INTRODUCTION

SEPIC Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter is a type of DC-DC converter and is
capable of operating in either step up or step down mode and widely used in battery operated
equipments. This dc to dc converter capable of delivering an output voltage which can be greater
than or less than the input voltage. Different portable electronic appliances have been benefitted
from a power converter which is able to achieve high efficiency with a wide input and output
ranges with a small size. But it is not easy for conventional power converter design to maintain
high efficiency especially in up and down voltage. Conversion has to be achieved, all these
characteristics are obtain in SEPIC dc to dc power conversion system can be realized by different
circuit topologies like for example (buck boost converter) are most widely used.

The SEPIC type dc to dc converter is a power electronic supply voltage at the output and
can be smaller and higher then the received input, this is done by switching techniques with
semiconductor Devices such as diodes and transistors i.e SEPIC converters are usually designed
with coupled inductors L1 and L2 in order to reduce production cost and to reduce the input
current ripple . Its main advantage to the dc to dc converter elevator reduces type or cuk is that
the SEPIC converter maintains the output voltage polarity same to the input voltage which
cannot be done with others As the SEPIC converter a switch mode circuit, its behavior is
strongly dependent in the continuity of the inductor current and capacitor voltage Due to this the
input current example of the SEPIC is smooth (because of the inductor ) and the output current
signal is chopped (because of the diode feeding the output ) then the energy is passed across the
capacitors are widely used because of its very high efficiency (around 96%) in PC power
supplies. Battery chargers DC motor power systems and different industrial applications.
A SEPIC converter is similar to a traditional buck-boost converter, but has advantages of
having non-inverted output (the output voltage is of the polarity as the input voltage). This
converter are useful in applications in which a battery voltage can be above and below that of the
regulators intended output.
DC-DC CONVERTERS
Basically SEPICs operation is similar to the buck-boost converter. So first see the basic
converters. There are three basic types of dc-dc converter circuits, termed as buck, boost and
buck-boost. In all of these circuits, a power device is used as a switch. This device earlier used
was a thyristor, which is turned on by a pulse fed at its gate. In all these circuits, the thyristor is
connected in series with load to a dc supply, or a positive (forward) voltage is applied between
anode and cathode terminals. The thyristor turns off, when the current decreases below the
holding current, or a reverse (negative) voltage is applied between anode and cathode terminals.
So, a thyristor is to be force-commutated, for which additional circuit is to be used, where
another thyristor is often used. Later, GTOs came into the market, which can also be turned
off by a negative current fed at its gate, unlike thyristors, requiring proper control circuit. The
turn-on and turn-off times of GTOs are lower than those of thyristors. So, the frequency used in
GTO- based choppers can be increased, thus reducing the size of filters. Earlier, dc-dc converters
we recalled choppers, where thyristors or GTOs are used. It may be noted here that buck
converter (dc-dc) is called as step-down chopper, whereas boost converter (dc-dc) is a step-up
chopper. In the case of chopper, no buck-boost type was used

(i) Buck Converters (dc-dc)

A buck converter (dc-dc) is shown in Fig.1. Only a switch is shown, for which a device as
described earlier belonging to transistor family is used. Also a diode (termed as freewheeling) is
used to allow the load current to flow through it, when the switch (i.e., a device) is turned off.
The load is inductive (R-L) one. In some cases, a battery (or back emf) is connected in series
with the load (inductive). Due to the load inductance, the load current must be allowed a path,
which is provided by the diode; otherwise, i.e., in the absence of the above diode, the high
induced emf of the inductance, as the load current tends to decrease, may cause damage to the
switching device. If the switching device used is a thyristor, this circuit is called as a step-down
chopper, as the output voltage is normally lower than the input voltage. Similarly, this dc-dc
converter is termed as buck one, due to reason given later.
 The output voltage and current waveforms of the circuit shown in Fig. 17.1b.The output
voltage is same as the input voltage, i.e., Vo = Vs, when the switch is one during the priod,
Ton>=t>=0. The switch is turned on at t = 0, and then turned off at t = ton. This is called ON

Fig.1.(a) Buck converter

Fig.1.(b) Output voltage and current waveforms

period. During the next time interval, T>= t >= Ton, the output voltage is zero, i.e., Vo=0, as
the diode, Df now conducts. The OFF period is Toff = T Ton, with the time period being
T=TON+TOFF. The frequency is f = 1/T. with T kept as constant, the average value of the output is
 The duty ratio

its range being 1>k>0

Normally, due to turn-on delay of the device used, the duty ratio (k) is not zero, but has some
positive value. Similarly, due to requirement of turn-off time of the device, the duty ratio (k) is
less than 1.0. So, the range of duty ratio is reduced. It may be noted that the output voltage is
lower than the input voltage. Also, the average output voltage increases, as the duty ratio is
increased. So, a variable dc output voltage is obtained from a constant dc input voltage. The load
current is assumed to be continuous as shown in Fig. 17.1b. The load current increases in the ON
period, as the input voltage appears across the load, and it (load current) decreases in the OFF
period, as it flows in the diode, but is positive at the end of the time period, T.
(ii) Boost Converters (dc-dc)
A boost converter (dc-dc) is shown in Fig.2(a). Only a switch is shown, for which a device
belonging to transistor family is generally used. Also, a diode is used in series with the load. The
load is of the same type as given earlier. The inductance of the load is small. An inductance, L is
assumed in series with the input supply. The position of the switch and diode in this circuit may
be noted, as compared to their position in the buck converter (Fig.1(a)).
The operation of the circuit is explained. Firstly, the switch, S (i.e., the device) is put ON (or
turned ON) during the period, Ton>= t >= 0 , the ON period being Ton. The output voltage is zero
(Vo=0), if no battery (back emf) is connected in series with the load, and also as stated earlier,
the load inductance is small. The current from the source (is) flows in the inductance L. The
value of current increases linearly with time in this interval, with (di/dt) being positive. As the
current through L increases, the polarity of the induced emf is taken as say, positive, the left hand
side of L being +ve. The equation for the circuit is,

Fig 2.(a) Boost converter

Fig 2.(b) waveforms of output voltage and current

The switch, S is put OFF during the period, T>= t >= Ton, the Off period being Toff= T - Ton. Is
the time period. As the current through L decreases, with its direction being in the same direction
as shown (same as in the earlier case), the induced emf reverses, the left hand side of L being -
ve. So, the induced emf (taken as ve in the equation given later) is added with the supply
voltage, being of the same polarity, thus, keeping the current (is=io) in the same direction. The
current (is=io) decreases linearly in the time interval, , as the output voltage is assumed to be nearly
constant Vs=Vo at with (di/dt) being negative, Vs<Vo as , which is derived later.
The equation for the circuit is,

The time period is , T= Ton - Toff and the duty ratio is,
k = Ton / T
= [Ton / (Ton+ Toff)]
with its range as, 1 > k > 0. The ON time interval is . As stated in the previous case, the range of
is reduced. This is, because the minimum value is higher than the minimum (0.0), and the
maximum value is lower than the maximum (1.0), for reasons given there, which are also valid
here. As shown, the source current is assumed to be continuous. The expression for the output
voltage can be obtained by using other procedures.
(iii)Buck-Boost Converters (dc-dc)
A buck-boost converter (dc-dc) is shown in Fig. 3.(a). Only a switch is shown, for which a
device belonging to transistor family is generally used. Also, a diode is used in series with the
load. The connection of the diode may be noted, as compared with its connection in a boost
converter (Fig.2.(a)). The inductor, L is connected in parallel after the switch and before the
diode. The load is of the same type as given earlier. A capacitor, C is connected in parallel with
the load. The polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of input voltage here.
When the switch, S is put ON, the supply current (is) flows through the path, , S and L,
during the time interval, Ton. The currents through both source and inductor (iL) increase and are
same, with (diL/dt) being positive. The polarity of the induced voltage is same as that of the input
voltage. The equation for the circuit is,
 Fig 3.(a) Buck-Boost converter

Fig 3.(b) waveforms for output voltage and current

Then, the switch, S is put OFF. The inductor current tends to decrease, with the polarity of
the induced emf reversing. (diL/dt) is negative now, the polarity of the output voltage, Vo being
opposite to that of the input voltage Vs. The path of the current is through L, parallel combination
of load & C, and diode D, during the time interval, Toff. The output voltage remains nearly
constant, as the capacitor is connected across the load. The equation for the circuit is,

The inductor current waveform is shown in Fig.3.(b). As stated earlier, the current varies
linearly from IL1 to IL2 during the time interval, Ton. Note that IL1 and IL2 are the minimum and
maximum values of the inductor current respectively. So, using the expression for diL/dt during
this time interval, IL2 - IL1 = (Vs / L) Ton = (Vs / L) Ton.
Similarly, the current varies linearly from IL1 to IL2 during the time interval, Toff. So,
using the expression for diL/dt during the time interval IL2 - IL1 = (Vs / L) Ton = (Vs / L) Toff.
Equating the two equations,

The average value of output voltage is,

The time period is T = Ton + Toff, and the duty ratio (k) is

the On time interval is Ton = kT may be observed that, for the range 0 >= k >= 0.5, the ou put
voltage is lower than input voltage, thus the making it a buck converter. For the range 0.5 >= k
>= 1 the output voltage is higher than the input voltage, thus, making it a boost converter. For
k=0.5, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage. So, this circuit can be termed as a buck-
boost converter. Also it may be called as step-up/down chopper. It may be noted that the inductor
current is assumed to be continuous. The range of k is somewhat reduced due to the reasons
given earlier. The expression for the output voltage can be obtained by using other procedures.

OPERATION OF SEPIC

The sepic converter shown in fig.4 uses two inductors L1 and L2. The two inductors can
be wound on the same core since the same voltages are applied to them throughout the switching
cycle. Using a coupled inductor takes up less spaces on the PCB and tends to be lower cost than
two separate inductors. The capacitos C1 isolates the input from the output and provides
protection against a shorted load. The sepic exchanges the energy between the capacitors and
inductors in order to convert from one voltage to another. The amount of energy exchanged is
controlled by switch S1, which is typically a transistor such as a MOSFET; MOSFET offer much
higher input impedance and lower voltage drop than bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and do
not require biasing resistors (as MOSFET switching is controlled by differences in voltage rather
than a current, as with BJTs).

Fig.4 Circuit diagram for SEPIC

By changing the duty cycle of the switch S1 the output voltage of the SEPIC converter
can be controlled. The SEPIC converter consist of an active power switch, a diode two inductors
and a capacitor and is thus the fourth order non linear system. Feedback control is usually
incorporated into the converter circuit to regulate its output voltage typically by means of pulse
width modulation (PWM) To facilitate the feedback control design or system stability analysis
the linear model of the converter is needed. The sepic converter operate at high efficiency. To
understand the voltages at the various circuit modes.

MODES OF OPERATION

There are two modes of operation in it

1) Continuous conduction mode
2) Discontinuous continuous mode
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
Nowadays the use of a dc to dc converter is widespread in modern portable electronic
equipments and systems When in battery operated portable devices when not connected to ac
mains the battery provides an input voltage to the converter, which then converts it into the
output voltage suitable for use by the electronic load. The battery voltage can vary over a wide
range depending upon a charge level. At the low charge level, it may drop below the load
voltage. Hence to continue supplying the constant load voltage over the entire voltage. The dc to
dc converter that meets this operational requirement are buck boost cuk and SEPIC converter.
However the buck boost and the cuk converters in their basic form produce the output voltage
whose whole polarity is revered from the input voltage. The problem can be corrected by
incorporating an isolation transformer into the circuit, but this will invariably lead to increased
size and cost of converter.
A sepic converter is said to be continuous-conduction mode if the current through the
inductor never falls to zero. During the sepics steady-state operation, the average voltage across
capacitor C1 (Vc1) is equal to the input voltage (Vin). because capacitor C1 blocks the direct
current (DC), the average current across it (Ic1) is zero, making inductor L2 the only source of
load current. Therefore, the average current through inductor L2 (IL2) is the same as the average
load current and hence independent of the input voltage.

Looking the average voltages, the following can be written;

VIN = VL1 + VC1 + VL2 (1)
Because the average voltage of VC1 is equal to VIN, VL1 = VL2. For this reason, the two inductors
can be wound on the same core. Since the voltages are the same in magnitude, their effects of the
mutual inductance will be zero, assuming the polarity of the windings is correct. Also, since the
voltages are the same in magnitude, the ripple currents from the two inductors will be equal in
magnitude.
The average currents can be summed as follows:
ID1 = ILI Il2

MODE I: WHEN SWITCH S1 IS CLOSED

When switch S1 is turned on, current IL1 increases and the current IL2 increases in the
negative direction. (Mathematically, it decreases due to arrow direction.) The energy to increase
the current IL1 comes from the input source. Since S1 is a short while closed, and the
instantaneous voltage VC1 is approximately VIN, the voltage VL2 is approximately VIN.
Therefore, the capacitor C1 supplies the energy to increase the magnitude of the current in IL2
and thus increase the energy stored in L2. The easiest way to visualize this is to consider the bias
voltages of the circuit in a d.c. state, then close S1.

Fig.5 When S1 is closed current increases through L1 and C1 discharging

increasing current L2
MODE II: WHEN SWITCH S1 IS OPEN

When switch S1 is turned off, the current IC1 becomes the same as the current IL1, since
inductors do not allow instantaneous changes in current. The current IL2 will continue in the
negative direction, in fact it never reverses direction. It can be seen from the diagram that a
negative IL2 will add to the current IL1 to increase the current delivered to the load. Using
Kirchhoff's Current Law, it can be shown that ID1 = IC1 - IL2. It can then be concluded, that while
S1 is off, power is delivered to the load from both L2 and L1. C1, however is being charged by
L1 during this off cycle, and will in turn recharge L2 during the on cycle.

Fig.6 When S1 is open current through L1 and current through L2 produce

current through the load

Because the potential (voltage) across capacitor C1 may reverse direction every cycle, a non-
polarized capacitor should be used. However, a polarized tantalum or electrolytic capacitor may
be used in some cases, because the potential (voltage) across capacitor C1 will not change unless
the switch is closed long enough for a half cycle of resonance with inductor L2, and by this time
the current in inductor L1 could be quite large.
The capacitor CIN is required to reduce the effects of the parasitic inductance and internal
resistance of the power supply. The boost/buck capabilities of the SEPIC are possible because of
capacitor C1 and inductor L2. Inductor L1 and switch S1 create a standard boost converter,
which generate a voltage (VS1) that is higher than VIN, whose magnitude is determined by the
duty cycle of the switch S1. Since the average voltage across C1 is VIN, the output voltage (VO) is
VS1 - VIN. If VS1 is less than double VIN, then the output voltage will be less than the input
voltage. If VS1 is greater than double VIN, then the output voltage will be greater than the input
voltage.
The evolution of switched-power supplies can be seen by coupling the two inductors in a
SEPIC converter together, which begins to resemble a Flyback converter, the most basic of the
transformer-isolated SMPS topologies.
DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
A sepic is said to be in discontinuous conduction mode if the current through the inductor
L1 is allow to fall to zero.

MATHAMATICAL ANALYSIS

The equations for the functioning of the steady-state Sepic converter operating in CCM
are given below

Fig.7 When S1 is ON
 Fig.8 When S2 is OFF

Fig.9 Waveforms of corresponding element

Where ,

DT: Switch S1 is conduction time

From the input current ripple iin and the magnetizing current ripple iin, the average and
RMS be obtained
Input and switch average currents:

Average current through the diode D0 and the magnetizing inductance Lin:

Rectufier diodes average current:

Input RMS current:

Switch S RMS current:

Capacitor C1 RMS current