Physical Properties Of Boron Family

PROPERTY ELEMENT
B Al Ge In Ti
Atomic number 5 13 31 49 81
Atomic mass 10.81 26.98 369.72 114.82 204.38
Atomic radius/pm 85 143 135 167 170
Ionic radius/pm(M3+) 27 53.5 62.0 80.80 88.5
First Ionisation energy kj mol-1 800 577 578 558 590
Second Ionisation energy kj mol-1 2427 1816 1979 1820 1971
Third Ionisation energy kj mol-1 3659 2744 2962 2704 2877
Electronagativity 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Density (g/cm3) 2.35 2.70 5.90 7.31 11.85
Melting point (K) 2453 933 303 430 576
Boiling point 3923 2740 2676 2353 1730
Reduction potential (V) +1.66 -0.56 -0.34 +1.26

Physical Properties Of Nitrogen Family

PROPERTY ELEMENT
N P As Sb Bi
Atomic number 7 15 33 51 83
Atomic mass 14.01 30.97 74.92 121.75 208.98
Covalent radius /pm 70 110 120 140 150
3-
Ionic radius / pm 171N 212P3- 222As3+ 76Sb3+ 103Bi3+
First ionisation energy kj mol-1 1402 1012 947 834 703
Second ionisation energy kj mol-1 2856 1903 1798 1595 1690
Third ionization energy kj mol-1 4577 2910 2736 2443 2466
electronegativity 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
Density (g/cm3) 0.879 1.832 5.778 6.697 9.808
Melting point (K) 63 317.1 1089 903.7 544.4
Boiling point 77.2 553.5 888 1860 1837

Physical Property Of Carbon Family

PROPERTY ELEMENT
C Si Ge Sn Pb
Atomic number 6 14 32 50 82
Atomic mass 12.01 28.09 72.60 118.71 207.2
Covalent radius/pm 77 118 122 140 146
Ionic radius / pm (M4+) - 40 53 69 78
Ionic radius / pm (M2+) - - 73 118 119
First Ionisation energy kj mol-1 1086 786 761 708 715
Second ionization energy kj mol-1 2352 1577 1537 1411 1450
Third ionization energy kj mol-1 4620 3228 3300 2942 3081
Fourth Ionization energy kj mol-1 6220 4354 4409 3929 4082
Electronegativity 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
Density 3.51 2.34 5.32 7.26 11.34
Melting point(K) 4373 1693 1218 505 600
Boiling point (K) - 3550 3123 2896 2024
Electric Resistivity (ohm/cm) 1014-1016 50 50 10-5 210-3

Names Of Carbon Compounds

COMMON NAME IUPAC NAME
Acetaldehyde ethanal
Acetic acid Ethanoic acid
Acetophenone Phenyl Acetopohenone
Acetone Propanone
Acetonitrile Ethanonitrile
Acetylene Ethyne
Aniline Phenylamine
Benzaldehyde Benzenecarbaldehyde
Benzonitrite Benzenecarbonitrite
Butyl alcohol Butanol
Butylene Butene
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
Carbon tetrafluoride Tetrafluoromethane
Chloral Trichloroethanal
Chloroform Trichloromethane
Diethyl ether Ethoxythane
Ethane Ethane
Ethyl acetate Ethyl ethanoate
Ethyl alcohol Ethanol
Ethyl chloride Chloroethane
Ethylene Ethane
Ethylene tetrafluoride Tetrafluoroethane
formaldehyde Methanol
Formic acid Methanoic acid
Fumaric acid Transbutenedioic acid
Iodoform Triodomethane
Maleic acid Cisutenedioic acid
Malonic acid Propanedioic acid
Methyl alcohol Methanol
Methyl chloride Chloromethane
Methyl cyanide Ethanonitrite
Methylene chloride Dichloromethane
Methyl iodine Diiodomethane
Oxalic acid Ethanedioic acid
Phenol Benzenol
Phenyl cyanide Benzenecarbonitrite
Phenyl isocyanide Benzene soccarbonitrite
Phosgene Carbonyl chloride
Polyethylene Polythene
Polypropylene Polypropene
Propionic acid Propanoic acid
Succinic acid Butanedioic acid
Toluene Methylbenzene
Trichloroethylene Trichlorethene
Urea Caride
Vinyl chloride Chloroethene

Physical Properties Of Oxygen Family

PROPERTY ELEMENT
O S Se Te Po
Atomic number 8 16 34 52 84
Atomic mass 16.00 32.06 78.96 127.60 210
Covalent radius/pm 74 103 119 142 168
Ionic radius/pm(M2-) 140 184 198 221 230
First ionization energy kj mol-1 1314 1000 941 869 813
Second ionization energy kj mol-1 3388 2251 2045 1790 -
Electronegativity 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.0
Density (g/cm3) 1.32 2.06 4.19 6.25 -
Melting point (K) 84 393 490 725 520
Boiling point 90 718 958 1260 1235
Physical Properties Of Halogen Family
PROPERTY ELEMENT
F Cl Br I At
Atomic number 9 17 35 53 85
Atomic mass 19.00 35.45 79.90 126.9 210
Covalent radius/pm 72 99 114 133 -
Ionic radius/pm 133 184 196 220 -
First ionization energy kjmol 1680 1256 1142 1008 -
electronegativity 4 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.2
Density (g/cm) 1.51 1.66 3.19 3.96 1.90
(85K) (203K) (273K) (273K)
Melting point(K) 54.4 172 265.8 386.6 -
B-oiling point (K) 84.9 239 332.5 458.2 -

Distiction Between Alcohols And Phenols

ALCOHOLS
1. Alcohols do not have any effect on litmus
paper
2. Alcohols do not produce any colour with
ferric chloride solution.
3. Alcohols have no action with Br2 water
PHENOLS
1. Phenols change blue litmus red.
2. Phenols produce violet, red or green colour
with neutral ferric chloride solution.
3. Phenols give white precipitate with Br2 water.

ACID DISCOVERIES
11thCenturary Arabic chemists find out how to make sulphuric,
nitric, and hydrochloric acids.
1675 Irish chemist Robert Boyle wrongly suggests that
acids contain special particles that sqeeze into gaps in
metals, breaking them apart.
1854 The writing of French Chemist Auguste Laurent
proves that all acids contain hydrogen.
1887 Swedish chemist svante Arrhenius proposes that all
acids contain hydrogen ions and these give acids their
special properties.

CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAE

SUBSTANCE CHEMICA NAMES FORMULAE
1. Baking powder Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
1. Barite Barium sulphate BaSO4

1. Bleaching powder Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCL)3

1. Blue vitriol Copper sulphate CuSO4 5H2O

1. Candy fluid Potassium permanganate KMnO4

1. Caustic lotion Silver nitrate AgNO3

1. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH

1. Chile saltpete Sodium nitrate NaNO3

1. Chloroform Trichoromethanse CHCl3

1. Common salt Sodium chloride NaCl

1. Epsom salt Megnesiumsulphate MgSO4.7H2O

1. Glaubers salt Sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O

1. Green vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O

1. Gypsum Calcium sulphate CaSO4.2H2O

1. Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide H2O2

peroxide

1. Hypo Sodium thiosulphate NaS2 O3.5H2O

1. Laughing gas Nitrous oxide N2O

1. Lime water Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

1. Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3

1. Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCL

1. Plaster of paris Calcium sulphate 2CaSO4.H2O

1. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO

 1. Red led Triplumbic tetroxide Pb2 O3

1. Sal ammoniac Ammonium chloride NH4 CL

1. Saltpeter (Nitre) Potassium nitrate KNO3

1. Sulphuric acid Sulphuric acid H2 SO4

1. Soda bicarb Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

1. Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3 .10H2O

1. water Hydrogen oxide H2O

ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, ATOMIC NUMBERS, DISCOVERIES &DATE

ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC DICOVERER DATE
NO.
Actinium Ac 89 A.Debierne 1899
aluminium Al 13 F.Wohler 1827
Americium Am 95 G. Seaborg & others 1944
Antimony Sb 51 B.Valentine 1604
Argon A 18 W.Ramsay&J.Rayleigh 1894
Arsenic As 33 A.Magnus 1250
Astatine At 85 E.Segre& others 1940
Barium Ba 56 H.Davy 1808
Berkelium Bk 97 S.Thomson& others 1949
Beryllium Be 4 N.Vauquellin 1798
Bismuth Bi 83 C.Geoffrey 1953
Boron B 5 H.Davy 1808
Bromine Br 35 A.Balard 1826
cadmium Cd 48 F.Stromeyer 1817
Calcium Ca 20 H.Davy 1808
Californium Cf 98 S.Thompson& others 1950
Carbon C 6 - Prehistoric
Cerium Ce 58 J.Berzelius&WdHislinger 1803
Cesium Cs 55 R.Bunsen& G. Kirchhof 1860
Chlorine Cl 17 K.Sccheele 1774
Chromium Cr 24 N.Vauquelin 1797
Cobalt Co 27 G. Brandt 1735
Copper Cu 29 Prehistoric
Curium Cm 96 G.Seaborg& others 1944
Dysprosium Dy 66 quelin 1886
Einsteinium Es 99 Ghiorso& others 1953
Element 104 104 Claimed by Flerov and others 19641968
claimed by Ghiorso and others
Element 105 105 Claimed by Flerov and others 19681970
claimed by Ghiorso and others
Element 106 106 Claimed by Flerov and others 19741974
claimed by Ghiorso and others
Element 107 107 Claimed by Flerov, Oganessium 1976
claimed by Armbuster and others
erbium Er 68 C. Mosandar 1839
Europium eu 63 E.Demarcay 1896
Fermium Fm 100 A.Ghiorso& others 1952
Fluorine F 9 H.Moissan 1886
Francium Fr 87 M. Perey 1939
Gadolinium Gd 64 J.C. de Marignac 1880
Gallium Ga 31 L.de Boisbaudran 1875
Germanium Ge 32 C.Winkler 1886
Gold Au 79 Prehistoric
Hafnium Hf 72 D.Coster& G. De Hevesy 1923
Helium He 2 J.C.P Janssen & N. Lockye 1868
Holmium ho 67 J.Soret& M. Delafontal 1878
hydrogen H 1 H.Cavendish 1766
indium In 49 F.Reich&T.Richter 1863
Iodine I 53 B.Courtois 1812
Iryidium Ir 77 S.Tennant 1803
Iron Fe 26 Prehistoric
Krypton Kr 36 W.Ramsay& M. Travers 1898
Lanthanum La 57 C.Mosanter 1839
Lawrencium Lr 103 A.Ghiorse& others 1961
lead Pb 82 - Prehistoric
Lithium Li 3 A.Arfvedson 1817
Lutetium Lu 71 G.Urbain 1907
Magnesium Mg 12 Recongnized by J.Block 1755
Manganese Mn 25 Recognized by K.Scheele 1774
Mendelevium Mv 101 >Ghiorse& others 1955
Mercury Hg 80 Prehistoric
Molybdenum Mo 42 K. Scheele 1978
Neodymium Nd 60 C.VonWelsbach 1885
Neon Ne 10 W.Ramsay& M. Travers 1898
Neptunium Np 93 E. McMillan &P.Abelson 1940
Nickel Ni 28 A.Cronstedt 1751
Niobium/columbium Nb 41 C.Hatchett 1801
Nitrogen N 7 D.Rutherford 1772
Nobelium No 102 Fields & others 1951
Osmium Os 76 S.Tennant 1803
Oxygen O 8 J.priestly 1774
Palladium Pd 46 W.Wollasten 1803
Phosphorus P 15 H.Brand 1669
Platinum Pt 78 D. de Ulloa 1735
Plutonium Pu 94 G.Seaberg& others 1940
Polonium Po 84 P &M.Cure 1898
potassium K 19 H.Davy 1807
Praseodymium Pr 59 C.VonWelsbech 1885
Prormethium Pa 61 J.Marnsky& others 1947
Protactinium Pm 91 F.Soddy& others 1917
Radium Ra 88 P.&M.Cure 1898
Radon Rn 86 Rutherford (thorom 18991900
isotope)E.Dorn (radon isotope)
Rhenium Re 75 E.Noddack& others 1925
Rhodium Rh 45 W.Wollaston 1803
Rubidium Rb 37 R.Bunsen&G.Kirchhof 1861
Ruthenium Ru 44 K.Claus 1844
Samarium Sm 62 L de Boisbaudran 1879
Scandium Sc 24 L.Nilson 1879
Selenium Se 34 J.Berzellium 1817
Silicon Si 14 J.Berzellium 1824
Silver Ag 47 Prehistoric
Sodium Na 11 H.Davy 1807
Strontium Sr 38 H.Davy 1808
Sulphur S 16 - Prehistoric
Tantalum Ta 73 A.Ekeberg 1802
Technetium Tc 43 E.Segre&C.Perrier 1937
Tellurium Te 52 M.VonReuchebstein 1782
Terbium Tb 65 C.Moanter 1843
Thallium Ti 81 W.Crokes 1861
Thorium Th 90 J.Berzellium 1828
Thulium Tm 69 P.Cleve 1879
Tin Sn 50 - Prehistoric
Titanium Ti 22 W.George 1791
Tungsten/wolfram W 74 G.&F.dEthuyar 1783
Uranium U 92 E.M.Peligot 1841
Vanadium V 23 A.Delrio 1801
Xenon Xe 54 W.Ramsay&M.Travers 1898
Ytterbium Yb 70 C.Mangnac 1878
Yttrium Y 39 J.Gabolin 1794
Zinc Zn 30 Prehistoric
zirconium Zr 40 M.Klaporth 1789

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

INSTRUMENT USE
Actinometer A device that measures the intensity of radition.s
Altimeter A special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.
Ammeter An instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.
Anemometer An instrument to measure the velocity and direction of the wind.
Aspirator An apparatus for removing liquids from a body cavity.
Atmometer A device that measures the rate of evaporation
Audiometer An instrument to measure difference in hearing
Barometer An instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure
Bathometer A device that measures the depth of water in the sea
Beckmenthermometer A device that measures the slight change in temperature
Binocular An optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant
objects by both eyes simultaneously.
Callipers A device that measures the diameters of wire, tube or rod.
Calorimeter An instrument for measuring quantities of heat
Cathetometer A device that measures the distance between fluid levels in vertical
tubes.
CAT scanner An instrument that creates a three-dimentional image of body
tissues by x-ray recordings.
Chronometer A clock that keeps very accurate time as the one that is used to
determine longitude at sea.
Clinical Thermometer A thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.
Ciinometer A device that measures the angle of an incline.
Colorimeter An instrument for comparing intensities of colour
Commutator An instrument to change or reverse the direction of an electric
current. In dynamo it is used to convert alternating current into
direct current.
Computer A technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions o huge
and complex calculations based on the information already fed.
Cryometer A device that measures the very low temperature
cyclometer A device dthat measures the distance stravelled by awheel

densimeter A device that measures the density

Dilatometer . A device that measures the volume expansion of liquid due to
temperature.
Dynamo A device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
Dynamometer An instrument for measuring the electrical power.
Ecraseur An instrument for removing tumours by tightening a wire loop.
Electrometer A device that measures the potential difference and charge
Electroscope An instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge
Endoscope An instrument forexaming hollow organs such as the bowel.
Galvanometer An instrument for measuring electric current
Gaussmeter A device that measures the magnetic flux, density.
Geiger counter A device that measures the radiation.
Goniometer A device that measures the angles, as crystals.
Gravimeter A device that measures the gravitational fields.
Hydrometer An instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.
Hygroscope An instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.
Hypsometer A device that measures the elevation of land.
Lactometer An instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.
Machmeter A device that measures the speeds at and beyond the speed of
sound.
Manometer An instrument for measure the pressure of gases.
Mariners Compass An apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 32
directions. The N point on the dial indicates north pole and the
S point, south pole.
Micrometer An instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or
angels.
Microscope An instrument for magnified view of very small objects.
Optometer An instrument that detects the refraction of eye.
Otoscope An instrument for examining the eardrum
Periscope An apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the
observer and whose direct vision is obstructed
Photometer An instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the source of
light.
Piezometer An instrument for measuring high pressure, compressibility.
Planimeter An instrument for measuring the sureface area of plane figure
Plantimeter A mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of plane
suface.
Pluviometer An instrument for measuring rainfall
Pyknometer An instrument used to measure the density and coefficient of
expansion of a liquid
Pyrheliometer An instrument used to measuring solar radiations.
Pyrometer Thermometer to measure high termperature
Quadrant An instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and
astronomy
Quartz clock A highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other
precision work.
Radio Micrometer An instrument for measuring heat radiations
Rain Gauge An instrument for measuring rain fall
Refractometer An instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.
Resistance Thermometer Used for determining the electrical resistance of conductors.
Salinometer A type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt
solutions by measuring their densities.
Seismograph An instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of
earthquake shocks.
Sextant An instrument used for measurement pt angular distances between
two objects.
Spectroscope An instrument used for spectrum analysis.
Spectrometer A type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the
precise measurement of refractive indices
Spherometer An instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of
spherical objects.
Spring Balance An instrument used to measure the weight of a body. It is preferred
when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.
Spygmomanometer An apparatus for measuring blood pressure.
Spygmometer An apparatus for measuring strength of the pulse

Stereoscope An optical device to see two dimentional pictures as having depth

and solidity.
Stethoscope A medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart
and lungs.
Stroboscope An instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a
periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.
Tangent galvanometer An instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.
Telemeter An apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.
Teleprinter A communication medium for automatic sending, receving and
printing of telegraphic messages from distant places.
telescope An instrument for viewing distant objects are magnified
Television An instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by
means of wireless waves.
Tenaculum An instrument for lifting and holding blood vessels.
Trephine An instrument for removing discs of bone from the skull
Thermometer An instrument to measure temperature
Thermoscope An instrument used for measuring the temperature changes of the
substance by nothing the corresponding change in volume.
Thermostat An automatic device for regulating constant temperatures.
Transistor A small device which may be used to amplify current and perform
other functions usually performed by a thermionic valve.
Variometer A device for measuring the rate of climb of descent of an aircraft.
Vernier An adjustable scale for measuring small sub division of scale.
Vinometer A device for measuring alcohol content of wine
Viscometer An instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e the property of
resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.
voltmeter An instrument to measure potential difference between two points
Xyster A device for scraping bones
zymometer An instrument for measuring degree of fermentsation