1.

6 Op-Amp Basics
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Made using difference amplifiers having 2 inputs and at least
1 output

Note: Terminals for dc supply are omitted

1
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
AC equivalent circuit

Practical Ideal
Input impedance, Ri is typically very high
Output voltage, Vo is amplifier gain times input signal taken through output
impedance, Ro which is typically low.
Ideal op-amp would have infinite input impedance, zero output impedance
and infinite voltage gain. 2
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
The input voltage V1 The output voltage Vo
is applied to the is fed back to the
inverting terminal inverting terminal
through R1. through Rf.

The non-inverting The output voltage Vo is in

terminal is grounded antiphase with the input voltae Vi
3
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
AC equivalent circuit

Practical op-amp

4
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
If the practical op-amp is replaced by an ideal op-amp, the
equivalent circuit becomes;

5
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
Redrawn equivalent circuit

6
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
By superposition theorem
i) V1 only (set AvVi = 0)

Rf
Vi1 V1
R1 R f
ii) AvVi only (set V1 = 0)

Vi 2
R1
AvVi
R1 R f

7
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
Vi Vi1 Vi 2
Rf
V1
R1
AvVi
R1 R f R1 R f
R f V1 R1 AvVi

R1 R f
Solving for Vi, gives us;

Rf
Vi V1
R f (1 Av ) R1

8
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant-gain multiplier
Usually Av 1 and Av R1 R f

Then;
Rf
Vi V1
Av R1
Rf
Vo AvVi Av V1
Av R1

Vo Rf The ratio Vo/V1 is dependent on the

external components Rf and R1 only.
V1 R1
9
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp unity gain
Vo Rf

V1 R1
If Rf = R1;
Vo
1
V1
Shown that the output voltage equal to input voltage with
180 phase inversion.

10
 1.6 Op-Amp Basics
Basic Op-amp constant magnitude gain

Vo Rf

V1 R1
If Rf = 10R1;
Vo
10
V1

Shown that the output voltage is equal to 10X the input

voltage with 180 phase inversion.

11