho:
- Nhn thc chung cho mng v ngi dng
- Bo v s tch hp v mt m ca ng truyn v tuyn m bo cc d
liu v thng tin bo hiu c truyn gia mng v u cui khng b thay i
hoc mt
Ngoi cc thc th nu trn, EPC cn c cc thc th khc h tr cho s tng tc
vi cc mng truy nhp khc thuc 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP nh 3GPP AAA
31
Server, Access GW, ePDG v ANSDF. Cc thc th ny s c cp n trong cc
phn sau ca chng ny.
2.3.2. M hnh kin trc ca EPC
2.4.1.1. M hnh kin trc khng roaming
1) Kin trc c bn ca EPC vi mng truy nhp LTE
Trong kin trc ny, tt c cc eNodeB c kt ni n t nht mt MME qua
giao din logic S1-MME. MME s x l tt c cc bo hiu iu khin lin quan n
LTE bao gm cc chc nng bo mt v di ng cho cc thit b kt ni qua LTE
RAN. MME cng qun l tt c cc u cui trong ch IDLE.
MME c kt ni vi HSS qua S6a ly cc thng tin lin quan n ngi
dng ang thc hin truy nhp qua LTE. Cc thng tin ny c s dng nhn thc
v cp php truy nhp v HSS cng h tr qun l di ng trong LTE cng nh gia
LTE v cc mng truy nhp khc. Phn d liu ngi dng trong cc gi IP c x l
bi SGW v PGW. SGW c giao din S1-U vi eNodeB v thit lp im anchor h
tr di ng trong LTE cng nh gia GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA v LTE. SGW lu
cc gi IP ng xung vo b m v h tr QoS mc chuyn vn
PGW l im lin kt ra mng ngoi qua giao din SGi. N bao gm cc chc
nng cp pht a ch IP, tnh cc, lc gi v iu khin da trn cc chnh sch i
vi cc lung d liu ngi dng. PGW cng l nt h tr QoS cho cc dch v dnh
cho ngi dng.
SGW v PGW c kt ni vi nhau qua giao din S5 nu ngi dng khng
roaming hoc S8 nu ngi dng roaming. Cc giao din ny c th hot ng da trn
giao thc GTP hoc PMIPv6. Ty thuc giao thc s dng m c s phn chia chc
nng gia hai thc th ny. C ba trng hp xy ra nh sau:
- Khi mt ngi dng mun kt ni vi hn mt mng d liu ngoi ti cng mt
thi im v tt c cc mng khng c phc v bi cng mt PGW. Khi
32
, tt c d liu ngi dng lin quan s lun i qua cng mt SGW nhng i
qua hn mt PGW.
- Khi nh vn hnh thit lp cc PGW v tr trung tm trong khi SGW li phn
tn gn cc eNodeB hn.
- Khi mt ngi dng di chuyn gia hai eNodeB khng thuc cng mt vng
dch v, cn phi thay i SGW trong khi gi nguyn PGW khng lm gin
on kt ni.
Mng IP khc
SGi
PGW
S6a
HSS MME S5/S8
S11
SGW
S1-MME
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
Bo hiu iu khin gia MME v SGW c trao i thng qua giao din S11.
Giao din ny c s dng thit lp kt ni IP cho ngi dng LTE qua cc
Gateway kt ni v eNodeB, ng thi h tr s di ng khi ngi dng di chuyn
gia cc eNodeB.
33
2) Thm cc chc nng h tr truy nhp LTE
h tr truy nhp LTE, EPC thm vo kin trc 3 nt logic v cc giao din
lin quan bao gm PCRF, OCS v OFCS.
Rx
Mng IP khc
SGi
OFCS
Gz Gx
PGW PCRF S9
S10
S6a S5/S8
HSS MME
Gy S11
SGW Gxc
S1-MME
OCS
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
PCRF cu to mt phn quan trng ca khi nim trong kin trc EPC c gi l
PCC. Khi nim ny c thit k tnh cc da vo lung d liu dch v bao gm
kim sot tn dng online, iu khin chnh sch bao gm h tr cp php dch v v
qun l QoS. Chnh sch y l mt quy tc cho phng php x l mt lung IP
trong mng v d nh d liu s c tnh cc hoc QoS dnh cho dch v ny nh
th no. C hai chc nng iu khin chnh sch v tnh cc u da vo vic tt c
cc lung IP c phn loi trong PGW/SGW s dng cc b lc gi duy nht hot
ng trong thi gian thc trn cc lung IP. PCRF bao gm quyt nh iu khin
chnh sch v cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc theo lung d liu. Trn giao din
34
Rx ca n, cc server ngoi c th gi cc thng tin dch v bao gm cc yu cu v ti
nguyn v cc thng s lin quan n lung IP n PCRF. PCRF c giao din Gx vi
PGW v trong trng hp S5 da trn PMIPv6 th PCRF giao din vi SGW qua Gxc.
OFCS v OCS giao tip vi PGW qua giao din Gz v Gy v h tr cc chc nng lin
quan n tnh cc ca ngi dng da vo cc thng s nh thi gian, dung lng, s
kin
Cc MME c kt ni vi nhau qua giao din S10 v c s dng khi MME ang
phc v mt ngi dng phi c thay i do bo dng, do nt b li
3) Tng tc gia LTE vi GSM/GPRS v WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS
Hnh 2.5 th hin gii php m 3GPP a ra c th tng tc gia LTE v
GSM/GPRS/WCDMA/HSPA. Trong , SGSN thc hin thm 4 giao din mi trong
3 giao din S3, S4 v S16 da trn giao thc GTP. Giao din th t S6d l giao din
gi ca S6a gia MME v HSS nhn cc thng tin thu bao lin quan n GSM v
WCDMA t HSS nhng cho SGSN. S6d s dng giao thc Diameter ca IETF. S3 ch
l giao din bo hiu. N c s dng gia SGSN v MME h tr di ng gia
cc h thng. S16 l giao din gia cc SGSN vi nhau trong khi S4 c ni SGSN
vi SGW. y ch quan tm n cc giao din lin quan n EPC bao gm S3, S4 v
S6d. Vic kt ni SGSN vi SGW to ra mt im anchor chung cho LTE,
GSM/GPRS v WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS trong SGW. Do SGW cho cc thu bao
roaming c t mng tm tr nn tt c cc lu lng ngi dng lin quan n
thu bao c a qua im anchor ny trong mng cho php nh vn hnh mng tm
tr iu khin v gim st lu lng theo mt cch thng. Mt kt ni trc tip gia
RNC trong WCDMA v SGW c to ra: giao din S12. Nu s dng giao din ny,
SGSN s ch x l bo hiu iu khin cho WCDMA m khng phi x l dung lng
ca ngi dng. u im ca vic s dng S3 v S4 y l cc tiu chun 3GPP cho
php ti u ti bo hiu cho tt c cc u cui trong ch IDLE. Khi nim ny gi
l ISR (IDLE Mode Signalling).
35
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
IMS
Mng IP khc Rx
SGi
OFCS SGSN
Gz Gx
S6d PGW PCRF S9
S3 S10
S4
S6a
HSS MME
S5/S8
Gy S11
Gxc
S1-MME SGW
OCS
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
4) Tng tc vi mng CDMA

Nguyn tc c bn cho php cc mng tng tc vi nhau l to ra mt c s d
liu v thu bao cho mc ch nhn thc v gi thng tin v mng m ngi dng
mun kt ni. y, HSS xem nh c s d liu chung v thu bao ca cc mng.
Vic nhn thc truy nhp thu bao kt ni vi eHRPD c thc hin bng chc nng
AAA nn eHRPD c kt ni vi AAA server ca EPC qua giao din STa.
AAA Server c th l mt phn mm trong HSS cng c th l mt thit b n v giao
tip vi HSS qua giao din SWx. PGW giao tip vi Server ny qua S6b PGW c
th nhn c cc d liu v thu bao. ng thi, n cng c s dng lu thng
tin lin quan n PGW m ngi dng ang kt ni n. Mc ch l khi ngi
36
dng di chuyn v kt ni qua LTE, MME c th la chn cng mt PGW nh c
s dng cho eHRPD. PGW cng hot ng nh mt im anchor chung cho ngi
dng kt ni qua eHRPD. D liu ngi dng gia HSGW v PGW c truyn qua
giao din S2a. EPC cng cho php PCRF p dng cc chnh sch trong mng eHRPD
qua giao din Gxa.
IMS
Mng IP khc SGi Rx

STa
OFCS AAA
S4
Gz Gx
S6b PGW S2a PCRF S9
S10
S6a
HSS MME
S5/S8
S101
Gy
Gxc
S1-MME S11 SGW
OCS
eNodeB
X2
S1-U S103
ePDG Gxa
LTE
eHRPD
Ngoi ra, cn c thm cc giao din s dng ti u chuyn giao v h tr cc dch

v thoi bao gm S101, S103 v S102.
5) Tng tc gia cc cng ngh 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP
37
Bn cnh c trng c lp vi cng ngh truy nhp v s dng chung i vi
vic x l dch v, kin trc EPC cn cho php tng tc gia cc cng ngh 3GPP
(GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA/GSM/GPRS v LTE) v khng thuc 3GPP (CDMA,
WLAN v cc cng ngh truy nhp c nh).
IMS
Mng IP khc
OCS OFCS Rx
Gx PCRF S9
Gz Gxa
SGi
HSS
Gy S2b
PGW Gxb
S6b S2a
SWx
SWm
AAA ePDG
STa
S2c SWn
SWa
Mng khng tin cy Mng tin cy

khng thuc Khng thuc
3GPP 3GPP
SWu
UE
Ty thuc l kt ni n mng tin cy hay khng tin cy v c ch di ng

c s dng (da trn mng hay da trn client) m s tng tc c thc hin s
khc nhau. Cc giao din STa v Gxa c p dng cho mng truy nhp tin cy khng
38
thuc 3GPP iu khin chnh sch v d liu ngi dng. S2a c s dng kt
ni d liu khi p dng m hnh di ng da trn mng cho cc mng tin cy.
Vi cc mng khng tin cy, cc giao din tng ng bao gm S2b, Swa v
Gxb. Tuy nhin, do nh vn hnh khng tin vo cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP
khi u cui kt ni nn S2b v Gxb khng trc tip giao tip vi mng m thng qua
nt logic ePDG. ePDG thuc v nh vn hnh di ng. Cc ng hm c m ha
c thit lp gia u cui v ePDG m bo mi thit b c th giao tip mt cch
bo mt vi mng. N to ra mt kt ni logic Swu gia u cui v ePDG mang
cc thng tin bo hiu qun l cc ng hm v mang thng tin d liu. ePDG sau
kt ni vi PGW, d liu v thng tin bo hiu c trao i gia hai nt qua giao
din S2b. ePDG cng giao tip vi PCRF qua Gxb h tr cc c ch iu khin
chnh sch. Giao din gia ePDG v mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP khng tin cy
l SWn. Giao din ny mang cc thng tin bo hiu v d liu gia hai mng. Thng
tin bo hiu v lu lng SWu lun c nh tuyn qua SWn. Giao din SWm gia
ePDG v AAA Server l giao din ch s dng truyn bo hiu. Thng tin truyn l
cc thng s lin quan n AAA h tr thit lp v nhn thc cc ng hm IPSec
gia ePDG v u cui.
6) H tr cho dch v thoi
Trong EPC, cc dch v thoi c mc u tin cao. Do dch v thoi s dng
cng ngh chuyn mch knh nn cn c cc c ch c bit cho php ngi dng
s dng dch v thoi qua truy nhp LTE.
C hai phng php gii quyt vn ny:
- s dng dch v VoIP
- gn vi chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi
Nu theo phng php th hai th ngi dng tm thi ri LTE thc hin cuc gi
qua 2G/3G v sau khi cuc gi kt thc li tr v LTE. Tuy rng phng php ny
khng ti u nhng cng c th c s dng trong trng hp khng c h tng IMS.
39
Khi ngi dng ang thc hin cuc gi IMS/MMTel di chuyn, c kh nng
vng ph sng ca LTE b mt. 3GPP a ra cc c ch chuyn giao mt cuc
gi IMS/MMTel. Nu h thng mi c h tr IMS/MMTel th cuc gi s tip tc sau
khi chuyn giao. Nhng ngc li, cuc gi s c x l qua mt cuc gi chuyn
mch knh trong GSM, WCDMA hoc 1xRTT. c th chuyn giao hiu qu, th
tc ny lin quan n s ng k trc ca u cui trong min chuyn mch knh
trong h thng ch v bo hiu chuyn giao.
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
IMS
MSC-S
Mng IP khc
SGS
N
Sv SGi
SGs
S6d PGW
S3
S2a
S4
S6a
HSS MME S101
S5/S8
S102 CDMA
S11
S10
SGW S103
S1-MME
eNodeB
X2 S1-U
LTE
Nu mng khng h tr IMS hoc ngi dng LTE phi tm thi di LTE trong qu
trnh thc hin cuc gi, MME tng tc vi h tng chuyn mch gi thc hin nt
40
cuc gi khi cc dch v LTE b treo. Trong kin trc h tr dch v thoi c s xut
hin ca MSC Server ca GSM/WCDMA giao tip vi EPC.
Trong trng hp chuyn giao gi n GSM/WCDMA s c h tr bng
cch s dng bo hiu qua giao din S3 (hoc Gn) gia MME v SGSN. Giao din
tng ng cho CDMA l S101 v kt ni MME vi RNC c s dng cho eHRPD.
ti u hot ng chuyn giao, c th thc hin chuyn tip cc gi. iu c
ngha l bt k gi no dnh cho u cui u c th c gi tr v t PGW (n
SGSN, SGW, eHRPD, HSGW) c th c chuyn tip n nt tng ng trong h
thng ch. iu ny khng hon ton bt buc nhng c th ci thin cht lng tri
nghim ca ngi dng i vi qu trnh chuyn giao do v nguyn tc, trong qu trnh
chuyn giao khng c php xy ra mt d liu. S chuyn tip gi gia LTE v
GSM/WCDMA c h tr qua Gn/S4 gia SGSN v SGW, cn gia LTE v eHRPD
c h tr qua S103 gia SGW v HSGW.
Trong trng hp MMTel khng c h thng ch h tr, c nhiu chc nng
chuyn giao cuc gi IMS sang cuc gi chuyn mch knh. N c thc hin qua
cc th tc c thc thi qua giao din Sv gia MME v MSC Server (cho GSM v
WCDMA) hoc S102 gia MME v 1xRTT MSC. Th tc ny c gi l SRVCC
(Single-Radio Voice Call Continuity).
2.3.2.2. Kin trc roaming
Roaming l mt c trng quan trng ca cc mng di ng, cho php cc thu
bao ca mt mng no trong mt nc c th s dng dch v ca mt mng
khc ch khng phi mng thng tr. Mt thu bao roaming c kt ni vi E-
UTRAN, MME v SGW ca mng LTE tm tr. Tuy nhin, SAE li cho php PGW c
th trong mng thng tr hoc tm tr. S dng cc mng thng tr, PGW c th
cho php thu bao truy nhp vo cc dch v ca nh vn hnh mng thng tr thm
ch khi n ang cc mng tm tr.
1) Trng hp 1: Lu lng c nh tuyn qua mng thng tr
41
C th thc hin roaming trong trng hp ny bng cch kt ni SGW trong
mng PLMN tm tr vi PGW trong PLMN thng tr. Tt c cc lu lng ca
ngi dng u c nh tuyn qua mng thng tr. Giao din gia SGW v PGW
s l S8 da trn cc giao thc GTP hoc MIPv6 nh c trnh by trong cc phn
di y.
Trng hp ny cn c gi l vt ro t xa
PCRF Rx
HSS S7
PGW SGi IMS/PDN

hPLMN S6a
S8
vPLMN
MME
ME
-M
S1
S11 SGW
S1-U
cell
UE eNodeB EPC
E-UTRAN
2) Trng hp 2: Vt ro cc b
UE c th truy nhp trc tip t mng PLMN tm tr ch khng nh tuyn lu
lng qua mng thng tr. Khng c bt k gi d liu no c nh tuyn qua
mng thng tr. thc thi kin trc ny cn c s trao i thng tin lin quan n
chnh sch v tnh cc gia hai PCRF mng hPLMN v vPLMN
a) PCRF mng thng tr (hPCRF)
y l mt thnh phn bao gm cc chc nng quyt nh iu khin tnh cc
v chnh sch trong hPLMN v trong vPLMN. hPCRF s s dng im tham chiu S9
y quyn thng tin n PCEF qua vPCRF v cc th tc lin quan n Gx bao gm
ch dn ca cc bn tin thit lp, kt thc phin giao dch cng nh cc bn tin tnh
42
cc v chnh sch. Khi phin iu khin Gateway c u quyn cho hPCRF th
hPCRF s s dng im tham chiu S9 y quyn BBERF qua vPCRF nhng th tc
lin quan n Gxx bao gm ch dn ca cc bn tin kt thc v thit lp phin iu
khin cng v cc bn tin v quy tc QoS.
b) PCRF tm tr (vPCRF)
vPCRF l thnh phn thc hin cc chc nng iu khin tnh cc v chnh
sch trong vPLMN. vPCRF da vo thnh phn nhn dng thu bao quyt nh thu
bao c roaming hay khng. vPCRF cung cp cc chc nng thc hin cc chnh
sch v vic cp php QoS ca nh vn hnh mng theo yu cu ca nh vn hnh
mng thng tr nh trong cc tha thun v roaming. vPCRF s thng bo n
hPCRF khi mt yu cu b t chi, ng thi n c th cung cp cc thng tin QoS c
th chp nhn cho dch v .
hPCRF
HSS
S6a
hPLMN S9
vPLMN
MME vPCRF Rx
S7
ME
-M S11
S1
cell SGW S5 PGW SGi

IMS/PDN
S1-U
UE eNodeB
E-UTRAN EPC
Khi tng tc Gxx kt thc cc b ti vPCRF th n thit lp Gx lin kt

phin iu khin Gateway. Khi tng tc Gxx kt thc cc b ti vPCRF, cc quy tc
QoS c ly ra t cc quy tc PCC c cung cp bi hPCRF qua giao din S9.
43
vPCRF cung cp cc quy tc PCC cp nht cho PCEF v cc quy tc QoS cho
BBERF nu cn.
2.4. Cc giao thc c s dng trong EPC
2.4.1. Giao thc GTP
Ban u, GTP c s dng cho GSM m bo cc yu cu v qun l
bearer v qun l di ng cng nh to ng hm lu lng d liu ngi dng cho
GPRS. Sau , GTP cng c nng cp s dng cho mng 3G UMTS. Khi EPS ra
i, GTP li c nng cp ci thin mt s tnh nng c bit s dng cho EPS.
GTP c hai thnh phn chnh bao gm phn iu khin GTP-C v phn ngi dng
GTP-U. GTP-C c ba phin bn bao gm GTPv0, GTPv1 v GTPv2 c s dng
iu khin v qun l cc ng hm cho cc u cui ring bit kt ni vi mng
thit lp ng d liu ngi dng. GTP-U c hai phin bn bao gm GTPv0 v
GTPv1, s dng c ch to ng hm mang lu lng d liu ngi dng. Tuy
nhin, y ch cp n GTPv2-C v GTPv1-U dnh ring cho EPS.
Cc chc nng c bn ca GTP c s dng trong EPC bao gm:
- Chc nng qun l di ng: chc nng ny bao gm qun l nhn dng ca u
cui v duy tr s c mt/trng thi gia cc thnh phn mng, x l vic
chuyn tip d liu gia cc thc th trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao/nh v
li ca thit b di ng.
- Qun l ng hm: lin quan n vic to hoc hy b cc phin giao dch ca
ngi dng, thay i hoc hy b cc bearer c thit lp trong sut thi gian
ngi dng c kt ni hoc c kch hot lin quan n cc dch v ca
mng. Cc bn tin ny cng m bo cc yu cu v dch v khc nhau ca
ngi dng c duy tr trong mng khi ngi dng di chuyn trong hoc gia
cc PLMN.
- Cc chc nng c bit v dch v: GTPv2 cung cp cc bn tin cho chc nng
chuyn giao ti u vi 3GPP hoc khng thuc 3GPP.
44
- Chuyn tip cc thng tin v u cui: chc nng ny cng l mt phn trong
chc nng qun l di ng v ch h tr cho cc truy nhp mng
GERAN/UTRAN.
- Bo dng h thng: thc hin qun l ng truyn, x l li, phc hi d liu
v lu tr ti cc thc th ca mng.
Cc ng hm c s dng gia hai nt GTP tng ng trao i thng tin qua mt
giao din da trn giao thc ny phn tch lu lng thnh cc lung thng tin khc
nhau. Mt im cui ng hm cho mi nt c xc nh bi thnh phn nhn dng
im cui ng hm cc b (TEID), a ch IP v cng UDP. ng truyn GTP
c nhn dng ti mi nt vi mt a ch IP v cng UDP. Mt ng truyn c th
c s dng ghp nhiu ng hm nn c th c nhiu ng truyn gia hai
thc th h tr GTP.
a) Min iu khin (GTPv2-C)
Qua cc bn tin GTP, cc ng hm c to ra, s dng, qun l v gii
phng. Mi im cui ca mt ng hm c mt TEID ca min iu khin (TEID-
C). Ty thuc vo giao din v chc nng ca n m mc ch ca cc ng hm
GTP v TEID-C l khc nhau.
- TEID-C l duy nht i vi mi kt ni trn giao din S5 v S8. Cng mt
ng hm c th c chia s cho nhiu bn tin iu khin lin quan n tt c
cc bearer gn vi kt ni . Mt TEID-C trn giao din ny c gii phng
sau khi cc tt c cc bearer gn vi n b hy.
- Ch c mt cp TEID-C i vi mi UE trn mi giao din S3 v S10. Cng
mt ng hm c th c chia s cho cc bn tin iu khin lin quan n
cng mt hot ng ca UE. TEID-C ny s c gii phng sau khi tt c cc
thuc tnh ca UE gn km u b hy b hoc UE ngt kt ni.
- Ch c mt cp TEID-C i vi mi UE qua giao din S11 v S4. Cng mt
ng hm c th c chia s cho cc bn tin iu khin lin quan n cng
45
mt hot ng ca UE. TEID-C ny s c gii phng sau khi tt c cc bearer
gn km b hy b.
b) Min ngi dng (GTPv1-U)
Cc ng hm GTP-U c s dng mang d liu c ng gi v cc bn tin
bo hiu gia mt cp im cui ng hm GTP-U. TEID-U c lu trong GTP
header. Do , cc gi c ghp hoc tch bi GTP-U gia mt cp im cui ng
hm. Trong trng hp EPC, cc ng hm GTP-U c thit lp bng cch s dng
S1-MME hoc GTP-C.
2.4.2. Giao thc Mobile IP
Giao thc MIP c s dng khc phc nhc im ca giao thc IP khi u
cui di ng. N cho php UE thay i mng con ca n m vn s dng cng mt a
ch IP v duy tr cc phin giao dch ang din ra. a ch IP c gi l a ch
thng tr (HoA) v c ly t khng gian a ch ca mng thng tr. Khi ni n
MIP, khi nim mng thng tr khng ging khi nim mng thng tr trong trng
hp roaming. y, mng thng tr l mng cp pht a ch IP cho UE, lin quan
n topo mng v nh tuyn IP. UE di ng c gi l nt di ng MN. Khi UE kt
ni vi mng thng tr ca n, n c th s dng HoA nh bnh thng m khng
cn n cc dch v MIP. Tuy nhin, khi MN di chuyn sang mng khc tc l n c
kt ni ti mt mng ngoi lai th a ch HoA khng cn thuc topo mng mi ny. V
th, UE yu cu a ch IP cc b t mng ny c gi l CoA. Lc ny, cc gi c
a ch ch l CoA s c chuyn n MN cn cc gi c a ch HoA s c
chuyn v mng thng tr ca MN . gii quyt vn ny, cn c mt router
mng thng tr ca MN (c gi l HA). Trong EPS, chc nng HA c thc hin
PGW. Mi lin h gia hai loi a ch ny c gi l binding. Khi MN sang mng
ngoi lai, n s thng tin cho HA v CoA ca n. Sau , HA s chn cc gi c
nh tuyn n mng thng tr c a ch HoA v chuyn cc gi n mt ng
hm dn n v tr hin ti ca MN (CoA).
46
Trong EPS, MIP h tr kh nng di ng mc IP khi UE di chuyn t cc mng 3GPP
sang mng WLAN. MIP c nhiu phin bn p dng cho IPv4 v IPv6 hoc c hai.
MIP p dng cho IPv6 (MIPv6) s dng li nhiu khi nim c bn ca MIPv4 nhng
bn thn n vn l mt giao thc ring bit. MIPv6 ngn xp kp da trn MIPv6
nhng c s nng cp ph hp vi hot ng IPv4/IPv6 ngn xp kp. PMIPv6 l
phin bn da trn mng ca MIPv6.
* Hot ng ngn xp kp
MIPv6 c thit k cho IPv6 ch h tr lu lng IPv6 v cc mng s dng
IPv6. Do , mt nt ch h tr IPv6 ch s dng MIPv6 duy tr kt ni khi di
chuyn gia cc mng IPv6. MIPv4 cng tng t nh vy. Tuy nhin, khi UE c
h tr c IPv4 v IPv6 th n cn s dng MIPv4 cho ngn xp IPv4 v MIPv6 cho
ngn xp IPv6. Gii php ny c nhiu hn ch nh UE cn c h tr hai tp giao
thc qun l di ng khc nhau, do cn truyn hai tp bn tin bo hiu khc nhau
mi khi chuyn giao bo cho MIPv4 HA v MIPv6 HA v s di chuyn . ng
thi, cc mng truy nhp cng cn phi s dng hai giao thc h tr s di ng cho
c IPv4 v IPv6. Do , MIPv6 c nng cp ln thnh DSMIPv6 c th mang
cc a ch IPv4 CoA, IPv4 HoA ca MN v a ch IPv4 ca HA vo bn tin bo hiu
MIPv6. iu c ngha l UE cng c gn a ch IPv6 HoA.
2.4.3. Giao thc Proxy Mobile IPv6
PMIPv6 l giao thc qun l s di ng da trn mng m bo s lin tc
ca phin giao dch lp IP. N s dng li nhiu khi nim v nh dng gi c nh
ngha trong MIPv6. Nhng khc vi MIPv6, khi s dng PMIPv6, UE khng cn phi
c phn mm MIP v khng tham gia bo hiu di ng. Mt thc th di ng trong
mng hot ng nh mt proxy cho n thc hin bo hiu di ng. V vy m giao
thc ny c gi l PMIPv6.
PMIPv6 a ra hai thc th mng l Gateway truy nhp di ng MAG v Anchor di
ng cc b LMA. MAG hot ng nh mt client di ng i din cho UE. LMA l
47
im anchor di ng duy tr s lin h gia HoA v CoA hin ti ca UE. MAG c
t trong mng truy nhp, cn LMA t trong mng m HoA c ly ra. MAG phi
pht hin ra s di chuyn ca UE v khi to thng tin bo hiu ph hp. Chc nng
quan trng ca n l m phng mng thng tr ca UE n khng pht hin ra s
thay i lp 3 ngay c sau khi di chuyn sang mng khc. UE s c cp pht cng
a ch IP v cc thng s cu hnh khc nh trc khi n di chuyn. MAG ch cng
c cp nht cc thng s khc nh a ch lin kt cc b IPv6 m bo khi
chuyn giao, MAG s dng cng mt a ch lin kt cc b nh MAG ngun.
Do PMIPv6 l giao thc di ng da trn mng nn n c yu cu v bo mt
khc so vi MIP. PMIPv6 yu cu nhn thc v cp php i vi s truy nhp. V vy,
cn c mt kt ni tin cy gia UE v MAG trc khi MAG khi to bo hiu. Bn
thn cc bo hiu PMIPv6 gia MAG v LMA cng cn c bo v bng cch s
dng IPSec. EPS s dng framework NDS/IP thc hin iu .
S nng cp v ngn xp kp ca PMIPv6 s dng li nhiu c trng ngn xp
kp c nh ngha cho DSPMIPv6. Nhng khc vi DSPMIPv6, IPv6 HoA trong
PMIPv6 l khng bt buc. N cho php ch gn IPv4 HoA cho u cui.
2.4.4. Giao thc Diameter
Diameter l giao thc ban u c thit k cho mc ch nhn thc, cp php
v tnh cc nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca giao thc RADIUS. Diameter h
tr x l li hiu qu hn, truyn cc bn tin tin cy hn vi lng thng tin ln hn,
tng tnh bo mtDiameter h tr cc thc th trung gian nh proxy nhng n cng
k tha nhiu khi nim t RADIUS c th tng thch v d dng chuyn t
RADIUS sang Diameter
Giao thc Diameter c xy dng nh mt tiu chun c s cho cc ng dng
ca n. Cc ng dng ny c to ra trn giao thc c s Diameter h tr cc yu
cu c bit. Chng c th da trn cc ng dng hin ti c nh ngha trc.
48
Mt s ng dng c th c chun ha bi IETF cn mt s do 3GPP nh ngha nh
S6a, S6b, Swa, SWx.
Diameter nh ngha ba loi nt theo chc nng ca chng gm client, server v agent.
Client l thc th yu cu dch v t Diameter server v to ra bn tin yu cu khi to
mt phin giao dch Diameter vi server. Diameter agent c s dng h tr mt
h thng gm nhiu nh vn hnh (v d kin trc roaming). ng thi n thc hin
tng hp cc yu cu i vi mt loi dch v no , sau n kim tra cc yu cu
ny v quyt nh chnh xc ch gi cc yu cu ny. Ngoi ra, n cng thc hin cc
chc nng cng bng ti v x l cc bn tin c thm vo. C bn loi agent:
- Relay agent: c s dng chuyn tip mt bn tin n ch ty thuc vo
thng tin c trong bn tin.
- Proxy agent: ging vi relay agent nhng n c th x l thm cc bn tin
Diameter
- Redirect agent: cung cp chc nng nh tuyn. N gi bn tin tr li n nt
gi yu cu mang thng tin cho php nt gi li yu cu khng trc tip n
server.
- Translation agent: thc hin chuyn i gia Diameter v cc giao thc khc m
in hnh l chuyn i gia Diameter v RADIUS.
Diameter agent chuyn tip yu cu da vo ch v ng dng c dng. Do ,
n s dng mt ch khc da vo nhn dng ng dng. Nt Diameter duy tr mt danh
sch cc vng c h tr v cc im Diameter c bit trc cng nh cc nng
lc ca chng. Mt agent c th gii quyt vn v server v do vy n c th tp
hp cc yu cu t cc ngun khc nhau ti mt ch xc nh. iu ny cho php
agent hot ng nh mt thc th nh tuyn tp trung. c tnh ny cng c th c
s dng trong EPS trong trng hp mt mng trin khai nhiu server Diameter, v d:
nhiu nt HSS v PCRF. Diameter client c th khng bit nt HSS no x l bn ghi
thu bao ca mt ngi dng. Khi , mt agent gin tip hoc proxy agent c th thc
49
hin chuyn t danh sch v tn ngi dng sang tn server i vi HSS ang gi bn
ghi thu bao. Diameter agent cng c s dng la chn PCRF.
Mi thc th Diameter phi c kh nng tm ra nt tip theo. Diameter vn h tr
ty chn cu hnh tnh cc im Diameter nhng cng c kh nng s dng nhiu c
ch tm im ng c th s dng DNS. Ty thuc vo ng dng v mc bo mt
m client tm ra nt tip theo ph hp chuyn tip gi tin. V tr ca nt tm c v
cu hnh nh tuyn c s dng nh du cc quyt nh nh tuyn. Ngoi ra,
giao thc c s Diameter cng gm nhng c ch h tr x l li truyn gia cc
im.
Diameter s dng TCP hoc SCTP truyn cc bn tin gia hai nt. y l hai
giao thc truyn tin tin cy v hng kt ni. Do , kt ni Diameter gia hai nt
c thit lp trc khi thc hin truyn tin.
Phin giao dch Diameter l mt khi nim logic m t mi quan h gia client v
server lp ng dng. Phin giao dch c nhn dng bi mt thnh phn nhn dng
phin.
h tr s mm do i vi cc ng dng, cc nt Diameter kt ni vi nhau s
trao i v thnh phn nhn dng, kh nng ca chng (cc thuc tnh h tr, c ch
bo mt, cc ng dng Diameter c h tr)
2.4.5. Giao thc S1-AP
Tri ngc vi nhiu giao thc khc trong EPS, giao thc S1-AP c thit k
dnh cho bo hiu trn mt giao din n gia MME v eNodeB. N h tr tt c cc
c ch cn thit cho cc th tc gia hai nt trn v cng h tr truyn cc th tc mt
cch trong sut i vi MME v UE.
S1-AP bao gm cc th tc c bn c nh ngha ring bit v c gi nh cc th
tc c lp nhau, c th c kch hot song song. Mt th tc c bn gm mt bn tin
khi to v mt bn tin p ng.
Giao thc S1-AP h tr cc chc nng sau:
50
- Cung cp thng tin v dung lng ca UE cho MME
- Cc chc nng di ng cho UE cho php chuyn giao trong mt RAT hoc
gia cc RAT.
- Cho php EPC kh nng thng bo n UE
- Cc chc nng qun l giao din S1 bao gm: reset, hin th li, hin th qu ti,
cc chc nng cn bng ti v thit lp S1.
- Chc nng truyn bo hiu NAS gia UE v MME bao gm: thay i, gii
phng thuc tnh ca UE.
- Chc nng chuyn trng thi (chuyn thng tin trng thi PDCP SN t eNodeB
ngun n eNodeB ch theo th t v trnh lp li i vi chuyn giao trong
LTE).
- Tm ra cc UE c kch hot
- Bo co v tr
- To ng hm CDMA mang cc thng tin bo hiu CDMA gia UE v
CDMA RAT qua giao din S1
- Truyn cc bn tin cnh bo.
S1-AP thc hin cc c ch truyn tin cy v c thit k chy tng trn ca
SCTP.
2.5. Cc giao din trong EPC
2.5.1. Giao din gia cc thnh phn trong EPC
2.5.1.1. Giao din gia MME v MME (S10)
Giao din S10 c xc nh gia 2 MME s dng GTPv2-C v ch dnh cho
truy cp LTE. Chc nng chnh ca S10 l truyn ti cc thuc tnh ca tng u
cui c kt ni ti mng EPC v gi n cho mi UE. Giao din ny c s dng
ch yu khi c s di chuyn MME. Hnh 2.11 a ra cc ngn giao thc cho giao din
S10.
51
GTPv2-C GTPv2-C
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
MME S10 MME

Hnh 2.11: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din gia cc MME
2.5.1.2. Giao din gia MME v SGW (S11)

Giao din S11 c xc nh gia MME v SGW s dng GTPv2-C v ch
dnh cho mng truy cp LTE. Do s phn chia chc nng lp ngi dng v iu
khin gia MME v SGW, giao din S11 c s dng to ra v qun l mt phin
mi. Giao din S11 lun c kch hot trc tip bi mt vi s kin t bo hiu mc
NAS ca u cui, v d nh mt thit b kt ni n mng EPS, thm cc bearer mi
cho mt phin ang tn ti hoc to mt kt ni ti PDN mi, cc qu trnh chuyn
giao, hoc S11 c th c kch hot trong cc th tc do mng khi to nh l trong
cc th tc thay i bearer do PGW khi to. Thng thng, giao din S11 gi cho cc
th tc lp ngi dng v lp iu khin ng b vi mt u cui trong sut thi gian
n c kch hot/kt ni trong EPS. Trong trng hp chuyn giao, giao din S11
c dng xc nh li v tr SGW, thit lp ng hm chuyn tip trc tip hoc
gin tip lu lng ngi dng v qun l lung lu lng ny.
Ngn xp giao thc qua giao din S11 hon ton ging ngn xp giao thc giao din
S10 trong hnh 2.11. Giao din S11 cng chia s cc chc nng chung vi giao din S4.
2.5.1.3. Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8)
a) Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8) da trn giao thc GTP
Giao din S5/S8 c nh ngha gia SGW v PGW. Giao din S5 c dng
trong trng hp khng roaming khi SGW c t trong mng thng tr hoc trong
52
trng hp roaming khi SGW v PGW u nm trong tm tr (vt ro cc b). Giao
din S8 l mt bin th ca S5 v c s dng trong trng hp roaming khi SGW
t trong mng tm tr v PGW t trong mng thng tr.
Khi s bin th ca GTP c s dng th giao din S5/S8 cung cp cc chc nng
khi to/xa b/hiu chnh/thay i cc bearer i vi tng ngi dng kt ni ti
EPS. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin trn mi kt ni PDN n tng u cui.
SGW cung cp anchor cc b cho tt c cc bearer hng ti PGW i vi tng u
cui v qun l chng. Ngn xp giao thc qua giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc
GTP hon ton ging ngn xp giao thc giao din S10 (hnh 2.11).
b) Giao din gia SGW v PGW (S5/S8) da trn giao thc PMIP
Vic nh ngha cc giao din S5 v S8 cng hon ton ging trong trng hp
s dng giao thc GTP. Tuy nhin, khc vi trng hp trn, cc giao din S5/S8 da
trn giao thc PMIP thc hin to cc ng hm min ngi dng gia SGW v
PGW v qun l chng. N c s dng nh v li SGW khi UE di chuyn v
trong trng hp SGW cn phi kt ni n mt PGW khng c sp xp i vi cc
kt ni PDN c yu cu.
Cc ngn xp giao thc cho S5/S8 trong trng hp ny bao gm PMIP-S5-CP (min
iu khin) v PMIP-S5-UP (min ngi dng). SGW hot ng nh mt MAG v
PGW nh mt LMA. Min ngi dng c to ng hm s dng GRE.
PMIPv6 GTPv2-C
IPv4/IPv6 UDP
L2 L2
L1 L1
SGW S5/S8 PGW
Hnh 2.12: Ngn xp giao thc min iu khin cho giao din S5/S8 da trn
giao thc PMIP
53
2.5.1.4. Giao din gia MME v HSS (S6a)
Giao din gia MME v HSS c nh ngha l giao din S6a c s dng
cho cc mc ch sau:
- Trao i thng tin v v tr: MME hin ti ang phc v UE s thng bo cho
HSS v nhn dng ca n. Khi UE kt ni vi MME mi, MME ny s hi HSS
v thng tin ca MME c phc v UE.
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
RELAY
GTP-U
GRE
GRE
UDP
Cc lp SGSN, GERAN,
UTRAN hoc IP IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
di bao
gm MAC, E-UTRAN
RLC,...
L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1
S1-U, S4,
UE SGW S5/S8 PGW SGi
Iu
Hnh 2.13: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S5/S8 da trn giao thc PMIP
- Cp php cho ngi dng truy nhp vo EPS: HSS lu cc thng tin v thu bao
nh tn im truy nhp ca n (APN) v cc thng tin khc lin quan n cc
dch v c cp php ca thu bao. Cc thng tin ny c ti v MME v s
dng khi phn quyn cho ngi dng truy nhp vo EPS.
- Trao i cc thng tin nhn thc: HSS cung cp thng tin nhn thc (vector
nhn thc) cho MME khi nhn thc ngi dng
- Ti v x l cc thay i v d liu thu bao c lu trong server: khi d liu
v thu bao trong HSS thay i, cc thng tin thay i s c ti n MME
54
hin ang phc v UE MME thay i cc phin giao dch lin quan, thm ch
ngt kt ni vi UE.
- Gi thng tin nhn dng PGW v APN c s dng cho kt ni PDN. Thng
tin v cc kt ni PDN ang c kch hot c lu trong HSS h tr qun
l di ng vi cc mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- Ti cc thng tin nhn dng PGW v APN c lu trong HSS cho kt ni ang
kch hot (v d trong chuyn giao gia cc mng 3GPP v khng thuc 3GPP).
Ngn xp giao thc s dng cho S6a nh hnh 2.14.
Diameter Diameter
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
MME/SGSN S6a/S6d HSS

2.5.1.5. Giao din gia SGW v PCRF (Gxc)

Giao din Gxc l giao din gia BBERF v PCRF khi BBERF c t trong
SGW. Do vy, cc chc nng ca n cng hon ton ging giao din Gxa gia BBERF
khi t trong Access GW v PCRF.
2.5.1.6. Giao din gia PCRF v PCEF (Gx)
im tham chiu Gx c t gia PCRF v PCEF. Giao din ny c s
dng x l nhng quy tc PCC v x l cc s kin i vi PCC cng nh a
thng tin v lu lng t PCEF n PCRF. im tham chiu Gx c th c s dng
iu khin tnh cc v iu khin chnh sch hoc c hai bng cch p dng cc
AVP lin quan n ng dng.
* Cung cp cc quy tc PCC
55
Vic cung cp cc quy tc PCC c th c thc hin thng qua cc th tc sau:
- Th tc PULL: p dng khi c yu cu t PCEF
- Th tc PUSH: p dng khi PCRF t a ra cc quy tc PCC
* La chn quy tc PCC cho cc gi IP ng ln
Nu PCC cho php, PCEF s la chn quy tc PCC thch hp cho mi gi
ng ln c nhn trong mt bearer bng cch nh gi cc gi da vo cc b lc
lung d liu dch v ng ln ca cc quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc hoc cc
quy tc do PCRF cung cp theo th t u tin ca chng. Khi mt quy tc PCC c
cung cp bi PCRF v mt quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc c quyn u tin ging
nhau th b lc lung d liu dch v ng ln ca quy tc PCC do PCRF cung cp s
c p dng trc. Khi mt gi ph hp vi mt b lc lung d liu dch v, quy tc
PCC cho b lc ny c p dng. Cc gi IP ng ln khng ph hp vi bt k quy
tc PCC no ca bearer tng ng s b loi b.
* La chn mt quy tc PCC v bearer cho gi IP ng xung
Nu PCC c php, th PCEF s la chn quy tc PCC cho mi gi IP ng
xung c nhn trong mt phin giao dch IP CAN bng cch nh gi gi da vo
cc b lc lung d liu dch v ng xung ca cc quy tc PCC c cung cp bi
PCRF hoc cc quy tc hot ng c nh ngha trc ca tt c cc bearer ca cc
phin giao dch IP theo th t u tin ca quy tc PCC. Khi mt quy tc PCC c
cung cp bi PCRF v quy tc PCC c nh ngha trc c cng th t u tin th
b lc lung d liu ng xung ca quy tc PCC c cung cp bi PCRF s c
s dng trc. Khi gi ph hp vi b lc lung d liu dch v th qu trnh lc cc
gi ny hon thnh. V quy tc PCC cho b lc s c p dng. Gi IP ng
xung s c chuyn trong bearer nh x quy tc PCC c la chn. Gi IP ng
xung khng ph hp vi bt k quy tc PCC no ca phin IP s b loi b.
* Chc nng m cng
56
Chc nng m cng th hin mt chc nng lp ngi dng cho php hoc
khng cho php chuyn tip cc gi ca lung dch v. Nu quy tc PCC bao gm cc
AVP m t lung c th p dng cho cc lung IP ng ln, n s m t mt cng
dnh cho cc lung IP ng ln tng ng. Nu quy tc PCC bao gm cc AVP m
t lung c th p dng cho lung IP ng xung, n s m t mt cng vi lung IP
ng xung tng ng. AVP trng thi lung ca quy tc PCC s m t nu cng
ng ln hoc xung c m hoc ng. Nu cng ng, tt c cc gi ca lung IP
lin quan s b loi b. Nu cng m, cc gi ca lung IP lin quan c php chuyn
tip.
2.5.2. Cc giao din h tr EPC giao tip vi cc mng truy nhp
2.5.2.1. Giao din h tr EPC giao tip vi LTE
a) Giao din gia SGW v eNodeB (S1-U)
Giao din S1-U c nhim v truyn gi d liu ngi dng gia eNodeB v
SGW. Giao din ny cho php s dng mt ngn xp giao thc lp chuyn vn rt n
gin GTP qua UDP/IP m n ch c nhim v l ng gi d liu ngi dng.
Khng c bt k c ch kim sot li, kim sot dng d liu hoc mt c ch no
khc m bo cho qu trnh truyn qua S1-U.
GTP-U GTP-U
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
eNodeB S1-U SGW

Hnh 2.15: Ngn xp giao thc trn giao din S1-U
b) Giao din gia MME v eNodeB (S1-MME)
y l giao din bo hiu h tr mt tp cc hm v th tc gia eNodeB v
MME. Cc th tc bo hiu S1-MME c chia lm 4 nhm:
57
- Cc th tc mc bearer: tp ny tng ng vi cc th tc lin quan n vic
thit lp, thay i v gii phng bearer. Trong phm vi giao din S1, mt bearer
tng ng vi on S1 ca mt phin giao dch cng vi ng truyn giao
din v tuyn. Cc th tc ny thng c s dng trong sut qu trnh thit
lp hoc gii phng mt phin giao dch.
- Cc th tc chuyn giao: bao gm tt c cc hm S1 lin quan n s di ng
ca ngi dng gia eNodeB hoc vi cc mng 2G hoc 3GPP.
- Truyn bo hiu NAS: tng ng vi s truyn bo hiu gia u cui v MME
qua S1. Bo hiu nh vy c gi l NAS (Non Access Stratum Signalling) v
n trong sut i vi eNodeB. Do tm quan trng ca cc bn tin bo hiu ny
nn chng c truyn qua S1-MME bng cc th tc nht nh ch khng qua
S1-U GTP.
- Cc th tc thng bo: c s dng trong trng hp ngi dng kt thc mt
phin giao dch. Qua th tc ny, MME yu cu eNodeB thng bo kt thc
ti mt s cell
Giao din S1-MME s cung cp mc tin cy cao hn trnh vic truyn li cc bn
tin v thi gian tr khng cn thit khi thc hin cc th tc min iu khin.
NAS NAS
RELAY
RRC S1-AP
RRC S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
UE E-UTRAN-Uu eNodeB S1-MME MME

Ty thuc vo vic thc thi mng truyn dn, c th c mt vi trng hp m

vic truyn UDP/IP khng tin cy. Bn cnh , khi mng truyn dn khng phi
ca nh vn hnh mng v tuyn, c th cht lng dch v s khng c m bo
58
trong sut thi gian thc hin dch v. y l l do m giao din S1-MME s dng lp
mng truyn dn tin cy c thit lp t eNodeB n MME. Trong kin trc EPS,
dch v ny c m bo bi SCTP.
Trong cc mng di ng 2G v 3G, s kt ni gia mng li v mng truy nhp
c nh ngha nh mt mi quan h phn cp mt-nhiu: mt nt mng li phc v
mt tp cc b iu khin v tuyn v mt b iu khin ch c th c gn vi mt
nt mng li trong mt min. Ni cch khc, mi nt mng li c kt ni vi mt
tp cc b iu khin v tuyn ca bn thn n m khng c s giao nhau vi cc tp
khc. Trong release 5 ca chun 3G/UMTS, mt c trng mi c a ra cho php
linh hot hn trong vic kt ni gia cc nt mng li v mng truy nhp, ph v phn
cp mng thng thng. N c gi l s linh hot ca S1 (S1-flex).
Nh trong hnh 2.17, S1-flex cho php mt eNodeB c kt ni vi hn mt
nt MME hoc SGW. Trong hnh ny, MME v SGW c gom trong mt nt cho
n gin nhng S1-flex c p dng cho c MME v SGW mt cch c lp nhau.
y cn a ra khi nim vng h: y l mt vng m mt u cui c th di
chuyn vo m khng cn phi thay i nt mng li phc v n. N bao gm mt tp
cc eNodeB tng ng vi mt hoc mt vi vng t hiu chnh TA. Mt vng pool c
th c phc v bi mt hoc mt vi MME hoc/v SGW. V mt MME hoc SGW
c th phc v mt hoc mt vi vng h.
Mc d mt eNodeB c th c kt ni vi mt vi MME nhng mt u cui
ch c th c gn vi mt MME ti mt thi im do cc phin giao dch ca mt
thu bao lun lun di s iu khin ca mt nt MME ca mng li.
S1-flex c nhiu u im nh sau:
- Bng cch m rng vng dch v thng thng, S1-flex cho php gim s th
tc chuyn giao gia cc nt mng li ( ch kt ni) hoc cp nht vng
t iu chnh (trong ch ri). N m rng kh nng cho mt MME duy tr kt
ni vi mt u cui di ng min l u cui vn cn trong vng pool .
Do vy, S1-flex gip lm gim ti cho HSS khi MME thay i.
- S1-flex cng nh ngha cc kin trc mng vi nhiu nh vn hnh khc nhau.
- S1-flex cho php mng tr nn mnh hn i vi cc li ca nt mng li v khi
mt mt nt mng th n s c b bi cc nt khc trong cng vng h. iu
59
ny lm tng s c sn ca dch v nhng li khng linh hot, tc l khi c li
xy ra, cc phin giao dch ang din ra s khng t ng chuyn n mt nt
mi.
MME MME
SGW
MME SGW
MME
SGW SGW
S1
eNodeB eNodeB eNodeB eNodeB

eNodeB
eNodeB
Vng h 2
Vng h 1
2.5.2.2. Giao din h tr tng tc gia LTE vi GSM/WCDMA/HSPA

a) Giao din gia MME v SGSN (S3)
Giao din S3 gia SGSN v MME h tr chuyn giao n/i ca mng truy cp
v tuyn 2G/3G vi cc truy cp thuc 3GPP. Cc chc nng c h tr bao gm
truyn ti cc thng tin lin quan n u cui ang chuyn giao, cc bn tin chuyn
giao hoc cc bn tin nh v li dnh cho tng u cui. Giao din ny c dnh
ring h tr GTPv2-C. Ngn giao thc i vi S3 hon ton ging ngn xp giao
thc trn giao din S10 (hnh 1.11).
b) Giao din gia SGW v SGSN (S4)
Giao din S4 c nh ngha gia SGSN SGW. Giao din ny c chc nng
tng ng vi giao din S11 nhng dnh cho mng truy nhp v tuyn 2G/3G v h
tr cc th tc lin quan cc u cui ny c th kt ni qua EPS. Giao din ny
c thit k dnh ring cho GTPv2-C v cung cp cc th tc to ng hm lp
60
ngi dng gia SGSN v SGW trong trng hp mng 3G khng to ra ng hm
trc tip cho lu lng lp ngi dng t RNC n/i SGW. Ngn xp giao thc cho
giao din S4 hon ton ging cho giao din S10 (hnh 2.11).
c) Giao din gia HSS v SGSN (S6d)
Giao din S6d c nh ngha gia HSS v SGSN v ch p dng cho SGSN da
trn S4. Cc chc nng ca S6d cng hon ton ging vi cc chc nng ca S6a khi
MME c thay bi SGSN. Giao din S6a c trnh by trn.
2.5.2.3. Giao din h tr tng tc gia LTE vi CDMA
a) Giao din gia PGW v AAA server (S6b)
S6b l giao din c nh ngha gia PGW v AAA Server trong trng hp
khng roaming hoc roaming vi lu lng c nh tuyn n PGW trong mng
thng tr) v gia PGW v AAA proxy khi roaming vi PGW nm trong mng tm
tr.
Giao din ny khng c s dng khi UE kt ni trong GERAN, UTRAN hoc
E-UTRAN m ch dng khi UE kt ni vi cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP.
S6b c s dng thng bo cho AAA Server/Proxy v thng tin nhn dng PGW
hin ti v APN ang c s dng cho UE hoc khng c s dng na. S6b cng
c th c s dng ly cc thng s lin quan n thu bao nh cc thng tin QoS
dnh cho cc truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP.
Cc chc nng khc ca S6b ph thuc vo giao din di ng c s dng l
g khi kt ni UE n EPC. Nu DSMIPv6 c s dng trn giao din S2c th S6b
cng dng nhn thc v cp php cho UE. N cng cho bit th tc cp pht li
PGW s c thc hin. Khi s dng giao din S2c, S6b cng c s dng truyn
thng tin v kt thc phin giao dch t AAA Server/proxy n PGW kch hot th
tc ngt kt ni PDN.
Khi UE kt ni n EPC s dng giao din S2a da trn giao thc MIPv4, S6b
cng dng nhn thc v cp php bn tin yu cu ng k MIPv4 do UE gi i.
61
Giao din S6b da trn giao thc Diameter c nh ngha nh mt ng dng
Diameter ca mng 3GPP. Ngn xp giao thc cho S6b c th hin trn hnh 2.18.
b) Giao din gia AAA Server v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP
(STa)
Giao din STa c nh ngha gia mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP
v AAA server trong trng hp khng roaming. Trong trng hp roaming, n c
nh ngha gia mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP v AAA proxy.
Diameter Diameter
SCTP/TCP SCTP/TCP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
3GPP AAA
PGW S6b
Server/Proxy
Giao din ny thc hin cc chc nng nh cp php, nhn thc ngi dng khi
ngi dng kt ni vi mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP; truyn cc d liu
ngi dng nh APN-AMBR v cc thng s QoS mc nh t AAA Server n mng
truy nhp. AAA server nhn d liu thu bao t HSS; truyn cc thng s di ng cn
thit cho giao din S2a khi s dng PMIPv6 hoc MIPv4. Cc thng tin ny bao gm
thng tin nhn dng PGW v cc APN c cp pht cho UE khi kt ni vi mng truy
nhp 3GPP; truyn cc thng s di ng lin quan n giao din S2c khi UE kt ni
vi EPC s dng giao thc DSMIPv6; truyn cc thng tin v la chn ch di ng
t mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP n AAA Server/proxy v cc c trng di ng
c h tr bi cc mng truy nhp khng thuc 3GPP cng nh cc thng tin t AAA
Server/Proxy n Access GW lin quan n cc c ch di ng c la chn.
62
Giao din STa c da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt
ng dng Diameter. Ngn xp giao thc trn STa hon ton ging trn S6b (hnh 2.18).
c) Giao din gia AAA Server v HSS (SWx)
Giao din SWx gia AAA Server v HSS c s dng cho vic gim st thng
tin thu bao cng nh i vi vic qun l v tr cc truy nhp mng khng thuc
3GPP.
SWx bao gm cc chc nng sau:
- ng k AAA server: 3GPP AAA server ng k a ch 3GPP AAA server
hin ti trong HSS cho ngi dng khi mt thu bao mi c nhn thc bi
3GPP AAA server.
- Gi ln thng tin nhn dng ca PDN GW v APN: 3GPP AAA server thng
bo ti HSS v c im nhn dng ca PDN GW v APN ang c s dng
cho mi thu bao hoc thnh phn ca PDN GW v APN khng s dng.
- Ti cc thnh phn nhn dng PDN GW v APN: 3GPP AAA server ti xung
thng tin nhn dng PDN GW v APN c lu tr trong HSS i vi cc kt
ni PDN cho UE. y l trng hp khi mt UE c gn cho cc PDN GW do
s kt ni trc trong mng truy cp 3GPP. (Khi UE di chuyn t mng truy
nhp 3GPP sang mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- 3GPP AAA server c th xa thng tin 3GPP AAA server c ng k hin ti
trong HSS cho thu bao no v lc d liu trng thi thu bao khng thuc
3GPP lin quan c lu trong HSS. iu ny xy ra nu mt UE b ngt kt
ni vi mng khng thuc 3GPP.
- HSS c th khi to th tc lc thng tin ca UE ra khi 3GPP AAA server.
iu ny xy ra khi qu trnh thu bao ca ngi dng b hy b hoc l do v
nh iu hnh. Nh vy, 3GPP AAA server c th dng hot ng ca bt k
ng hm UE no trong PDN GW v/hoc ngt kt ni ca cc UE khi mng
truy nhp.
63
Th tc qun l thng tin thu bao qua giao din SWx bao gm cc chc nng sau:
Truyn thng tin thu bao: HSS c th quyt nh gi thng tin thu bao ti
3GPP AAA server ng k khi thng tin thu bao c thay i trong HSS
v 3GPP AAA server cn phi cp nht.
Yu cu thng tin thu bao: 3GPP AAA server cng c th yu cu thng tin
thu bao t HSS. Th tc ny c gi khi thng tin thu bao b mt hoc cn
c cp nht.
Giao din SWx da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt ng dng
Diameter c trng ca nh cung cp 3GPP. Ngn xp giao thc hon ton ging ngn
xp giao thc cho giao din S6b (hnh 2.18).
d) Giao din gia PGW v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (S2a)
Giao din S2a c xc nh gia mt Access GW trong mng truy cp tin cy non-
3GPP v PDN GW. Giao din S2 c xc nh cho c 2 qu trnh roaming v khng
roaming. Giao din ny m bo vic to ng hm lp ngi dng v gim st
ng hm gia mng truy cp tin cy non-3GPP v PDN GW. N h tr tnh di ng
bn trong mng truy cp tin cy non-3GPP v gia cc mng truy cp khc nhau.
Access GW PGW
Mng truy nhp tin cy

khng thuc 3GPP
S2a
Hnh 2.19: Giao din S2a
Giao din S2a da trn giao thc PMIPv6. Ngn giao thc cho S2a c ch ra trong
cc hnh 2.20 v 2.21 (lp iu khin v lp ngi dng). Mt Access GW trong mng
truy cp tin cy non-3GPP hot ng nh MAG cho PMIPv6 v PDN GW hot ng
nh LMA. Lp ngi dng c to ng hm bng cch s dng GRE. Phn m
64
rng chnh ca GRE c dng khi gi tr trng chnh c s dng nhn dng
mt kt ni PDN.
PMIPv6 PMIPv6
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
L2 L2
L1 L1
Mng tin cy khng S2a PGW

thuc 3GPP
Hnh 2.20: Ngn giao thc lp iu khin cho giao din S2a
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
Cc giao Cc giao GRE GRE

thc gia BS hoc cc thc gia
UE v thc th khc UE v
Access GW ca mng Access GW
ph thuc ty thuc ph thuc IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
vo cng vo cng ngh vo cng
ngh truy truy nhp ngh truy
nhp L2 L2
nhp
L1 L1
UE Access GW S2a PGW SGi

Hnh 2.21: Ngn xp giao thc lp ngi dng trn giao din S2a
e) Giao din gia MME v mng truy nhp eHRPD (S101)

S101 l giao din min iu khin c nh ngha gia MME v mng truy
nhp eHRPD. l mt ng hm mang cc bn tin qua mng truy nhp ang phc
v n mng truy nhp ch chun b cho qu trnh chuyn giao. MME khng thay
i cc bn tin c truyn qua giao din ny nhng li chuyn tip n/t mng truy
nhp ngun v ch. Mi bn tin phi c thnh phn nhn dng (thnh phn nhn dng
65
phin giao dch) c th nhn dng duy nht mt u cui m bn tin c chuyn
n hoc chuyn i.
ng hm c cu hnh trc mang cc bn tin t MME hoc mng truy nhp
eHRPD n trm ca n trong mng ch s dng p ng v bn tin chuyn d liu
trc tip.
f) Giao din gia SGW v GW ca mng truy nhp eHRPD (S103)
Giao din ny h tr chuyn tip cc d liu ng xung trong qu trnh
chuyn giao t LTE sang HRPD nhm gim d liu ngi dng khi thc hin chuyn
giao. Cc thng s v th tc bo hiu trn S101 c s dng thit lp ng hm
GRE trn giao din S103. S103 phi c kh nng nhn dng lu lng d liu ngi
dng trn mi u cui v mi kt ni PDN.
2.5.2.4. Giao din h tr tng tc gia cc mng truy nhp 3GPP vi cc mng truy
nhp khng thuc 3GPP
a) Giao din gia PGW v ePDG (S2b)
Giao din S2b c nh ngha gia ePDG v PGW cho c hai trng hp
roaming v khng roaming nhm cung cp ng hm cho min ngi dng v qun
l ng hm gia ePDG v PDN GW. S2b da trn giao thc PMIPv6. Ngn giao
thc cho S2b c ch ra nh cc hnh 2.22 v 2.23 di.
IKEv2 IKEv2 PMIPv6 PMIPv6
Cc giao Cc thnh phn

thc gia ca mng gia
UE v ePDG L2 L2 L2
UE v
Access nh BS, router...
GW ph
thuc vo L1 L1 L1
cng ngh
truy nhp
UE ePDG S2b PGW
Mt truy cp GW trong mng tin cy khng thuc 3GPP hot ng nh mt MAG i
66
vi PMIPv6 v PDN GW hot ng nh mt LMA. Lp ngi dng c to ng
hm bng cch s dng GRE. Lp ngi dng c to ng hm bng cch s dng
GRE. Phn m rng chnh ca GRE c dng khi gi tr trng chnh c s dng
nhn dng mt kt ni PDN.
ng dng
IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6
IPSec IPSec GRE GRE
Cc giao Cc thnh phn

thc gia ca mng gia
UE v ePDG L2 L2 L2
UE v
Access GW nh BS, router...
ph thuc
vo cng L1 L1 L1
ngh truy
nhp
UE ePDG S2b PGW
SG
b) Giao din gia PGW v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (S2a)
Giao din ny c trnh by trn.
c) Giao din gia AAA Server v ePDG (SWm)
Giao din SWm c xc nh gia ePDG v 3GPP AAA server hoc gia ePDG v
3GPP AAA server proxy.
Giao din SWm bao gm cc chc nng :
Nhn thc v cp php cho user khi thit lp ng hm trn giao din Swu
(gia UE v ePDG).
Truyn d liu thng tin thu bao t 3GPP AAA server n ePDG. 3GPP AAA
server nhn li d liu thng tin thu bao t HSS.
Truyn cc tham s di ng cn thit cho giao din S2b, l khi PMIPv6
c dng kt ni UE n EPC. Thc t th thng tin ny bao gm cc thnh
67
phn nhn dng PDN GW v cc APN c cp pht n UE trong qu trnh
kt ni trc trong mng truy cp 3GPP.
Truyn cc tham s di ng n giao din S2c khi UE kt ni ti EPC s dng
DSMIPv6.
Truyn thng tin v la chn ch di ng IP. Cc thng tin ny bao gm
thng tin v ePDG n 3GPP AAA server/proxy v cc c tnh di ng c
h tr bi ePDG v thng tin t 3GPP AAA server/proxy n ePDG i vi
cng ngh di ng c la chn.
truyn cc yu cu v ch dn s kt thc phin. Chc nng ny bao gm s
ch dn v kt thc phin t ePDG ti 3GPP AAA server/proxy trong trng
hp i vi UE c kt thc trong phin ny v cc yu cu kt thc phin t
3GPP AAA server/proxy yu cu ePDG kt thc mt phin c a ra.
Giao din ny da trn giao thc Diameter v c nh ngha nh mt ng
dng Diameter c trng ca nh cung cp 3GPP.
Ngn giao thc trn giao din SWm cng hon ton ging trn giao din S6b (hnh
2.18).
d) Giao din gia PCRF v mng truy nhp tin cy khng thuc 3GPP (Gxa)
Giao din Gxa c p dng khi BBERF c t trong Access GW ca mng
tin cy khng thuc 3GPP. Mc ch chnh ca giao din Gxa l h tr quy tc QoS
v x l cc s kin cho PCC. Giao din ny ging nh giao din Gx nhng khc ch
giao din Gx x l cc quy tc PCC trong khi Gxa x l cc quy tc QoS.
Giao din Gxa c da trn giao thc Diameter. Mt ng dng c trng ca
thnh phn Diameter mi l ng dng Diameter Gxx, n c nh ngha v s dng
trn c hai giao din Gxa v Gxc (l giao din gia BBERF khi n t trong SGW vi
PCRF). Ngn giao thc ca giao din Gxa v Gxc hon ton ging ngn giao thc ca
giao din S6b (hnh 2.18).
68
Chng 3: M HNH QoS TRONG CC MNG IP HIN NAY
Tm tt
Ngay khi xc nh r tm quan trng ca cht lng dch v trong cc mng,
mt s phng thc nhm m bo QoS c xy dng. Trong , dch v tch hp
(Intserv) cng vi giao thc bo hiu chim gi ti nguyn (RSVP) cung cp kin
trc QoS ban u cho cc dch v mng. Tuy nhin, do nhng hn ch ca n m IETF
a ra mt kin trc khc l kin trc a dch v (Diffserv). Dng thc c bn ca
n khng yu cu giao thc bo hiu nn khc phc c nhc im ca Intserv.
Sau , MPLS li c xy dng nh mt kiu kin trc hng kt ni v c p dng
k thut lu lng. Bn thn MPLS khng h tr QoS nhng khi kt hp vi Diffserv,
n m bo c cc yu cu QoS cho tng loi dch v. Chng ny s i trnh by
cc vn c bn lin quan n QoS v cc phng thc m bo QoS nu trn c
s dng trong cc mng hin nay.
3.1. Tng quan v QoS
3.1.1. Khi nim chung v QoS
Trong nhng ngy u pht trin Internet, cc dch v ca n ch dng li
best effort tc l tt nht c th. N khng c s m bo no i vi cc gi tin
c chuyn i cng nh kh nng p ng dch v c yu cu. Tuy nhin, khi nhu
cu s dng ca ngi dng cng tng, yu cu i vi cc dch v cng tng hay
ni cch khc cc yu cu i vi cc dch v khc nhau cng khc nhau. C th ni,
QoS l kh nng ca mt thnh phn mng no (ng dng, router) cung cp cc
mc khc nhau m bo cho cc d liu c chuyn ti trong mng. C nhng dch
v c nhng yu cu kht khe v QoS nh cc dch v thi gian thc, nhng li c
nhng dch v ch yu cu mc best effort. C hai loi QoS c bn:
- Chim gi ti nguyn: cc ti nguyn mng c phn chia theo cc yu cu v
QoS ca ng dng v a ra chnh sch qun l ti nguyn.
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- Th t u tin: lu lng ca mng s c phn loi v chia cc ti nguyn
mng theo chnh sch qun l bng thng. Do , cc thnh phn mng phi c
cc phng php u tin hp l i vi tng loi khi yu cu ngy mt tng.
Cc loi QoS ny c th c p dng cho cc ng dng ring l hoc cho mt tp hp
cc lung d liu (ng dng) khc nhau.
- i vi mt lung ring l: mt lung c nh ngha l mt lung d liu ch
c mt hng, ring bit gia hai ng dng v c nhn dng duy nht bi 5
thng s.
- i vi tp hp cc lung: mt tp hp c th gm hai hoc nhiu lung v c
th gm cc thng tin nh cc thng s 5-tuple, s th t u tin hoc thng tin
nhn thc
Cc ng dng, cng ngh mng v chnh sch s quyt nh loi QoS no ph hp nht
i vi cc lung ring bit v vi tp hp cc lung.
3.1.2. Cc tham s QoS quan trng
3.1.2.1. S sn c ca dch v
y l yu t quan trng nh gi cht lng dch v. C th nh gi s sn c
ca dch v da trn mi quan h gia s ln dch v sn c so vi s ln khch hng
cn s dng dch v . y khng quan tm n vic c kt ni hay khng m iu
quan trng hn l ty thuc vo mc cn s dng dch v ca khch hng ti mt
thi im. V d nh khch hng cn s dng dch v n 514 ln nhng thc t nh
cung cp dch v li ch c th p ng c 485 ln. Nh vy, khi o s sn c ca
dch v th ch t 94.35%.
3.1.2.2. Bng thng
Khch hng thng s dng dch v vi bng thng thp hn hoc rt him khi
bng vi bng thng nh yu cu vi nh cung cp dch v. L do c th l mt
hoc mt s hoc tt c nhng yu t nh site m khch hng ang truy cp, nh cung
70
cp dch v, cc router, switch, cp, anten, v tinh v thit b u cui ca khch
hng m thng tin c chuyn qua.
3.1.2.3. Tr
Tr l thi gian m thng tin do khch hng gi i n c ch. Khi mng
khng b tc nghn, tr s rt ngn. Nhng khi tc nghn xy ra, tr c th rt ln.
trnh tc nghn, cc gi thng tin truyn i s c xp vo hng i. Khi mt s gi
c truyn n router m n khng th tip tc gi i, s c hai la chn: hoc l xa
cc gi i v thng tin s b mt hoc l tip tc cho cc gi vo hng i cho
n khi ng truyn c th p ng c yu cu gi tin.
Mt vn khc l thi gian time out. Nu mt s ng dng ang i thng tin nhng
thng tin li khng c sn sau mt khong thi gian nht nh (thi gian time out)
th thng tin ny s khng c s dng.
3.1.2.4. Jitter
Jitter chnh l thi gian tr khi n thay i (khng phi l hng s). Ngay khi tc
nghn xy ra hoc c gii quyt, ty thuc vo ti ca mng m tr tng hoc gim
s to ra hiu ng jitter. Tuy nhin, nu tc nghn xy ra trm trng, tr s tng v t
n gi tr khng th chp nhn c. Lc ny khch hng s khng th s dng dch
v.
3.1.2.5. Mt gi
Mt gi xy ra khi ng truyn xy ra tc nghn v cc thit b trn ng
truyn buc phi hy b cc gi . Vn tc nghn c nh hng rt ln n cc
dch v thi gian thc nh thoi, video, a phng tin.
3.1.3. Cc chc nng QoS
QoS cn m bo cc chc nng sau:
- Qun l cc ng dng nhy cm vi tr
- Qun l cc ng dng nhy cm vi jitter
- Kim sot mt gi khi tc nghn xy ra
71
- Thit lp mc u tin lu lng
- Qun l bng thng
- Trnh tc nghn
- Qun l khi xy ra tc nghn
3.2. Cc phng thc m bo QoS trong cc mng hin nay
3.2.1. Intserv
3.2.1.1. M hnh Intserv
Intserv l m hnh c pht trin bi IETF nhm a ra cc m rng h tr
truyn lu lng tt nht c th trc ht l trong Internet cng nh trong cc ng
dng thi gian thc. Do tr nh tuyn v mt gi khi tc nghn xy ra nn cc ng
dng thi gian thc khng c trin khai hiu qu trn m hnh Internet hin ti. Cc
cuc hi tho c hnh, qung b v cc phn mm hi tho cn c bng thng c
m bo c c cht lng chp nhn c. h tr cc yu cu ny th cn phi
thay i h tng Internet c th iu khin bng thng v tr u cui n u cui
trong mng.
h tr m hnh Intserv, mt router phi m bo cht lng dch v i vi
tng lung lu lng theo m hnh dch v v gi y l chc nng iu khin lu
lng. N bao gm cc thnh phn nh iu khin s cho php, phn loi gi, t lch
trnh cho gi v giao thc chim gi ti nguyn. Chc nng iu khin s cho php bao
gm cc thut ton quyt nh m router s dng nu c ti nguyn chp nhn
QoS yu cu cho mt lung mi. Nu khng c ti nguyn, lung mi ny s b
t chi. Nu lung mi c chp nhn, cc ti nguyn s c chim gi m bo
QoS cho lung ny.
Phn loi gi l chc nng thc hin nhn dng cc gi ca mt lung lu lng
trong cc trm v cc router mc dch v no. c th iu khin lu lng hiu
qu, mi gi u vo s c nh x vo cc lp nht nh. Tt c cc gi cng mt
72
lp s c t lch trnh nh nhau. Mt gi s c la chn da vo a ch IP ch
v ngun v s cng trong header ca gi hoc s hiu lp c thm vo mi gi.
Chc nng t lch trnh gi thc hin qun l vic chuyn tip cc lung gi
khc nhau trong cc trm v cc router da vo lp dch v ca chng bng cch qun
l hng i v s dng cc thut ton t lch trnh khc nhau. Chc nng ny m bo
truyn cc gi tng ng vi thng s QoS cho mi lung.
3.2.1.2. Giao thc chim gi ti nguyn RSVP
Intserv s dng giao thc RSVP qun l s m bo QoS trong mng IP.
Intserv v RSVP cung cp kh nng chim gi ti nguyn theo mt chiu i vi tng
lung. Trong m hnh ny, bn gi s gi bn tin PATH n bn nhn. Bn tin ny s
c cp nht mi khi n qua mt router trn ng i trong mng. Bn nhn s p
ng li bng bn tin RESV v th hin cc ti nguyn cn thit tng trm nhm h
tr cho lung lu lng n. Nu bn gi nhn c bn tin RESV, cc ti nguyn
c yu cu dnh cho lung s c chim gi. Nh trong hnh di, ng dng
mun gi cc gi d liu theo cc lung c chim gi ti nguyn s dng RSVP,
giao thc ny s c gng thit lp vic chim gi theo QoS yu cu. Qu trnh ny
c chp nhn nu ng dng chu trch nhim v cc gii hn chnh sch v cc
router c th x l QoS c yu cu. Nu ng dng ny truyn cc gi d liu n
b phn loi nt u tin, n s nh x lung ny n mt lp dch v no ph
hp vi QoS c yu cu. Cc gi ny c nhn dng bng a ch IP ca ngi
gi v c truyn n b t lch trnh. Ty thuc vo lp dch v ca gi m b
ny s chuyn tip cc gi n router tip theo v cui cng l n trm nhn. V
RSVP l giao thc n gin nn vic m bo QoS ch c thc hin theo mt chiu
t nt gi n nt nhn. Nu ng dng mun hy b vic m bo QoS cho mt lung
d liu, n s gi mt bn tin n trm chim gi gii phng cc ti nguyn b
chim trong tt c cc router trn ng truyn s dng cho cc lung khc.
73
Host Router
Qu trnh RSVP Qu trnh

ng dng RSVP
RSVP
iu khin iu khin
Qu trnh chnh
chnh
nh tuyn sch
sch
iu khin iu khin
s cho s cho
php php
B phn B t lch D liu B phn B t lch D liu
loi trnh gi loi trnh gi
Hnh 3.1: M hnh host-router trong RSVP
V m hnh ny m bo ti nguyn c chim gi cho tng lung nn mi

lung s c thnh phn m t lung nh ngha cc c tnh QoS v lu lng ca
n. C hai loi giao thc thit lp kh nng chim gi bao gm hng kt ni (trng
thi cng) v khng kt ni (trng thi mm). Vi kiu hng kt ni, trng thi c
to ra v xa i hon ton do cc router thc hin. Khi mt trm yu cu mt phin
giao dch, mng s thc hin to ra v sau xa i trng thi cn thit. RSVP thc
hin m hnh khng kt ni m cc trng thi chim gi c cc trm cui thit lp v
lm mi theo nh k. Nh vy m m hnh ny tr nn n gin hn.
Mt chc nng quan trng na ca RSVP l ghp cc lung li vi nhau. Trn
thc t, khi c nhiu yu cu chim gi ti nguyn t cc trm khc nhau i vi cng
mt phin giao dch cho cng mt b lc gi, RSVP s ch thit lp mt th tc chim
gi trn giao din .
3.2.1.3. Cc lp dch v
Intserv a ra nh ngha hai loi dch v bao gm cc dch v c m bo v
cc dch v c iu khin ti. C hai loi dch v ny u tp trung vo cc yu cu ca
tng ng dng ring bit. Intserv nh ngha cc dch v c iu khin ti gn ging
vi cc dch v tt nht c th trong mi trng khng ti hoc cc iu kin mng
74
n gin. Ni cch khc, dch v ny c th tt hn trong iu kin mng xy ra tc
nghn. Cc ng dng s dng dch v ny c th gi thit rng t l cc gi c truyn
thnh cng cao tc l t l mt gi s tng ng vi t l li ca ng truyn. Tr
gi cng khng vt qu tr nh nht ca cc gi c truyn thnh cng. Cc dch
v ny c s dng vi cc ng dng thi gian thc nh pht qung b ting v hnh
theo mt chiu m khng cn yu cu tuyt i v tr nhng c th m d liu nhn
c.
Lp dch v m bo a ra m hnh chuyn tip d liu cho cc ng dng yu
cu phi m bo bng thng c sn v gii hn trn ca tr. ng thi, phi m bo
khng xy ra mt gi do trn b m nu lung vn nm trong gii hn cc thng s
lu lng c bit ca n. Lp dch v ny khng c gng ti thiu ha jitter nhng n
iu khin tr hng i ln nht. c th t c mc m bo cao th mi thnh
phn mng u phi h tr kiu dch v ny. Hn na, tnh ng ca dch v ny yu
cu phi s dng giao thc thit lp yu cu cc dch v v cp nht n cc router
trung gian
thc thi Intserv vi RSVP yu cu phi c thng tin v trng thi ca tng
lung v bo hiu mi nt trong mng. V vy, mng s tr nn phc tp v khng c
kh nng nng cp hn na. Do , m hnh Intserv ch c thc thi trong mt s
mng v n c thay th bi m hnh Diffserv.
3.2.1. Diffserv
3.2.1.1. Nguyn l ca m hnh Diffserv
Diffserv l mt m hnh a dch v tha mn nhiu yu cu QoS khc nhau.
Trong m hnh ny, cc lung d liu s c tp hp li thnh cc lp, mi lp tng
ng vi cc yu cu QoS nht nh ca ring lp . Cc gi c phn loi s
c nh du bng mt tp cc DSCP. Diffserv s dng li mt trng trong header
ca gi IP (trng Type of Service i vi IPv4 v trng Traffic Class i vi IPv6)
nh ngha trng DSCP cho php cc router trung gian phn loi cc gi. Ty
75
thuc vo gi tr ca trng DSCP m router c th y cc gi vo mt hng i
nht nh v tun theo th t u tin cho cc gi.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IPv6 Phin bn Lp lu lng (8bit) Nhn ca lung lu lng
DSCP CU
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chiu di
Phin bn phn mo TOS (8bit) Chiu di tng cng
u
IPv4
DSCP CU
DSCP: im m dch v phn bit

CU: Hin ti khng c s dng
Trong :
- Bit 0-2: th t u tin
- Bit 3: 0 = tr thng; 1 = tr thp
- Bit 4: 0 = thng lng bnh thng; 1 = thng lng cao
- Bit 5: 0 = tin cy bnh thng; 1 = tin cy cao
- Bit 6-7: dng cho tng lai
Nh vy, 6 bit ca trng DSCP c th nh ngha ti a 64 loi dch v khc nhau.
Mt khi nim quan trng trong Diffserv l PHB. PHB l mt c ch cp pht ti
nguyn, la chn hng i, th t u tin khi truyn cc gi ra khi router cng nh
th t u tin loi b cc gi. Ni cch khc, l mt phng php chuyn tip cc
76
gi qua mng. Mi PHB c thit k p ng c nhng tha thun gia cc nh
vn hnh mc dch v tng ng vi mt lp lu lng xc nh. C 4 loi dch v
c nh ngha nh sau:
- Lp EF: c s dng h tr cc ng dng yu cu tr v jitter thp hn. Do
, lp ny s c mc u tin cao hn. Nguyn tc ca lp ny l loi b cc
gi khng nm trong profile v tc chuyn tip ca lp t router phi bng
hoc vt qu tc lung n ln nht m khng ph thuc vo lu lng ca
cc lp khc. Ni cch khc, EF cung cp mt ng truyn thu bao o (hoc
dch v c bit quan trng). Do vy, ti u hiu qu s dng, EF ch nn s
dng cho cc ng dng quan trng nht, c bit l khi xy ra tc nghn.
- Lp AF: lp ny c nh ngha h tr cc ng dng d liu vi cc yu
cu v bng thng phi c m bo. Cc gi thuc lp ny s c chuyn
tip vi xc sut cao min l tc ca lp ny khng vt qu tc nh
ngha trc. AF s chia lu lng thnh 4 lp, mi lp c gn mt dung
lng b m v bng thng nht nh theo tha thun ca nh cung cp dch v
hoc theo chnh sch c p dng. Trong mi lp, cc gi s c gn cc
mc th t u tin loi b. Cc gi khng nm trong profile s c nh du
tng ng vi kh nng b loi b cao hn khi xy ra tc nghn.
- Lp PHB mc nh: ti nguyn dnh cho lp ny khng c m bo v bng
thng cp pht l rt nh.
- Lp CS: lp ny c nh ngha h tr tng thch vi cc thit lp v th
t u tin trong mt gi.
thc hin c cc yu cu trn, Diffserv bao gm cc thnh phn chc nng sau:
- Cc thnh phn chc nng ti bin bao gm phn loi, nh du gi v iu
chnh lu lng. Cc b phn loi s da vo cc gi tr trong cc trng header
ca gi la chn v a cc gi n thnh phn nh du ph hp. C th
thy cc chc nng logic ti bin trong m hnh Diffserv nh trong hnh di
77
y. B nh du l thnh phn thit lp gi tr ca trng DS. N c th c
cu hnh nh du tt c cc gi bi mt m n hoc nh du mt gi bi
mt trong tp cc m c s dng la chn PHB trong mt nhm.
B o lng
Chuyn tip
B phn loi B nh du B nh dng/b loi b
Cc gi
Loi b
Chc nng o lng thc hin o cc thng s tc thi ca lung v so snh cc

lung gi u vo vi cc thng tin lu lng c tha thun t trc. B nh
dng s lm tr mt s hoc ton b cc gi trong lung lu lng mang cc
lung ph hp vi thng tin lu lng. Mt b nh dng thng c mt b m c
kch thc hu hn nn cc gi c th b loi b nu khng khng gian b m
cho cc gi. B loi b s thc hin b mt hoc tt c cc gi trong mt lung lu
lng lung ph hp vi profile lu lng. B loi b l trng hp ring ca
b nh dng khi kch thc b m bng 0.
- Cc thnh phn chc nng li: c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng phc tp
hn l chuyn tip cc gi da vo PHB gn km vi lp gi . Cc Router
nh ngha cc lp gi v phn tch cc gi n theo tng lp. Vic x l s
c thc hin trn cc lp . Trong cc router li, Diffserv s dng hai c ch
chuyn tip lp i vi tng gi l EF v AF.
3.2.1.2. Giao thc c s dng
78
M hnh Diffserv khng cn s dng giao thc bo hiu nh trong m hnh
Intserv. Do , m hnh ny n gin hn Intserv
3.2.1.3. Thut ton qun l b m
Khi cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, vic thc hin cc chnh sch hng i l
ht sc quan trng. Thng thng, trc khi c x l, cc gi c lu vo hng i
c kch thc c nh. Khi hng i b trn, cc gi khng th tip tc i vo hng i
m s b loi b. Kch thc hng i cng ln th cng t gi b loi b cui hng
i. Tuy nhin, nu kch thc hng i qu ln th s gy ra cc vn v tr, cc gi
c lu gi qu lu trong hng i thay v phi b loi b hng i s b ng khi
mt lung c php chim gi ton b hng i.
1) Cc k thut hng i
a. Hng i u tin (Priority Queuing)
Theo phng php ny, mi gi c gn mt th t u tin v t trong hng
i c phn cp theo th t u tin. Khi hng i c mc u tin cao nht y th
gi s c t trong hng i c mc u tin thp hn. Cc hng i c mc u tin
cao hn s c x l trc. Do vy, c th cc gi trong hng i c mc u tin thp
hn s b tr hoc loi b nu hng i c mc u tin cao ang nhn c nh mt
lung cc gi.
b. Hng i da vo lp (CBQ)
CBQ l mt dng ca hng i u tin. Cc gi trong hng i c m bo tc
truyn nht nh. Nu mt hng i khng c s dng th bng thng s c s
dng cho hng i khc. Cc thit b s dng CBQ s phn loi cc gi da vo a
ch, loi ng dng, giao thc, URL v cc thng tin khc. CBQ khng ch l mt m
hnh hng i m ng thi cng l m hnh QoS. N xc nh cc loi lu lng khc
nhau v to ra hng i da vo cc thng s c nh ngha trc.
c. Hng i ngang bng (Fair Queuing)
79
Phng php ny c s dng gii quyt vn khi mt s hng i c
mc u tin thp khng c phc v. Bng thng ca mng s c chia s cho tt c
cc hng i. Ti mt thi im, ch mt gi ti cc hng i c chuyn i. Do vy,
khi kch thc gi thay i hoc hng i qu di th mt s hng i s mt nhiu thi
gian c th c phc v hon ton.
d. Hng i ngang bng c trng s (Weighted fair queuing)
y l s kt hp ca phng php fair queuing v hng i u tin. Tt c cc
hng i u c phc v nhng c mt s hng i c phc v u tin hn. Cc
hng i s c gn trng s nh gi mc u tin ca hng i . V d, mt
hng i c th s dng mt na bng thng, phn bng thng cn li s c s dng
cho cc hng i cn li. Lu lng s c u tin theo a ch ngun v ch, gi
c nh du, s cng v cc thng tin trong trng TOS. Mt c trng ca phng
php ny l n chuyn cc lu lng ca dch v thi gian thc ln u hng i v
dnh mt phn ln bng thng cho phn lu lng ny. Phn cn li ca bng thng s
c chia u cho cc lu lng cn li.
Tt c cc dng hng i nu trn u thc hin loi b gi khi hng i y.
C ba phng php loi b cc gi nh loi b cc gi cui hng i, u hoc loi
b cc gi mt cch ngu nhin. gii quyt cc vn do hng i y s dng c
ch qun l hng i tch cc. Bng cch loi b cc gi trc khi hng i b trn, c
ch ny cho php cc router kim sot cc gi b loi b khi no v nh th no. Nh
, n c nhiu u im nh gim c s lng gi b loi b trong router, gim tr
trong cc dch v tng tc, trnh c hin tng ng ca hng i m m bo
lun c hng i cho cc gi d liu u vo. Mt c im khc ca c ch ny l n
kim sot ton b kch thc trung bnh ca hng i cng nh kch thc trung bnh
ca mt lp hoc lung ring. Do m khi u vo hng i tng nhanh th cc gi
vn c lu li m khng b loi b v tr cng gim xung. V vy, c ch ny
cn c p dng cho cc lp hoc cc lung cng nh trong bn thn mi lp (lung).
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2) Thut ton qun l hng i RED
RED (Random Early Detection) l mt thut ton qun l hng i dnh cho cc
router. Khc vi cc thut ton truyn thng khc, RED thc hin loi b cc gi n
hng i theo xc sut. Xc sut cc gi b loi b tng khi kch thc trung bnh ca
hng i tng. Cn lu l RED ch quan tm n kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
theo thi gian ch khng phi l kch thc tc thi.
Thut ton RED bao gm hai phn:
- c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
- Quyt nh loi b cc gi n hng i
a) c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
RED c th c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i theo chiu chuyn tip hoc
khng theo chiu chuyn tip theo cng mt c ch. Kch thc hng i c th c
o bng s lng gi tin hoc byte. Khi c lng kch thc trung bnh ca hng i
theo chiu chuyn tip, c mt trng hp c bit l khi gi n hng i th hng i
li rng. Do , khi tnh ton cn xem xt n thi gian m hng i rng.
b) Quyt nh loi b cc gi n hng i
quyt nh loi b cc gi, RED a ra hai thng s l minth (ngng nh nht) v
maxth (ngng ln nht). Nu kch thc hng i trung bnh di gi tr minth th
khng gi no b loi b. Nhng nu ln hn gi tr maxth th tt c cc gi s b loi
b. V kch thc hng i trung bnh thay i t minth n maxth nn tt c cc gi b
loi b vi xc sut thay i tuyn tnh t o n maxp. Cc quyt nh c th thc hin
ch gi (tc l b qua kch thc ca gi) hoc ch byte (c tnh n kch
thc ca gi).
3.2.2. MPLS
3.2.2.1. Nguyn l ca MPLS
K thut lu lng MPLS cung cp kh nng thit lp cc ng hm lu lng
qua mng MPLS m ng lu lng tng tng ng vi cc yu cu c th v bng
81
thng c nh tuyn qua . Cc c ch ny cho php gn cc gi lu lng n vi
cc ng trung k lu lng v tm ra ng dn trong mng tha mn nhng p t
(nh tuyn p t). Nh hnh di a ra phn header nhn gm 4 byte vi nhn gm
20 bit nhn dng mt ng hm hoc mt kt ni ca gi u vo n mng MPLS.
Da vo cc nhn gn vi gi m cc router bn trong mng s nh tuyn gi
n kt ni tng ng. Do , cc quyt nh t lch trnh v la chn hng i cho
gi s c thc hin da vo cc p t i vi kt ni .
Nhn EXP s TTL u vo ngn

xp nhn
Nhn: th hin gi tr nhn (20 bit) S: y ca ngn xp (1 bit)

EXP: S dng theo kinh nghim (3 bit) TTL: Thi gian tn ti (8 bit)
Hnh 3.4: Phn header ca bn tin MPLS
MPLS cung cp kh nng thit lp kt ni da vo phng php nh tuyn OSPF hoc

nh tuyn r rng. Bng thng c cp pht trong mi router theo ng truyn qua
mng MPLS v c th phn loi dch v s dng trng EXP di 3 bit trong MPLS
header. Cc gi u vo u c kim sot bin mng m bo lu lng ph
hp v mt thnh phn t lch trnh trong mi router phi m bo cc gi trn mt
kt ni c truyn theo th t u tin v m bo QoS yu cu.
3.2.2.2. H tr QoS trong MPLS
Nh trn ni, Diffserv cung cp mt gii php QoS i vi ton b lu
lng. y l gii php n gin v c kh nng nng cp v n khng yu cu bo
hiu i vi tng lung. Tuy nhin, n khng th m bo QoS v n khng nh hng
n mt ng truyn gi, do , khi xy ra tc nghn hoc li, thm ch cc gi c
mc u tin cao khng c c bng thng yu cu. Trong khi , MPLS li p cc
gi vo cc ng truyn nht nh kt hp vi nh tuyn cng bc n c th m
bo bng thng cho cc FEC. Tuy nhin, bn thn MPLS khng nh r c phng
82
php phn loi lp i vi cc lung d liu. Do , kt hp Diffserv v k thut lu
lng da trn MPLS s m bo QoS trong mng li.
MPLS-Diffserv nh ngha hai loi LSP: E-LSP v L-LSP. Trong mt E-LSP,
mt nhn c s dng th hin ch FEC v trng EXT vi di 3 bit th hin
lp ca lung d liu nhm la chn PHB ca n, bao gm c t lch trnh v mc
u tin loi b gi. Trong L-LSP, nhn c s dng th hin ch FEC v mc
u tin t lch trnh ca n. Trng EXP trong L-LSP ch c s dng th hin
mc u tin loi b gi. c th h tr Diffserv qua MPLS, cc thit lp DSCP
trong IP header cn c nh x n trng EXP. Ty thuc vo s PHB m c th c
hai trng hp xy ra:
- Trng hp 1: nu mng h tr ti a 8 PHB th mi DSCP c th c nh x
n mt gi tr EXP duy nht
- Trng hp 2: Nu mng h tr trn 8 PHB th chng khng th c nh x
n mt gi tr EXP duy nht. gii quyt vn ny, nhn c s dng
chuyn PHB v trng EXP dng chuyn th t u tin loi b gi. Do ,
PHB s c quyt nh da trn nhn v gi tr EXP. Router khi s gn mt
nhn c th vi mt PHB trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni.
Cc nh x gia cc header IP vi cc header chn MPLS v Diffserv i vi trng
hp E-LSP v L-LSP c th hin trong cc hnh di y.
5 thng s 5-tuple nh c trnh by trong phn trc. Mi loi LSP c u nhc
im khc nhau. E-LSP d dng vn hnh v c th nng cp hn na v chng gi cc
nhn v s dng trng EXT cho cc c trng Diffserv. Cn L-LSP li cng knh
hn do n cn nhiu nhn dng cho tt c cc PSC ca tt c FEC. Nhng khi bng
thng c chim gi cho mt L-LSP, n c gn vi mt hng i u tin m LSP
ny thuc v. Cc hnh sau th hin qu trnh nh tuyn mng c h tr QoS so vi
khng h tr QoS.
83
E-LSP
DSCP
5-tuple (FEC) ECN
PSC Loi b
OA
BA
Nhn (LSP=mt vi OA) EXP
L-LSP
DSCP
5-tuple (FEC) ECN
PSC Loi b
OA
BA
Nhn (LSP=mt OA) EXP
Hnh 3.5: nh x gia IP header v PMLS header cho E-LSP v L-LSP
Hnh di th hin s khc nhau gia mt ng truyn nh tuyn ngn nht v

ng truyn p dng k thut lu lng. ng truyn ny s c la chn v khi
bng thng cho mi FEC s c chim gi nhng bng thng ny khng gn vi
mt lp dch v c th no, do lu lng u tin s khng c bng thng cho
hng i ca n. Do vy, cng ngh MPLS c h tr Diffserv c p dng ci
thin c th chim gi bng thng cho cc hng i u tin xc nh. Gi s lu
lng VoIP s dng hng i Q-0, y l hng i trn cng trong tt c cc LSP.
LSP-4 c th c bng thng dnh cho tt c cc hng i ca n nhng khng c
bng thng trong Q-0. V vy, ng (2) s khng cung cp QoS ph hp cho VoIP v
84
chng ta b qua hng i VoIP i vi LSP-4. Nhng nu L-LSP c s dng c
chim gi bng thng cho hng i Q-0 th lu lng c th c nh tuyn qua LSR-
3 v LSR-2. Khi , VoIP c th c m bo QoS.
(1) ng ngn nht khng p dng MPLS-TE
(3) MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv (L-LSP)

LSR2
I-LER E-LER
LSR1 LSR3 LSR5
(2) MPLS-TE khng gn vi CoS

LSR4
Hnh 3.6: ng i ca gi MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv
3.2.2.3. K thut lu lng MPLS c quan tm n Diffserv (DS-TE)

Nh trn cp, MPLS c th c trin khai trong cc mng m LSR c
th h tr Diffserv. Tuy nhin, c c chc nng ny v m bo c QoS, cc
mng ny cn quan tm hn na n cc k thut lu lng c p dng cho mi lp
khc vi k thut cho ton b lu lng ca cc lp. M hnh DS-TE l mt thnh
phn quan trng m bo QoS trong mng MPLS. Mc tiu ca DS-TE l m bo
bng thng cho tng loi lu lng ci thin v ti u cc hot ng ca n p ng
cc yu cu v QoS. Trong m hnh ny, bng thng da trn lp dch v c m
bo bi hai chc nng mng:
- Chc nng th nht: Chim gi bng thng ring bit cho tng lp lu lng
85
- Chc nng th hai: p dng cc th tc iu khin s cho php i vi tng lp
m t hai chc nng trn, DS-TE a ra hai khi nim sau:
- Kiu lp (CT): l mt tp cc trung k lu lng da vo cc gi tr CoS ca
chng. V vy, chng c th chia s cng bng thng v mt CT c th i din
cho mt trong nhiu lp.
- Bng thng cng bc (BC): l gii hn theo phn trm ca bng thng ca mt
kt ni m mt CT hoc mt nhm cc CT c th chim gi.
DS-TE cng nh ngha mt c ch cho php gii phng bng thng c chia s do
nhm lu lng c mc u tin thp hn chim gi khi c yu cu ca mt nhm
lu lng c mc u tin cao hn. V gi y l lp k thut lu lng. N c nh
ngha bng hai thng s: Kiu lp v mc u tin (p). Hai hoc nhiu lp TE c th
c cng CT vi p khc nhau hoc cc CT khc nhau c th c cng gi tr p. V vy c
th u tin v duy tr cc LSP trong mt CT hoc gia cc CT.
M hnh DS-TE cho php thc hin k thut lu lng mt cch mm do. N
cho php gn cc CT cho mt hng i thit lp lch trnh LSR v khi thc thi cp pht
bng thng, n s iu chnh cc thng s bng thng ca mi hng i n trng thi
chim gi cho tng nhm lu lng. Qu trnh iu chnh ny c thc hin t ng
khi s chim gi bi cc LSP mi tng v gim, hoc c th iu chnh tnh theo cu
hnh vi ti t trc ph hp.
C nhiu l do t bng thng cp pht ln nht cho tng loi lu lng. V
d nh cung cp kh nng iu khin tr i vi cc lu lng thi gian thc, t l
phn trm kt ni c s dng bi lu lng thi gian thc mc di 50%.
Mi quan h gia CoS v CT l ty thuc vo tng nh vn hnh mng. Cc lp
lu lng nht nh c th khng khc nhau nhiu c c cc chnh sch bng
thng c m bo l khc nhau. Gi s vi cc dch v VoIP v VoATM khng nn
u i qua mng MPLS. Hai lp lu lng thi gian thc c th c cc phng php
x l lch trnh l khc nhau nhng mt gii hn phn trm bng thng i vi c hai
86
dch v ny l nh nhau. V chng c th c x l nh mt kiu lp CT. Cng hon
ton tng t, c th chng vo hai lp TE khc nhau vi cng mt gi tr CT
nhng mc u tin p l khc nhau.
3.2.2.4. Qun l hng i trong MPLS-Diffserv
Mc d cc hng i c th c qun l trc v sau khi thc hin chuyn
mch LSR, nhng c th sp xp cc LSP s tranh chp chuyn mch l nh nht v
qu trnh xp hng xy ra sau khi chuyn mch v trc khi n giao din u ra nh
th hin hnh di.
Giao din u vo Giao din u ra
Cc hng i B t lch trnh

I1
Q0 S0 E1
S1
Khung chuyn mch
Q1 S2 Cc gi
B phn loi
S3
I2 Q2
Q3
Cc gi
Cc gi
IN Cc gi
EM
Trong hnh trn, cc gi n mt trong N giao din u vo. N c phn loi v

chuyn n giao din u ra thch hp, ti y chng c chuyn n hng i u tin
tng ng. C th c M giao din u ra. Mi giao din h tr 4 hng i u tin t 0
n 3 v cc gi c ko ra t mi hng i da vo mc u tin ca n.
Trn thc t, s qun l hng i ca E-LSP v L-LSP phc tp hn nhiu. V
d nh cc hng i c th c cp pht cho mi lp dch v ca mi LSP. Nu mt
E-LSP c h tr bn cch t lch trnh khc nhau, mi E-LSP c hai cch th LSR
s c tm hng i khc nhau, mi hng i tng ng vi mt CoS ca mi LSP.
Vic sp xp ny rt kh qun l v nng cp.
87
Mt phng php khc c th sp xp c mt tp nh cc hng i cho mi giao
din u ra. Cc gi n mi hng i ny th hin cc LSP khc nhau nhng cc hng
i c qun l c quan tm n loi b v t lch trnh cho gi.
i vi MPLS-Diffserv, mt L-LSP th hin mt mc u tin ring v cp
pht ti nguyn n mt L-LSP s m bo c QoS. Mt E-LSP li th hin mc
u tin t lch trnh, cp pht ti nguyn cho mt E-LSP khng c ngha l tt c CoS
s c ti nguyn theo mt hng i nht nh.
88
Chng 4: VN QoS TRONG EPC
Tm tt
Nh trong cc chng trc cp, QoS l mt vn rt quan trng trong
cc h thng thng tin, c bit l vi EPC. y l mt trong cc mc tiu c bn m
EPC hng ti. m bo c mt mc QoS yu cu i vi cc dch v trin khai
trong mng, EPC gp phi nhng thch thc nht nh m cc mng trc cng
tng gp phi. Do , ph hp vi kin trc phng cng nh cc c trng khc
ca mnh, EPC c xy dng cc phng thc m bo QoS tng ng m s c
trnh by trong chng ny. ng thi, mt vn ni bt khc EPC l n khng ch
quan tm n cht lng dch v m ci ch cui cng l cht lng tri nghim ca
ngi dng (QoE). Chng ny cng s gii thiu v vn QoE v mi quan h gia
QoE v QoS trong EPC.
4.1. Vn QoS trong EPC
4.1.1. Nhng yu cu v s cn thit ca QoS trong EPC
Mc ch cui cng ca tt c cc h thng c thit k l nhm nng cao hiu
qu cng nh ci thin hn na mc hi lng ca ngi dng i vi cc dch v
m h thng cung cp. Nh trn nu, EPC l mng li ton IP h tr a dch v
ng thi cng h tr a cng ngh truy nhp. V vy, EPC gp phi nhng thch thc
sau:
Th nht, vi mi loi dch v li c cc yu cu v cc thng s QoS l khc
nhau. V d nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc th tr v mt gi c nh hng c
bit nghim trng n cht lng ca dch v nhng cc thng s li khng nh
hng nhiu i vi email, truyn file hay cc ng dng Web.
Th hai, i vi cng mt dch v nhng cc nhm thu bao khc nhau s c
nhng yu cu v cht lng dch v khc nhau. Cc nhm thu bao bao gm: thu bao
89
tr trc v thu bao tr sau; thu bao theo nhm v thu bao ring l; thu bao
roaming v thu bao khng roaming
Th ba, ti nguyn bng thng ca mng l hu hn trong khi s ngi s dng
dch v ngy cng tng tc l lu lng truyn trong mng cng tng theo.
Th t, mi mng truy nhp c kh nng m bo cht lng dch v mc
nht nh. Khi cc thu bao di chuyn t mng truy nhp ny sang mng truy nhp
khc, cc yu cu v QoS vn phi c m bo.
Nh vy, EPC phi a ra c ch QoS ph hp gii quyt v dung ha nhng yu
cu v cht lng dch v nu trn.
4.1.2. Cc khi nim c bn v nhng tham s QoS trong EPC
4.1.2.1. Cc khi nim c bn
Khi nh ngha mt thut ton v cc thng s QoS th khng th khng cp
n cc lung thng tin s dng chng. V vy, cn xem xt n EPS bearer v cc
thng s ca n. y l mt cng c c bn x l QoS trong EPS. N cung cp mt
knh truyn logic gia UE v PDN truyn lu lng IP. Mi bearer c gn vi
mt tp cc thng s QoS m t cc tnh cht ca knh truyn nh tc bit, tr v t
l li bit,...
Cc lung d liu c bn c truyn qua bearer l cc lung d liu dch v
SDF. Mi lung c c trng bi 5 thng s: a ch IP ch, a ch IP ngun, s
cng ch, s cng ngun, ID giao thc trn giao thc IP xc nh cc im u cui v
ng dng, dch v c s dng.
Tt c lu lng gi qua cng mt bearer s nhn cng mt phng php x l
QoS. cung cp cc c ch QoS khc nhau cho hai lung khc nhau, cc lung ny
cn c gi qua cc bearer khc nhau. Tt c cc bearer thuc cng mt kt ni PDN
chia s cng mt a ch IP ca UE.
Mi kt ni PDN c t nht mt bearer nhng cng c th c nhiu bearer
cung cp cc c ch QoS khc nhau. Khi mt kt ni PDN c thit lp, mt bearer
90
s c to ra v duy tr trong sut thi gian tn ti ca kt ni gi l bearer mc
nh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bearer mc nh s c gn vi mt loi QoS
mc nh v c p dng cho lu lng khng c yu cu c bit v QoS. Cc
bearer khc c th c kch hot cho mt kt ni theo yu cu c gi l bearer dnh
ring.
4.1.2.2. Cc thng s QoS ca mt bearer
Mi EPS bearer c c trng bi cc thng s QoS sau:
a) Thng s nhn dng lp cht lng dch v QCI
QCI c s dng nh mt tham chiu n tp cc thng s QoS lin quan n mng
truy nhp dnh cho cc ng truyn gia u cui v eNodeB. N cho php tch bit
cc dch v vi nhau.
b) Mc u tin cp pht v chim gi ti nguyn ARP
ARP c s dng a ra th t u tin cho vic cp pht v chim gi cc bearer.
N ch yu c s dng cp pht cc bearer khi thit lp phin giao dch hoc
trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao.
Trong trng hp ti nguyn khan him, mng c th s dng ARP u tin
s thit lp v thay i ca cc bearer vi ARP cao hn khi iu khin cho php hot
ng. Cn lu rng cc bearer vi ARP cao hn c gn cc gi tr ARP thp hn
v ngc li. V d nh mt cuc gi VoIP khn cp c c hi c chp nhn cao
hn so vi mt cuc gi VoIP thng thng, do c gn mt ARP cao hn. ARP
cng h tr quyn chn u tin ca cc bearer. Trong trng hp b gii hn v ti
nguyn, mng c th s dng ARP quyt nh bearer no s b hy b. N c th
xy ra trong trng hp chuyn giao. Mt trng hp khc na l khi ARP c s
dng gii phng lu lng bng cch hy b cc bearer c ARP thp.
c) GBR
GBR c p dng cho cc bearer yu cu cht lng dch v phi c m
bo cho dch v (v d nh dch v thoi). Mt bearer vi tc bit c m
91
bo c ngha l mt bng thng nht nh s c chim gi cho bearer ny m khng
cn bit n c c s dng hay khng. Do , GBR bearer trong trng hp thng
thng s khng lm mt gi do s tranh chp trong mng hoc tranh chp ng
truyn v tuyn. Mt GBR bearer ch c php thit lp nu c ti nguyn sn c.
d) MBR
MBR gii hn tc bit m mt GBR bearer c th cung cp cho dch v lin
quan. Trong trng hp tc lu lng vt qu gii hn, mng c th gii hn tc
bng cc chc nng hn ch lu lng. Hin ti, EPC ch h tr trng hp MBR
v GBR bng nhau. Trong tng lai c th s nng cp cho php MBR ln hn
GBR. Mt trong nhng l do nng cp l h tr tt hn cc b m ha/gii m
tng thch tc m tc bit ti thiu c mng m bo (GBR) trong khi c
th thm bng thng nu c sn (MBR).
Mt non-GBR bearer khng gn vi cc thng s v tc bit. N khng c
bng thng c nh, do vy s khng m bo c lu lng m n c th cho truyn
qua. V th, c th s xy ra mt gi trong trng hp tranh chp. Cc ti nguyn v
tuyn dnh cho mt non-GBR bearer ty thuc vo tng ti ca mt cell cng nh QCI
ca bearer. Trong EPS, cc non-GBR bearer c kim sot tc mc tp hp ch
khng phi mc tng bearer. Do , mc d cc bearer ny khng c MBR tng
ng nhng nh vn hnh vn c th kim sot bng thng s dng ca bearer bng tc
bit ln nht ca tp hp AMBR (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate). AMBR bao gm
hai loi:
- APN-AMBR nh ngha tc bit tng c php s dng cho tt c cc bearer
gn vi mt APN xc nh.
- UE-AMBR c nh ngha cho mi thu bao v nh ngha tng tc bit
dnh cho tt c cc non-GBR bearer ca mt bearer.
Vic quyt nh mt bearer l GBR hay non-GBR cn ty thuc vo dch v s
dng bearer . Cc GBR bearer thng c s dng cho cc dch v m trong
92
trng hp cc ti nguyn khng c sn th dch v s b kha chng hn nh dch v
VoIP v cc dch v. Cn i vi dch v khc nh trnh duyt Internet, email,
chatthng khng cn bng thng c nh. Do , cc dch v ny s s dng cc
non-GBR bearer. i vi mt dch v nht nh, vic s dng GBR hoc non-GBR
bearer cn ty thuc vo nh vn hnh mng v cng c th c kim sot bng m
hnh lm vic PCC.
Mc ch ca QCI v cc thng s khc l a ra cc thng s QoS c
chia s gia mng li v mng truy nhp. Mi lp QoS bao gm cc thng s sau:
- Loi bearer: ch ra bearer l GBR hay non-GBR tc l c cn phi cp pht
vnh vin cc ti nguyn trong sut thi gian tn ti ca bearer khng.
- Qu tr gi: i vi cc GBR bearer, y l gii hn thi gian ln nht cho vic
truyn gi. Vi cc non-GBR bearer, n c th c s dng loi b cc gi
nm trong hng i qu lu do tc nghn mng.
- T l mt gi: m t t l ln nht cc gi khng n c ch.
Bng di y nh ngha cc lp QoS c th c i vi mt s loi GBR bearer v
non-GBR bearer.
4.2. M hnh PCC
4.2.1. Khi qut chung v m hnh PCC
4.2.1.1. Kin trc PCC
Kin trc mng tham chiu cho PCC trong EPS c th hin trn hnh 4.1.
Cc thc th chc nng ca kin trc ny bao gm:
- AF: l thc th tng tc vi cc ng dng hoc dch v c yu cu PCC ng.
Cc bo hiu lp ng dng ca dch v c cho qua hoc kt thc AF. AF s
tch cc thng tin v phin giao dch t bo hiu ri a n PCRF qua giao
din Gx. AF cng c th chu trch nhim v cc s kin nh kt thc phin
hoc thay i cng ngh truy nhp do BBERF hoc PCEF pht hin ra. AF l
khi nim do PCC a ra. Thc t, chc nng AF c th nm trong mt s thc
93
th ty thuc vo dch v m UE yu cu. Vi IMS, AF chnh l P-CSCF. Vi
cc dch v khng phi IMS, n c th l video streaming server.
- SPR l thc th chc nng bao gm cc thng tin thu bao nh d liu v cc
chnh sch c bit ca ngi dng.
- OCS: l h thng qun l tn dng i vi tnh cc tr trc. PCEF tng tc
vi OCS kim tra tn dng v bo co trng thi ca ti khon.
QCI Loi Mc Qu Tc li Cc dch v
bearer u tin tr gi mt gi
1 GBR 2 100ms 10-2 Cuc m thoi
2 4 150ms 10-3 Cc video m thoi
3 3 50ms 10-3 Game thi gian thc
4 5 300ms 10-6 Cc video khng mang tnh cht
m thoi (lu trong b m)
5 Non-GBR 1 100ms 10-6 Bo hiu IMS
6 6 300ms 10-6 Video (lu trong b m) trn nn
TCP (email, chat, chia s file im-
im, progressive video)
7 7 100ms 10-3 Thoi, video m thoi, game tng
8 8 300ms 10-6 tc
9 9 300ms 10-6 v trn nn TCP (email,chat, ftp,
video)
v trn nn TCP (email,chat, ftp,
video)
94
PDN
AF OFCS
SGi
z
G
Rx
PCEF
Gx
SPR Sp PCRF PGW
G
y
S5
c Gx a OCS
Gx a S2
SGW Access GW
BBERF BBERF
SGSN MME
Mng truy nhp
khng thuc 3GPP
E-UTRAN
GERAN UTRAN
Giao din min iu khin PCC cho c m hnh on-path v off-path
Giao din min iu khin PCC ch p dng cho m hnh off-path
Giao din min iu khin v tnh cc
Cc giao din ngi dng
- OFCS: c s dng tnh cc offline. N nhn cc s kin lin quan n

tnh cc t PCEF v to ra cc bn ghi d liu tnh cc CDR. Cc CDR sau
c chuyn tip n h thng tnh cc.
- PCRF l chc nng iu khin chnh sch ca PCC. N nhn cc thng tin v
phin giao dch v thng tin t mng qua giao din Gx. Nu s dng BBERF,
95
PCRF s nhn thng tin qua cc im tham chiu Gxa/Gxc. PCRF cng nhn
cc thng tin v thu bao t SPR. N mang cc thng tin thu thp c v cc
chnh sch ca nh vn hnh vo ti khon v to ra cc quyt nh chnh sch
mc dch v. Cc quyt nh ny c a n PCEF v BBERF. PCRF cng
chuyn tip cc bo co s kin gia BBERF, PCEF v AF.
- PCEF: thc th ny thc thi cc chnh sch nhn c t PCRF v cung cp cho
PCRF cc thng tin v ngi dng v mng truy nhp. PCEF cng o lu lng
ngi dng v bo co vic s dng cc ti nguyn n OFCS v giao tip vi
OCS qun l tn dng.
Trong kin trc PCC, c th s dng BBERF trong Access GW hoc khng c
BBERF trong Access GW (ch off-path v ch on-path). Ch on-path c s
dng khi giao thc trn giao din S5/S8 l GTP. ch ny, cc bo hiu
bearer/QoS c thc hin trn cng mt ng truyn vi d liu ngi dng. Khi
, PCRF s iu khin QoS bng cch cung cp cc thng tin v chnh sch QoS n
PCEF qua giao din Gx. Ch off-path c s dng khi giao thc trn S5/S8 l
MIP. Trong ch ny, PCRF s gi cc quy tc QoS n BBERF. Cc th tc chim
gi ti nguyn v cc th tc bearer ch c thc hin trn cc ng truyn t UE
n Access GW trong mng truy nhp v SGW. PGW khng x l cc thng tin QoS
nh trong m hnh on-path.
4.2.1.2. Cc chc nng ca PCC
PCC cung cp cho cc nh vn hnh nhng cng c cao cp iu khin tnh
cc v QoS theo dch v. N cho php iu khin tp trung m bo cc dch v
c cung cp bng thng v phng php x l QoS ph hp.
Trong m hnh PCC, bearer mang ngha l ng truyn IP vi cc c tnh c
nh ngha trc nh dung lng, tr, t l li bit Do , n khng ph thuc vo
ng truyn c to ra nh th no hoc QoS c qun l ra sao i vi tng
cng ngh truy nhp. Tt c cc lu lng c truyn qua mt bearer c cng phng
96
php x l QoS. iu c ngha l cc dch v khc nhau c truyn qua cng mt
bearer s c x l nh nhau. PCC cn c thm cc c ch kim sot tnh cc v
QoS theo mc dch v.
Kin trc PCC cng h tr nhiu c trng ca EPS nh a cng ngh truy
nhp, roaming v di ng a truy nhp. Trong m hnh ny, vic iu khin cc chnh
sch bao gm cc chc nng iu khin cng v iu khin QoS
1) iu khin cng
y l chc nng cho php hoc khng cho php cc gi IP thuc mt lung IP dnh
cho mt dch v no . PCRF to ra cc quyt nh m cng v PCEF s thc thi
quyt nh .
2) iu khin QoS
Chc nng ny cho php PCRF cung cp ti PCEF cc thng s QoS c cp
php cho cc lung d liu. Cc thng s ny c th l tc bit hoc lp QoS. PCEF
hoc BBERF s thc thi cc quyt nh iu khin QoS bng cch to ra cc bearer
thch hp v PCEF m bo cc phin giao dch khng vt qu gi tr QoS c cp
php.
Tuy nhin, trong phm vi ti ch xt n chc nng iu khin QoS ca PCC.
4.2.1.3. Cc quyt nh PCC, quy tc PCC v quy tc QoS
PCRF l thc th trung tm trong PCC. N c chc nng to ra cc quyt nh
PCC da vo cc thng tin sau:
- Cc chnh sch p dng cho mt dch v nht nh do nh vn hnh mng thit
lp
- Thng tin v thu bao v cc chnh sch p dng cho thu bao ly t SPR
- Thng tin v dch v (ly t AF)
- Thng tin t cng ngh mng truy nhp,
PCRF a ra cc quyt nh di dng cc quy tc PCC. PCRF cng cung cp mt tp
cc thng tin gi l cc quy tc QoS n BBERF nu s dng m hnh off-path. Mt
97
quy tc PCC bao gm cc thng tin trong c mu lung d liu dch v SDF cho
php PCEF nhn dng cc gi ca mt dch v. Tt c cc gi c 5 thng s (IP 5-
tuple) ph hp vi cc b lc ca mt mu SDF s c ch nh cho mt SDF. Quy
tc PCC cng bao gm thng tin v trng thi ca cc cng v cc thng tin lin quan
n tnh cc v QoS cho SDF. Thng tin QoS bao gm QCI, MBR, GBR v ARP.
Mt iu quan trng l khc vi cc thng s QoS ca bearer, cc thng s QoS trong
quy tc PCC c p dng cho lung IP c m t trong SDF ch khng phi cho
bearer. Mt bearer c th c s dng mang lu lng c m t bi nhiu quy
tc PCC min l bearer cung cp QoS ph hp cho cc lung d liu ca quy tc PCC
. Mng truy nhp nhn quy tc PCC s nh x gi tr QCI ca quy tc PCC vi cc
thng s QoS cho tng mng truy nhp.
Xt trng hp PCRF cung cp cc quy tc PCC cho PCEF qua giao din Gx,
cc quy tc ny s c cung cp ng v c gi l quy tc PCC ng. Tuy nhin,
nh vn hnh vn c th cu hnh trc tip cc quy tc vo PCEF v gi y l cc quy
tc PCC c nh ngha trc.
PCRF to ra cc quy tc QoS da trn cc thng tin nhn c t cc quy tc PCC
tng ng. Cc quy tc QoS c chuyn n BBERF m bo thc hin qu trnh
nh x bearer. Cc quy tc ny bao gm cc thng tin cn thit pht hin SDF v
cc thng s QoS. N khng mang cc thng tin lin quan n tnh cc
4.2.1.4. nh x bearer
nh x bearer l vic nh x cc quy tc PCC/QoS n mt bearer tng ng
trong mng truy nhp m bo cc gi s nhn c chnh sch QoS ph hp. Chc
nng nh x bearer c thc hin trong PCEF (vi m hnh on-path) v trong BBERF
(vi m hnh off-path) v c gi chung l BBF.
Khi cc quy tc PCC/QoS mi hoc thay i c a n BBF, n s kim
tra xem c th s dng cc bearer ang tn ti khng. Nu s dng c th BBF s
khi to cc th tc thay i bearer iu chnh tc bit ca bearer . Nu khng
98
dng c cc bearer sn c v s dng cc th tc bearer do mng khi to th BBF
s thit lp mt bearer mi. C th, nu quy tc bao gm cc thng s GBR, BBF phi
m bo tn ti mt GBR bearer cho quy tc PCC. Sau , BBF kch hot vic chim
gi ti nguyn ca mng truy nhp m bo c th cung cp QoS c cp php ca
quy tc PCC.
Khi UE truy nhp cc mng 3GPP, BBF s dng cc th tc bearer khi kch
hot cc quy tc PCC/QoS. Cc mng truy nhp khc khi tng tc vi EPS u c cc
c ch bo hiu QoS ring. thit lp cc ti nguyn QoS thch hp trong mng truy
nhp, PCEF/BBERF cn thc hin cc th tc QoS hp l v nh x cc thng s QoS,
c th l nh x QCI ca quy tc vi cc thng s QoS ca mng. i vi cc mng
3GPP, QCI cng c s dng nh cc thng s QoS cho cc bearer.
4.2.2. iu khin QoS do mng khi to
Trong m hnh iu khin QoS do mng khi to, mng (c th l AF s khi
to bo hiu thit lp cc chnh sch QoS n u cui v mng. Khi u cui ang
trong E-UTRAN, mng s khi to th tc bearer dnh ring.
Khi s dng m hnh ny, ng dng trn client khng cn phi quan tm n m
hnh QoS ca mng truy nhp. Tuy nhin, ng dng c th bit v QoS m khng cn
quan tm n phng php truy nhp v to mt yu cu QoS qua lp ng dng bng
cc giao thc bo hiu SIP, RTSP kt hp vi SDP Cng cn lu rng trong bo
hiu ny khng c cc thng tin v vic truy nhp ca thu bao. Phng thc iu
khin QoS ny c th c s dng cung cp QoS cho cc ng dng client khng
quan tm n truy nhp (v d nh cc ng dng do ngi dng ti v ci t). thc
hin c m hnh ny, trc ht mng phi hiu c cc ti nguyn QoS cn cho
dch v. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, nhiu dch v li c cung cp bi nh vn hnh
mng truy nhp hoc thng qua nh vn hnh khc. Do , nh vn hnh cng c th
gn cc mc QoS cho SDF gn vi dch v .
99
ng dng AF
khng quan
tm n QoS
Rx
PCRF
Th tc bearer dnh ring
u cui vi
Gx/Gxx Mng li
giao din truy (cc b lc gi ng ln)
nhp
Th tc bearer dnh
Access GW PGW
C th qu trnh iu khin QoS c thc hin theo cc bc sau:

(P-CSCF) 4. Quyt nh
ng dng
2. Thng tin phin giao dch chnh sch
3. Thng tin
SPR PCRF
thu bao
UE OCS
5. Quy tc PCC
6. Qun l tn dng
PCEF
Mng truy nhp
Giao din
7. Kch hot/thay i bearer PGW
truy nhp
7. nh x bearer
8. Lung IP ng
8. Pht hiu lung
ln cho nh x
d liu dch v
bearer
1) Thu bao khi to yu cu dch v v thc hin bo hiu ng dng t u cui

n u cui. Trong trng hp IMS, bo hiu ng dng s dng giao thc SIP.
M t v dch v c yu cu c coi l mt phn ca bo hiu ng dng.
Trong IMS, s dng giao thc SDP m t dch v.
2) Da vo cc thng tin m t dch v, AF cung cp cho PCRF cc thng tin lin
quan qua giao din Rx. Cc thng tin ny thng bao gm thng tin QoS (loi
100
dch v, cc yu cu v tc bit) cng nh cc thng s lu lng nhn
dng lung d liu tng ng vi phin dch v .
3) PCRF c th yu cu cc thng tin v thu bao t SPR.
4) PCRF cn xem xt cc thng tin v dch v, cc chnh sch dch v do nh vn
hnh nh ngha, thng tin thu bao v cc thng tin khi xy dng cc quy tc
PCC.
5) Cc quy tc PCC s c PCRF gi n PCEF. Sau , PCEF s thc thi cc
quy tc ny. Ton b lu lng ngi dng s c gi qua PGW.
6) Nu quy tc PCC ch nh s dng tnh cc online th PCEF s kt ni vi
OCS yu cu tnh cc theo phng php o xc nh trong quy tc PCC.
7) PGW ci t cc quy tc PCC v thc hin nh x bearer.
8) PCEF pht hin SDF tch ra cc lung IP cho dch v ny truyn trn
bearer tng ng.
4.2.3. iu khin QoS do u cui khi to
Vi m hnh iu khin QoS do u cui khi to, UE s khi to bo hiu
thit lp mt chnh sch QoS n mng. i vi E-UTRAN, u cui s gi mt yu
cu cc ti nguyn bearer n mng. ng dng trn u cui phi bit cc yu cu QoS
ca n v kch hot API trn u cui. Nh vy, xc nh thng tin QoS, cc ng
dng client phi bit m hnh QoS ca mng truy nhp. PCRF khng cn a thng tin
QoS vo mng nhng PCRF vn c s dng cp php cho cc ti nguyn QoS do
u cui yu cu.
Trong m hnh ny, cc bc bo hiu ng dng cng hon ton ging m hnh QoS
do mng khi to.
Cc bc tip theo bao gm:

4) ng dng trong UE to ra mt yu cu cho giao din truy nhp yu cu ti
nguyn cho ng dng mi.
101
5) UE gi mt yu cu n mng yu cu cc ti nguyn cho dch v ny. Cc
yu cu ny bao gm cc thng tin v lp QoS, cc b lc gi gn vi dch v
v GBR. Nu l E-UTRAN, UE gi yu cu thay i ti nguyn bearer. i vi
truy nhp GERAN/UTRAN, UE s yu cu kch hot hoc thay i kt ni PDN
th cp.

ng dng (c AF
quan tm n
QoS)
Rx
PCRF
Khi to th tc bearer dnh ring
(thng tin QoS + cc b lc gi ng ln) Gx/Gxx Mng li

u cui vi
giao din truy Th tc bearer dnh
nhp Access GW PGW
Yu cu QoS (qua giao din

ng dng QoS truy nhp)

(P-CSCF) 7. Quyt nh
ng dng
2. Thng tin ng dng chnh sch
4. Yu cu ti
nguyn QoS
3. Thng tin
SPR PCRF
thu bao
UE 6. Yu cu 9. Quy tc PCC
Mng truy nhp quy tc
QoS 8. Quy tc PCC
Giao din PCEF
5. Yu cu cc ti nguyn QoS do UE khi to Access GW
truy nhp
PGW
10. Hot ng ca bearer BBERF 11. Kch hot
quy tc PCC
10. Kch hot quy

12. Lung IP ng 12. Pht hiu
tc PCC. nh x
ln cho nh x lung d liu
bearer
bearer dch v
Hnh 4.5: M hnh off-path v cc th tc bearer do u cui khi to
102
6) BBERF khi to kt ni vi PCRF khi nhn c mt yu cu ca UE.
7) PCRF cn xem xt cc thng tin v phin giao dch, cc chnh sch dch v do
nh vn hnh nh ngha, thng tin thu bao v cc thng tin khc khi xy dng
cc quy tc PCC. Do s dng PCC off-path, PCRF s to ra cc quy tc QoS
da vo cc quy tc PCC.
8) PCRF gi cc quy tc QoS n BBERF
9) PCRF gi cc quy tc PCC tng ng n PCEF
10) BBERF (SGW) ci t cc quy tc QoS v thc hin nh x bearer
11) PGW ci t cc quy tc PCC. PCEF thc hin m cng, tnh cc mc dch v
v thc thi QoS c nh ngha trong quy tc PCC.
12) UE s dng cc b lc gi ng ln quyt nh bearer no s mang lu
lng ng ln. C BBERF v PCEF pht hin SDF. BBERF chuyn tip cc
lu lng ng xung qua bearer thch hp.
4.2.4. Cc c ch QoS
Mt c im quan trng trong kin trc EPC l vic x l cc th tc min iu khin
v min ngi dng c x l ring bit v mt s l do chnh sau:
- Bo hiu min iu khin tng theo s thu bao trong khi bo hiu min ngi
dng li ch yu ph thuc vo cc dch v mi v cc ng dng cng nh kh
nng ca thit b
- C th ti u ha hot ng ca c hai min iu khin v min ngi dng
- C th b tr cc nt x l min ngi dng v min iu khin mt cch linh
hot hn: tp trung cc nt x l bo hiu min ngi dng v phn tn cc nt
bo hiu min iu khin
V cc l do trn, chng ta cng xem xt cc c ch QoS trn cc min ngi dng v
min iu khin.
4.2.4.1. X l min iu khin
103
Nt iu khin chnh sch PCRF s quyt nh cc lung gi s c x l nh
th no v cc thng s QoS (mc lung gi). Cc lung c m t trong cc b lc
gi DL/UL. ng thi, n cng to ra cc quy tc gi n GW kch hot thit lp
mt bearer mi hoc thay i bearer ang tn ti nhm x l cc lung gi v thay i
vic x l cc lung .
Cc b lc UL
Cc b lc Dl
QCI
Nh iu
ARP khin chnh
MBR sch
GBR(ty chn)
Thit lp/thay i (lung)

Mc lung d liu gi
Mc bearer Cc b lc UL
QCI Cc b lc Dl
Cc b lc ARP QCI
UL MBR ARP
GBR(ty chn) MBR
GBR(ty chn)
u cui
LTE RAN
Thit lp/thay i (bearer-ID)
Mc bearer
Mc giao vn
Giao vn Gateway

Ngoi ra, nh vn hnh cng c th cu hnh cc chc nng QoS ngay trn cc
nt mng bng h thng vn hnh v bo dng O&M. Mt chc nng do nh vn
hnh thit lp in hnh l chc nng lp lch trnh. Chc nng ny thc hin phn phi
cc ti nguyn mng truy nhp cho cc bearer theo c ng ln v xung. Chc nng
ny m rng kh nng m bo cc c tnh QoS i vi cc bearer khc nhau.
4.2.4.2. X l min ngi dng
104
Cc chc nng QoS min ngi dng c thc hin nhiu nt khc nhau v
c chia thnh cc chc nng cc mc lung, mc bearer v mc DSCP (mc
chuyn vn).
Kim tra gi
Thc hin
chnh sch vi
lung UL v DL Cc chc nng thc
hin vi mi lung
Cc chc nng thc
Lc gi UL Cho php Lc gi DL
hin trn bearer
ARP/GBR
Cho php ARP
u tin ARP
Chnh sch tc u tin ARP

Chnh sch tc
Qun l hng
Qun l hng
i
i
t lch trnh
UL v DL
Cu hnh L1/L2
UE nh x QCI nh x QCI Cc chc nng thc

n DSCP n DSCP hin trn bearer
Qun l hng Cc chc nng thc hin

i trn DSCP
t lch trnh
UL v DL
LTE RAN Giao vn Gateway

1) Cc chc nng mc lung d liu
Cc GW thc hin kim tra cc gi d liu bng chc nng DPI lc cc gi c cc
c tnh QoS ph hp trc khi c chuyn qua cc bearer, ng thi thc hin cc
chnh sch iu khin tc ca lung d liu . y l cc chc nng QoS rt
hu ch gip cho nh vn hnh c th gii hn thng lng ca thu bao s dng.
2) Cc chc nng mc bearer
Cc chc nng mc bearer c thc hin ti GW bao gm:
105
- Lc gi ng xung: mc ch ca lc gi l la chn cc lung tng ng
cho cc bearer thch hp
- iu khin cho php s dng ARP
- iu khin tc nghn s dng ARP: GW s da vo gi tr ca ARP quyt
nh bearer no s b gii phng khi h thng qu ti hoc khi cn ti nguyn
cho cc mc ch khc nh cho cuc gi khn cp. Khi , bearer no c ARP
thp hn s c gii phng.
- Chnh sch tc : chnh sch ny c thc hin h tr mng trnh khi qu
ti v m bo cc dch v truyn d liu vi gc ln nht (AMBR v
MBR). Vi cc non-GBR bearer, chnh sch ny c thc hin da trn APN-
AMBR.
- nh x QCI vi DSCP: mc ch ca chc nng ny l chuyn t QoS mc
bearer sang QoS mc chuyn vn. Khi , cc gi c gi tr QCI s c nh
du vi mt DSCP tng ng truyn trong lp giao vn. Qu trnh ny c
thc hin da vo cc chnh sch ca nh vn hnh thng qua h thng vn hnh
v bo dng O&M.
3) Cc chc nng mc DSCP
Cc nt mng thc hin m hnh qun l hng i v cc thut ton lp lch trnh i
vi lu lng UL v DL. Trong mng vn chuyn, khng cn nhn thy cc bearer, do
cc thut ton ny quyt nh phng php chuyn tip cc gi ring bit da vo
DSCP.
4.3. QoE v mi quan h vi QoS
4.3.1. Khi nim QoE
Khc vi cc mng trc , EPS nh gi s thnh cng ca mng v cc dch
v c h tr da vo vic cm nhn ca cc thu bao v n nh th no hay cn gi
l cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng. QoE l mt vn rt quan trng. Nu nh
cung cp dch v c th m bo cho khch hng QoE cao, h s hi lng nhng ngc
106
li, n s to ra mt khong cch tri nghim khch hng gia nhng g h mun v
nhng g h nhn c. Thng th khong cch ny gy ra bi nh cung cp khng
hiu ht cc yu t nh hng n cht lng tri nghim ca khch hng. Mc d h
thc c tm quan trng ca QoE nhng li ch p ng c mt phn rt nh.
Theo s pht trin ca cng ngh, s lng khch hng ngy cng nhiu v theo
l yu cu QoE ngy cng cao. Do dn n s cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp
dch v i vi cng mt dch v no . H cng c th d dng chuyn t nh cung
cp ny sang nh cung cp khc nu h c QoE khng tt. Cc quyt nh ca h ch
yu da trn QoE trong khi QoS thc t li khng lin quan nhiu n ngi dng.
QoE khng ch nh hng n s chp nhn dch v ca ngi dng m cn c bit
quan trng i vi s hi lng v trung thnh ca ngi dng i vi dch v .
C nhiu khi nim v QoE c a ra nh l vic o lng mt cch nh tnh v
nhng tri nghim hng ngy ca ngi dng khi h s dng dch v m h ng k
nh dch v b ngng, cht lng hnh nh, tc ca cc dch v Internet tc cao,
tr, dch v khch hng Cng c khi nim QoE tng i ging nhng thu hp
hn QoS. Nhn chung, c th thy mt s yu t quyt nh n cht lng tri nghim
ca ngi dng nh sau:
a) Cht lng dch v
QoS khng ng nht vi QoE nhng cng ngh p dng hoc dch v trong hu ht
cc trng hp l iu kin tin quyt t c QoE. Do vy, kha cnh ny cn
xem xt 4 mc: ng dng/dch v, server, mng, thit b u cui.
b) S tin dng
S tin dng cng l mt yu t c quan tm n trong hu ht cc nh ngha v
QoE. S tin dng th hin tnh thn thin vi ngi dng, d dng thao tc, tng
tc gia my v ngi dng. Ni cch khc, y l cc vn lin quan n cm xc
ca ngi dng khi s dng thit b v cng ngh.
c) Hiu qu
107
y, cn phn bit gia 3 mc thit b u cui, mng v ng dng. V mt k thut,
mt cng ngh c th hot ng rt tt nhng ti cng thi im, n c th khng hiu
qu lm hi lng ngi dng hoc khng nh mong mun ca ngi dng.
d) t c s mong i ca ngi dng
Khi nim ny cho php nh cung cp c th o c cht lng hiu qu ca dch v.
Ch khi thc s hiu r ngi dng mong mun g th mi c th bit c cng ngh
c hot ng tt hay hiu qu khng.
e) Hon cnh
QoE cn xem xt n s tri nghim ca khch hng trong mt hon cnh r rng. V
cn phn bit gia 5 loi hon cnh: mi trng, bn thn/x hi, vn ha, cng ngh
v tnh t chc.
f) Gi c
Chi ph cho c s h tng mng v u cui cng nh cc ph ca cc dch v l
nhng yu t quyt nh n QoE ca ngi dng.
Nh vy, QoE khng ch bao gm cc yu t QoS m cn c c nhng yu t ch quan
tc ng n ngi dng. C cc mc QoE nh sau:
- Tuyt vi
- Rt tt
- Tt
- Trung bnh
- Km
4.3.2. Cc phng php o QoE
Nh trn trnh by, QoE ca ngi dng khng ch lin quan n yu t QoS
ca mng m cn lin quan n cc yu t ch quan khc. Do , vic o lng v ci
thin QoE l ht sc kh khn i vi bt k mng no.
C hai phng php o QoE:
4.3.2.1. S dng cc mu thng k
108
Phng php ny c thc hin i vi tt c cc thu bao ca mng o
QoE. Nu mu thng k c la chn ng, chnh xc ca php o l rt cao. Cc
qu trnh lin quan bao gm:
- nhn dng v nh lng QoE
- nh lng i cc ng dng chnh
- xc nh cc mu thng k thch hp: cc vng a l, thi gian, cc loi lu
lng
- s dng cc thng tin ti u cui lm cho kt qu chnh xc hn
- cho im tng QoE
u im ca phng php ny l c th o QoE cho bt k mng no m khng
cn truy nhp vo mng, nh vn hnh cng c th o QoE i vi cc thu bao ca
nh vn hnh khc. Phng php ny cng c lp vi nh cung cp v c lp vi
bearer. Vic kim tra thng xuyn c th ci thin c chnh xc ca cc kt qu.
4.3.2.2. S dng cc thng s QoS
Phng php ny bao gm vic nhn dng mi quan h gia cc thng s QoS
v nh hng ca chng n QoE v o cc thng s QoS trong mng c th nh
gi QoE ca ngi dng. V nguyn tc, phng php ny c th l l tng i vi
cc nh vn hnh nhng n li ph thuc vo vic nh x cc thng s QoS vi s tri
nghim thc ca ngi dng. y l mt bc rt kh khn v kh c th t c
chnh xc cao. Phng php ny cng thiu s mm do v kh nng nng cp.
4.3.3. Mi quan h gia QoE v QoS
C th biu din mi quan h gia QoE v QoS di hai dng:
- dng ha: ch ra mi quan h gia cc thng s QoS ca dch v v QoE
tng ng.
- dng vn bn: m t QoE ca mt dch v trong mt trng hp no tng
ng vi cc thng s QoS nht nh.
a) Dng ha
109
dng ha, QoE c biu din di dng cc im tng ng vi cc thng s
QoS nh tc bit v tr.
Hnh 4.8 di y l v d cho 2 dch v, mi dch v o QoE cho 10 tc bit
tng ng. T hnh v cho thy c c mc QoE tt cho c hai dch v th tc
bit cn t nht l 600 kbps. Nu dch v 1 khng quan tm nhiu n QoE th dch v 2
s phi c tc bit thp nht l 100kbps c QoE mc tt. Nu trong cc giai
on mng bn m khng th cung cp dch v tc ln hn 50kbps th dch v 1 l
khng th s dng c.
Rt tt Dch v 1
Dch v 2
Tt
Chp nhn
c
C th s
dng
Khng th
s dng
Tc bit (kbps)
10 50 100 400 600 800 1000 1500 3000 6000

Dng ha cng c th c s dng kim tra mt s dch v tm ra dch v
no d thc hin vi chi ph thp nht.
Mt v d i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, QoE chu nh hng ca cc c tnh tr
khc nhau. y thc hin o tr gia u vo audio pha pht v u ra pha thu.
S so snh ny c th hin trn hnh 4.9.
b) Dng vn bn
Dng vn bn l tng kt ca cc ngun kinh nghim v tham chiu n cc ngun .
c c nh dng chung cn phi tr li cc cu hi:
- dch v l g
110
- cc thng s QoS chnh
- tnh hung s dng l g
- tri nghim ca ngi dng ra sao
- c th so snh vi dch v (QoS) no
Dch v 1
Tuyt vi
Dch v 2
Tt
Bnh
thng
Ngho nn
Tr (ms)
10 50 100 200 300 400 500 650 800 1000

Do , dng vn bn th hin s nh hng ca cc yu t n QoE nh sau:
<dch v> with <QoS> for <tnh hung> gives <QoE> (compared with <dch v>)
c th xy dng c dng vn bn nu trn, cn da vo cc kt qu kim tra i
vi ngi dng nh sau:
IF <tnh hung>
USING <dch v>
WITH <cc thng s k thut>
THEN <QoE>
Trong :
tnh hung bao gm :
- hnh ng ca thu bao: c mail, phng vn
- nhm thu bao: thng nhn, sinh vin.
111
- mi trng: phng hp, trn xe t
Dch v bao gm cc thng s:
- loi dch v: cuc gi video, email
- loi thit b u cui: laptop, thit b di ng cm tay
Cc thng s k thut (QoS) bao gm:
- tc bit
- giao thc mng
- giao thc truyn tin lp di
- tr
- mt ng b audio/video
- jitter
- mt gi
- tc khung hnh
- phn gii ca hnh
Tri nghim ca ngi dng bao gm:
- Hiu sut cng vic: thi gian thc hin, s ln ngt qung
- hi lng ca thu bao: chp nhn dch v,
- yu thch dch v ca thu bao
112
Chng 5: GII PHP QoS TRONG EPC
Tm tt
Nh trn nu, QoS trong EPC l mt trong nhng vn c bit c quan
tm nghin cu. V nguyn l, c hai m hnh c th p dng, l m hnh QoS do
mng iu khin v m hnh QoS do u cui iu khin. Trong qu trnh trin
khai trn thc t, da vo cc chun c t chc 3GPP a ra cho EPC, mt s
gii php c xy dng m bo QoS trong c gii php ti u ha QoS khi
mng c mt nh vn hnh ca hc vin FOKUS v trng i hc Berlin thc hin.
Chng ny s i su phn tch gii php v nu ra cc vn cn m rng thm
cho gii php.
5.1. Gii php ti u ha QoS vi mng c mt nh vn hnh

5.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Nh trong cc chng trc nu, EPC xut hin do nhu cu hi t nhiu loi
mng khc nhau nn mc ch chnh ca n l trong sut i vi cc mng truy nhp.
N c kh nng lin kt gia bo hiu v QoS trong cc mng truy nhp, do thc
hin kt ni cc dch v c yu cu vi ng truyn d liu theo mt chun chung.
Mng iu khin IMS c tch hp lp mng vi EPC vi mc ch chim gi ti
nguyn thc t v iu khin chnh sch vi cc cng ngh truy nhp. IMS c kt
ni vi EPC thng qua PCRF. PCRF thc hin nhn cc chnh sch trn ng d liu,
gi trng thi ca phin giao dch v thng bo s iu khin IMS trong cc trng
hp c bit. mt mc ch khc ca EPC l khng ch truyn d liu trong min
thng tr, m cn trong min tm tr ca UE nn c hai loi hPCRF v vPCRF nh
nu trong chng 2.
Mi mt cng ngh s a ra mt phng php cung cp QoS ring ca n da
vo UE. Cc c ch ny cho php cc dch v c m bo cc yu cu da trn s
113
mong i ca ngi dng m khng quan tm nhiu n mng. Nh trong hnh di,
mt UE ang trao i thng tin vi mt h tng cung cp dch v s dng mt cng
ngh truy nhp v c th truyn d liu vi Internet qua mt GW mng truy nhp.
iu khin cc ti nguyn c sn trong mng, nh vn hnh ca mng truy nhp s
dng mt s thnh phn iu khin c a vo trong mt thc th iu khin mng
truy nhp.
M hnh chim gi ti nguyn do ngi dng iu khin gi thit rng h tng
cung cp dch v khng th trao i thng tin vi ng chim gi ti nguyn. Do ,
sau khi dch v c cung cp, UE phi s dng c ch ring thc thi cc chnh
sch trn ng d liu. iu c th dn n trng hp mng khng th cung
cp cc ti nguyn theo yu cu do hai ng bo hiu tch bit nhau.
M hnh QoS iu khin bi mng gi thit rng trong sut qu trnh thng
lng i vi mt dch v no , h tng cung cp dch v trao i thng tin vi iu
khin mng truy nhp ca mng m ngi ang nh v . B iu khin ny s
thc thi cc chnh sch c mng truy nhp v GW mng truy nhp. nh gi theo
kinh nghim, m hnh ny s gy tr ln hn trong qu trnh cung cp phin giao dch.
Nhng rng chim gi ti nguyn do UE iu khin c thc hin sau khi
xong vic thng lng thng tin ca phin giao dch v s dng bo hiu khc m n
c th khng gy tr ln nhng li c th c nhiu trng hp b li, v d nh thng
tin phin giao dch c thng lng nhng ch mt trong cc thnh phn lin
quan n phin ny c th chim gi ti nguyn trong mng truy nhp ca n.
Nh trong kin trc nu hnh di, s trao i thng tin gia h tng dch v
IMS v ng truyn d liu qua EPC c chun ha bi 3GPP. Bng cch tch hp
hai h tng ny, mt kh nng mi mng iu khin QoS xut hin.
Cc kch bn IMS hin ti ang s dng m hnh QoS c iu khin bi UE vi cc
mng truy nhp v QoS do mng iu khin vi mng li. Khi s lng u cui tng,
cc u cui cng c th s dng ng thi nhiu mng truy nhp cng lc th vic
114
chim gi ti nguyn trn cc mng truy nhp ph thuc nhiu hn vo kh nng ca
u cui.
H tng cung
cp dch v
iu khin mng
truy nhp
GW mng truy
nhp
Cng ngh truy

nhp
Hnh 5.1: Kin trc cung cp dch v v cung cp cc chnh sch QoS
Khi UE thc hin a truy nhp, ti nguyn c th b lng ph nu khng trao i

thng tin v mc u tin vi mng li. UE s quyt nh la chn mng da vo cc
tiu chun nh gi c, cng tn hiu v mc u tin m n c c t cc kt
ni trc v t cc chnh sch tnh ca nh vn hnh mng c lu trong thit b
m khng quan tm n cc thng s tc thi ca mng. Trong trng hp xu, thit b
kt ni vi mng ch tm ra cc yu cu ca n khng c h tr. Do , nhn
c cc dch v theo yu cu, n cn phi kt ni vi mng khc, v vn trn vn
c th lp li. Do , lm gim kh nng tm ra mng c th p ng c nhu cu v
cc ti nguyn.
115
Mt s cng ngh truy nhp nh WLAN li s dng cc tn s t ph chung.
Do vy, ngi dng c th la chn trong s nhiu mng khc nhau, mt s mng
trong c lin h vi nh vn hnh v c th cung cp cc dch v yu cu, mt s
khc li lin h vi cc nh vn hnh khc. khc phc hn ch ny, cn a ra khi
nim cc mng ng c. l cc mng m UE c th truy nhp n. C th lu tt c
cc thng tin v tt c cc mng ca nh vn hnh trong UE. Do , s tn b nh v
c th b trng lp. Vn tng t cng c th xy ra khi mt tiu chun c nh
la chn mng c lu trong UE. Do vy, ch c mt cch nhn thng tin t cc
mng c th kt ni l s dng mt knh thng tin khc nu n c thit lp. Thng
tin ny b hn ch bi v tr a l ca UE v bi cc thng tin v ngi dng.
Do c nhiu giao din trong mt ln cung cp dch v nn mt ngi dng no c
th gi ng thi rt nhiu yu cu chim gi ti nguyn cho tt c cc giao din sn
c. V th, c th s gy nh hng n mng.
Cng tng t nh vy, trong cc mng c tn s cng cng, ngi dng khng
th c nhn dng hon ton. Cc thit b khc c th tip tc cung cp dch v nh
UE v xy ra s trng lp. hn ch kh nng ny, m hnh QoS do mng cung cp
c a ra.
Hin ti, cc dch v c th c p ng nhiu mc cht lng khc nhau do
s thng nht ca nhiu dch v vo mt dch v mi nh thoi v dn n c nhiu
c ch truyn khc nhau m chng c th tng thch trong thi gian thc vi s thay
i bng thng khc nhau, v d nh m ha video H.261, H.263. Do , c ch cung
cp QoS cn phi tng thch vi s thay i ny ca dch v. Trong cc kin trc thc
t, s chim gi ti nguyn ca mt dch v phn tng c thc hin bi nhiu yu
cu c gi bi UE cho n khi mt lp c tha mn. V d vi dch v IPTV vn
quan tm n tc truyn a dch v. Nu mc tt nht m UE yu cu khng c
tha mn, mt yu cu khc s c thit lp. Qu trnh ny lp i lp li n khi ti
nguyn cho mt lp c chim gi. iu c th gy ra tr thit lp cuc gi rt
116
ln, nh hng n s hi lng ca ngi dng i vi dch v. M hnh QoS do mng
iu khin gii quyt vn cp pht ti nguyn bng cch ch s dng mt yu cu
duy nht. Vic chim gi ti nguyn khng ch c kch hot bi u cui m cn bi
cc thc th khc trong mng v c thc hin bng cch cho qua mt tp cc b lc
da vo cc chnh sch v s c sn ti nguyn tc thi trn cc mng truy nhp.
y ch nh gi vi mng c mt nh vn hnh.
5.1.2. Kin trc m hnh QoS do mng iu khin
D liu
Bo hiu
D liu v bo hiu QIF I2 hPCRF I5 Mng li IMS
I3
PGW
Min thng tr I1
2G/3G I3
vPCRF
MME
I4
SGW
E-UTRAN
Min tm tr
ePDG
Dch v trong sut Truy nhp chuyn

Truy nhp chuyn
cho truy nhp mch gi khng tin
mch gi tin cy
chuyn mch gi cy
Trong m hnh ny, chc nng QIF c a ra lu gi cc thng tin v ti

nguyn trong mng v chim gi chng cho cc yu cu t PCRF. Cc thng tin ny
c ly t MME. PCRF s thc hin lc cc thng tin c yu cu ca ngi dng
theo cc thng tin nhn c t QIF. Sau khi PCRF to ra cc lp chnh sch, chng
c a n mng truy nhp v cc GW. Khi , cc ti nguyn s c chim gi
hon ton trn ng truyn t UE n GW v trong mng li. Cc giao din mi c
117
a ra thc hin cc chc nng thc thi cc chnh sch v truyn cc thng tin v ti
tc thi ca cc ti nguyn yu cu:
- Giao din I1 chuyn cc thng tin v tnh trng ca ti nguyn mng t QIF n
PCRF.
- Giao din I2 mang cc thng tin v tnh trng ti nguyn mng t mng truy
nhp n QIF. Khi cc chnh sch QoS c thc thi, I2 cng gi mt bn tin
n QIF.
- Cc giao din I3 v I4 c s dng PCRF thc thi cc chnh sch v ti
nguyn QoS n cc mng truy nhp v n cc Access GW.
- Giao din I5 l giao din vi li IMS dng truyn thng tin v cc b lc
nhn dng phin giao dch v cc yu cu QoS ca u cui. ng thi, cc bn
tin iu khin chnh sch v tnh cc cng c chuyn t u cui n mng
li thng qua giao din ny.
Cc thng tin v v tr ca thu bao c lu trong TA. PCRF s kt hp cc
thng tin ny v cc thng tin v ti tc thi ca mng t QIF cng nh cc chnh sch
c bit ca thu bao quyt nh v thng bo cho u cui bit n nn kt ni n
mng no c c cht lng dch v tt nht.
5.1.3. Qu trnh ng k ca thu bao
Chc nng ng k mng truy nhp c s dng nhn cc thng tin v cc
mng truy nhp khc nhau v a ra cc b lc la chn mng m bo c ti
nguyn cho dch v yu cu. Ngoi ra, i vi mt s mng truy nhp EPC cn ly cc
thng tin v v tr ca UE t vng TA. y a ra hai giao din mi:
- Giao din th nht: gia PCRF v thc th iu khin mng truy nhp thc
thi cc chnh sch v di ng
- Giao din th hai: gia PCRF v cc GW thc thi cc chnh sch mt cch
trong sut i vi cc thnh phn khc lin quan n dch v
118
B iu Gateway
UE khin mng mng truy QIF PCRF IMS
truy nhp nhp
ng k mng (1)
ng k mng (2)
Chim gi ti
nguyn mc nh (3)
Chim gi ti
nguyn mc nh (4)
ng k mng (5)
ng k mng (6)
ng k IMS (7)
Chim gi
ti nguyn
mc nh
Chim gi ngi dng (8)
ti nguyn mc nh
ngi dng (9)
Chim gi
ti nguyn mc nh
ngi dng (10)
Chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh ngi dng (11)
Chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh ngi dng (12)
119
Hnh 5.3 th hin qu trnh cp pht mt knh bo hiu mc nh khi mt u
cui ng k vi mng m khng ph thuc vo cng ngh mng truy nhp.
Khi mt thu bao mi mun ng k n mt mng truy nhp no , thng tin
ca n s c gi n im iu khin mng truy nhp nhn dng thu bao i
vi mng nht nh. Cc thng tin ny phi c i qua PCRF chim gi ti nguyn
ti thiu cho thu bao . Trc ht, cc ti nguyn ny s c mt im anchor ca
mng truy nhp chim gi, sau c xc nhn li v thc thi cp pht cho thu bao.
Tuy nhin, thu bao cng c th yu cu ti nguyn cao hn so vi ti nguyn
mc nh ca ngi dng nc danh. Lc , sau khi thu bao ng k vi kin trc
cung cp dch v s xy ra qu trnh cp pht li cc ti nguyn mc nh nu dung
lng tc thi ca mng cho php. PCRF nhn thng tin thu bao t kin trc IMS v
cc thng tin t QIF, n s thc thi cc chnh sch c to ra trn im anchor v
mng truy nhp.
Trong kin trc cn s dng cc b lc nhm tch bit ton b lu lng qua
cc access GW hn ch s truy nhp ca cc thu bao nc danh n cc vng khc,
ngn chn cc thu bao khng ng k truy nhp vo mng.
Nu vic cp pht cc ti nguyn mc nh c s dng nh mt bearer d liu i
vi cc dch v cp 3 th vic cp pht ny c th c thc hin ng s dng cc
thng tin c chn vo cc bn tin ng k v c PCRF xc nhn. V d, nu mt
nh vn hnh quyt nh cn cp bng thng cho cc dch v khng c bit no th
sau khi thu bao ng k, dch v ny c th c cung cp bng cch s dng c
ch cp pht li. Cc ti nguyn c cp pht c th c iu chnh qua cc yu cu
ng k sau .
5.1.4. Qu trnh iu khin QoS
Qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn s dng cng mt c ch cung cp QoS do
mng iu khin trong mng truy nhp nh hnh di.
120
B iu Gateway
UE khin mng mng truy PCRF IMS
truy nhp nhp
Yu cu QoS (1)
Yu cu QoS (2)
Chim gi ti nguyn
Yu cu chim gi ti nguyn
Cp pht v
gii hn
ti nguyn (5)
p ng yu cu chim gi ti nguyn
vi cc mng c th s dng khc (6) p ng QoS
theo yu cu
vi cc mng c
th s dng khc (7)
p ng QoS theo yu cu vi cc mng c th s dng khc (8)
Kt ni vi
mng khc (9)
Yu cu li vic chim gi ti nguyn (10)
Yu cu QoS (11)
Chim gi ti nguyn
Chim gi ti nguyn
p ng QoS theo
yu cu thu bao (14)
p ng QoS cho yu cu chim gi li ti nguyn (15)

Khi mt trong cc thu bao gi yu cu cp pht ti nguyn, IMS s to mt yu
cu n PCRF. Sau khi nhn c yu cu, PCRF s kt hp cc thng tin v thu bao,
121
cc chnh sch v ti tc thi ca mng nhn t QIF quyt nh lp QoS v gi n
cc access GW. ng thi, yu cu thc thi cng c gi n thnh phn iu khin
mng truy nhp thng bo cc ti nguyn c chim gi t hn so vi yu cu ca
thu bao nu cn.
Thnh phn iu khin mng truy nhp s cp pht ti nguyn cho u cui
mng truy nhp. B lc ca QIF thc hin la chn mt mng c kh nng p ng tt
nht cc yu cu v ti nguyn ca thu bao v gi n IMS. Khi QoS c chim gi
mc thp th thng tin xc nhn mc QoS v thng tin v cc mng khc c th ci
thin cht lng dch v s c gi li cho thu bao.
Sau khi nhn c cc thng tin v yu cu QoS v cc mng khc c th p ng yu
cu th thu bao s kt ni vi mng khc, nhn thc v c chim gi ti nguyn
mc nh nh nu trn. Quyt nh ny khng ch da trn cc thng tin n nhn
c m cn da vo cng tn hiu ca mng v s di chuyn ca thu bao. Khi
kt ni c vi mng th hai th UE s gi mt yu cu QoS mi cho cng mt phin
giao dch. Yu cu ny s c PCRF v QIF x l v thc thi trn ng dn t UE
n access GW.
5.1.5. Cung cp cc chnh sch
Cc chnh sch y c th l tp cc b m ha v gii m lp dch v v bng
thng c gi t li IMS sang EPC. PCRF da vo thng tin v cc mng m UE c
th kt ni n la chn tp cc chnh sch c th thc thi nu ti nguyn cho php.
PCRF cng nhn thng tin v vic chim gi cc mng t QIF. Cc thng tin ny cng
vi cc chnh sch t PCRF c gi n thu bao. Do vy, thu bao c th bit c
cc mng m thu bao c th kt ni n v cc ti nguyn c cp pht tng ng.
Khi , UE c th ly cc thng tin v cc mng ln cn m bo tnh lin tc ca dch
v.
Thng tin v cc v tr ca mng c xc nh bng c ch nh v. Ti mt
thi im, n khng cn xc nh chnh xc cc mng no m ch cn a ra tp cc
122
mng m UE c th kt ni n. Do , cc mng c th kim sot mt vng ln hn
so vi vng v tr chnh xc ca UE nn UE c th la chn mng kt ni da vo
s di chuyn ca n v cng nh cc tiu chun khc. Thng tin ny c bit hu ch
khi UE kt ni vi mt mng no , nhng mng li khng p ng c cc
yu cu v dch v (v d nh sng gim mnh khi khong cch gia im truy nhp
dch v v UE tng). Khi thu bao quyt nh chuyn giao, n khng ch cn c vo
cng tn hiu v cc thng s di ng ca UE m cn da vo mc p ng
QoS trong mng.
UE gi cc yu cu QoS v kh nng p ng ti nguyn mng c gi qua
ng bo hiu dch v. N cng cho php cc thng tin v cc ti nguyn c chim
gi v cc ti nguyn khc c gi t mng n UE. Nh vn hnh kim sot hon
ton mng nn lm gim kh nng ri ro b tn cng cng nh tr ca vic khi phc
sau li.
Bng cch s dng c ch trn, ban u, cc dch v u phi c mc chim gi
ti nguyn t nht l mc ti thiu. Nu sau , dung lng tc thi ca mng cho
php th cc ti nguyn c th c cp pht thm theo yu cu. Nh vy c th ci
thin c s hi lng ca khch hng v cung cp nhiu lp QoS.
Cc UE c th s dng hiu qu kh nng ca cc mng m n c th truy nhp
s dng nhiu ti nguyn di s kim sot ca nh vn hnh. Do , nh vn hnh
d dng iu khin lu lng d liu qua mng li, ng thi tng kh nng s dng
mng v gim tr nh cc c ch loi tr khi cung cp cc chnh sch QoS. Ngoi ra,
bng vic s dng hai giao thc chim gi ti nguyn, card th hai ca UE s ch kt
ni ch sau khi cc ti nguyn c yu cu nn lm gim tiu th cng sut i vi
UE.
5.2. Mt s vn cn m rng nghin cu
Gii php c nu trn l s nng cp i vi EPC ti u ha vic cung cp
QoS trong trng hp c mt nh vn hnh. Do , n ci thin c cht lng tri
123
nghim ca khch hng i vi dch v, c bit i vi cc UE a mng v cc lp
dch v khc nhau. Cn phi nghin cu thm i vi cc trng hp c nhiu nh vn
hnh m bo kh nng roaming.
Mt m hnh n gin c a ra m t cc chnh sch ca thu bao v c
ch x l cc chnh sch ny i vi IMS v EPC. Trong tng lai cn c cc nghin
cu phng php UE cung cp cc chnh sch n EPC v cc thc th trong IMS
v phng php la chn c thc hin bi PCRF, QIF v b iu khin cng ngh
truy nhp trong mng li.
124
KT LUN
Cuc cch mng trong h thng thng tin di ng m kt qu l h thng EPS

bao gm cuc cch mng mng truy nhp v mng li. Vic loi b hon ton phn
chuyn mch knh trong mng li to ra mt kin trc phng EPC, mt kin trc
n gin v d qun l. N khc phc c nhng nhc im ca cc mng li
trc , ci thin nhiu c trng v c nhng u im ng k. EPC tr thnh cu
ni cho cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau tng ng vi cc chun khc
nhau nhm cung cp a dng cc dch v thi gian thc v khng thi gian thc. Mt
vn rt quan trng trong EPC l gii php m bo cht lng dch v c th ci
thin tt nht cht lng tri nghim ca ngi dng. Chnh nhng u im ca EPC
li tr thnh nhng thch thc m cc nh nghin cu phi ngh ti. V nguyn l,
EPC khc phc c nhng hn ch trong cc phng thc m bo QoS trong cc
mng trc . Tuy nhin, trn thc t, mi ch c mt s gii php c a ra gii
quyt vn . Trong phm vi lun vn ny ch cp n mt gii php hin ang
c trin khai trn th gii, l gii php ti u ha QoS trong mng c mt nh
vn hnh. Gii php ny mi ch gii quyt c mt kha cnh ca QoS trong EPC.
Trong tng lai, cn nghin cu thm cc gii php i vi mng c nhiu nh vn
hnh m bo kh nng roaming ca thu bao, mt vn cng rt quan trng trong
EPC. ng thi, c th nghin cu phng php UE c th cung cp cc chnh sch
n EPC cng nh cc thc th IMS.
125
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. The Mobile Broadband Evolution: 3GPP Release 8 and Beyond , 3G American,

Techical White Paper, 2009.
System Aspects;General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access(Release 8), 3GPP
TS 23.401.
System Aspects;Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses (Release 8),
3GPP TS 23.402.
4. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network
and Terminals; Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via non-3GPP
access networks; Stage 3; (Release 8) 3GPP TS 24.302.
5. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and
System Aspects; Policy and charging control architecture (Release 8), 3GPP TS
23.203.
System Aspects;Circuit Switched Fallback in Evolved Packet System;Stage
2(Release 8), 3GPP TS 23.272
7. Hannes Ekstrm (2009), QoS Control in the 3GPP Evolved Packet System, IEEE
Communications Magazine.
8. Magnus Olsson, Shabnam Sultana, Stefan Rommer, Lars Frid, Catherine Mulligan
(2009), SAE and the evolved packet core, Elsevier International, ISBN: 978-0-12-
374826-3
126
9. Marius Iulian Corici, Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia, Thomas Magedanz, A
Network Controlled QoS Model over the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core, Fraunhofer
Institute FOKUS
10. Quality of Experience (QoE) of mobile services: Can it be measured and
improved?, Nokia Whitepaper, 2004
11. Pierre Lescuyer, Thierry Lucidarme, EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM (EPS): The
LTE and SAE evolution of 3G UMTS, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008.
12. Ramaswamy Pavithara, Comparison of end-to-end QoS Reservation Schemes in
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Alliance White Paper.
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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

NGUYN TH THANH THIM

NGHIN CU MNG LI EPC V GII PHP M BO QOS TRONG

Chuyn ngnh : K thut in t

LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC :

Ti mun gi li cm n su sc n Tin S Nguyn Ti Hng, ngi tn

Hc vin: Nguyn Th Thanh Thim

T vit tt Thut ng ting Anh Thut ng ting Vit

3GPP : Third Generation Partnership Hip hi d n th h th ba

AAA : Authentication, Authorization Nhn thc, cp php v tnh cc

AMBR : Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate Tc bit tng ln nht

APN : Access Point Name Tn im truy nhp

AuC : Authentication Center Trung tm nhn thc

AVP : Attribute Value Pair Cp gi tr thuc tnh

CDMA : Code Division Multiple a truy nhp phn chia theo m

CoA : Care of Address a ch tm thi

CoS : Class Of Service Lp dch v

CT : Class-Type Loi dch v

DCP : DiffServ Code Point im m phn bit dch v

DPI : Deep Packet Inspection Kim tra gi

DS-TE : Diffserv-aware Traffic K thut lu lng c quan tm n

eHRPD : Evolved High Rate Packet D liu gi tc cao c nng

ePDG : Evolved Packet Data Gateway Gateway d liu gi c nng cp

EPS : Evolved Packet System H thng mng chuyn mch gi

ETSI : European Telecommunication Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u

GRE : Generic Routing Encapsulation ng gi nh tuyn chung

GSM : Global System for Mobile H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

GTP : GPRS Tunneling Protocol Giao thc ng hm GPRS

HA : Home Agent Trm thng tr

HLR : Home Location Register B ng k v tr thng tr

HoA : Home Address a ch thng tr

HRPD : High Rate Packet Data D liu gi tc cao

HSGW : HRPD Serving Gateway Gateway phc v mng gi tc cao

HSDPA/ : High Speed Downlink/Uplink Truy nhp mng gi ng

HSS : Home Subscriber Server Server thu bao thng tr

HTML : Hypertext Markup Language Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn

IMSI : International Mobile Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t

IPSec : Internet Protocol / secure Bo mt IP

LMA : Local Mobile Anchor Anchor di ng cc b

LTE : Long Term Evolution Cuc cch mng tng lai

MAG : Mobile Access Gateway Gateway truy nhp di ng

MME : Mobility Management Entity Thc th qun l di ng

MMTel : MultiMedia Telephony Thoi a phng tin

MSC : Mobile Switching Centre Server trung tm chuyn mch di

MSISDN : Mobile Subscriber ISDN S ISDN ca thu bao di ng

NAS : Non-Access Stratum Non-Access Stratum

NDS/IP : Network Domain Security for Bo mt min cho min iu khin

OCS : Online Charging System H thng tnh cc online

OFCS : Offline Charging System H thng tnh cc offline

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Giao thc hi t d liu gi

PDN : Packet Data Network Mng d liu gi

PGW : PDN GateWay Gateway mng d liu gi

PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng cng cng

PMIP : Proxy Mobile IP Giao thc Internet di ng Proxy

RAT : Radio Access Technology Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn

RNC : Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn

RSVP : Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc chim gi ti nguyn

SAE : System Architecture Evolution Cch mng kin trc h thng

SCTP : Stream Control Transmission Giao thc truyn iu khin lung

SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr phc v GPRS

SGW : Serving Gateway Gateway phc v

SOA : Service Oriented Architecture Kin trc hng dch v