Cosmos Motion Tutorials

COSMOS/Flow
TM
Tutorial
Finite Element Fluid Flow

and Heat Transfer Solver
Version 4.1
C
The COSMOS/Flow product is copyrighted and all rights are
reserved by Blue Ridge Numerics, Incorporated. Copyright (c) 1992-
2000 Blue Ridge Numerics, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
The distribution and sale of COSMOS/Flow is intended for the use of

the original purchaser only and for use only on the computer system
specified at the time of the sale. COSMOS/Flow may be used only
under the provisions of the accompanying license agreement.
The COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide may not be copied, photocopied,

reproduced, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or
machine readable form in whole or part without prior written consent
from Blue Ridge Numerics, Incorporated. Blue Ridge Numerics,
Incorporated makes no warranty that COSMOS/Flow is free from
errors or defects and assumes no liability for the program. Blue Ridge
Numerics, Incorporated disclains any express warranty or fitness for
any intended use or purpose. You are legally accountable for any vio-
lation of the License Agreement or of copyright or trademark. You
have no rights to alter the software or printed materials.
The development of COSMOS/Flow is ongoing. The program is con-

stantly being modified and checked and any known errors should be
reported to Blue Ridge Numerics, Incorporated.
Information in this document is for information purposes only and is

subject to change without notice. The contents of this manual do not
construe a committment by BRNI.
GLView is a registered trademark of ViewTech AS
All other brand and prduct names are trademarks of their respective
owners.
1 Introduction
Congratulations and thank you for choosing COSMOS/Flow as your fluid

flow analysis tool!
COSMOS/Flow is designed to be an interactive program with an intuitive

graphical user interface (GUI) that allows you to communicate effectively
with the program during the course of a CFD analysis. COSMOS/Flow pro-
vides graphical data which monitor solution progress and aid in making a
definitive assessment of convergence.
Overview
COSMOS/Flow solves the mathematical equations which represent heat
and momentum transfer in a moving fluid. The finite element method is
used to discretize the flow domain, thereby transforming the governing par-
tial differential equations into a set of algebraic equations whose solution
represent an approximation to the exact (and most often unattainable) ana-
lytical solution. The numerical formulation is derived from the SIMPLER
solution scheme introduced by Patanker1. More detail is available in the
Technical Reference.
COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000 1-1

Chapter 1 Introduction
The finite element, geometric, and boundary condition information required

by the solver must be created or imported using COSMOS/DesignSTAR,
COSMOS/Works, or COSMOS/Edge. Results computed by the COSMOS/
Flow Solver are visualized in CFDisplay.
For more information on COSMOS/Flow capabilities, refer to the

COSMOS/Flow Users Guide and COSMOS/Flow Technical
Reference.
COSMOS/Flow Documentation
COSMOS/Flow is documented in 3 manuals:
The COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide
This manual, the COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide, contains a number of

step-by-step examples for using COSMOS/Flow. The steps include creating
meshes, applying boundary conditions, running analyses, and postprocess-
ing results. The manual is divided into 2 parts. Part I provides step-by-step
examples for using COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COS-
MOS/Edge as the pre-processor. Part II provides step-by-step examples for
using COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/Works as the pre-processor.
The COSMOS/Flow Solver Users Guide
The COSMOS/Flow Solver Users Guide covers the fundamentals of creat-

ing a model suitable for a COSMOS/Flow analysis. The user interface is
explained and analysis techniques are described for a large number of dif-
ferent analysis types.
1. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Publish-
ing, New York, 1980
1-2 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000

The COSMOS/Flow Solver Technical Reference
The COSMOS/Flow Technical Reference contains the theory behind COS-

MOS/Flow and the error messages and their explanation.
About COSMOS/DesignSTAR
COSMOS/DesignSTAR is a product of Structural Research and Analysis

Corporation. It is an open-architecture, multiple-document program, that
takes advantage of the well-known Windows Graphical User Interface
(GUI). You will find it familiar, efficient, and easy to use. The open
architecture of COSMOS/DesignSTAR allows integration with third party
analysis software, user customization, and the addition of complementary
programs.
COSMOS/DesignSTAR, based on the Parasolid geometry engine, also

supports ACIS and STEP standards. COSMOS/DesignSTAR can directly
open SolidWorks and Pro/Engineer part files as well as IGES files of parts
and assemblies. With these capabilities, COSMOS/DesignSTAR can analyze
parts and assemblies created in almost any CAD system. Once you import
your geometry to COSMOS/DesignSTAR, you can create studies, assign
materials, mesh the model, and apply boundary conditions. For flow
analysis, you need to launch COSMOS/Flow to define analysis options, run
the analysis, and visualize the results.
About COSMOS/Works
COSMOS/Works, a product of Structural Research and Analysis

Corporation, is a design analysis system fully integrated in SolidWorks.
COSMOS/Works provides one screen solution for many types of analysis.
Powered by COSMOS/FFE (Fast Finite Element) technology, COSMOS/
Works lets you solve large problems quickly using your personal computer.
COSMOS/Works comes in several configurations to satisfy your analysis
needs.

SolidWorksTM, a product of SolidWorks Corporation. is a mechanical design

automation software that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft
WindowsTM graphical user interface. This is easy-to-learn tool makes it
possible for you to quickly sketch out ideas, experiment with features and
dimensions, and produce models and detailed drawings.
About COSMOS/Edge
COSMOS/Edge is a design analysis system tailored for use with Solid

Edge. COSMOS/Edge is an open-architecture multiple-document program
that takes advantage of the well-known Windows Graphical User Interface
(GUI). You will find it familiar, efficient, and easy to use. COSMOS/Edge
is powered by fast solvers and state-of-the-art technologies.
Solid EdgeTM is a computer-aided design (CAD) system for mechanical

assembly, part modeling, and drawing production.
Written specifically for Windows, Solid Edge brings true parametric,

feature-based solid modeling to the Windows environment. With an
intuitive interface that emulates a practical mechanical engineering work
flow. Solid Edge eliminates the command clutter and complicated modeling
procedures of traditional CAD systems.
Solid Edge is built on open and inter-operable software technologies so you

can quickly put it to work with all your other computer-aided tools.

Mapping of Boundary Conditions from

COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge.
COSMOS/Flow
Boundary COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/
Condition Edge Boundary Condition
Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints corre-

spond to the X, Y and Z components of velocity
Pressure Pressure
Temperature Temperature
Heat Flux Heat Flux
Heat Power Heat Power
Volume Heat Volume Heat
Convection Convection
Radiation Radiation
Slip Wall and Directional Force, Use component Normal to

Symmetry Planes the Plane (a positive non-zero force should be set).
This is only a marker, the value is not impor-
tant. Do not use Normal Force. A negative
force specifies an unknown boundary condi-
tion.

COSMOS/Flow
Unknown Directional Force, Use component Normal to

the Plane (a negative non-zero force should be set).
tant. Do not use Normal Force. A positive
force specifies a slip wall or symmetry bound-
ary condition.
Fan/Pump Curves Directional Force in the X-Direction AND

Pressure = fan curve ID where the force in X-direc-
tion is used to mark the boundary condition and the
pressure value (use an integer value) is used as the fan
curve ID in COSMOS/Flow.
Total Pressure Directional Force in the Y-Direction AND

Pressure = total pressure value where the force
in the Y-direction is used to mark the boundary condi-
tion and the pressure value is used as the total pressure
value in COSMOS/Flow

Mapping of Boundary Conditions from

COSMOS/Works
COSMOS/Flow
Boundary COSMOS/Works Boundary Condition
Condition
Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints correspond

to the X, Y and Z components of velocity
Pressure Pressure
Heat Flux Heat Flux
Radiation Radiation
Slip Wall and Force_Normal to Plane (a positive non-zero force

Symmetry Planes should be set). This is only a marker, the value is
not important. A negative force specifies the
unknown boundary condition.
Unknown Force_Normal to Plane (a negative non-zero force

should be set). This is only a marker, the value is
not important. A positive force specifies a slip
wall or symmetry boundary condition.

COSMOS/Flow
Condition
Fan/Pump Curves Force_Along plane Dir 1 AND Pressure = fan

curve ID (use integer value) where the force in Dir 1
is used to mark the boundary condition and the pressure
value is used as the fan curve ID in COSMOS/Flow
Total Pressure Force_Along plane Dir 2 AND Pressure =

total pressure value where the force in Dir 2 is used
to mark the boundary condition and the pressure value is
used as the total pressure value in COSMOS/Flow

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial
Part I
Step-by-Step Tutorials
using
COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge
COSMOS/DesignSTAR 2.0 or later or COSMOS/Edge 4.0 or later is
required to run COSMOS/Flow
The step-by-step tutorials in this part assume that you are using
COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/DesignSTAR (version 2.0 or later)
or COSMOS/Edge (version 4.0 or later) as the pre-processor. If you
are using COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/Works, please refer to
Part II of this manual.
Mapping of Boundary Conditions
COSMOS/Flow
Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints corre-

spond to the X, Y and Z components of velocity
Pressure Pressure
Heat Flux Heat Flux
Volume Heat Volume Heat
Radiation Radiation
Slip Wall and Directional Force, Use component Normal to

Symmetry Planes the Plane (a positive non-zero force should be set).
tant. Do not use Normal Force. A negative
force specifies an unknown boundary condi-
tion.
Unknown Directional Force, Use component Normal to

the Plane (a negative non-zero force should be set).
tant. Do not use Normal Force. A positive
force specifies a slip wall or symmetry bound-
ary condition.
Fan/Pump Curves Directional Force in the X-Direction AND

Pressure = fan curve ID where the force in X-direc-
tion is used to mark the boundary condition and the
pressure value (use an integer value) is used as the fan
curve ID in COSMOS/Flow.
Total Pressure Directional Force in the Y-Direction AND

Pressure = total pressure value where the force
in the Y-direction is used to mark the boundary condi-
tion and the pressure value is used as the total pressure
value in COSMOS/Flow
2 Electronic Enclosure
Introduction
The steps in this tutorial assume that you are using COSMOS/
DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge for the pre-processing. If you are
using COSMOS/Works, please refer to Part II of this manual.
This is an example of air flow and heat transfer in an electronic enclosure.

Our electronic enclosure, while simplified, contains a number of the compo-
nents commonly found in electronic packaging. Air enters into the box
through two round fans and a square opening, passes over and around sev-
eral electronic components, passes over a power supply, where it is pushed
again by an internal fan and then out of the box. The heat loads on the
printed circuit boards are modeled as heat fluxes. The heat load of the
power supply is modeled with a volumetric heat source, and the power sup-
ply unit itself is simulated as a distributed resistance. A distributed resis-
tance was chosen to represent the power supply to simulate either a vented
box or an open power supply with exposed components.
The two inlet fans are modeled with the same fan curve. The internal fan is
modeled by choosing a point on a particular fan curve. The inlet square area
is modeled with a total pressure boundary condition because the flow will
hopefully be sucked in at this opening. The inlet temperature will be 27 oC.
COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge 01/2000

Chapter 2 Electronic Enclosure
The heat loading on the three circuit boards will total about 6 Watts and the
power supply will have a heat dissipation of 16 Watts.
The analysis will be run in three steps. The first 100 iterations will solve the
flow equations only (not heat transfer). The second step will be to turn off
the flow equations, and solve the thermal equations only based on the
already solved flow field. The third step will be turn back on the flow with
the heat transfer also on to get the buoyancy effects.
After the analysis is completed, all the steps necessary to post process using
CFDisplay will be covered. In some of the other tutorials in this manual, the
post processing steps are only briefly discussed, so it is a good idea to refer
back to this example when CFDisplay questions arise.
Key Topics
q Convective heat transfer
q Distributed resistances
q Fan curve boundary condition
q Total pressure boundary condition
q Internal fan
q Application of boundary conditions
q Incompressible flow
q Turbulent flow
q Steady-state
Before Starting This Lesson...

When running COSMOS/Flow, the numerical values of the solid and fluid
properties (e.g., density, viscosity, etc.) that you will enter are dependent on
the active preferred unit system in COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/
Edge. We recommend that you setup your preferred system of units as
2-2 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge 01/2000

described in the next procedure so that you enter same numerical specified
in this example.
To setup unit options:

1 On the menu bar, click Tools, Options. The Options dialog box opens.
2 Click the Units tab.
3 From the System drop-down menu, select SI.
4 Click OK.
Other unit settings are irrelevant to this example.
Opening The Model

To open the model:
1 Click File, Open. The Open dialog box opens.
2 Change the Files of type field to Parasolid Files (*.x_t,*.
x_b,*.xmt_txt,*.xmt_bin).
3 Browse to the \brni_files\Examples folder in COSMOS/Flow

installation directory.
4 Double-click the ELECTRONIC_BOX.x_t file.
or...
Select the ELECTRONIC_BOX.x_t file and click Open. The model opens.
The geometry is an assembly comprised of 4 parts as shown in Figure 1-1.

The first part is an air volume that extends from the box inlets to the outlet.
The three circuit board and the baffle wall are cut out of this part. A square
inlet forms another part. A power supply is located near the top of the
box.The last part is the power supply fan below the power supply.
COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge 01/2000 2-3

Figure 1-1 The electronic enclosure assembly
Baffle Wall Outlet
Circuit Boards
Square Vented
Inlet
Power
Supply
Power Supply
Inlet Fans fan
Create a Thermal Analysis Study
The first step in performing analysis is to create a thermal study. You can
use the Visualizer or the menu system to create and manage studies.

To create a thermal analysis study:

1 In the Visualizer tree, right-click the
ELECTRONIC_BOX part icon, and
select Study. The Study dialog box
opens. Click the Add button. The Study
Name dialog box opens.
2 In the New Study field, type in the name
of the study, for example, Study-1.
COSMOS/Flow does not support

spaces in the file name. Therefore, you
must not use spaces in the studys
name.
3 From the Analysis Type drop-down
menu, choose Thermal.
4 Click OK to return to the Study dialog
box.
5 Click OK. The program creates the
study in the Visualizer tree.
The Visualizer is a convenient tool that manages aspects related to design

analysis studies. Equivalent commands are available in the pull-down
menus.
Meshing the Model

Meshing the model is a crucial step in the modeling process. The mesh
quality depends on the active mesh options.

To setup the mesh options:

1 On the menu bar, click Tools,
Options. The Options dialog
box opens.
2 Click the Mesh tab.
1 In the Quality box, select
Draft.
2 In the Mesh Type box, click

Standard.
3 In the Mesh Control box,

select Automatic Transition
and Smooth Surface.
Click the Help button for

detailed information.
4 Click OK.
The draft option results in generating low-order elements (4-node

tetrahedral). COSMOS/Flow supports high quality mesh (10-node
tetrahedral). The high-quality mesh gives better answers compared to
the a mesh with the same number of draft quality elements but takes
more time and computer resources. We will use the draft quality mesh
in this example.
To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create. The
Mesh dialog box opens.
2 Move the slider to the most right position (finest element size).
3 Click OK. Meshing starts. When completed, click OK.

Notice the checkmark that appears on the Mesh icon indicating that
the mesh has been created.
Mesh generated in COSMOS/

DesignSTAR and COSMOS/Edge
Applying Boundary Conditions

Structural boundary conditions are used to map fluid flow boundary
conditions. These conditions are not available in the right-menus of
the Visualizer for thermal studies. You must use the menu system for
this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions to the electronic box
assembly:
A fan curve to the inlets.
Prescribed temperature on the fan curve inlets.
Total pressure on the square inlet.
Prescribed temperature on the square inlet.
Heat flux to the circuit boards.
Volume heat to the power supply.
Total pressure on the outlet.

Before proceeding with the application of the boundary conditions

mentioned above, it is advisable to review the Loads and Boundary
Conditions section in the Solver Users Guide.
Applying a fan curve to the inlets:

The application of a fan curve to an inlet is carried out in two procedures.
The first procedure is to mark the inlet associated with the fan curve by
applying a non-zero force along the X-direction of the global coordinate
system. The second procedure is to define the fan curve ID by applying
pressure to the same inlet. The pressure value should be a non-zero integer
value.
To mark the inlets associated with the fan curve:

1 Select the two circular faces as shown in figure. Hold the Ctrl key down
while selecting multiple entities.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Load. The Loads dialog box
opens.
3 From the Load Type drop-down menu, select Force.
4 Click the Directional button.
5 Check the X component checkbox and enter any non-zero value.
6 Click OK.
To define the fan curve ID:

1 Select the same circular faces.
opens.
3 In the Load Type menu, make sure that Uniform Pressure is selected.

4 In the Value field, enter any integer

non-zero value, for example,1. This
number is the fan curve ID that will
be used later on by COSMOS/
Flow.
Notice the boundary condition

symbols that appear on the two
inlets.
Applying a temperature to
the fan curve inlets:
In the next procedure, we will apply a temperature of 300 oK to the fan

curve inlets.
To apply temperature to the fan curve inlets:

1 Select the faces of the two circular inlets.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Temperature. The
Temperature dialog box opens.
3 From the Units drop-down menu, select Kelvin.
4 In the Value field, enter 300.
5 Click OK.
Applying total pressure to the square inlet:
The application of total pressure is carried out in two procedures. The first
procedure is to mark the face(s) associated with this boundary condition, by
applying a non-zero force along the Y-direction of the global coordinate
system. The second procedure is to specify the total pressure value by
applying pressure with the same value as the desired total pressure.

To mark the face associated with the total pressure:

1 Select the square inlet face as shown in figure.
opens.
5 Check the Y component checkbox and enter any non-zero value.
6 Click OK.
To specify the total pressure

value:
1 Select the square inlet face.
2 On the menu bar, click Define,
Loads/BC, Load . The Loads dialog
box opens.
3 In the Load Type menu, make sure
that Uniform Pressure is selected.
4 Make sure that the Normal button is
checked.
5 From the Units drop-down menu, select SI.
6 In the Value field, enter 1e-15.
7 Click OK.
Applying temperature to the square inlet:
In the next procedure, we will apply a temperature of 300 oK to the square

inlet.
To apply temperature to the square inlet:

1 Select the face of the square inlet.


5 Click OK.
Applying heat power to the circuit boards
Next, we will apply a heat power of magnitude 2 W to each of the three

circuit boards inside the box. This heat power will be applied to the lower
face of the upper circuit board, the upper face of the lower circuit board, and
the left face of the vertical circuit board. To ease the process of selecting
hidden faces of the circuit boards, we will turn the Wireframe viewing mode
on by clicking on the selection toolbar of COSMOS/DesignSTAR or
COSMOS/Edge.
To apply heat power to the circuit boards:

1 With the Wireframe viewing mode turned
on, select the faces mentioned above. Hold
the Ctrl key down while selecting multiple
entities.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC,
Heat Load . The Heat Loads dialog box
opens.
3 From the Heat Load Type drop-down
menu, make sure that Heat Power is
selected.
6 Click OK.

Applying volume heat to the power supply
We will apply a total volume heat of 16 W to the power supply.
To apply volume heat to the power supply:

1 In the Visualizer, click the Power_Source icon in the Components
folder.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Heat Load. The Heat Loads
dialog box opens.
3 From the Heat Load Type drop-down menu, select Volume Heat.
4 Make sure that SI is selected from the Units drop-down menu.
5 In the Value field, enter 16 (Watts).
6 Click OK.
Applying the exit total pressure on the outlet:
Finally we apply exit total pressure on the extended outlet face. Refer to
Applying total pressure to the square inlet section in this tutorial.

1 Select the outlet face as shown in figure.
opens.
5 Check the Y component checkbox and enter any non-zero value.
6 Click OK.

To specify the total pressure value:

1 Select the outlet face.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Load .
The Loads dialog box opens.
3 In the Load Type menu, make sure that Uniform
Pressure is selected.
4 Make sure that the Normal button is checked.

7 Click OK.
Running the Analysis
Starting COSMOS/Flow
On the menu bar, click Define, Run COSMOS/Flow. The COSMOS/Flow
starts with a message that the control file of the study is not found and will
be created. Click OK to close the message window.
Setting the analysis

To set the analysis options:
1 Click the Options icon . The Analysis Selections & Operating
Conditions dialog box opens.
2 In the ANALYSIS UNITS field, make sure that m-kg-s is selected.
The units that appear in the ANALYSIS UNITS window are those of
the unit system selected when you set the Units options in COSMOS/
DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge (using Tools, Options, Units from
the menu bar). You must leave this option unchanged. If you select
another system of units, the program will issue a warning message.

3 Accepts all the defaults and click OK.
To setup the fan curves for the inlet fans:

1 On COSMOS/Flow menu bar, click Options, Boundary Conditions,
Fan Curves. The External Fan/Pump Curve Specification dialog box
opens.
2 Click the Add button. The Add External Fan/Pump Curve dialog box
opens.
3 In the Set ID field, enter 1 (this is the value we set when applying fan
curve boundary condition), and click OK.
4 Enter the fan curve data shown in figure using the Insert Before and
Insert After buttons.
5 To plot the fan curve data, click Plot.

6 When done, click OK.
To setup the open air fluid property:

1 Click the Fl Prop icon . The Fluid Properties dialog box opens.
2 In the Fluid ID field, make sure that 1 appears. This number
corresponds to the Electronic_Box part of the assembly.
3 From the Name drop-down menu, select AIR_m-kg-s_Constant.

4 Click OK.
To setup the fluid properties for the power supply:

1 Click the Fl Prop icon. The Fluid Properties dialog box opens.
2 Click the New button, The New Fluid Property dialog box opens.
3 From the Pre-Processor Property Ids drop-down menu, select 2
Power_Source. The New Property Id field will automatically change to
2.
4 Click OK to close this dialog box. You will return to the Fluid
Properties dialog box.
6 From the Name drop-down menu, select User_Defined.
7 Click the Conductivity button, and enter a value of 31.5 for the thermal
conductivity (approximate conductivity of sheet steel). Click OK.

8 Check the Extended Attributes checkbox.

9 In the Attributes box, check the Resistance checkbox.
10 Click the Edit button. The Resistance Properties dialog box opens.
11 Enter the following values: Kx = 10000, Lx = 0, Ky = 197, Ly = 0.127, Kz
= 10000, Lz = 0 .
12 Click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties dialog box again.

13 Click OK to end
setting up the
power supply
properties.
The values of Kx and

Kz were chosen to be
large to try to prevent
flow in the X and Z
directions. The values
of Lx and Lz are not
required since their K
values are so high.The
value of Ky is an
approximate value based on a grating resistance and a free area coefficient.
Ly of 0.127 m is the length over which this resistance acts.
To setup fluid properties for the power supply fan:

2 Click the New button. The New Fluid Property dialog box opens.
Internal_Fan. The New Property Id field will automatically change to 3.
Properties dialog box
7 In the Attributes box, check the Internal Fan/Pump checkbox.
8 Click the Edit button, the Internal Fan/Pump Properties dialog box
opens
9 From the Fan/Pump Flow Direction drop-down menu, select +Y.
10 In the Fan/Pump Flow Rate field, enter 5 and select CFM.
11 In the Fan/Pump Speed (RPM) field, enter 500 and click OK.

12 Click OK to close the Fluid Properties dialog box.
To setup the fluid properties for the inlet vents:

Inlet_Vent. The New Property Id field will automatically change to 4.
4 Click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties dialog box.
7 In the Attributes box, check the Resistance checkbox and click the Edit
button. The Resistance Properties dialog box opens.
= 1000, Lz = 0.
10 Click OK.
To initialize temperature:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow menu bar, click Control, Initialization. The
Initialization dialog box opens.
2 In the Temp field, enter 300.

3 Click OK.
Step 1: Solving the flow equations

In the first 100 iterations, the program will solve the flow equations only
without heat transfer.
To start the analysis:

1 Click the Analyze icon . The Analyze dialog box opens.
2 Click GO. The analysis starts.
While the analysis is running, you can observe how the results evolve with
the solution by watching the display in the CFDisplay window.

Figure 1-2 Run-time display of the results
In the CFDisplay Controls window, you can choose which result variable
will be displayed by selecting a quantity in the Results group.
In the Model group, choosing Surface displays results on all of the surfaces
of the model (they will have some transparency) and choosing Edge dis-
plays all surfaces of the model as edge lines. The latter choice is useful
when a cutting plane is used because it offers greater visibility into the
model.
The settings in the Display group control how results are shown. If Vector is
chosen, all surfaces and the cutting plane will be shown as vectors. In this
model, however, all the surfaces are walls, so only the cutting plane vectors
will be displayed. If Contour is chosen, all surfaces and the cutting plane
will be displayed as contours.
The orientation of the model in the display window is modified using the
View group. Choose an orientation from the drop-down menu or click the
Reset button to return the model to its original orientation and location in
the window.

The cutting plane can be oriented and located using the commands in the
Cutting Plane group. If you select Visible, the cutting plane contours will be
displayed. If Visible is deselected, only the vectors on the cutting plane will
be displayed.
To pan the model in the CFDisplay window:

In the CFDisplay window, press and hold the left mouse button while
moving the cursor around on the screen.
To zoom in or out the model:

In the CFDisplay window, press and hold the middle mouse button and
drag upward to zoom in the model, or drag downward to zoom out the
model.
If your mouse does not have a middle button, you can press the left
and right mouse buttons simultaneously while dragging upward or
downward.
To change the result to be displayed:

On the CFDisplay Controls window, click the result you want to display.
Available results are: VMag (velocity magnitude), Pres (pressure), Temp
(temperature), Scalar (scalar quantities), and Vx, Vy, Vz (velocity
components).

To display the model as outline:

On the CFDisplay Controls window, click Edge. The model will be
displayed as an outline.
To display contours only on a cutting plane:

1 On the CFDisplay Controls window, make sure that Contour is
checked.
2 In the Cutting Plane box, make sure that Visible is checked. The cutting
plane will be displayed as a contour.
3 Change the location of the plane by moving the slider bar.
4 Change the orientation of the cutting plane by clicking the X or Y
buttons.
To display vectors only on a cutting plane:

1 On the CFDisplay Controls window, check Vector checkbox.
2 In the Cutting Plane box, uncheck Visible. Vectors will be displayed.
The location and orientation of the cutting plane can be adjusted as
mentioned earlier.
In the COSMOS/Flow main window, the summary values of the degrees of

freedom are plotted, and the average, minimum, and maximum values are
displayed in the window. The purpose of all of these tools is to keep the
analysis interactive. At any point in the analysis cycle, you can tell how
your solution is progressing.
Step 2: solving the heat transfer equations
In this phase of the solution process, we will turn off the flow solver and
turn on the thermal solver, and run the analysis for 10 more iterations.
To set analysis options for the heat transfer solver:

1 On the Analyze window, click Close.

2 On the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Options button. The

Analysis Selections & Operating Conditions dialog box opens.
3 In the Flow box, check No Flow.
4 In the Heat Transfer box, click Thermal.
5 Click OK.
To run the thermal solver:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Analyze icon. The
Analyze dialog box opens.
2 Check the Model and Results checkboxes.
3 In the Iterations to run field, enter 10.
4 Click GO.

Step 3: Solving the flow equations with the thermal

solver on
After the thermal-only solution is finished, we will turn back on the flow
solver and leave the thermal solver on and add a gravity vector, and run for
100 more iterations.
To turn on the flow solver:

2 On the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Options icon. The
3 In the Flow box, check Internal Flow.
4 In the Gravitational Vector box, enter 9.8 in the Z Comp field.
5 Click OK.

To run the analysis:

2 Make sure that Model and Results are checked.
4 Click GO.
Postprocessing
Convergence Assessment
To view the convergence review:
1 After the analysis is completed, click the Close button on the Analyze
window.
2 In the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Check icon to
view the Convergence Review.
3 To close the Convergence Review window, click the OK button.
Understanding the Convergence Review Plots
There are two criteria which should be used to determine convergence, each
exhibited in the two plots displayed on the Convergence Review window.
The upper plot is a plot of the residuals, an indication of relative change
between iterations. The lower plot shows the summary values of the degrees
of freedom. These lines are the same as those displayed on the interactive
Convergence Review window while the program is running.
One of the most useful convergence assessment tools is the flatness of the
summary curves. If they are flat, the values are not changing, and the solu-
tion can probably be considered converged. Based on this discussion, the

solution shown in Figure 1-3 for the electronic box model is considered
converged.
Figure 1-3 Convergence Review window
To change the range of iterations displayed on the

Convergence Review window:
1 Open the Convergence Review window by clicking the Check icon on
the COSMOS/Flow toolbar.
2 In the Start field, enter 100 and press Enter. The plots will show the run
history from iteration 100 to completion.
To display the convergence of only one degree of freedom:

1 On the Convergence Review window, select U Vel from the Residual
drop-down menu.
2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select U Vel. Now only the
convergence plots of U Vel (the X component of the velocity) are
displayed, along with their maximum and minimum values.
3 To close the Convergence Review window, click OK.

Figure 1-4 Convergence plots of U Vel
To view the summary file

1 On the COSMOS/Flow menu, click Review, Summary, Last Run. The
summary (Assembly name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file contains
the max, min, and average value of a number of quantities in the model.
2 Scroll down to the inlets and outlets. For each boundary opening in the
model, the mass flow entering or leaving the model is displayed as well
as the bulk pressure, temperature, Reynolds number, etc. Compare the
Total Mass Flow In to the Total Mass Flow Out. They are very close,
and opposite in sign. Also displayed is the energy balance.
3 To close the summary file, click Exit.

Result Postprocessing in CFDisplay

On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Results icon . This will
bring up the full version of CFDisplay (as opposed to the run-time version
used in the interactive analysis). CFDisplay will come up and your model
will be automatically loaded. The orientation within CFDisplay will be the
same as how you left it in the run-time CFDisplay. As mentioned earlier,
you can pan, zoom in/out, and/or rotate the model by using the left, middle,
and right mouse buttons respectively.
To change the background color of the CFDisplay window:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Display, Background. The
Background Settings dialog box opens.
2 Click the Single box, the Color window opens.
3 Select your preferred color, in this example we will select white.
4 Click OK to close the Color window.
5 Click OK to close the Background Settings dialog box.
To change feature attributes and visibility of the model:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Change Part Attributes. The
Change Part Attributes dialog box opens.
2 Highlight both the inlets and the outlets and uncheck Visible and click
Apply. Only the walls should be visible now. Use the right mouse
button to rotate the model and to peer into it. You should only be able to
see the circuit boards within the box and no other internal walls in this
model. In the Change Part Attributes dialog, select both the inlets and
the outlets again and check Visible then click Apply.
Instead of clicking Apply each time you make a change in the model
view, you can check the Auto apply checkbox and your changes will
take effect automatically.
3 Highlight Wall 1 Prop 1 then check the Transparent checkbox.
4 Click the Material button. The Material Properties dialog box opens.

5 Enter 0.5 in the Transparency field and click OK. The model outer wall
will be transparent.
6 To close the Change Part Attributes dialog box, click Close.
To plot velocity magnitude contours:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Color Fringes.
2 On the Select CFDisplay Results window, select Velocity Magnitude
from the Scalar drop-down menu.
3 Click Apply.
To change the display of the model:

On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show As Outline to show the
model outline. This will help for the next step, cutting planes.
To display the velocity magnitude contours on a cutting plane:

1 On the CFDisplay main menu, click Scalar, Cuttingplane. The
Cuttingplane dialog box opens.
2 Click Apply to make the cutting plane appear.
3 Change the location of the cutting plane by moving the Z slider bar and
click Apply.

Figure 1-5 Velocity magnitude contour plot on a cutting plane
To change the orientation of the cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field to 0 1 0 (put a
space between numbers) then click Apply.
2 Use the Y slider bar to change the location of the plane.
To speed up the movement, uncheck Auto apply if it is checked, and

click Apply after every location change.
To show vectors on the cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field back to 0 0 1.
2 Check both Hide plane and Vectors .
3 Click Apply. Velocity vectors will be displayed on the model.

To show both vectors and contours:

4 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, uncheck Hide plane.
5 Click Apply. Velocity contours and vectors will be displayed.
Figure 1-6 Velocity magnitude contours and velocity vectors plots
To change the quantity being displayed:

In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select one of the other
quantities, Static Temperature for example, from the Scalar drop-down
menu and click Apply. The static temperature contours and the velocity
vectors will be displayed on the cutting plane.
To change the range of the results being displayed:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Set Scalar Ranges. The
Scalar Ranges dialog box opens.
2 In the Fringe range box, set Max to 304.

3 Click Apply.
4 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Textured Fringes. This
option will give a more distinct separation between temperature values.
Figure 1-7 Temperature fringe plot on a cutting plane
Note that the velocity vectors are displayed on this cutting plane to
better illustrate what is happening to the heated air. From the figure
above, you can see that the inlet vents are not drawing any air, rather
the air leaves the box through these vents.
5 To turn off the cutting plane, click Clear in the Cuttingplane dialog box.
In the next procedure we will use the Particle Tracing command to plot the
air flow streamlines. For better application and visualization of the particle
traces we may need to change the background color of the CFDisplay
window to black. to do so, click Display, Background on the CFDisplay
menu bar and select black.

To display a particle trace

1 From the CFDisplay menu bar, click Vector, Particle Tracing. The
Particle Trace dialog box opens and a white dot (startpoint) will appear
in the middle of the model.
2 Use the top set of slider bars (labeled X1, Y1, and Z1) to move the
startpoint to any location in the model.
3 To plot a particle trace, click Apply. Try moving the start point to a
couple of different locations. Occasionally the point will be on a wall in
which case the trace will not start or the trace will hit a wall and not
proceed. If this happens, move the start point to a different location and
try again.
To plot multiple streamlines:

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box, check Specify as box. A box will
appear in the model and the lower set of slider bars (labeled X2, Y2, and
Z2) and the three windows (nx, ny, and nz) will become active. This is
how multiple stream lines are drawn in a model.
2 In the nx field, enter 3 and click Apply. You will see 3 streamlines, all
starting parallel in the X direction. The top set of slider bars control the
minimum ranges of the box; the lower set control the maximum ranges
of the box. Experiment with these controls to change the shape and
location of the box, always click the Apply button to generate new
particle traces. The location of the box can be changed without

changing the size or shape by clicking on the Lock Coordinates button

and moving the slider bars.
The coloring of the particle traces is determined by the result being

displayed. The result can be changed at any time during use of particle
traces.
To animate particle traces:

1 In the Particle Traces dialog box, click the Display Setup button. The
Particle Trace Display Setup dialog box opens.
2 Check Animate.
3 In the Animate using line (worm) box, check Tail.
4 Click Apply. The particle traces
will be animated.
5 During this animation, you can
change the orientation of the
model as you want using the
mouse buttons: Left = Pan;
Middle = Zoom; Right =
Rotate.
The location and number of particle traces can be changed by

changing the controls in the Particle Trace dialog box (i.e., changing
the sliders and nx, ny, and nz fields). To view the changes you made,
click Apply.
6 To end the animation, uncheck the Animate button and click Apply in
the Particle Display Setup dialog box.
7 To remove the particle traces from the display, click the Reset button
on the Particle Trace dialog box.

Figure 1-8 Particle trace plot
Note that the particle traces show that most of the left inlet fan air is blown
out the inlet vents.

3 Poppet Valve
Introduction
using COSMOS/Works, please refer to part II of this manual.
This is an example of air flow through a poppet valve. The air is turned 90
degrees shortly after entering the duct; the flow then passes around the
valve body and exits. A half-symmetry model is used to reduce the overall
model size.
Key topics
q Three dimensional model and mesh (4 node tetrahedral elements)
q Turbulent flow
q Steady-state
q Symmetric model

Chapter 3 Poppet Valve
Before starting this lesson...

in this example.

3 From the System drop-down menu, select CGS.
4 Click OK.
Opening the model

To open the model:
3 Browse to the \brni_files\Examples folder in the COSMOS/Flow

4 Double-click the valv3d_main.x_t file.
or...
Select the valv3d_main.x_t file and click Open. The model opens.
The model is a single part as shown in Figure 2-1. This part represents the
fluid volume from which a solid poppet space was cut out.

Figure 2-1 The Poppet Valve Assembly
Flow Volume
Inlet
Poppet space
Exit


1 In the Visualizer tree, right-click the valv3d_main part icon, and select
Study. The Study dialog box opens.
2 Click the Add button. The Study Name dialog box opens.
3 In the New Study field, type in the name of the study, for example,
Study-2.
COSMOS/Flow does not support spaces in file names. Therefore, you

should not use spaces in the studys name.
4 From the Analysis Type drop-down menu, choose Thermal.
5 Click OK to return to the Study dialog box.
6 Click OK. The program creates the study in the Visualizer tree.

Meshing the Model

To set the mesh options:


1 In the Quality box, select Draft.

in this example.
2 In the Mesh Type box, click Standard .
3 In the Mesh Control box, check Automatic Transition, User Defined
Control, and Smooth Surface.

Click the Help button for detailed information.

4 Click OK.
To apply mesh control to the inlet face:

1 Select the face of the inlet.
2 In the Visualizer, right-
click the Mesh icon and
select Apply Control. The
Mesh Control dialog box Inlet face
opens.
3 From the Units menu, make sure that cm is selected.
4 In the Value field, enter 0.3.
5 In the Ratio field, enter 1.25.
6 In the Layers field, enter 3.
7 Click OK. The mesh control symbol appears on the face and the
corresponding icon appears in the Visualizer tree.
To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click
the Mesh icon and select
Create . The Mesh dialog
box opens.
2 In the Global Size field, enter
1 (cm).
3 Click OK.
Meshed Model
Notice the checkmark that
appears on the Mesh icon
indicating that the mesh has been created successfully.
To hide the mesh, right-click the Mesh icon and select Hide Mesh.


this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions to the poppet valve part.
Inlet velocity of 500 cm/s.
Slip condition on the face of symmetry of the model.
Exit pressure of 1X10-15 Pa.

mentioned above, it is recommended to review the Loads and
Boundary Conditions section in the Solver Users Guide.
Applying velocity to the inlet:

To apply inlet velocity:
Loads/BC, Restraints. The
Restraint dialog box opens.
3 From the Restraint Type drop-down
menu, select Prescribed.
4 From the Units drop-down menu,
select cm.
5 Check the X component checkbox and enter 500 in its field.
6 Click OK.

Applying slip (symmetry) condition:

To apply a slip (symmetry) condition:
1 Select the flat face of symmetry shown in figure.
Face of symmetry
of the model
opens.
4 Check the Directional button.
5 Check the Z component checkbox and enter any positive non zero
value.
Negative values map the unknown boundary condition.

6 Click OK.

Applying exit static pressure:

To apply static pressure at the exit:
1 Select the face of the exit of the valve.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/
BC, Load. The Loads dialog box
opens.
3 From the Load Type drop-down
menu, make sure that Uniform

selected.
5 From the Units drop-down menu, make sure that CGS is selected.
7 Click OK.
starts. A message will prompt you that a new control file will be generated
for this problem. Click OK.

To set options:

1 From the ANALYSIS UNITS drop-down menu, verify that cm-g-s is

selected.
The default system of units is read from the preprocessor. You should
not change this setting. If you choose some other system of units, you
will get a warning message.
2 Click OK to accept the rest of the defaults.
To set the fluid properties:

2 From the Name drop-down menu, select AIR_cm-g-s_Constant. The
properties are now set in the correct units.
3 Click OK.


model.
the window.

be displayed.


model.
downward.

components).



checked.
buttons.

mentioned earlier.


Postprocessing
To view the convergence review plots:
1 After the analysis is completed, click Close on the Analyze window.
The upper plot shows the residuals, an indication of relative changes

of freedom. These curves are the same as those displayed in the interactive
Convergence Review while the program is running.

tion can probably be considered converged. In this case, they are flat and so
the solution is considered converged.
To change the range of iterations displayed on the Convergence

Review window:
COSMOS/Flow toolbar.
To display the convergence of the Y component of the velocity:

1 From the Residual drop-down menu in the Convergence Review
window, select V Vel.
2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select V Vel. The convergence of
the Y component of the velocity from iteration 30 to the end of the
analysis will be displayed.

Figure 2-4 Convergence plot of the V velocity component
To view the analysis summary:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow menu bar, click Review, Summary, Last Run.
The summary (Part name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file
contains the max, min, and average value of a number of quantities in
the model.
model, the mass flow entering or leaving the model is displayed as is
the bulk pressure, temperature, Reynolds number, etc. Compare the
Total Mass Flow In to the Total Mass Flow Out. They are very close
and opposite in sign.


To start the full version of CFDisplay:
Click the Results icon to bring up the full version of CFDisplay (as
opposed to the run-time version used in the interactive analysis).
CFDisplay will come up and your model will be automatically loaded. The
orientation within CFDisplay will be the same as how you left it in the run-
time CFDisplay.

2 Click the Single box (black by default), the Color window opens.

2 Highlight Wall 1 Prop 1. Then hold the Ctrl key down and select Wall 2
Prop 1 .
3 Make sure that Visible is checked

4 Check the Transparent checkbox.
6 In the Transparency field, enter 0.5 and click OK. You will return to the
Change Part Attributes dialog box.
7 Click Apply. You should see that the wall is transparent now.

8 Click Close to close this dialog box.

2 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Textured Fringes.
3 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, make sure that Velocity
Magnitude is selected from the Scalar drop-down menu.
4 Click Apply. The velocity magnitude contours will now be displayed.

Figure 2-5 Velocity magnitude contours on the model surface
To plot static pressure contours:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select one of the other
quantities from the Scalar drop-down menu, for example, Static
Pressure.
2 Click Apply.

Figure 2-6 Static pressure contours on the model surface

On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show as Outline to show the
model outline. This will help for the next step, using cutting planes.
To display velocity magnitude on a cutting plane:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select Velocity Magnitude
from the Scalar drop-down menu and click Apply.
2 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Cuttingplane. The
3 To view the default cutting plane, click Apply.
4 Check the Auto apply checkbox if it is not checked.
5 Change the location of the cutting plane by moving the Z slider bar.
6 Change the orientation of the cutting plane by changing the Normal
field to 0 1 0 (put a space between numbers).

8 To show only vectors on the cutting plane, check both Hide Plane and
Vectors checkboxes.
9 To show only contours on the cutting plane, uncheck both Hide plane
and Vectors checkboxes.
10 To show both vectors and contours, check Vectors and uncheck Hide
plane checkboxes.
11 To turn off the cutting plane, click the Clear button then the Close
button to close the Cuttingplane dialog box. (This is optional. You can
leave the cutting plane displayed and even move it when particle traces
are on.)
Figure 2-7 Velocity magnitude contours and vectors on a cutting plane
In the next procedure, we will display particle traces inside the model. For
a better visualization of the particle traces, we will hide the inlet, outlet, and
the slip face of the model. We will also change the background color of the
CFDisplay window to Black.
To display the model as surface with no fringes:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show As Surface.

2 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Color Fringes. The model
will be displayed as surfaces with no result color fringes on it.
To hide the inlet, outlet, and slip face of the model:

2 Select Inlet 1, Outlet 1, and Slip1 and uncheck Visible.
For multiple selection of entities, press and hold the Ctrl key down.
3 Click Apply. The selected entities will be hidden and you can see inside
the model.
To change the background color to black:

2 Click the Single box. The Color dialog box opens.
3 Select Black and click OK. You will return to the Background Settings
dialog box.
4 Click OK.
To display particle traces (multiple streamlines):

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Vector, Particle Tracing. The
Particle Trace dialog box opens and a white dot (startpoint) appears in
the middle of the model. In this case, the dot is initially outside the
model.
2 Check Specify as box checkbox. A box will appear in the model and
the lower set of slider bars (labeled X2, Y2, and Z2) and the three fields
(labeled nx, ny, and nz) will become active.
3 Move the upper and lower slide bars to the positions shown in figure.

4 Enter 5 in the nx, ny, and nz fields. and click Apply. The particle traces
will be displayed.

1 In the Particle Tracing dialog
box, click the Display Setup
button. The Particle Trace
Display Setup dialog box
opens.
2 Check show and Animate
checkboxes.
3 In the Animate using line
(worm) box, check Tail.
4 Click Apply. The particle traces will be animated.
During this animation, you can change the orientation of the model as
you want using the mouse buttons.
You can change the location and number of particle traces. Just be
sure to click on the Apply button on the Particle Trace window.

5 To end the animation, uncheck the Animate button and click Apply. To
remove the particle traces from the display, click Reset on the Particle
Trace dialog box.


4 Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
Introduction
using COSMOS/Works, please refer to Part II of this manual.
In this example, a simple shell and tube heat exchanger will be analyzed.
This exercise deals with setting up and running a COSMOS/Flow analysis
with multiple fluids.
Hot oil passes through the shell side and is cooled by water passing through
the tube. The inlet temperature of the oil is 210 oC, and that of the water is
20 oC. The flow rate of the oil is 5 gpm, and the flow rate of the water is 6
gpm. The tube is made of Copper and the wall of the shell is exposed to 30
o
C air.
Key topics
q Thermally connected multiple fluids.
q Convective and conjugate heat transfer

Chapter 4 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
q Application of flow and thermal boundary conditions

q Steady-state
Before starting this lesson...

in this example.

3 From the System drop-down menu, select SI.
4 Click OK.
Other unit settings are irrelevant to this example
Opening the model

To open the model:


4 Double-click the SHELTUBE.x_t file.

or...
Select the SHELTUBE.x_t file and click Open. The model opens.

Part 1 represents the hot fluid, Part 3 represents the cooling fluid, and Part 2
represents the inner tube shell.
Figure 3-1 The Heat Exchanger Model
Hot fluid exit
Hot fluid volume
Cooling fluid
exit
Copper
Cooling fluid shell tube
inlet Cooling fluid volume
Hot fluid inlet

1 In the Visualizer tree, right-click the SHELTUBE part icon, and select
Study. The Study dialog box opens. Click the Add button. The Study

Study-3.
COSMOS/Flow does not support spaces in the file name. Therefore,

you must not use spaces in the study name.
Meshing the Model

To set the mesh options:


5 In the Mesh Control box, check Automatic Transition, User Defined
6 Click OK.

in this example.

To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the
Mesh icon and select Create. The
2 Move the slider to the far most
right position (corresponds to
global element size of 0.13261 m).
3 Click OK.
Notice the checkmark that appears

on the Mesh icon indicating that
the mesh has been created
successfully.

this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions to the heat exchanger
model:
Inlet velocity for the hot fluid of 0.0016 m/sec.
Inlet temperature for the hot fluid of 210 oC.
Exit pressure for the hot fluid of 1X10-15 Pa.
Inlet velocity for the cooling fluid of 0.003 m/sec.
Inlet temperature for the cooling fluid of 20 oC.
Exit pressure for the cooling fluid of 1X10-15 Pa.
Slip condition on the faces of symmetry of the model.
Convection boundary condition on the outer face of the hot fluid.


Applying velocity at the hot fluid inlet

To apply velocity at the hot fluid inlet:
1 Select the face of the inlet of the hot fluid as
shown in figure.
Restraints. The Restraints dialog box opens.
3 From the Restraint Type drop-down menu, select

Prescribed.
4 From the Units drop-down menu, make sure that

m (meter) is selected.
5 Check the Y component checkbox and enter

0.0016 in its field.
6 Click OK.
select this face
Assigning temperature to the hot fluid inlet

To assign temperature to the hot fluid inlet:
1 Select the same face as in the previous procedure.
3 From the Units drop-down menu, select Celsius.
4 In the Value field enter 210.
5 Click OK.

Applying static pressure to the hot fluid exit

To apply pressure to the hot fluid exit:
1 Select the face of the outlet of the hot fluid as shown in figure.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Select this
Load. The Loads dialog box opens. face
3 From the Load Type drop-down menu, make

sure that Uniform Pressure is selected.
checked.
5 From the Units drop-down menu, make sure
that SI is selected.
6 In the Value field enter 1e-15.
7 Click OK.
Applying velocity to the cooling fluid inlet

To apply velocity to the cooling fluid inlet:
1 Select the face of the inlet of the cooling fluid
as shown in figure.
Restraints. The Restraint dialog box opens.
3 From the Restraint Type drop-down menu

select Prescribed.
that m (meter) is selected. Select this face
5 Check the X component checkbox and enter -

0.003 in its field.
6 Click OK.

Applying temperature at the cooling fluid inlet

To apply temperature to the cooling fluid inlet:
1 Select the face of the inlet of the cooling fluid as in the previous
procedure.
3 From the Units drop-down menu select Celsius.
5 Click OK.
Applying static pressure at the cooling fluid exit

To apply pressure to the cooling fluid exit:
1 Select the face of the cooling fluid outlet as
shown in figure.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Load.
The Loads dialog box opens.
3 In the Load Type drop-down menu, make sure
that Uniform Pressure is selected.
Select this
4 Make sure that the Normal button is checked. face
5 In the Units drop-down menu, make sure that SI

is selected.
7 Click OK.
Applying slip (symmetry) condition

To apply the slip (symmetry) boundary condition:
1 Select the faces of symmetry of the model as shown in figure.


Loads/BC, Load. The Loads dialog
box opens.
3 From the Load Type drop-down
menu, select Force.
4 Check the Directional button.
5 Check the Z component and enter
any non-zero value.
6 Click OK.
Applying convection to the outer faces of the model

To apply convection:
1 Select the outer faces of the model as
shown in figure.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/
BC, Convection. The Convection
dialog box opens.
3 In the Film Coefficient box, make sure
that SI is selected and enter 5 in the
Select these faces
Value field.
4 In the Bulk Temperature box, select
Celsius from the Units drop down menu and enter 30.
5 Click OK.

starts.

To set analysis options:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Options icon . The
2 From the ANALYSIS UNITS drop-down menu, select m-kg-s.
3 In the Turbulence box, check Laminar.
4 In the Heat Transfer box, check Thermal.
5 Accept the rest of the defaults and click OK.
Assigning material properties

To set the hot fluid (oil) properties:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Fl Prop icon . The Fluid
Properties dialog box opens.
2 In the Fluid ID, make sure that 1 is showing up.
3 From the Name drop-down menu, select H2O_m-kg-s_Constant.
5 Click the Density button, the Edit Constant Density dialog box opens.
6 Enter 806.5 and click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties dialog
box.
7 Click the Conductivity button, the Edit Constant Conductivity dialog
box opens.

8 Enter 0.132 and click OK.

9 Click the Specific Heat button, the Edit Constant Specific Heat Cp
dialog box opens.
10 Enter 2471 and click OK.
11 To close the Fluid Properties dialog box, click OK.
To set the cooling fluid (water) properties:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Fl Prop icon. The Fluid
3 From the Pre-Processor Property Ids drop-down menu, select 3 Part
and click OK.
5 Click OK.
To set the tube shell (Copper) properties:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click Sl Prop icon. The Solid Properties
dialog box opens.
2 Click the New button. The New Solid Property dialog box opens.
3 From the Pre-Processor Property Ids drop-down menu, select 2 Part
and click OK.
5 Click the X-Dir. Conductivity button. The Edit Constant Conductivity X-
dir dialog box opens.
9 Click the Specific Heat button. The Edit Constant Specific Heat Cp
dialog box opens.

11 Click OK to close the Solid Properties dialog box.
Starting the analysis

to start the analysis:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Analyze icon.
model.
the window.

be displayed.


model.
downward.

components).



checked.
buttons.

mentioned earlier.

Postprocessing



To display the convergence of the U component of the velocity:

drop-down menu.

2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select U Vel. The convergence of

the U component of the velocity will be displayed.
Figure 3-3 Convergence plot of the U velocity component

The summary (Assembly name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file
the model.
Total Mass Flow In to the Total Mass Flow Out. They are very close and
opposite in sign.


time CFDisplay.

To plot velocity magnitude contours on the model surface:

4 Click Apply. The velocity magnitude contours will be displayed on the

model surface.

Figure 3-4 Velocity magnitude contours
To plot static temperature contours on the model surface:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select Static Temperature
2 Click Apply. The static temperature contours will be displayed on the
model surface.

Figure 3-5 Static temperature contours on the model surface
In the next procedure, we will display the velocity magnitude and other
quantities of interest on a cutting plane.
To display static temperature contours and velocity vectors on

a cutting plane:
1 On the CFDisplay toolbar, click the Display Color Fringes button
to turn the display of color fringes off.
2 On the CFDisplay toolbar, click the Show Model Outline button .
4 To display the cutting plane, click Apply. The cutting plane will be
displayed with the static temperature contours on it.
The scalar result that will be displayed on a cutting plane is the one
currently selected in the Scalar field in the Select CFDisplay Results
dialog box. Similarly, the vector result that will be displayed on a
cutting plane is the one currently selected in the Vector field in the
Select CFDisplay Results dialog box.

5 Change the location of the

cutting plane by moving
the Z slider bar to the
position shown in figure
then click Apply.
Instead of clicking the

Apply button each time
you make a change in the dialog box controls, you may check Auto
apply button and your changes will take effect automatically.
However, this will affect the performance (speed) of the results
display.
6 To display the velocity vectors, check Vectors checkbox and click
Apply.
Figure 3-6 Temperature contours and velocity vectors on a cutting plane
To display velocity vectors on a cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field to 1 0 0.
The three digits in the Normal field refer to a unit vector normal to the
cutting plane.

When entering the Normal

field values, you should
leave a single space
between digits.
2 Click Apply. A cutting plane
normal to the X-axis of the
global coordinate system
will be displayed.
3 To display the velocity vectors on the cutting plane, check Vectors .
4 Move the cutting plane to the position where hot fluid enters the heat
exchanger by moving the X slider to the right as shown in figure.
5 To display velocity vectors on the cutting plane, check Vectors and
click Apply.
Figure 3-7 velocity vectors on a cutting plane
6 On the Cuttingplane dialog box, click Clear then Close.

In the next procedure, we will plot particle traces inside the heat exchanger.
For better visualization of the particle traces, we will hide the slip faces and
the inlets and outlet of the model.
To change the model visibility:

1 On CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Change Part Attributes. The
Chaneg Part Attributes dialog box opens.
2 In the list box, select inlets, outlets, and slip faces of the model and
uncheck Visible.
3 In the list box, select Wall 1 Prop 1.
4 In the Draw Style box, click Surface.
5 In the Part Attributes box, select Visible and Transparent.
8 Click Apply.
To plot particle traces:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar,
click Vector, Particle Tracing.
The Particle Trace dialog box
opens.
2 Check Specify as box
checkbox.
3 Move the upper and lower set
of slider bars to the positions
shown in figure.
4 In the nx, ny, and nz fields,
enter 5, 3, and 1 respectively.
5 Click Apply. The particle traces will be displayed.


1 In the Particle Trace dialog box, click Display setup button. The
2 Check Animate checkbox.
Figure 3-8 Animation of particle traces

5 Heart Valve
Introduction
using COSMOS/Works, please refer to part II of this manual.
In this example, a three dimensional model of an artificial heart valve is

analyzed. The working fluid is blood. A symmetry cut is made along the
length of the model to reduce the overall model size. This exercise deals
with three dimensional solid meshing, application of boundary conditions,
and setting up and running a COSMOS/Flow analysis with a non-Newto-
nian fluid.
Key Topics
q Three dimensional meshing
q Application of flow and slip boundary conditions
q Non-Newtonian fluid
q Eddy viscosity turbulence model
q Steady-state

Chapter 5 Heart Valve

in this example.

3 From the System drop-down menu, select Metric (G).
4 Click OK.
Opening The Model

To open the model:
3 Browse to the folder in which you installed COSMOS/Flow.

4 Click the Examples folder.
5 Double-click the HEARTVALVE.x_t file.
or...
Select the HEARTVALVE.x_t file and click Open. The model opens.

The geometry is comprised of a single part. The solid valve leaves have
been removed from the model, only the fluid space is modeled.
Figure 4-1 Geometry of the artificial heart valve
Fluid Outlet
Heart Valve leaves
Fluid Inlet


HEARTVALVE part icon, and select
2 Click the Add button. The Study Name

dialog box opens.

name.
box.
Meshing the Model

To setup the meshing options:
3 In the Mesh Control box, select Automatic Transition and Smooth
Surface .
4 Click OK.


in this example.
To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create. The Mesh
dialog box opens.
2 Accept the defaults and click OK.


this purpose
We will apply the following boundary conditions as shown in the figure:
Inlet velocity of magnitude 23.3 mm/sec normal to the inlet face.
Exit pressure of magnitude 1x10-15 Pa.
Slip face condition on the face of symmetry of the model
Figure 4-3. Loads and boundary conditions applied to the model.
Exit Pressure
on this face
Slip face (face of symmetry)
Inlet Velocity
on this face
Applying velocity to the inlet

To apply velocity to the inlet:
1 Select the inlet face.
2 On the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Restraints.
3 In the Restraint dialog box, select Prescribed from the Restraint Type
drop-down menu.

4 From the Units drop-down menu, select mm.

5 Check the Y checkbox, and enter 23.3 in its field.
6 Click OK.
Applying exit pressure

To apply exit pressure:
1 Select the outlet face.
2 on the menu bar, click Define, Loads/BC, Load. The Loads dialog box
opens.
3 From the Load Type drop-down menu, make sure that Uniform
4 Make sure that the Normal button is checked.

5 From the Units menu, select SI.
7 Click OK.
Applying the slip (symmetry) condition

To apply slip condition to the face of symmetry:
1 Select the face of symmetry of the model.
opens.
5 Check the Z checkbox, and enter 1 (or any other positive nonzero
value).
A negative value in this field maps to the unknown boundary

condition in COSMOS/Flow.

6 Click OK.
When applying slip boundary condition to a face, the value of the

force is not important. However, you have to enter a nonzero positive
value to activate the application of this boundary condition.
To start COSMOS/Flow:
On the menu bar, click Define, Run COSMOS/Flow.
Setting the Analysis Options

To set the analysis selections:
1 Click on the Options icon . The Analysis Selection & Operating
2 From the ANALYSIS UNITS menu, make sure that mm-g-s is selected.
3 In the Turbulence box, check the Laminar checkbox. The flow through
the heart valve is laminar. This is typically true for most biomedical
flows.
The units selected in Analysis Units are the same as the units settings
in COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge. If you change this
default units, a message window warns you that the units you selected
do not match COSMOS units.

Assigning materials
To set the blood property:
1 Click on the Fl Prop icon . The Fluid Properties dialog box opens.
1 From the Name drop-down menu, select H2O_mm-g-s_Constant.
2 From the Name drop-down menu, select User Defined to enter the
properties of the blood.
3 Click on the Density button and enter 0.0010581.
4 From the Viscosity drop-down menu, select NonNewt Pwr Law.
5 Click the Viscosity button. The Edit Variable Viscosity dialog box
opens.
6 In the CutOff Viscosity and Viscosity Coef. (k) fields, enter 0.0033.
7 In the Power law exp.(p) field, enter -0.38.
9 Accept the rest of the properties and click OK.
Running the analysis

1 Click on the Analyze icon . The Analyze dialog box opens.
2 The number of iterations is set to 100 by default. Click GO.
In the CFDisplay window, the image can be panned, zoomed, and
rotated using the mouse buttons (L, M, R), respectively.
Change the result to be displayed by selecting Pres (Pressure) from
the Results group in the CFDisplay Controls window. Change it back
to VMag (velocity magnitude).
Click on Edge in the Model group. The model will be displayed as an
outline.

In the COSMOS/Flow main window, the summary values of the

degrees of freedom are plotted, and the average, min, and max values
are displayed in the window. The purpose of all of these tools is to
keep the analysis interactive. At any point in the analysis cycle, you
can assess the progress of the solution.
To display contours on a cutting plane:

1 In the Display group, make sure that only Contour is checked.
2 In the Cutting Plane group, make sure that Visible is checked. The
cutting plane will be displayed as a contour.
3 Change the location of the plane by moving the slide bar.
4 Change the orientation of the plane by selecting the Y direction.
To display only vectors on a cutting plane:

1 In the Display group, check Vectors.
2 In the Cutting Plane group, uncheck Visible.
3 The location and orientation of the cutting plane can be adjusted as you
like.
Postprocessing
After the analysis has been completed, click on the Close button in the Ana-
lyze window. Click on the Check icon to view the Convergence Mon-
itor.

Figure 4-4 Convergence monitor

Convergence Monitor while the program is running.
tion can probably be considered converged.
The Min and Max values are shown as zeros because many quantities
are shown on the same graph simultaneously. To view the actual Min
and Max values for a certain quantity, select it from the Residual or
the Summary drop-down menus.


Click on the Results icon to bring up the full version of CFDisplay (as
orientation within CFDisplay will be the same as the last setting in the run-
time CFDisplay.
The mouse buttons can be used to change the view:

Left Mouse Button (LMB) = Pan
Middle Mouse Button (MMB) = Zoom
Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Rotate.
and right mouse buttons simultaneously to zoom in or out of the
model.
To change feature attributes and visibility (optional):

1 On the CFDisplay menu, click Model, Change Part Attributes. The
2 Select both the Inlet and the Outlet (select one and hold the Ctrl key
down while selecting the other) and uncheck Visible.
3 Click Apply. Only the walls should be visible now. Use the right mouse
button to rotate the model and to peer into it.
4 In the Change Part Attributes, select both the Inlet and the Outlet again
and check Visible.
5 Click Apply.
If you check Auto apply, changes will be automatically as they are

selected.
6 Close the Change Part Attributes dialog box.

To plot the velocity magnitude contours:

1 Click on Scalar, Color Fringes.
3 Click Apply. Velocity magnitude contours will now be displayed.
To plot other scalar quantities:

1 From the Scalar drop-down menu in the Select CFDisplay Results
window select any of the other quantities, temperature for example.
2 Click Apply.
To display a particle trace:

Particle Trace dialog box opens with the Startpoint tab selected. Notice
the white dot (startpoint) that appears in the middle of the model.
3 Click Apply. Try moving the start point to different starting locations.
Occasionally the point will be on a wall in which case the trace will not
start or the trace will hit a wall and not proceed. If this happens, move
the start point to a different location and try again.
To display multiple stream lines in the model:

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box, check Specify as Box checkbox. A
box will appear in the model and the lower set of slider bars (labeled
X2, Y2, and Z2) and the three windows (labeled nx, ny, and nz) will
become active.
2 Enter a value of 3 for nx then click Apply. You will see 3 stream lines,
all starting parallel in the X-direction. The top set of slider bars control
the minimum ranges of the box; the lower set control the maximum
ranges of the box. Experiment with these controls to change the shape
and location of the box, always click Apply to generate new particle
traces.

3 To change the location of the box without changing the size or shape,
click Lock Coordinates and move the slider bars.

traces.
To setup the particle trace display

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box,
click Display setup. The
Particle Trace Display Setup
dialog box opens.
2 Check Animate.
3 Click Apply.The particle traces
will be animated.
desired using the mouse buttons: Left to Pan, Middle to Zoom, and
Right to Rotate.
The location and number of particle traces can be changed as well.

Just be sure to click Apply on the Particle Trace window.
4 To stop the animation, uncheck the Animate checkbox.
5 Click Apply.
6 Click Reset on the Particle Trace dialog box to remove the particle
traces from the display.
7 To close the Particle Trace dialog box, click Close.

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial
Part II
Step-by-Step Tutorials
using
COSMOS/Works
COSMOS/Works release code 1999/350 or later is required to run COSMOS/Flow
The step-by-step tutorials in this part assume that you are using
COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/Works as the pre-processor. If
you are using COSMOS/Flow with COSMOS/DesignSTAR or
COSMOS/Edge as the pre-processor, please refer to Part I of this
manual.
Mapping of Boundary Conditions from COSMOS/Works
COSMOS/Flow
Condition
Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints correspond

to the X, Y and Z components of velocity
Pressure Pressure
Heat Flux Heat Flux
Radiation Radiation
Slip Wall and Force_Normal to Plane (a positive non-zero force

Symmetry Planes should be set). This is only a marker, the value is
not important. A negative force specifies the
unknown boundary condition.
Unknown Force_Normal to Plane (a negative non-zero force

should be set). This is only a marker, the value is
not important. A positive force specifies a slip
wall or symmetry boundary condition.
Fan/Pump Curves Force_Along plane Dir 1 AND Pressure = fan

curve ID (use integer value) where the force in Dir 1
is used to mark the boundary condition and the pressure
value is used as the fan curve ID in COSMOS/Flow
Total Pressure Force_Along plane Dir 2 AND Pressure =

total pressure value where the force in Dir 2 is used
to mark the boundary condition and the pressure value is
used as the total pressure value in COSMOS/Flow
6 Electronic Enclosure
Introduction
The steps in this tutorial assume that you are using COSMOS/Works
for the pre-processing. If you are using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or
COSMOS/Edge, please refer to Part I of this manual.
This is an example of air flow and heat transfer in an electronic enclosure.

Our electronic enclosure, while simplified, contains a number of the compo-
nents commonly found in electronic packaging. Air enters into the box
through two round fans and a square opening, passes over and around sev-
eral electronic components, passes over a power supply, where it is pushed
again by an internal fan and then out of the box. The heat loads on the
printed circuit boards are modeled as heat fluxes. The heat load of the
power supply is modeled with a volumetric heat source, and the power sup-
ply unit itself is simulated as a distributed resistance. A distributed resis-
tance was chosen to represent the power supply to simulate either a vented
box or an open power supply with exposed components.
The two inlet fans are modeled with the same fan curve. The internal fan is
modeled by choosing a point on a particular fan curve. The inlet square area
is modeled with a total pressure boundary condition because the flow will
hopefully be sucked in at this opening. The inlet temperature will be 27 oC.
COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/Works 01/2000 6-1

The heat loading on the three circuit boards will total about 6 Watts and the
power supply will have a heat flux of 163 W/m2 out of its faces.
The analysis will be run in three steps. The first 100 iterations will solve the
flow equations only (not heat transfer). The second step will be to turn off
the flow equations, and solve the thermal equations only based on the
already solved flow field. The third step will be turn back on the flow with
the heat transfer also on to get the buoyancy effects.
After the analysis is completed, all the steps necessary to post process using
CFDisplay will be covered. In some of the other tutorials in this manual, the
post processing steps are only briefly discussed, so it is a good idea to refer
back to this example when CFDisplay questions arise.
Key Topics
q Convective heat transfer
q Distributed resistances
q Fan curve boundary condition
q Total pressure boundary condition
q Internal fan
q Application of boundary conditions
q Turbulent flow
q Steady-state
Opening the Model

To open the model:
2 Change the Files of type field to Parasolid Files (*.x_t,*. x_b).
4 Double-click the ELECTRONIC_BOX.x_t file.
6-2 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/Works

or...
Select the ELECTRONIC_BOX.x_t file and click Open. A message window
opens to inform you that SolidWorks will create assembly and part files
from the *.x_t file in the same directory as the *.x_t file. If you agree,
click OK. The model opens.
Verify that the FEM menu appears in the SolidWorks menu bar. If not,
select Tools, Add Ins, select COSMOS/Works, and click OK.
The default view of the model when opened in SolidWorks will be

larger than the SolidWorks window, to fit the model view into the
window, click the Zoom to Fit button .
The geometry is an assembly of 4 parts as shown in Figure 1-1. The first

part is an air volume that extends from the box inlets to the outlet. Three
circuit boards and the baffle wall are cut out of this part. A square inlet
forms another part. A power supply is located near the top of the box. The
last part is a power supply fan below the power supply.
Figure 1-1 The electronic enclosure assembly
Baffle Wall Outlet
Circuit Boards
Square Vented
Inlet
Power
Supply
Power Supply
Inlet Fans fan
COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/Works 6-3


the active preferred unit system in COSMOS/Works. We recommend that
you set your preferred system of units as described in the next procedure so
that you enter same numerical specified in this example.
To set unit Preferences:

1 On the menu bar, click FEM, Preferences. The Preferences dialog box
opens.
2 From the System of Units drop-down menu, select SI.
3 Click OK.
To activate the Visualizer in COSMOS/Works:

Click the Visualizer icon located at the lower left corner of the
window.
To return to the normal FeatureManager design tree, click the

FeatureManager icon .


ELECTRONIC_BOX part icon, and
select Study. The Study dialog box
opens. Click the Add button. The Study

name.
box.
Assigning Materials to the Model
You must assign a material to each component (solid and fluid) before
launching COSMOS/Flow. Assigned thermal material properties for solid
elements will be used by COSMOS/Flow. Fluid properties must be entered
in COSMOS/Flow.
All material properties can be changed in COSMOS/Flow. You may assign

the same material for all the components in COSMOS/Works, and then
modify the material properties for each component in COSMOS/Flow.
In this tutorial, we will assign Air to all parts of the assembly.

To assign Air to all parts of the assembly:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the Materials icon and select Apply to All.
The Material dialog box opens.
2 From the Material Type drop-down menu, select Other Non-metals .
3 In the Material Name list box, select Air.
4 Click OK.
Meshing the Model

To setup the mesh Preferences:

1 On the menu bar click
FEM, Preferences. The
Preferences dialog box
opens.
3 In the Mesh Quality box,
select Draft.
4 In the Mesher Type box,
click Standard.
5 In the Mesh Control box,
select Automatic
Transition and Smooth
Surface .
6 Click OK.


in this example.
To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create. The
2 Move the slider to the far most right position (finest element size).
3 Click OK. The meshing starts. When completed, a message window
appears. Click OK to close the message window.
Meshed Model
To show/hide the mesh, right-click the Mesh icon and select Show/
Hide Mesh .


this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions to the electronic box
assembly:
A fan curve to the inlets.
Prescribed temperature on the fan curve inlets.
Total Pressure on the square inlet.
Prescribed temperature on the square inlet.
Heat power to the circuit boards.
Heat flux to the faces of the power supply.
Total pressure on the outlet.

mentioned above, it is recommended to read the Loads and Boundary
Applying a fan curve to the inlets:

The application of a fan curve to an inlet is carried out in two procedures.
The first procedure is to mark the inlet associated with the fan curve by
applying a non-zero force along the X-direction of the global coordinate
system. The second procedure is to define the fan curve ID by applying
pressure to the same inlet. The pressure value should be a non-zero integer
value.

To mark the inlets associated with the fan curve:

1 Select the two circular faces as
shown in figure. Use the Ctrl key
while selecting multiple entities.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM,
Insert, Force. The Force dialog
box opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that
Apply Force/Moment is selected.
4 In the Force box, check Along

plane Dir 1 checkbox, and enter
any non-zero value in its field.
5 Click OK.
To define the fan curve ID:

1 Select the same two circular faces to which the fan curve is to be
applied.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Pressure . The Pressure dialog box
opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Normal to selected face is selected.
4 In the Value field enter any positive non-zero value, for example, 1.
This number is the fan curve ID that will be used later on by COSMOS/
Flow.
Notice the boundary condition symbols that appear on the two inlets.

Applying a temperature to the inlets:
In the next procedure, we will apply a temperature of 300 oK to the inlets.
To apply temperature to the inlets:

1 Select the faces of the two circular inlets.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Temperature. The Temperature
dialog box opens.
5 Click OK.
Applying total pressure to the square inlet:
The application of total pressure is carried out in two procedures. The first
procedure is to mark the face(s) associated with this boundary condition, by
applying a non-zero force along the Y-direction of the global coordinate
system. The second procedure is to specify the total pressure value by
applying pressure with the same value as the desired total pressure.

2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Force. The Force dialog box
opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Apply Force/Moment is selected.
4 In the Force box, check the Along plane Dir 2 checkbox and enter any
non-zero value.
5 Click OK.


opens.
6 Click OK.
Applying temperature to the

square inlet:
In the next procedure, we will apply a

temperature of 300 oK to the square inlet.
To apply temperature to the

square inlet:
dialog box opens.
1 Click OK.
Applying heat power to the circuit boards
Next, we will apply a heat power of 2 W to each of the three circuit boards
inside the box. This heat power will be applied to the lower face of the
upper circuit board, the upper face of the lower circuit board, and the left
face of the vertical circuit board. To ease the process of selecting hidden
faces of the circuit boards, we will turn the Wireframe viewing mode on by
clicking on the selection toolbar.

To apply heat power to the circuit

boards:
1 With the Wireframe viewing mode
turned on, select the faces
mentioned above. Use the Ctrl key
for selecting multiple entities.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert,
HeatPower. The Heat Power dialog
box opens.
select SI. apply heat power to these faces
4 In the Heat Power field, enter 2.

5 Click OK.
Applying heat flux to the faces of the power supply
We will apply a heat flux of 163 W/m2 to each face of the power supply. To
ease the process of applying heat flux to the faces of the power supply, we
will hide all components except the power supply, then we apply the heat
flux to its faces.
To hide the assembly components:

1 Switch to the FeatureManager by clicking the FeatureManager icon
.
2 In the FeatureManager tree, right-click the Inlet_Vent <1> component
and select Hide Component.
3 Repeat step 2 for the Internal_Fan and the Electronic_Box components.
4 Switch back to the Visualizer by clicking the Visualizer icon .
SolidWorks will warn you that the model has changed and the loads and
boundary conditions will be updated automatically. Click OK to close
the message window.

To apply heat flux to the faces of the power supply:

1 Activate the Shaded view mode by clicking the Shaded button on
SolidWorks toolbar.
2 Select the 6 faces of the power supply. You need to press and hold the
Ctrl key down while selecting the faces.
3 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, HeatFlux . The Heat Flux dialog
box opens.
5 In the Heat Flux box, enter 163 (W/m2).
6 Click OK.
To show the hidden components:

1 Switch to the FeatureManager.
2 In the FeatureManager tree, right-click the Inlet_Vent <1> component
and select Show Component.
3 Repeat step 2 for the Internal_Fan and the Electronic_Box components.
4 Switch back to the Visualizer. SolidWorks will warn you that the model
has changed and the loads and boundary conditions will be updated
automatically. Click OK to close the message window.
Applying the exit total pressure on the outlet:
Finally we apply exit total pressure on the extended outlet face. Refer to
Applying total pressure to the square inlet section in this tutorial.

1 Select the face of outlet.
opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Apply Force/Moment is selected.

4 In the Force box, check the Along plane Dir 2 checkbox and enter any
non-zero value.
5 Click OK.

1 Select the face of the outlet.
Pressure. The Pressure dialog box
opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Normal
to selected face is selected.
4 From the Units drop-down menu, select

SI.

6 Click OK.
On the menu bar, click FEM, Run COSMOS/Flow. The COSMOS/Flow

To set the analysis options:
2 In the ANALYSIS UNITS field, make sure that m-kg-s is selected.

The units that appear in the ANALYSIS UNITS window are those of
the unit system selected when you set the Units options in COSMOS/
Works. You must leave this option unchanged. If you select another
system of units, the program will issue a warning message.
3 Accepts all the defaults and click OK.
To setup the fan curves for the inlet fans:

1 On COSMOS/Flow menu bar, click Options, Boundary Conditions,
Fan Curves. The External Fan/Pump Curve Specification dialog box
opens.
2 Click the Add button. The Add External Fan/Pump Curve dialog box
opens.
3 In the Set ID field, enter 1 (this is the value we set when applying fan
curve boundary condition), and click OK.

4 Enter the fan curve data shown in figure using the Insert Before and
Insert After buttons.
5 To plot the fan curve data, click Plot.

6 When done, click OK.
Assigning materials
To set the open air fluid property:
2 Click the New button, the New Fluid Property dialog box opens.
Electronic_Box-1 and click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties
dialog box.

5 Click OK.
To set the properties for the power supply:

2 Click the New button, The New Fluid Property dialog box opens.
Power_Source-1. The New Property Id field will automatically change
to 3.
Properties dialog box.

7 Click the Conductivity button, and enter a value of 31.5 for the thermal
conductivity (approximate conductivity of sheet steel). Click OK.
9 In the Attributes box, check the Resistance checkbox.
10 Click the Edit button. The Resistance Properties dialog box opens.
= 10000, Lz = 0 .
12 Click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties dialog box again.

13 Click OK to end
setting up the
power supply
properties.
The values of Kx and

Kz were chosen to be
large to try to prevent
flow in the X and Z
directions. The values
of Lx and Lz are not
required since their K
values are so high. The
value of Ky is an
approximate value based on a grating resistance and a free area coefficient.
Ly of 0.127 m is the length over which this resistance acts.
To set the properties for the power supply fan:

Internal_Fan-1. The New Property Id field will automatically change to
2.
Properties dialog box
7 In the Attributes box, check the Internal Fan/Pump checkbox.
8 Click the Edit button, the Internal Fan/Pump Properties dialog box
opens
9 From the Fan/Pump Flow Direction drop-down menu, select +Y.
10 In the Fan/Pump Flow Rate field, enter 5 and select CFM.
11 In the Fan/Pump Speed (RPM) field, enter 500 and click OK.

12 Click OK to close the Fluid Properties dialog box.
To set the properties for the inlet vents:

2 In the Fluid ID field, make sure that 1 appears. This number
corresponds to the Inlet_Vent component.
5 In the Attributes box, check the Resistance checkbox and click the Edit
button. The Resistance Properties dialog box opens.
= 1000, Lz = 0.
8 Click OK.
To initialize temperature:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow menu bar, click Control, Initialization. The
Initialization dialog box opens.
2 In the Temp field, enter 300.

3 Click OK.
Step 1: Solving the flow equations

In the first 100 iterations, the program will solve the flow equations only
without heat transfer.
To start the analysis:


model.
the window.

be displayed.


model.
downward.

components).



checked.
buttons.

mentioned earlier.

Step 2: solving the heat transfer equations
In this phase of the solution process, we will turn off the flow solver and
turn on the thermal solver, and run the analysis for 10 more iterations.
To set analysis options for the heat transfer solver:


2 On the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Options button. The

3 In the Flow box, check No Flow.
4 In the Heat Transfer box, click Thermal.
5 Click OK.
To run the thermal solver:

2 Check the Model and Results checkboxes.
4 Click GO.

Step 3: Solving the flow equations with the thermal

solver on
After the thermal-only solution is finished, we will turn back on the flow
solver and leave the thermal solver on and add a gravity vector, and run for
100 more iterations.
To turn on the flow solver:

2 On the COSMOS/Flow main window, click the Options icon. The
3 In the Flow box, check Internal Flow.
4 In the Gravitational Vector box, enter 9.8 in the Z Comp field.
5 Click OK.


2 Make sure that Model and Results are checked.
4 Click GO.
Post Processing
To view the convergence review:
1 After the analysis is completed, click the Close button on the Analyze
window.
3 To close the Convergence Review window, click the OK button.
Understanding the Convergence Review Plots
There are two criteria which should be used to determine convergence, each
exhibited in the two plots displayed on the Convergence Review window.
Convergence Review window while the program is running.
tion can probably be considered converged. Based on this discussion, the

solution shown in Figure 1-3 for the electronic box model is considered
converged.

Review window:
the COSMOS/Flow toolbar.
To display the convergence of only one degree of freedom:

drop-down menu.
2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select U Vel. Now only the
convergence plots of U Vel (the X component of the velocity) are
displayed, along with their maximum and minimum values.

Figure 1-4 Convergence plots of U Vel
To view the summary file

1 On the COSMOS/Flow menu, click Review, Summary, Last Run. The
summary (Assembly name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file contains
the max, min, and average value of a number of quantities in the model.
model, the mass flow entering or leaving the model is displayed as well
as the bulk pressure, temperature, Reynolds number, etc. Compare the
Total Mass Flow In to the Total Mass Flow Out. They are very close,
and opposite in sign. Also displayed is the energy balance.
Results Post Processing in CFDisplay

On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Results icon . This will
bring up the full version of CFDisplay (as opposed to the run-time version

used in the interactive analysis). CFDisplay will come up and your model
will be automatically loaded. The orientation within CFDisplay will be the
same as how you left it in the run-time CFDisplay. As mentioned earlier,
you can pan, zoom in/out, and/or rotate the model by using the left, middle,
and right mouse buttons respectively.


2 Highlight both the inlets and the outlets and uncheck Visible, then click
Apply. Only the walls should be visible now. Use the right mouse button
to rotate the model and to peer into it. You should only be able to see the
circuit boards within the box and no other internal walls in this model.
In the Change Part Attributes dialog, select both the inlets and the
outlets again and check Visible then click Apply.
Instead of clicking Apply each time you make a change in the model
view, you can check the Auto apply checkbox and your changes will
take effect automatically.
3 Highlight Wall 1 Prop 4 then check the Transparent checkbox.
5 Enter 0.5 in the Transparency field and click OK. The model outer wall
will be transparent.

6 To close the Change Part Attributes dialog box, click Close.

2 On the Select CFDisplay Results window, select Velocity Magnitude
3 Click Apply.

On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show As Outline to show the
To display the velocity magnitude contours on a cutting plane:

1 On the CFDisplay main menu, click Scalar, Cuttingplane. The
2 Click Apply to make the cutting plane appear.
3 Change the location of the cutting plane by moving the Z slider bar and
click Apply.

Figure 1-5 Velocity magnitude contour plot on a cutting plane
To change the orientation of the cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field to 0 1 0 (put a
space between numbers) then click Apply.
To speed up the movement, uncheck Auto apply if it is checked, and

click Apply after every location change.
To show vectors on the cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field back to 0 0 1.
2 Check both Hide plane and Vectors .
3 Click Apply. Velocity vectors will be displayed on the model.

To show both vectors and contours:

4 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, uncheck Hide plane.
5 Click Apply. Velocity contours and vectors will be displayed.
Figure 1-6 Velocity magnitude contours and velocity vectors plots
To change the quantity being displayed:

In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select one of the other
quantities, Static Temperature for example, from the Scalar drop-down
menu and click Apply. The static temperature contours and the velocity
vectors will be displayed on the cutting plane.
To change the range of the results being displayed:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Set Scalar Ranges. The
Scalar Ranges dialog box opens.
2 In the Fringe range box, set Max to 304.

3 Click Apply.
4 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Textured Fringes. This
option will give a more distinct separation between temperature values.
Figure 1-7 Temperature fringe plot on a cutting plane
5 To turn off the cutting plane, click Clear in the Cuttingplane dialog box.
In the next procedure we will use the Particle Tracing command to plot the
air flow streamlines. For better application and visualization of the particle
traces we may need to change the background color of the CFDisplay
window to black. to do so, click Display, Background on the CFDisplay
menu bar and select black.
To display a particle trace

1 From the CFDisplay menu bar, click Vector, Particle Tracing. The
Particle Trace dialog box opens and a white dot (startpoint) will appear
in the middle of the model.

3 To plot a particle trace, click Apply. Try moving the start point to a
couple of different locations. Occasionally the point will be on a wall in
which case the trace will not start or the trace will hit a wall and not
proceed. If this happens, move the start point to a different location and
try again.
To plot multiple streamlines:

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box, check Specify as box. A box will
appear in the model and the lower set of slider bars (labeled X2, Y2, and
Z2) and the three windows (nx, ny, and nz) will become active. This is
how multiple stream lines are drawn in a model.
2 In the nx field, enter 3 and click Apply. You will see 3 streamlines, all
starting parallel in the X direction. The top set of slider bars control the
minimum ranges of the box; the lower set control the maximum ranges
of the box. Experiment with these controls to change the shape and
location of the box, always click the Apply button to generate new
particle traces. The location of the box can be changed without
changing the size or shape by clicking on the Lock Coordinates button
and moving the slider bars.


traces.

1 In the Particle Traces dialog box, click the Display Setup button. The
2 Check Animate.
4 Click Apply. The particle traces
will be animated.
5 During this animation, you can
change the orientation of the
model as you want using the
mouse buttons: Left = Pan;
Middle = Zoom; Right =
Rotate.
The location and number of particle traces can be changed by

changing the controls in the Particle Trace dialog box (i.e., changing
the sliders and nx, ny, and nz fields). To view the changes you made,
click Apply.
6 To end the animation, uncheck the Animate button and click Apply in
the Particle Display Setup dialog box.
7 To remove the particle traces from the display, click the Reset button
on the Particle Trace dialog box.

Figure 1-8 Particle trace plot

6-38 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/Works 01/2000
7 Poppet Valve
Introduction
This is an example of air flow through a poppet valve. The air is turned 90
degrees shortly after entering the duct; the flow then passes around the
valve body and exits. A half-symmetry model is used to reduce the overall
model size.
Key Topics
q Three dimensional model and mesh (4 node tetrahedral elements)
q Turbulent flow
q Steady-state
q Symmetric model

Opening the model

To open the model:
4 Double-click the valv3d_main.x_t file.
or...
Select the valv3d_main.x_t file and click Open. A message window opens
to inform you that SolidWorks will create a part file from the *.x_t file in
the same directory as the *.x_t file. If you agree, click OK. The model
opens.
Make sure that the FEM menu appears in the SolidWorks menu bar. If
not, select Tools, Add Ins, then select COSMOS/Works, and click OK .
The model is a single part as shown in Figure 2-1. This part represents the
fluid volume from which a solid poppet space was cut out.
Figure 2-1 The Poppet Valve Assembly
Flow Volume
Inlet
Poppet space
Exit


To setup unit preferences:

opens.
3 Click OK.
To activate the Visualizer in COSMOS/Works:

Click the Visualizer icon located at the lower left corner of SolidWorks
window.


To create a thermal analysis study:.

1 In the Visualizer tree, right-click the valv3d_main part icon, and select
Study-2.

in COSMOS/Flow but a dummy material must be assigned in COSMOS/
Works first.
All material properties can be changed in COSMOS/Flow. You can assign

In this tutorial, we will assign the default material to the part and then
redefine the properties in COSMOS/Flow.
To assign the default material to the part:

2 Click OK.

Meshing the Model

To set the mesh preferences:

1 On the menu bar click FEM, Preferences . The Preferences dialog box
opens.
3 In the Mesh Quality box, select Draft.

tetrahedral). We will use the draft quality mesh in this example.
4 In the Mesher Type box, click Standard .
5 In the Mesh Control box, select Automatic Transition, User Defined

6 Click OK.
To apply mesh control on the inlet face:
2 In the Visualizer, right-
click the Mesh icon and
select Apply Control. The
Mesh Control dialog box
opens.
3 From the Units menu select cm.
4 In the Value field, enter 0.3.
5 In the Ratio field, enter 1.25.
6 In the Layers field, enter 3.
7 Click OK.

To mesh the model:

dialog box opens.
2 In the Global Size field, enter 1 (cm).
3 Click OK. The meshing starts, when meshing is completed, click OK on
the message window.
Notice the checkmark

that appears on the Mesh
icon indicating that the
mesh has been created
successfully.
To show/hide the mesh,

right-click the Mesh
icon and select Show
Mesh/Hide Mesh .
Mesh generated in COSMOS/Works

this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions to the poppet valve part.
Inlet velocity of 500 cm/s.
Slip condition on the face of symmetry of the model.
Exit pressure of 1X10-15 Pa.

mentioned above, it is recommended to read the Loads and Boundary

Applying velocity on the inlet:

To apply inlet velocity:
Restraints. The Restraints dialog box
opens.
3 In the Type box, select Use Reference Plane
or Axis .
4 From the Displacement Units drop-down

menu, select cm.
5 Check the Along plane Dir 1 checkbox and enter 500 in its field.
6 Click OK.
Applying slip (symmetry) condition:

To apply a symmetry (slip) condition:
1 Select the flat face of the model shown in figure.
Face of symmetry
of the model
opens.
3 In the Type box select Apply Force/Moment.
4 Check the Normal to plane checkbox, and enter any positive non zero
value in its field.


5 Click OK.
Applying exit static pressure:

To apply static pressure at the exit:
1 Select the face of the exit of the valve.
Pressure. The Pressure dialog box
opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that
Normal to selected face is selected.

make sure that SI is selected.
6 Click OK.
On the menu bar, click FEM, Run FlowPlus/Works. The COSMOS/Flow


To set options:
Assigning materials
To set the fluid properties:
2 From the Name drop-down menu, select AIR_m-kg-s_Constant. The
properties are now set with the correct units.
3 Click OK.


model.
the window.

be displayed.


model.
downward.

components).


checked.


buttons.

mentioned earlier.

Post Processing



Review window:
COSMOS/Flow toolbar.
To display the convergence of the Y component of the velocity:

1 On the Convergence Review window, select V Vel from the Residual

drop-down menu.
2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select V Vel. The convergence of
the Y component of the velocity from iteration 30 to the end of the
analysis will be displayed.
Figure 2-4 Convergence plot of the V velocity component

The summary (Part name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file
the model.
opposite in sign. To close the summary file, click Exit.

Result Post Processing in CFDisplay

time CFDisplay.


2 Highlight Wall 1 Prop 1 and Wall 2 Prop 1. Use the Ctrl key while
selecting these entities.
3 Make sure that Visible is checked
4 Check the Transparent checkbox.
7 Click Apply. You should see that the wall is transparent now.

8 Click Close to close this dialog box.

4 Click Apply. The velocity magnitude contours will now be displayed.

Figure 2-5 Velocity magnitude contours on the model surface
To plot static pressure contours:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select one of the other
quantities from the Scalar drop-down menu, for example, Static
Pressure.
2 Click Apply.

Figure 2-6 Static pressure contours on the model surface

On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show as Outline to show the
To display velocity magnitude on a cutting plane:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select velocity Magnitude
from the Scalar drop-down menu and click Apply.
3 To view the cutting plane, click Apply.
4 Check the Auto apply checkbox if it is not checked.
5 Change the location of the cutting plane by moving the Z slider bar.
6 Change the orientation of the cutting plane by changing the Normal
field to 0 1 0 (put a space between numbers).

8 To show only vectors on the cutting plane, check both Hide Plane and
Vectors checkboxes.
9 To show only contours on the cutting plane, uncheck both Hide plane
and Vectors checkboxes.
10 To show both vectors and contours, check Vectors and uncheck Hide
plane checkboxes.
11 To turn off the cutting plane, click the Clear button then the Close
button to close the Cuttingplane dialog box. (This is optional. You can
leave the cutting plane displayed and even move it when particle traces
are on.)
Figure 2-7 Velocity magnitude contours and vectors on a cutting plane
In the next procedure, we will display particle traces inside the model. For a
better visualization of the particle traces, we will hide the inlet, outlet, and
the slip face of the model. We will also change the background color of the
CFDisplay window to Black.

To display the model as surface with no fringes:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Show As Surface.
2 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Scalar, Color Fringes. The model
will be displayed as surface with no color fringes on it.
To hide the inlet, outlet, and slip face of the model:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Change Model Attributes.
The Change Model Attributes dialog box opens.
2 Select Inlet 1, Outlet 1, and Slip1 and uncheck Visible.
For multiple selection of entities, press and hold the Ctrl key down.
3 Click Apply. The selected entities will be hidden and you can see inside
the model.
To change the background color to black:

2 Click the Single box. The Color dialog box opens.
3 Select Black and click OK. You will return to the Background Settings
dialog box.
4 Click OK.
To display particle traces (multiple streamlines):

Particle Trace dialog box opens and a white dot (startpoint) appears in
the middle of the model.
2 Check Specify as box checkbox. A box will appear in the model and
the lower set of slider bars (labeled X2, Y2, and Z2) and the three
windows (labeled nx, ny, and nz) will become active.
3 Move the upper and lower slide bars to the positions shown in figure.

4 Enter 5 in the nx, ny, and nz fields. and click Apply. The particle traces
will be displayed.

1 In the Particle Trace dialog
box, click the Display Setup
button. The Particle Trace
Display Setup dialog box
opens.
2 Check show and Animate
checkboxes.
3 In the Animate using line
(worm) box, check Tail.
you want using the mouse buttons.
The location and number of particle traces can be changed at will also.
Just be sure to click on the Apply button on the Particle Trace
window.

5 To end the animation, uncheck the Animate button and click Apply. To
remove the particle traces from the display, click Reset on the Particle
Trace dialog box.

8 Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
Introduction
In this example, a simple shell and tube heat exchanger will be analyzed.
This exercise deals with setting up and running a COSMOS/Flow analysis
with multiple fluids.
Hot oil passes through the shell side and is cooled by water passing through
the tube. The inlet temperature of the oil is 210 oC, and that of the water is
20 oC. The flow rate of the oil is 5 gpm, and the flow rate of the water is 6
gpm. The tube is made of Copper and the wall of the shell is exposed to 30
o
C air.
Key Topics
q Thermally connected multiple fluids.
q Convective and conjugate heat transfer

q Application of flow and thermal boundary conditions

q Steady-state
Opening the Model

To open the model:
4 Double-click the SHELTUBE.x_t file.
or...
Select the SHELTUBE.x_t file and click Open. A message window opens to
inform you that SolidWorks will create assembly and part files from the
*.x_t file in the same directory as the *.x_t file. If you agree, click OK. The
model opens. The model opens.
not, select Tools, Add Ins, select COSMOS/Works, and click OK.


Part1 represents the cooling fluid, part2 represents the inner tube shell, and
part3 represents the hot fluid.

Figure 3-1 The Heat Exchanger Model
Hot fluid exit
Hot fluid volume
Cooling fluid
exit
Copper
Cooling fluid shell tube
inlet Cooling fluid volume
Hot fluid inlet

you setup your preferred system of units as described in the next procedure
so that you enter same numerical specified in this example.
To setup unit preferences:

opens.
3 Click OK.

To activate the Visualizer:

Click the Visualizer icon located at the lower left corner of SolidWorks
window.

FeatureManager icon.

1 In the Visualizer tree, right-click the SHELTUBE part icon, and select
Study-3.

in COSMOS/Flow.

All material properties can be changed in COSMOS/Flow. You can assign

In this tutorial, we will assign the default material to all components and
then modify the material properties in COSMOS/Flow.
To assign a material to all components:

2 Click OK. Notice the checkmark that appears on each component
indicating that a material has been assigned.
Meshing the Model

To set the mesh preferences:

opens.


6 Click OK.

To mesh the model:

1 In the Visualizer, right-click the
Mesh icon and select Create. The
2 In the Global Size field, enter 0.1
(m).
3 Click OK. Meshing starts. When
completed, click OK to close the
message window.
Notice the checkmark that appears

on the Mesh icon indicating that
the mesh has been created successfully.
To show/hide the mesh, right-click the Mesh icon and select Show
Mesh/Hide Mesh .

We will apply the following boundary conditions to the heat exchanger
model:
Inlet velocity for the hot fluid of 0.0016 m/sec.
Inlet temperature for the hot fluid of 210 oC.
Exit pressure for the hot fluid of 1X10-15 Pa.
Inlet velocity for the cooling fluid of 0.003 m/sec.
Inlet temperature for the cooling fluid of 20 oC.
Exit pressure for the cooling fluid of 1X10-15 Pa.
Slip condition on the faces of symmetry of the model.
Convection boundary condition on the outer face of the hot fluid.


Applying velocity at the hot fluid inlet

To apply velocity at the hot fluid inlet:
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Restraints.
The Restraints dialog box opens.
3 In the Type box, select Use Reference Plane or
Axis.
4 From the Displacement Units drop-down menu,

select m (meter).
5 Check the Along plane Dir 2 checkbox and enter
0.0016 in its field.
6 Click OK.
Applying temperature to the hot fluid select this face

inlet
To apply temperature to the hot fluid inlet:
1 Select the same face as in the previous procedure.
dialog box opens.
3 From the Units drop-down menu, select Celsius.
5 Click OK.

Applying static pressure at the hot fluid exit

To apply pressure to the hot fluid exit:
1 Select the face of the outlet of the hot fluid Select this
as shown in figure. face
Pressure. The Pressure dialog box opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Normal to

selected face is selected.

that SI is selected.
6 Click OK.
Applying velocity to the cooling

fluid inlet
To apply velocity to the cooling fluid inlet:
1 Select the face of the inlet of the cooling fluid as
shown in figure.
1
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Restraints.
The Restraints dialog box opens.
3 In the Type box, select Use Reference Plane or
Axis.
4 From the Displacement Units drop-down menu,

select m (meters). Select this face
5 Check the Along plane Dir 1 checkbox and enter -

0.003 in its field.
6 Click OK.

Applying temperature to the cooling fluid inlet

To apply temperature to the cooling fluid inlet:
1 Select the face of the inlet of the cooling fluid as in the previous
procedure.
dialog box opens.
3 From the Units drop-down menu select Celsius.
5 Click OK.
Applying static pressure to the cooling fluid exit

To apply pressure to the cooling fluid exit:
1 Select the face of the cooling fluid outlet as
shown in figure.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Pressure.
The Pressure dialog box opens.
3 In the Type box, make sure that Normal to
selected face is selected.
Select this
4 In the Distribution box, verify that Uniform is face
selected.
5 In the Units drop-down menu, make sure that SI
is selected.
7 Click OK.

Applying the slip (symmetry) condition

To apply slip (symmetry) boundary condition:
1 Select the flat faces of symmetry of the model as shown in figure.
Force. The Force dialog box opens.
3 Check the Normal to plane checkbox

and enter any positive non-zero
value in its field.
A negative value in this field maps

to the unknown boundary condition
in COSMOS/Flow.
4 Click OK.
Applying convection to the outer faces of the model

To apply convection boundary
condition:
1 Select the outer faces of the model as
shown in figure.
Convection. The Convection dialog
box opens.
Select these faces
verify that SI is selected.
4 In the Film Coefficient field, enter 5 in
the Value field.
5 In the Bulk Temperature field enter 300 Kelvin.
6 Click OK.


To set analysis options:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Options icon . The
3 In the Turbulence box, check Laminar.
4 In the Heat Transfer box, check Thermal.
Assigning materials
To set the hot fluid (oil) properties:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Fl Prop icon . The Fluid
2 In the Fluid ID, make sure that 1 is showing up.
6 Enter 806.5 and click OK. You will return to the Fluid Properties dialog
box.

7 Click the Conductivity button, the Edit Constant Conductivity dialog

box opens.
8 Enter 0.132 and click OK.
9 Click the Specific Heat button, the Edit Constant Specific Heat dialog
box opens.
11 To close the Fluid Properties dialog box, click OK.
To set the cooling fluid (water) properties:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Fl Prop icon. The Fluid
sheltube-part1-1 and click OK.

5 Click OK.
To set the tube shell (Copper) properties:

1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click Sl Prop icon. The Solid Properties
dialog box opens.
2 Click the New button. The New Solid Property dialog box opens.
sheltube-part2-1 and click OK.

5 Click the X-Dir. Conductivity button. The Edit Constant Conductivity X-
dir dialog box opens.

9 Click the Specific Heat button. The Edit Constant Specific Heat dialog
box opens.
11 Click OK to close the Solid Properties dialog box.
Starting the analysis

to start the analysis:
1 On the COSMOS/Flow toolbar, click the Analyze icon.
model.
the window.

be displayed.


model.
downward.

components).



checked.
buttons.

mentioned earlier.


Postprocessing


To display the convergence of the U component of the velocity:

drop-down menu.
2 From the Summary drop-down menu, select U Vel. The convergence of
the U component of the velocity will be displayed.
Figure 3-3 Convergence plot of the U velocity component

The summary (Assembly name-Study name.sum) file opens. This file
the model.

opposite in sign.

time CFDisplay.

To plot velocity magnitude contours on the model surface:

4 Click Apply. The velocity magnitude contours will be displayed on the

model surface.

Figure 3-4 Velocity magnitude contours
To plot static temperature contours on the model surface:

1 In the Select CFDisplay Results dialog box, select Static Temperature
2 Click Apply. The static temperature contours will be displayed on the
model surface.

Figure 3-5 Static temperature contours on the model surface
In the next procedure, we will display the velocity magnitude and other
quantities of interest on a cutting plane.
To display static temperature contours and velocity vectors on

a cutting plane:
1 On the CFDisplay toolbar, click the Display Color Fringes button
to turn the display of color fringes off.
2 On the CFDisplay toolbar, click the Show Model Outline button .
4 To display the cutting plane, click Apply. The cutting plane will be
displayed with the static temperature contours on it.
The scalar result that will be displayed on a cutting plane is the one
currently selected in the Scalar field in the Select CFDisplay Results
dialog box. Similarly, the vector result that will be displayed on a
cutting plane is the one currently selected in the Vector field in the
Select CFDisplay Results dialog box.

5 Change the location of the

cutting plane by moving
the Z slider bar to the
position shown in figure
then click Apply.
Instead of clicking the

Apply button each time
you make a change in the dialog box controls, you may check Auto
apply button and your changes will take effect automatically.
However, this will affect the performance (speed) of the results
display.
6 To display the velocity vectors, check Vectors checkbox and click
Apply.
Figure 3-6 Temperature contours and velocity vectors on a cutting plane
To display velocity vectors on a cutting plane:

1 In the Cuttingplane dialog box, change the Normal field to 1 0 0.
The three digits in the Normal field refer to a unit vector normal to the
cutting plane.

When entering the Normal

field values, you should
leave a single space
between digits.
2 Click Apply. A cutting plane
normal to the X-axis of the
global coordinate system
will be displayed.
3 To display the velocity vectors on the cutting plane, check Vectors .
4 Move the cutting plane to the position where hot fluid enters the heat
exchanger by moving the X slider to the right as shown in figure.
5 To display velocity vectors on the cutting plane, check Vectors and
click Apply.
Figure 3-7 velocity vectors on a cutting plane
6 On the Cuttingplane dialog box, click Clear then Close.

In the next procedure, we will plot particle traces inside the heat exchanger.
For better visualization of the particle traces, we will hide the slip faces and
the inlets and outlet of the model.
To change the model visibility:

1 On CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Change Model Attributes . The
Change Model Attributes dialog box opens.
2 In the list box, select inlets, outlets, and slip faces of the model and
uncheck Visible.
3 In the list box, select Wall 1 Prop 3.
4 In the Draw Style box, click Surface.
5 In the Part Attributes box, select Visible and Transparent.
Change Model Attributes dialog box.
8 Click Apply.
To plot particle traces:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar,
click Vector, Particle Tracing.
The Particle Trace dialog box
opens.
2 Check Specify as box
checkbox.
3 Move the upper and lower set
of slider bars to the positions
shown in figure.
4 In the nx, ny, and nz fields,
enter 5, 3, and 1 respectively.
5 Click Apply. The particle traces will be displayed.

1 In the Particle Traces dialog box, click Display setup button. The
2 Check Animate checkbox.
Figure 3-8 Animation of particle traces

9 Heart Valve
Introduction
In this example, a three dimensional model of an artificial heart valve is

analyzed. The working fluid is blood. A symmetry cut is made along the
length of the model to reduce the overall model size. This exercise deals
with three dimensional solid meshing, application of boundary conditions,
and setting up and running a COSMOS/Flow analysis with a non-Newto-
nian fluid.
Key Topics
q Three dimensional meshing
q Application of flow and slip boundary conditions
q Non-Newtonian fluid
q Eddy viscosity turbulence model
q Steady-state

Opening the Model

To open the model:
4 Double-click the HEARTVALVE.x_t file.
or...
Select the HEARTVALVE.x_t file and click Open. The model opens.
not, select Tools, Add Ins, then select COSMOS/Works, and click OK .

Figure 4-1 Geometry of the artificial heart valve
Fluid Outlet
Heart Valve leaves
Fluid Inlet


To set units options:

opens.
2 From the System of Units drop-down menu, select Metric (G).
3 Click OK.
Other quantities, like temperature and angle are irrelevant to this

tutorial.
To activate the Visualizer:

Click the Visualizer icon located at the lower left corner of the window.



HEARTVALVE part icon, and select
2 Click the Add button. The Study Name

dialog box opens.

name.
box.

in COSMOS/Flow.
All material properties can be changed in COSMOS/Flow. You may assign

In this tutorial, we will assign the default material to the part and then
redefine the properties in COSMOS/Flow.

To assign the default material to the part:

2 Click OK. Notice the checkmark that appears on the part icon in
Visualizer indicating that a material has been applied.
Meshing the Model

To setup mesh preferences:

opens.


6 Click OK.
To mesh the model:

dialog box opens.

2 Accept the defaults and click OK. Meshing starts. When completed,
click OK to close the message window.
Notice the checkmark that appears on the Mesh icon in the Visualizer
tree indicating that the mesh has been created.
To show/hide the mesh, right-click the Mesh icon and select Show
Mesh/Hide Mesh .

this purpose.
We will apply the following boundary conditions as shown in the figure:
Inlet velocity of magnitude 23.3 mm/sec normal to the inlet face.
Exit pressure of magnitude 1x10-15 Pa.
Slip face condition on the face of symmetry of the model

Figure 4-2. Loads and boundary conditions applied to the model
Exit Pressure
on this face
Slip face (face of symmetry)
Inlet Velocity
on this face
Applying velocity to the inlet

To apply velocity to the inlet:
1 Select the inlet face.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Restraints. The Restraints dialog
box opens.
3 In the Type box, select On Flat Face.
4 From the Displacement Units drop-down menu, select mm.
5 In the Displacement box, check the Normal to face checkbox, and enter
-23.3 in its field.
6 Click OK.
Applying exit pressure

To apply exit pressure:
1 Select the face to which the exit pressure is to be applied.

opens.
6 Click OK.
Applying slip (symmetry) condition

To apply slip condition to the face of symmetry of the model:
1 Select the face of symmetry of the model.
2 On the menu bar, click FEM, Insert, Force. The Force dialog box opens.
3 In the Force box, check the Normal to plane checkbox and enter 1 (or
any other positive nonzero value).

4 Click OK.

To start COSMOS/Flow using COSMOS/Works:
Setting the Analysis

To set the analysis selections:
1 Click on the Options icon . The Analysis Selection & Operating
2 From the ANALYSIS UNITS menu, make sure that mm-g-s is selected.
3 In the Turbulence box, check the Laminar checkbox. The flow through
the heart valve is laminar. This is typically true for most biomedical
flows.
The units selected in Analysis Units are the same as the units settings
in COSMOS/Works. If you change this default units, a message
window warns you that the units you selected do not match COSMOS
units.
Assigning materials
To set the blood property:
1 Click on the Fl Prop icon . The Fluid Properties dialog box opens.
1 From the Name drop-down menu, select H2O_mm-g-s_Constant.

2 From the Name drop-down menu, select User Defined to enter the
properties of the blood.
3 Click on the Density button and enter 0.0010581.
4 From the Viscosity drop-down menu, select NonNewt Pwr Law.
5 Click the Viscosity button. The Edit Variable Viscosity dialog box
opens.
6 In the CutOff Viscosity and Viscosity Coef. (k) fields, enter 0.0033.
7 In the Power law exp.(p) field, enter -0.38.
9 Accept the rest of the properties and click OK.
Running the analysis

1 Click on the Analyze icon . The Analyze dialog box opens.
2 The number of iterations is set to 100 by default. Click GO.
In the CFDisplay window, the image can be panned, zoomed, and
rotated using the mouse buttons (L, M, R), respectively.
Change the result to be displayed by selecting Pres (Pressure) from
the Results group in the CFDisplay Controls window. Change it back
to VMag (velocity magnitude).
Click on Edge in the Model group. The model will be displayed as an
outline.
In the COSMOS/Flow main window, the summary values of the
degrees of freedom are plotted, and the average, min, and max values
are displayed in the window. The purpose of all of these tools is to
keep the analysis interactive. At any point in the analysis cycle, you
can assess the progress of the solution.

To display contours on a cutting plane:

1 In the Display group, make sure that only Contour is checked.
2 In the Cutting Plane group, make sure that Visible is checked. The
cutting plane will be displayed as a contour.
3 Change the location of the plane by moving the slide bar.
4 Change the orientation of the plane by selecting the Y direction.
To display only vectors on a cutting plane:

1 In the Display group, check Vector.
2 In the Cutting Plane group, uncheck Visible.
3 The location and orientation of the cutting plane can be adjusted as you
like.
Postprocessing
After the analysis has been completed, click on the Close button in the Ana-
lyze window. Click on the Check icon to view the Convergence Mon-
itor.


Convergence Monitor while the program is running.
tion can probably be considered converged. To close the Convergence
Review window, click OK.
The Min and Max values are shown as zeros because many quantities
are shown on the same graph simultaneously. To view the actual Min
and Max values for a certain quantity, select it from the Residual or
the Summary drop-down menus.


Click on the Results icon to bring up the full version of CFDisplay (as
orientation within CFDisplay will be the same as the last setting in the run-
time CFDisplay.
The mouse buttons can be used to change the view:

Left Mouse Button (LMB) = Pan
Middle Mouse Button (MMB) = Zoom
Right Mouse Button (RMB) = Rotate.
and right mouse buttons simultaneously to zoom in or out of the
model.
To change feature attributes and visibility (optional):

1 On the CFDisplay menu, click Model,Change Part Attributes. The
2 Select both the Inlet and the Outlet and uncheck Visible.
3 Click Apply. Only the walls should be visible now. Use the right mouse
button to rotate the model and to peer into it.
4 In the Change Part Attributes, select both the Inlet and the Outlet again
and check Visible.
5 Click Apply.
6 Close the Change Part Attributes dialog box.
To plot the velocity magnitude contours:

1 Click on Scalar, Color Fringes.

3 Click Apply. Velocity magnitude contours will now be displayed.
To plot other scalar quantities:

1 From the Scalar drop-down menu in the Select CFDisplay Results
window select any of the other quantities, temperature for example.
2 Click Apply.
To change model visibility settings:

1 On the CFDisplay menu bar, click Model, Change Model Attributes.
The Change Model Attributes dialog box opens.
2 To make the model transparent, select Wall 1 Prop 1 and check the
Transparent checkbox.
4 In the Transparency field, enter 0.5 and click OK.
5 Select the inlet, outlet, and slip face, and uncheck Visible.
6 Click Apply.
To display a particle trace:

Particle Trace dialog box opens with the Startpoint tab selected. Notice
the white dot (startpoint) that appears in the middle of the model.
3 Click Apply. Try moving the start point to different starting locations.
Occasionally the point will be on a wall in which case the trace will not
start or the trace will hit a wall and not proceed. If this happens, move
the start point to a different location and try again.
To display multiple stream lines in the model:

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box, check Specify as box checkbox. A
box will appear in the model and the lower set of slider bars (labeled
X2, Y2, and Z2) and the three windows (labeled nx, ny, and nz) will
become active.

2 Enter a value of 3 for nx then click Apply. You will see 3 stream lines,
all starting parallel in the X-direction. The top set of slider bars control
the minimum ranges of the box; the lower set control the maximum
ranges of the box. Experiment with these controls to change the shape
and location of the box, always click Apply to generate new particle
traces.
3 To change the location of the box without changing the size or shape,
click Lock Coordinates and move the slider bars.

traces.
To setup the particle trace display

1 In the Particle Trace dialog box,
click Display setup. The
Particle Display Setup dialog
box opens.
2 Check Animate.
3 Click Apply.The particle traces
will be animated.
desired using the mouse buttons.
The location and number of particle traces can be changed as well.

Just be sure to click Apply on the Particle Trace window.
4 To stop the animation, uncheck the Animate checkbox.
5 Click Apply.
6 Click Reset on the Particle Trace dialog box to remove the particle
traces from the display.
7 To close the Particle Trace dialog box, click Close.


Cosmos Motion Tutorials

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Cosmos Motion Tutorials

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

COSMOS/Flow

Finite Element Fluid Flow

The distribution and sale of COSMOS/Flow is intended for the use of

The COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide may not be copied, photocopied,

The development of COSMOS/Flow is ongoing. The program is con-

Information in this document is for information purposes only and is

GLView is a registered trademark of ViewTech AS

Congratulations and thank you for choosing COSMOS/Flow as your fluid

COSMOS/Flow is designed to be an interactive program with an intuitive

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000 1-1

The finite element, geometric, and boundary condition information required

For more information on COSMOS/Flow capabilities, refer to the

The COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide

This manual, the COSMOS/Flow Tutorial Guide, contains a number of

The COSMOS/Flow Solver Users Guide

The COSMOS/Flow Solver Users Guide covers the fundamentals of creat-

1-2 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000

The COSMOS/Flow Solver Technical Reference

The COSMOS/Flow Technical Reference contains the theory behind COS-

COSMOS/DesignSTAR is a product of Structural Research and Analysis

COSMOS/DesignSTAR, based on the Parasolid geometry engine, also

COSMOS/Works, a product of Structural Research and Analysis

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000 1-3

SolidWorksTM, a product of SolidWorks Corporation. is a mechanical design

COSMOS/Edge is a design analysis system tailored for use with Solid

Solid EdgeTM is a computer-aided design (CAD) system for mechanical

Written specifically for Windows, Solid Edge brings true parametric,

Solid Edge is built on open and inter-operable software technologies so you

1-4 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000

Mapping of Boundary Conditions from

Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints corre-

Heat Flux Heat Flux

Heat Power Heat Power

Volume Heat Volume Heat

Slip Wall and Directional Force, Use component Normal to

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000 1-5

Unknown Directional Force, Use component Normal to

Fan/Pump Curves Directional Force in the X-Direction AND

Total Pressure Directional Force in the Y-Direction AND

1-6 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000

Mapping of Boundary Conditions from

Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints correspond

Heat Flux Heat Flux

Heat Power Heat Power

Slip Wall and Force_Normal to Plane (a positive non-zero force

Unknown Force_Normal to Plane (a negative non-zero force

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000 1-7

Fan/Pump Curves Force_Along plane Dir 1 AND Pressure = fan

Total Pressure Force_Along plane Dir 2 AND Pressure =

1-8 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial 1/2000

Velocity Restraints, where the X, Y and Z restraints corre-

Heat Flux Heat Flux

Heat Power Heat Power

Volume Heat Volume Heat

Slip Wall and Directional Force, Use component Normal to

Unknown Directional Force, Use component Normal to

Fan/Pump Curves Directional Force in the X-Direction AND

Total Pressure Directional Force in the Y-Direction AND

This is an example of air flow and heat transfer in an electronic enclosure.

COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge 01/2000

Before Starting This Lesson...

2-2 COSMOS/Flow Tutorial using COSMOS/DesignSTAR or COSMOS/Edge 01/2000

To setup unit options:

Other unit settings are irrelevant to this example.