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Autonomic Nervous system

Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors

to ensure optimal support for body activities
stability of internal environment
..
Figure 11-1: Homeostasis and the autonomic division

Autonomic Nervous System divided into:

The sympathetic prepares body for physical activity

or flight-or-fight response. But also important at rest.
Blood vessel walls receive only sympathetic
stimulation, so at rest, sympathetic is responsible for
maintenance of blood pressure.
The parasympathetic performs maintenance activities
and conserves body energy. Keeps body energy use
low, directs housekeeping activities

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Enteric nervous system: visceral organ (GI tract)

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Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic
Pre ganglionic neuron
cell body in the lateral
horn of T1-L2
(Thoracolumbar outflow)
ends at sympathetic
ganglia (chain)
Post ganglionic neuron
long fiber
Prevertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic Cranial outflow

Adrenal gland is exception Pre ganglionic neuron

cell body in brainstem and spinal cord at
Synapse in gland
the level of S2-S4 (Craniosacral outflow)
Can cause body-wide Long fiber synapses near effector organ
release of epinephrine,
Post ganglionic neuron
adrenaline and
short fiber
norepinephrine in an
extreme emergency In general, parasympathetic
(adrenaline rush or more important for resting
conditions:
surge) SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation,
Sacral outflow

urination, digestion, defecation

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Parasympathetic Organs With Dual Innervation

Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervation by both
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers).
Cell bodies of Effector
Nerve
preganglionic fibers
Ganglion
Organ(s) Antagonistic effects:
Edinger-Westphal
Eye(pupillary Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the same cells. Actions
Occulomotor (III) Ciliary sphincter, counteract each other.
nucleus
ciliary muscle)
Heart rate.
Submandibular Salivary glands
Cranial Facial (VII)
superior salivatory
nucleus
Pterygopalatin nasal, and Complementary:
Outflow lacrimal glands Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produces similar effects.
inferior salivatory Parotid salivary Salivary gland secretion. Sym; mucous cell secretion
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Otic
nucleus glands
Parasym; serous cell secretion
of the nucleus
Vagus (X)
ambiguus and the Within the walls of
Heart, lungs,
GI and most
Cooperative:
dorsal motor target organs
nucleus of the vagus
visceral organs Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produce different effects that
work together to produce desired effect.
Large intestine,
urinary bladder, Micturition- Sympathetic stimulation is predominant during bladder filling,
Sacral S2-S4 Within the walls of parasympathetic causes emptying
ureters, and
Outflow pelvic nerve target organs
reproductive Erection - due to parasympathetic stimulation (vasodilation of penile blood vessels
organs Ejaculation - due to sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle

Organs Without Dual Innervation ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon
Adrenal medulla: Neurotransmitters and receptor
Only sympathetic
Arrector pili muscle the neurotransmitter released
innervation
Sweat glands the receptor type of the effector
most blood vessels receive only Acetylcholine released by cholinergic neurons
Cholinergic Receptors bind acetylcholine.
nicotinic and muscarinic R.
Norepinephrine released by adrenergic neurons
Adrenergic R. bind norepinephrine/epinephrine
Alpha and Beta receptors.

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Acetylcholine -Found in both central and peripheral

nervous systems.

- ACh is synthesized in the cytoplasm

of the axon terminal from two
substrates, acetylCoA and choline, in
a reaction catalyzed by choline acetyl
transferase.

- ACh binds to receptors called cholinergic

receptors.

-Ach is degraded by
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an
enzyme that can be found in both the
pre- and postsynaptic membranes.
http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall%202011/chapter_8%20Fall%202011.htm

Muscarinic
receptors

Cholinergic receptors
M2 M3 M4
M1 inhibits adenyl inhibits adenyl
phospholipase C
phospholipase C cyclase: cAMP, IP3, open Ca++ cyclase: cAMP,
K+ prolonged open : depolarization K+ open

Nicotine
Muscarine CNS, parietal cells CNS, smooth
exocrine glands Heart muscles, the CNS and PNS
N1 N2 and autonomic endocrine and
ganglia exocrine glands,
All ganglionic neurons of .
skeletal both sympathetic and the lungs
muscle parasympathetic
divisions
smooth muscle
contraction and lowering heart
The effect of ACh binding
increased glandular rate. smooth muscle
to nicotinic receptors is secretions
always stimulatory contraction and
increased glandular
secretions

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M1 receptor M2 receptor
vagal activity
SA node decreases the
firing rate of the pacemaker
cells by decreasing the
slope of the pacemaker
potential; this decreases
heart rate (negative
chronotropy)
AV node; these changes are
manifested as a reduction
in impulse conduction
velocity through the AV
node (dromotropy)

Chronotropic (Heart rate:K channel) Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) Inotropic (Contractility)

Norepinephrine: Adrenergic receptors Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

Adrenergic receptors
Norepinephrine excites mainly alpha receptors but excites
the beta receptors to a lesser extent as well.
Epinephrine excites both types of receptors approximately
equally.

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NE: Adrenergic receptors Specific actions of the 1 receptor

smooth muscle contraction causes vasoconstriction
blood vessels (skin, gastrointestinal system, kidney
(renal artery) and brain
urethral sphincter
blood vessels of ciliary body (stimulation causes
mydriasis)

blood vessels, for example in skeletal muscle, are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic nerves
that release ACh and cause vasodilation

Heart 1 and 2 adrenoceptors, the predominant

2 receptor receptor type in number and function is 1.
Beta1-adrenoceptors
Gs-proteins adenylyl cyclase
to form cAMP from ATP. Increased cAMP
activates a cAMP-dependent protein kinase
(PK-A) that phosphorylates L-type calcium
channels, which causes increased calcium
- a presynaptic receptor, entry into the cell. Increased calcium entry
causing negative feedback, during action potentials leads to enhanced
causing less NA release
- on the nerve terminal release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic
membrane of the post- reticulum in the heart; these actions increase
synaptic adrenergic neuron.
inotropy (contractility). Gs-protein activation
also increases heart rate (chronotropy).
http://pharmacologycorner.com/alpha-receptors-1-2/ http://www.cvpharmacology.com/cardioinhibitory/beta-blockers.htm

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Vascular smooth muscle

Specific actions of the 1 receptor include:
- increase cardiac output, by raising heart rate (positive chronotropic 2-adrenoceptors
effect)

- increasing impulse conduction

- increasing contraction

- increasing the volume expelled with each beat (increased ejection

fraction).
- Increase renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cell of kidney.
- Increase ghrelin secretion from the stomach
http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~bolger/ced/autonomic/Beta1-Gs.html
- 2-adrenoceptors, Gs-protein, which stimulates the formation of
cAMP. In vascular smooth muscle an increase in cAMP leads to smooth
muscle relaxation. The reason for this is that cAMP inhibits myosin light
chain kinase that is responsible for phosphorylating smooth muscle
myosin.
- Producing less contractile force (i.e., promoting relaxation).

Beta2-adrenergic receptors cause relaxation or dilation of smooth muscle in

the following organs: Selected action
Receptor Agonist potency order Mechanism
Eye: ciliary muscle relaxation (mydriasis - dilation) of agonist
Gq: phospholipase C
Eye: ciliary epithelium (beta-2 mediated increased 1:
NE > epinephrine >> isoprenaline
Smooth muscle (PLC) activated,
aqueous humor production). contraction IP3,and DAG, rise in
calcium
Smooth muscle
Gi: adenylate cyclase
Arterioles: (coronary, skeletal muscle, pulmonary, 2:
Epinephrine NE>> isoprenaline
contraction &
inactivated, cAMP
Cardiac muscle
abdominal, and renal) dilation relaxation
down
Heart muscle Gs: adenylate cyclase
1 Isoprenaline > epinephrine = NE
contraction activated, cAMP up
Lungs: tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle dilation G : adenylate cyclase
Smooth muscle s
Stomach and Intestine: decrease motility 2 Isoprenaline > epinephrine >> NE
relaxation
activated, cAMP up
(also Gi, see 2)
Bladder: detrusor muscle relaxation Gs: adenylate cyclase
3 Isoprenaline = NE > epinephrine Enhance lipolysis
Sex Organs, Female: relaxation. activated, cAMP up

http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~bolger/ced/autonomic/Beta2-Gs.html

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Alpha Receptor Beta Receptor Specific actions of the 3 receptor include:

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation (2) Enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue. Beta-3 activating drugs
Intestinal sphincter contraction Intestinal relaxation (2)
Bladder sphincter contraction Bladder wall relaxation (2)
Pilomotor contraction
Iris dilation
Cardioacceleration (1)
Increased myocardial
strength (1)
Uterus relaxation (2)
Bronchodilation (2)
Calorigenesis (2)
Glycogenolysis (2)
Lipolysis (3)
Autonomic control
could theoretically be used as weight-loss agents, but are limited by
the side effect of tremors.
Elevated cAMP
acts as a second
messenger to
activate hormone
sensitive lipase
(HSL). HSL, the
rate-limiting
enzyme regulating
adipocyte lipolysis,
then catalyzes the
hydrolysis of
triglycerides and

Limbic system is responsible

results in the
for visceral responses that
reflect emotional states release of glycerol
and FFA (increased
centers for control of body
temperature, hunger, & thirst; The afferent component of the ANS lipolysis).
& can regulate medulla consists of general visceral sensory
neurons.
- chemoreceptors (CO2 levels)
- mechanoreceptors (degree of
stretch of organs and vessels)

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nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)

caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM)
rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)
intermediolateral column (IML)
nucleus ambiguus (NA)
dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX)

Autonomic Nervous System

Control of Heart Rate
SA node of the heart
at rest the parasympathetic fibers
release : ACh to slow the
pacemaker potential of the SA
node and thus reduce heart rate.
physical or emotional activity : NE
to speed up the pacemaker
potential of the SA node thus
increasing heart rate.

http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/COandMAPhtm.htm