LinesA

17: Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Solution to Transmission
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Reflection Coefficients
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-9791) Transmission Lines: 17 1 / 13

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections This is not true.
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current
through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor.

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the
capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length.

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.
The signal speed along a transmisison line is predictable.
Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines
A short section of line x long:
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves Small x ignore 2nd order derivatives:
Power Flow
Reflections v(x,t) v(x+x,t) v
Reflection Coefficients t = t , t .
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections Basic Equations
Transmission Line
Characteristics KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
Capacitor equation: C v i
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
Inductor equation (L1 and L2 have the same current):
i v
(L1 + L2 ) t = V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x x


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
i v
(L1 + L2 ) t = V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x x
C0 v
t = i
x
i v
L0 t = x


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
position and time.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
i v
(L1 + L2 ) t = V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x x
C
C0 v
t = i
x where C0 = x is the capacitance per unit length
+L2
i v
L0 t = x (Farads/m) and L0 = L1x is the total
inductance per unit length (Henries/m).

Solution to Transmission Line Equations
C0 v i i v
Transmission Lines Transmission Line Equations: t = x L0 t = x
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

C0 v i i v
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
General solution: v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
Forward Wave
x x
Forward + Backward f (t u )g(t+ u )
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
Power Flow
Reflections q q
1 L0
Reflection Coefficients where u = L0 C0 and Z0 = C0 .
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

C0 v i i v
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
Power Flow
Reflections q q
1 L0
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.
Summary

C0 v i i v
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
Power Flow
Reflections q q
1 L0
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary
f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

C0 v i i v
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
Power Flow
Reflections q q
1 L0
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary

Verify by substitution:
x x

i f (t u )g (t+ u ) 1
x = Z0 u

C0 v i i v
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
Power Flow
Reflections q q
1 L0
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary

Verify by substitution:
x x

i f (t u )g (t+ u ) 1
x = Z0 u
x x
= C0 v

= C0 f (t u) + g (t + u) t

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
Power Flow At x = 0 cm [N],
f(t-0/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections 0 2 4 6 8 10
Transmission Line Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections At x = 45 cm [N], 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
Summary

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
45
f (t u ) is exactly the same as f (t) but delayed by 45
u = 3 ns.

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
f (t 45
u ) is exactly the same as f (t) but delayed by 45
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90 u ); now delayed by 6 ns.

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
f (t 45
u = 3 ns.
Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else.

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
f (t 45
u = 3 ns.
Snapshot at t0 = 4 ns:
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
the waveform has just
arrived at the point
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
f (t 45
u = 3 ns.
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)

Forward Wave

Transmission Lines
Suppose:
Transmission Line
Equations
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) 0
x

Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
v(x, t) = f t u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
Reflections
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
u )
Summary
f (t 45
u = 3 ns.
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)
f (t ux ) is a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

Forward + Backward Waves
17: Transmission Lines x

Transmission Lines
Similarly g(t + u ) is a wave travelling backwards, i.e. in the x direction.
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Line Equations f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves At x = 0 cm [N],
Power Flow
Reflections vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
At x = 90 cm [N], g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6.


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Transmission Line At x = 45 cm [N], g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together.
Characteristics
Summary


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Characteristics
Summary
A vertical line on the diagram

gives a snapshot of the entire
line at a time instant t.


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Characteristics
Summary

f and g first meet at t = 3.5
and x = 52.5.


Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
v(x, t) =
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Driving a line
Characteristics
Summary

f and g first meet at t = 3.5
and x = 52.5.
Magically, f and g pass

through each other entirely
unaltered.
Power Flow
17: Transmission Lines x x

Transmission Lines Define fx (t) = f t u and gx (t) = g t + u to be the forward and
Transmission Line
Equations backward waveforms at any point, x.
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Power Flow

Transmission Lines Define fx (t) = f t and gx (t) = g t +
u u to be the forward and
Transmission Line
Line Equations i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward measured in the
Waves
Power Flow +ve x direction.
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Then vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t) and ix (t) = Z01 (fx (t) gx (t)).
Characteristics
Summary

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics Note: Knowing the waveform fx (t) or gx (t)at any position x, tells you it at
Summary yx yx
all other positions: fy (t) = fx t u and gy (t) = gx t + u .

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
The power transferred into the shaded region across the boundary at x is
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t)

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z01 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) gx (t))

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 Z0

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 Z0
fx carries power into shaded area and gx carries power out independently.

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.

Power Flow

Transmission Line
Forward Wave
Waves
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Summary yx yx
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.
The same power as would be absorbed by a [ficticious] resistor of value Z0 .

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections From Ohms law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line Hence (fL (t) + gL (t)) = Z01 (fL (t) gL (t)) RL
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Transmission Line
From this: gL (t) = R L Z0
R +Z fL (t)
L 0
Characteristics
Summary

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Transmission Line
R +Z fL (t)
L 0
Characteristics g (t)
Summary We define the reflection coefficient: L = fL (t) = R L Z0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Transmission Line
R +Z fL (t)
L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
Substituting gL (t) = L fL (t) gives
vL (t) = (1 + L ) fL (t) and iL (t) = (1 L ) Z01 fL (t)

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Transmission Line
R +Z fL (t)L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (ns)
2L
i.e. delayed by 2L

At source end: g0 (t) = L f0 t u u = 12 ns.

Reflections

Transmission Lines
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Line
Equations
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Transmission Line
R +Z fL (t)
L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t) i0(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (ns) Time (ns)
2L
i.e. delayed by 2L

At source end: g0 (t) = L f0 t u = 12 ns.
u
Note that the reflected current has been multiplied by .

17: Transmission Lines R

RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Reflections depends on the ratio Z0 .
Driving a line R vL (t) iL (t)Z0
Multiple Reflections Z0 f (t) f (t) Comment
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
Line Equations f (t) =1+
Forward Wave -1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1 0 1 1 Matched: No reflection at all
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Characteristics +1 2 0 Open circuit: vL = 2f , iL 0
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0
2f
0 1 0 2 Short circuit: vL 0, iL = Z0


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0
2f
1+
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1 Z0
L


RZ0 Z0 1 1
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations Z0
0

vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
Line Equations
Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow R
Transmission Line
Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 > 0
1
3 0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 < 0
2f
1+
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1 Z0
L
Remember: {1, +1} and increases with R.

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections From Ohms law at x = 0, we have v0 (t) = vS (t) i0 (t)RS where RS is
Driving a line the Thvenin resistance of the voltage source.
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZg
0
x
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
f0 g0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Substituting v0 (t) = f0 + g0 and i0 (t) = Z0 leads to:
Summary
Z0 RS Z0
f0 (t) = RS +Z0 vS (t) + RS +Z0 g0 (t)

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZg
0
x
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
f0 g0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Z0 RS Z0
f0 (t) = RS +Z0 vS (t) + RS +Z0 g0 (t) , 0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZg
0
x
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
f0 g0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Z0 RS Z0
So f0 (t) is the superposition of two terms:
(1) Input vS (t) multiplied by 0 = R Z+Z 0

which is the same as a
S 0
potential divider if you replace the line with a [ficticious] resistor Z0 .

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZg
0
x
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
f0 g0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Z0 RS Z0

S 0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
coefficient: 0 = R S Z0
R +Z .
S 0

Driving a line

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZg
0
x
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
f0 g0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Z0 RS Z0

S 0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
coefficient: 0 = R S Z0
R +Z .
S 0
100 20100
For RS = 20: 0 = 20+100 = 0.83 and 0 = 20+100 = 0.67.

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Line Equations vx = fx + gx
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Transmission Line gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Each extra bit of f0 is f 0(t)
Power Flow
Reflections delayed by 2Lu (=12 ns)
Driving a line
and multiplied by L 0 : 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) =
L

f0 t u + gL (t)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

0 = 23
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations L = 12
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Driving a line
Time (ns)
Transmission Line
Characteristics
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
i i 2Li

Summary
i=0 0 L 0 vS t u
L

gL (t) = L f0 t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

Transmission Line Characteristics

Transmission Lines
Integrated circuits & Printed circuit boards
Transmission Line
Equations
High speed digital or high frequency analog
Line Equations
interconnections
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Z0 100 , u 15 cm/ns.
Waves
Power Flow Long Cables
Reflections
Coaxial cable (coax): unaffacted by external fields;
Driving a line use for antennae and instrumentation.
Transmission Line Z0 = 50 or 75 , u 25 cm/ns.
Characteristics
Summary Twisted Pairs: cheaper and thinner than coax and
resistant to magnetic fields; use for computer network
and telephone cabling. Z0 100 , u 19 cm/ns.
When do you have to bother?

Answer: long cables or high frequencies. You can completely ignore
u
transmission line effects if length frequency = wavelength.
Audio (< 20 kHz) never matters.
Computers (1 GHz) usually matters.
Radio/TV usually matters.

Summary
Signals travel at around u 12 c = 15 cm/ns.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations Only matters for high frequencies or long cables.
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward and backward waves travel along the line:
Forward + Backward x
x

Waves fx (t) = f0 t u and gx (t) = g0 t + u
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
Reflections Knowing fx and gx at any single x position tells you everything
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Voltage and current are: vx = fx + gx and ix = Z0
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Terminating line with R at x = L links the forward and backward waves:
Summary
backward wave is gL = L fL where L = RZ R+Z0
0

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
0
the reflection coefficient, L {1, +1} and increases with R

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
0

R = Z0 avoids reflections: matched termination.

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
0

Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.

Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Line Equations
Forward Wave
x

Power Flow
fx gx
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
0

Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.
f is infinite sum of copies of the input signal delayed successively
by the round-trip delay, 2L
u , and multiplied by L 0 .

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17: Transmission Lines

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-9791) Transmission Lines: 17 4 / 13

f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-9791) Transmission Lines: 17 4 / 13

f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

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17: Transmission Lines

f (t ux ) is a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

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17: Transmission Lines x