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16/03/2017

Rferigeration
system Lecture II

HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS


The most common energy source for heat pumps is atmospheric air (air-
to- air systems).
Water-source systems usually use well water and ground-source
(geothermal) heat pumps use earth as the energy source. They typically
have higher COPs but are more complex and more expensive to install.
Both the capacity and the efficiency of a heat pump fall significantly at
low temperatures. Therefore, most air-source heat pumps require a
supplementary heating system such as electric resistance heaters or a
gas furnace.
Heat pumps are most competitive in areas that have a large cooling load
during the cooling season and a relatively small heating load during the
heating season. In these areas, the heat pump can meet the entire
cooling and heating needs of residential or commercial buildings.

VAPOUR COMPRESSION HEAT PUMP VAPOUR COMPRESSION HEAT PUMP


SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
The method of analysis for vapor-compression heat pumps closely State 1 2 3
parallels that for vapor-compression refrigeration systems. h (kJ/kg) 244.1 272.0 93.4 TH = 293 K (20oC) TC = 278 K (5oC)

Example: A vapor-compression heat pump cycle with R-134a


as the working fluid maintains a building at 20oC when the (a) The compressor power is
outside temperature is 5oC. The refrigerant mass flow rate is
0.086 kg/s. Additional steady state operating data are provided
Wc m
(h2 h1 )
in the table. Determine the kg kJ 1 kW
Wc 0.086 (272.0 244.1) 2.4 kW
(a) compressor power, in kW, s kg 1 kJ/s
(b) heat transfer rate provided TH = 293 K (20oC) TC = 278 K (5oC) (b) The heat transfer rate provided to the building is
to the building, in kW,
(c) coefficient of performance.
Q out m
(h2 h3 )
kg kJ 1 kW
Q out 0.086 (272.0 93.4) 15.4 kW
s kg 1 kJ/s

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VAPOUR COMPRESSION HEAT PUMP


SYSTEMS Low Temperature Refrigeration
(c) The coefficient of Q out Low temperature refrigeration also known as cryogenics is
COPheatpump derived from a Greek word Kryos which means cold or frost.
performance is W c It is applied frequently to low temperature refrigeration
application such as liquefaction of gases and in the study of
15.4 kW
6.4 physical phenomenon at low temperatures approaching
2.4 kW absolute zero.
Comment: the maximum theoretical coefficient of The first low temperature refrigeration was primarily
performance of any heat pump cycle operating between developed for the solidification of Carbon dioxide and
cold and hot regions at TC and TH, respectively is subsequent fractional distillation of gasses such as air,
oxygen, hydrogen and helium.
TH 293 K
COPmax 19.5
TH TC 293 K 278 K

Drawbacks for Vapour Compression


Low Temperature Refrigeration Refrigeration System
Oxygen was liquefied in 1877 by Coilletet and Pietet. 1. Usage of vapour refrigeration for production of low temperature is
limited by the solidification temperature of the refrigerant. From the
Hydrogen was liquefied in 1898 by Dewer using joule- table in the previous slide the last four can not be used for low
Thompson expansion of gases. temperature refrigeration.

The liquefaction of helium was accomplished in 1908 by H. 2. Pressure in the evaporator is very low (below atmospheric) and
suction volume become larger when refrigerant with high boiling
Kamerlingh Onnes in the famous cryogenic laboratories of temp is used.
university of Leiden.
3. Pressure in the condenser is extremely high when refrigerant with low
Refrigerant R-11 R-12 R-21 R-22 R-30 R-40 R-113 R-717
(NH3)
R-714
(CO2)
R-764
(SO2)
boiling temperature is used.
4. COP becomes low due to high pressure ratio
Freezing -111 -157.5 -135 -160 -96.6 -97.5 -35 -77.8 -56.7 -75.6
temperature (oC) 5. Difficulty of operation of mechanical equipment operating at very low
at Patm
temperature.

Cascade Refrigeration Systems


Due to very low
temperature, the
temperature range in a
single vapour compression
Cascade Refrigeration System
refrigeration cycle become Example
very large, Resulting low
Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between
COP the pressure limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. Each stage operates on an
Very low temperatures can ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant 134a as
be achieved by operating the working fluid. Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the upper
two or more vapor- cycle takes place in an adiabatic counter flow heat exchanger where
compression systems in both streams enter at about 0.32 MPa. (In practice, the working fluid of
series, called cascading. the lower cycle is at a higher pressure and temperature in the heat
exchanger for effective heat transfer). If the mass flow rate of the
The COP of a refrigeration refrigeration through the upper cycle is 0.05 kg/s, determine
system also increases as a a) the mass flow rate of the refrigeration through the lower cycle,
result of cascading. b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to
Cascading improves the COP of the compressor, and
a refrigeration system. c) the coefficient of performance of this cascade refrigerator.
Some systems use three or four
stages of cascading.

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Cascade Refrigeration System Cascade Refrigeration System


Assumptions a) mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the
lower cycle. Consider adiabatic heat exchanger
Steady operating
. . . . . .
conditions E in E out m A h5 m B h3 m A h8 m B h2
. .
Kinetic and potential m A (h5 h8 ) m B (h2 h3 )
energy are negligible kg kJ . kJ
0.05 (251.88 95.47) m B (255.93 55.16)
Heat exchangers are s kg kg
adiabatic . kg
m B 0.039
s

Cascade Refrigeration System Cascade Refrigeration System


b) the rate of heat removal by a cascade cycle is the rate of c) the COP for the system is found by:
heat absorption in the evaporator of the lowest stage.
. . .
Q L m B (h1 h4 ) Cooling Ef fect Q
kg kJ COPR .L
0.039 (239.16 55.16) 7.18kW Work input
s kg Winput
The power input to a cascade cycle is the sum of the 7.18kW 4.46
power inputs to all of the compressors 1.61kW
. . .
W in W comp1,in W comp2,in
. .
m A (h6 h5 ) m B (h2 h1 )
kg kJ kg kJ
0.05 (270.92 251.88) 0.039 (255.93 239.16)
s kg s kg
(0.952 0.65403)kW 1.61kW

Multistage Compression
Refrigeration Systems Multistage Compression
Refrigeration Systems
When the fluid used
throughout the Example
cascade refrigeration Consider a two-stage compression refrigeration system
system is the same, operating between the pressure limits of 0.8 and 0.14
the heat exchanger MPa. The working fluid is refrigerant-134a. The
between the stages refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and
can be replaced by a is throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.32 MPa.
mixing chamber Example 0.8 MPa 0.14 MPa 0.32 MPa Part of the
(called a flash refrigerant evaporates during this flashing process, and
chamber) since it has this vapour is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low
better heat transfer pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed to
characteristics. the condenser pressure by the high pressure compressor.

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Multistage Compression Multistage Compression


Refrigeration Systems Refrigeration Systems
The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the
evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated space
as it vaporizes in the evaporator. Assuming the
refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapour
and both compressors are isentropic, determine:
(a) the fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as it is throttled to the
flash chamber,
(b) the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space and the
compressor work per unit mass of refrigerant flowing through the
condenser, and
(c) the coefficient of performance.

Multistage Compression Multistage Compression


Refrigeration Systems Refrigeration Systems
A two-stage compression refrigeration system with
refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The h1 239.16kJ / kg
(a) The fraction of the refrigerant
fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as it is throttled h2 255.93kJ / kg that evaporates as it is throttled to
to the flash chamber, the rate of heat removed from the h3 251.88kJ / kg the flash chamber is simply the
refrigerated space, and the COP are to be determined.
h4 274.48kJ / kg quality at state 6
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic h5 95.47 kJ / kg h6
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The flash
h7 55.16kJ / kg h8 h6 h f 95.47 55.16
chamber is adiabatic. x6 0.2049
h fg 196.71
Analysis (a) The enthalpies of the refrigerant at several h9 255.10kJ / kg
states are determined from the refrigerant tables to be:

Multistage Compression Multistage Compression


Refrigeration Systems Refrigeration Systems
(b) The amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space (b) The enthalpy at state 9 is determined from an energy
per unit mass of refrigerant through condenser is balance on the mixing chamber:
E in E out E system
0 (steady)
0
.
Q L (1 x6 )(h1 h8 ) E in E out

The compressor work per unit mass is


m h m h
e e i i

1h9 x6 h3 1 x6 h2
. . .
h9 0.2049281.88 1 0.2049255.93 288.10 kJ/kg
W in W comp1,in W comp2,in
(1 x6 )(h2 h1 ) (1)(h4 h9 ) P9 0.32 MPa
s9 0.9416 kJ/kg K
h9 255.10 kJ/kg

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Multistage Compression Multistage Compression


Refrigeration Systems Refrigeration Systems
Also (c) the COP for the system is found by:
P4 0.8 MPa
h4 274.48 kJ/kg .
s4 s9 0.9416 kJ/kg K Cooling Ef fect Q
COPR .L
Work input
Then the rate of heat removed from the refrigerated Winput
space and the compressor work input per unit mass of 146.3 4.47
refrigerant flowing through the condenser are 32.7

Q L (1 x6 )h1 h8
(1 0.2049)239.16 55.16 kJ/kg 146 kJ kg

Win WcompI,in WcompII,in (1 x6 )h2 h1 h4 h9


1 - 0.2049255.93 239.16 kJ/kg 274.48 255.10 kJ/kg
32.71kJ / kg

Liquefaction of Gases GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES


Many important scientific and engineering processes The reversed Brayton cycle (the gas refrigeration
at cryogenic temperatures (below about 100C) cycle) can be used for refrigeration.
depend on liquefied gases including the separation of
oxygen and nitrogen from air, preparation of liquid
propellants for rockets, the study of material
properties at low temperatures, and the study of
superconductivity.
The storage (i.e., hydrogen) and transportation of
some gases (i.e., natural gas) are done after they
are liquefied at very low temperatures. Several
innovative cycles are used for the liquefaction of
gases.

GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES BRAYTON REFRIGERATION CYCLES


The gas refrigeration cycles have lower COPs relative to the vapor-compression The processes of this cycle are
refrigeration cycles or the reversed Carnot cycle.
The reversed Carnot cycle consumes a fraction of the net work (area 1A3B) but Process 1-2: the refrigerant gas, which
produces a greater amount of refrigeration (triangular area under B1). may be air, enters the compressor at state
1 and is compressed to state 2.
Process 2-3: The gas is cooled by heat
transfer to the warm region at temperature
TH.
Process 3-4: The gas expands through the
turbine to state 4, where the temperature,
T4, is well below TC.
Process 4-1: Refrigeration of the cold
region is achieved through heat transfer
from the cold region to the gas as it

passes from state 4 to state 1, completing the cycle.


The work developed by the turbine assists in driving the compressor.

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GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES


Example Solution
An ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle uses air as a working Given P1 = P4 = 1 kPa
fluid. The inlet condition to the compressor are P1 = 100
T1 =-5 oC +273 = 268K
kPa and T1 = -5 oC. The Gas is compressed to a pressure
of 500 kPa. In the cooler, the compressed air is cooled to P2 = P3 = 500 kPa
-15 oC at constant pressure. The air is then expanded to
the pressure of 100 kPa in the expander from where it is T3 =15 oC +273 = 288K
passed in to the cold chamber. = 1.4
For air assume law of compression and expansion pv1.4 =
C; cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K
a) The work per unit mass in both the compressor and the turbine
b) The cycle coefficient of performance
The T-s diagram shows the cyclic process

GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES


(a) Work done per kg of air Work done by the compressor is given by
Process 1-2 isentropic compression and following the law pv1.4 = C
12 = 2 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
1.4
= 2 = 1 = 0.287 424.5 268 = 175.2
1 1 1 1.41
1.41
500 1.4 Work done by the expander is given by
2 = 268 = 424.5
100 34 = 3 4
1
Process 3-4 isentropic expansion and following the law pv1.4 = C 1.4
1
= 0.287 288 181.8 = 106.7
1.41
3 3 3 288
= 4 = 1 = 1.41 = 181.8 Net work done is given by
4 4
3 500 1.4
4 100 = 12 34 = 175.2106.7=68.5

GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES


Without regeneration, the lowest turbine inlet temperature is T0, the temperature of the surroundings or
any other cooling medium.
GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES With regeneration, the high-pressure gas is further cooled to T4 before expanding in the turbine.
Lowering the turbine inlet temperature automatically lowers the turbine exit temperature, which is the
minimum temperature in the cycle.
To calculate the COP we need to find the heat absorbed (cooling effect)
during the constant pressure process between cycle point 1 and cycle
point 4.
14 = 1 4 = 1.005 268 181.8 = 86.6

86.6
= = = 1.26
68.5

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ABSORBTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ABSORBTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS


Absorption refrigeration systems (ARS) involve the absorption of a refrigerant by a
Absorption transport medium.
refrigeration is The most widely used system is the ammoniawater system, where ammonia (NH3) serves
economic when there as the refrigerant and water (H2O) as the transport medium.
is a source of
inexpensive thermal Other systems include waterlithium bromide and waterlithium chloride systems, where
energy at a water serves as the refrigerant. These systems are limited to applications such as A-C
temperature of 100 to where the minimum temperature is above the freezing point of water.
200C. Compared with vapor-compression systems, ARS have one major advantage: A liquid is
Some examples compressed instead of a vapor and as a result the work input is very small (on the order of
include geothermal one percent of the heat supplied to the generator) and often neglected in the cycle
energy, solar energy, analysis.
and waste heat from
cogeneration or ARS are often classified as heat-driven systems.
process steam plants, ARS are much more expensive than the vapor-compression refrigeration systems. They are
and even natural gas more complex and occupy more space, they are much less efficient thus requiring much
when it is at a larger cooling towers to reject the waste heat, and they are more difficult to service since
relatively low price.
they are less common.
Therefore, ARS should be considered only when the unit cost of thermal energy is low and
is projected to remain low relative to electricity.
ARS are primarily used in large commercial and industrial installations.

ABSORBTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

The COP of actual absorption


refrigeration systems is usually less
than 1.
Air-conditioning systems based on
absorption refrigeration, called
absorption chillers, perform best
when the heat source can supply
heat at a high temperature with little
temperature drop.

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