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Cahier
technique
no. 181
Directional protection equipment
P. Bertrand
Cahiers Techniques are a collection of documents intended for engineers
and technicians people in the industry who are looking for information in
greater depth in order to complement that given in display product
catalogues.
Foreword
The author disclaims all responsibility further to incorrect use of information
or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible
for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information
and diagrams contained in this document.
Pierre BERTRAND
ANSI code: digital code assigned to a protection Polarisation quantity (in a directional
function, defined in the ANSI C37-2 standard. protection equipment): the variable used as
Characteristic angle (in a directional the phase reference.
protection equipment): angle between the Protection plan: the protection equipment
polarisation quantity of relay and the normal to incorporated in an electrical network in order to
the tripping zone boundary line (see fig. 10 ). detect faults and to disconnect the smallest
Differential protection: zone protection which possible part of the faulty network.
detects a fault by measuring and comparing (protection) Relay: equipment used to monitor
currents at the input and output of the protected one or more electrical variable (current or
zone or equipment. voltage), generally to detect a fault and to control
the opening of a circuit breaker.
Directional protection: protection equipment
Relay connection angle (in a phase
capable of detecting a fault upstream or
directional protection equipment): the angle
downstream (in a given direction) of its position.
between the chosen polarisation variable and the
Earth fault (e/f) protection: protection in which phase to earth voltage of the monitored phase
the residual variable (current and/or voltage) is qualifies the polarisation variable.
monitored to detect phase-to-earth fault. Residual: (current or voltage in a three phase
Phase protection: protection in which the phase network) : the vectorial sum of the values of all
current and/or voltage variables are monitored. three phases.
Phase-to phase-voltage (annotation): Zero sequence (current or voltage, in a three
U32 = V2-V3. phase network): 1/3 of the residual variable.
Contents
1. Introduction 1.1 The role of directional protection equipment p. 4
1.2 Applications p. 4
1.3 The codes and symbols of the various relay types p. 5
2. Description of directional relays 2.1 Earth fault directional protection p. 6
2.2 Phase directional protection p. 9
2.3 Power protection p. 11
3. Applications of directional protection 3.1 Protection of radial networks p. 12
equipment 3.2 Protection of closed rings p. 16
3.3 Protection of alternators p. 19
4. Use 4.1 Sizing of current and voltage transformers p. 21
4.2 Selection between two or three phase protection p. 22
4.3 Protecting parallel connected transformers p. 22
5. Developments and outlook 5.1 Developments in protection equipment technology p. 23
5.2 Developments in sensors p. 24
5.3 In conclusion p. 24
1.2 Applications
Directional protection equipment is useful for all
network components in which the direction of
flow of power is likely to change, notably in the
instance of a short circuit between phases or of
an earthing fault (single phase fault).
c phase directional protection is installed to
protect two connections operated in parallel, a
loop or a network component connected to two
power sources (see fig 2 ).
c earth fault (e/f) directional protection is
sensitive to the direction of flow of the current to
earth. It is necessary to install this type of
protection equipment whenever the phase to
earth fault current is divided between several
earthing systems.
However, this current flow is not only due to the
earthing of the network's neutral, but also due to 1 2
the phase to earth capacitance of the lines and
cables (1 km of 20 kV cable causes a capacitive
current flow of around 3 to 4 amps).
fig. 2: The directional protection equipment (1) is
Residual directional overcurrent protection, as tripped since the direction of current flow is abnormal.
well as zero sequence active power protection
32 P c active overpower
P> c active reverse power
32 Q c reactive underpower
Q<
In order to measure a value of power or to phase to phase voltage for directional phase
localise a fault upstream or downstream of the protection and the residual voltage for directional
point at which the current is measured, the earthing protection.
phase displacement of the current must be This reference variable is called the polarisation
determined relative to a reference variable: the quantity.
Main
VT's
Auxiliary
VT's
vr = v1+ v2 + v3
vr = v1 + v2 + v3
fig. 7: Measuring the residual current using 3 CT's. fig. 8: Measuring the residual voltage using auxiliary VT's.
Ih > Ih >
Non-tripping zone
Tripping zone
Direction of detection of the
protection equipment Polarisation
variable
Treshold
fig. 10: Operating characteristics of earth fault directional overcurrent protection equipment.
Non-tripping zone
Ih > Characteristic angle
Ih
Current causing
tripping
Ih >
fig. 12: Operating characteristics of protection equipment measuring the zero sequence active power.
The use of directionalized overcurrent relays is not Protection equipment measuring the residual
suited to all neutral point arrangements (chapter 3 active power is restricted to use with
shows that this principle cannot be used with compensated neutral point arrangements in
compensated neutral point arrangements). competition with current projection type relays.
V1 Characteristic
angle
90: angle of I1: current
connection causing tripping
V2 - V3
Polarisation variable
V3 V2
Non-tripping zone
fig. 13: A relay mesuring the current I1 and the voltage V2-V3 has a 90 relay connection.
Treshold
Characteristic angle
Polarisation
variable
Non-tripping zone
Incomer
transformer
Capacitive Id
current Neutral point
current
Irs
Vr
= 90
Vr
Irs Ird
Ird
A B
Irs Irs
Vr
= 0
= 45
Vr Vr
Irs Ird
Ird Ird
A - Permanent earthing fault B - Recurrent fault: voltage of the faulty phase and residual current
kV
Vr Ird
= 0 0
A
Vr 250
Irs Ird - 20
- 250
Ird
Vr
Irs
Irs Ird Vr
= - 70
0.4 s or more
0.4 s or more
Ih >
Ih >
Direction of
detection
Ih > Ih >
0.1 s 0.1 s
I>>
I> 0.4 s or more
0.4 s or more
I>
I> I>
0.1 s 0.1 s
D1 D2
I> I>
0.4 s 0.4 s
Ih > Ih >
x%
I> I>
Ih > Ih >
0.1 s 0.1 s
A1 A2
100 %
Fault's position
fig. 25: Protection of parallel connected lines.
I> I>
A F
Ih > Ih >
1.3 s 1.3 s
Ih > Ih > Ih > Ih >
B E
I> I> I> I>
1s 0.1 s 1s 0.1 s
fig. 26: Protection of a closed loop using directional relays and time-based selectivity.
I> I>
A F
Ih > Ih >
Logical wait
I> I> I> I>
B E
Ih > Ih > Ih > Ih >
fig. 27: Protection of a closed loop by directional relays and logical selectivity.
Neutral point
of the machine
Q>
Q
a
P
Positive direction
of P and Q
fig. 28: Protection against excitation losses by a reactive reverse power relay.
P>
Q
a
P
Positive direction
of P and Q
1
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0
-1 Degrees
45
-2
Angle error 30
15
0
Time (s)
fig. 31: Angle error calculated under the following conditions:
c the fault comprises an aperiodic component of 100% and a time constant of 40 ms;
c the CT's saturation current is twice the short circuit current.
The choice of VT's (voltage transformers) does In practice, if this angle is greater than 45
not pose any particular problem. (which is very often the case with the recommen-
VT's normally installed on distribution networks ded settings), the design requirements for the CT
are either of class 0.5 or 1; they are perfectly are not so strict : choose the accuracy limit factor
suitable for the supply of directional protection for the CT (as defined in Cahier Technique
equipment as long as the sum of the loads n 164) to be greater than or equal to 0.3 times the
connected to them is neither greater than their value of the maximum short circuit current
rated burden, nor too low, in order to avoid risks observed by the directional protection equipment.
of ferro-resonance.
CT's (current transformers) are more tricky to
design for this purpose. Should they be under-
designed and in the instance of a short circuit
current having an aperiodic component with a
high time constant, the CT's become saturated.
Tripping zone
This phenomenon causes an error in the phase
current measurement during the transient, as
shown in figure 31 .
The current measured on the CT's secondary
winding always leads the primary current. Characteristic angle
Incorrect design of CT's can have two
consequences:
c it may cause spurious tripping - a risk that V polarisation
decreases the longer the protection equipment's
time delay,
c it may cause delayed tripping - a risk that is
independent of the selected time delay. Characteristic axis
The main factor influencing the protection
equipment's behaviour is the phase
displacement between the short circuit current I
and the protection's tripping zone boundary line,
fig. 32: Definition of the angle .
as defined in figure 32 .
I>> I>>
I> 0.6 s I> 0.6 s
Ih > 0.2 s Ih > 0.2 s
Variant
fig. 34: The SEPAM 2000, a multiple function digital relay enabling directional protection equipment to be used
combined with logical selectivity.
5.3 In conclusion
Technological advances (digital protection electrical power supply. It is increasingly being
equipment, new sensors, etc.), as well as logical used to protect networks and machines, whether
selectivity make directional protection equipment for phase to phase fault protection or for earthing
easier to use. fault protection.
Today, this high performance and easy to Readers interested in more general information
incorporate protection equipment is proving on the various types of protection equipment used
invaluable in improving the dependability of the in MV can refer to Cahier Technique n 174.
88258 03-98