Hlukhiv college

HLUKHIV Institute
The history of our college is closely connected with the history of
Hlukhiv. Our college was founded in 1899. It's the oldest educational
establishment of Ukraine and has its own history and traditions. In 1899 it was a
vocational school
named after its
founder M. A.
Tereshchenko. It
trained specialists
who worked with
wood and metal.
In 1929 it
was transformed
into an
agricultural
technical school.
During the
fascists
occupation the
school didn't
work and only in
1944 it started working. A new department of electrification of agriculture was
opened in 1945. The school didn't stop its development. In 1971 a new department
was opened. It was a building department.
In November 1991 the technical school was renamed into Hlukhiv
agricultural school named after S. A. Kovpak. In 1995 it became an agrotechnical
college. There are five departments at the college: accounting, mechanical,
managerial, building, electrification. It trains builders, mechanics, electricians,
accountants, managers, financiers in fulltime and extra-mural forms of education.
More than 1000 students study here. About 100 teachers teach them. The students
have computer centers, laboratories, a large library, a reading room, a sports
ground, two gymnasiums, a canteen. The course of study lasts from 3 to 4 years.
Each year of study consists of two terms. At the end of each term the students take
exams and then they have vacations. Those who study well get a scholarship. On
graduating the students receive diplomas which give them the right to work in
different branches of agriculture and industry.
The college is housed in some buildings. There are three hostels, Kovpak
museum and a large Assembly Hall in the college.
Sport is very popular among the students of our college. Many of them are
winners of a lot of competitions. Those who are fond of art have a wide choice of
amateur art activities at the students' clubs and circles.

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 Hlukhiv college

The main purpose of our college is to give students contemporary

knowledge and to provide them with excellent professional skills.

to be connected '
to be founded
founder
development
accountant
accounting
to study ,
canteen
term
scholarship
to graduate from (. )
branch
hostel
assembly hall
art
amateur art activity
circle
purpose
contemporary
knowledge
to provide
excellent
skills
education

1. When was the college founded?

2. Whom was it named after? Why?
3. How many departments are there? What are they?
4. What specialists does it train?
5. What do the students have?
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 Hlukhiv college

6. Where is the college housed?

7. Is sport popular here?
8. How can the students develop?
9. Where can the graduates of our college work?
10.What is the main purpose of the college?

WHY WE LEARN ENGLISH

People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then they have
been speaking different languages. Every language reflects the soul, behaviour and
temperament of each nationality. Peoples createdtheir own alphabets and rules, but
they always wanted to communicate with each other, to understand and to know
more about each other. Languages help people to understand each other better, they
help them to solve different economic and political problems, which stands before
them, and so people learn foreign languages.
All languages are different. Some are very
hard, some are easier, some are similar, but there
are no identical languages in the whole world.
There are more than 2 700 languages in the
world. Many of them are "alive" because people
use them, but there are some "dead" languages,
for example Latin.
Two thousands years ago, Latin was the
world's most important international language.
Today this title belongs to English. It's a global
language of travel, business, pop culture, sport
and science.
Over one billion people speak English. That's almost one fifth of the world's
population. For over 400 million it's their first language. For the other 600 million
it's either a second language or a foreign language.
Today, in fact, over 250 million people are learning English. That's more
than the population of the USA.
The average person in Britain has a vocabulary of between 10 000 and 15
000 words. In his plays William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of about 30 000
words. Shakespeare was born over 400 years ago. At that time, only six or seven
million people spoke English.
Now English is spoken practically all over the world, it has become the
world's most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. It
is spoken as a mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, a lot of people speak English in
Japan, India, China, Africa and many other countries. English is one of the official
languages of the United Nation Organization. Half of the world's scientific
literature is in English. It is the language of computer technology.

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 Hlukhiv college

To my mind English is worth studying. There is a proverb: "A new language

is a new world". "Knowledge is a power", one great man said. Speaking a foreign
language one can not only read the papers, magazines and original books by
outstanding writers, but as well watch satellite programmes, travel easily to
different parts of the world. Besides, understanding and speaking a foreign
language became necessary while applying for a good and well-paid job.
Now I know that it is a must for XXI century professional no matter what
job to choose. The world is getting smaller and international connections tighter. A
lot of foreign delegations keep coming to our country, hundreds of joint ventures
have appeared in every city of our country recently. So without doubt you can't do
without learning this beautiful language.

to reflect [ri'flekt] ,
soul [sul]
behaviour [bi'hevj] , ,
to create [kr(:)'et]
similar ['smil] (to smth. ); ,
average ['v()rid3] , , ,
a mother tongue [t]
worth [w:] , ,
satellite ['stlat]
to apply ['pla] for ,
(. ) (),
well-paid job [wel ped dub]
joint venture ['vntf]
do without [wiut]

1. What was the world's most important international language two thousands
years ago?
2. How many people speak English as their first language, a second language or a
foreign language?
3. How many languages are there in the world?
4. How large is the vocabulary of the average British person?

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 Hlukhiv college

5. Where is English spoken?

6. Why do you learn English?

ENGLISH IS THE LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION

Do you speak English?-with this
phrase begins the conversation between two
people, that speak different languages and want
to find a common language.
Its very good when you hear: Yes, I do,
and start talking. People of different countries
and each nations have to get along well with the
progress in world trade and technology as well as
with other.
So it is very useful to learn foreign
languages. Knowledge of foreign languages
helps us to develop friendship and understanding
among people.
English is very popular now. Its the
language of computers, science, business, sport
and politics. Its spoken all over the world. It is
the official language of the United Kingdom,
Ireland, the United States of America, Canada,
Australia. There are more than 750 million speakers of English in the world.
Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original
books by great writers, watch satellite TV Programs. If you like travelling you can
go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you.
English is very important to find a good job.

Conversation
Common
World trade
To get along with ,
Foreign
To develop ()
Science
Satellite
To be afraid -

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 Hlukhiv college

1. Do you like to speak English?

2. How many years old did you study English?
3. Is it useful to learn foreign language?
4. Is English the official language in the USA?
5. Does English help you to make friends?

ABOUT MYSELF AND MY FAMILY

I am Max Kovaliov. I am seventeen years old. I want to tell you a few
words about my family. My family is large. I have got a mother, a father, a sister, a
brother, and a grandmother. There
are six of us in the family.
First of all, some words about
my parents. My mother is a teacher
of history. She works in a college.
She likes her profession. She is a
good-looking woman with brown
hair. She is forty-five but she looks
much younger. She is tall and slim.
My father is a computer programmer.
He is very experienced. He is a
broad-shouldered, tall man with fair
hair and grey eyes. He is forty-seven.
My father often sings and when we
are at home and have some free time,
I play the guitar and we sing
together. My father knows all about new TV sets and likes to repair old ones. He is
also handy with many things. When he was little, he liked to take everything to
pieces. My grandmother told me a story that once father tried to "repair" their
kitchen clock. He managed to put all the wheels and screws back again but the
clock did not work. They had to give it to a repairman. But that happened a long
time ago. Now he can fix almost everything: a vacuum cleaner, a washing
machine, a fridge and what not. He's got a few shelves where he keeps everything
he needs. On his table there is always a TV set in pieces.
My parents have been married for twenty-six years. They have much in
common, but they have different views on music, books, films and sports. For
example, my father likes horror films and my mother likes "soap operas". My
father is fond of tennis and my mother doesn't go in for sports. But my parents
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 Hlukhiv college

have the same opinion about my education

and upbringing.
My parents are hard working people.
My mother keeps the house and takes care
of all of us. She is very good at cooking
and she is clever with her hands. She is
very practical. My father and I try to help
her with the housework. I wash the dishes,
go shopping and tidy up our flat.
My grandmother is a pensioner. She
lives with us and helps to run the house.
She is fond of knitting.
My sister Helen is twenty-four. She is
married and has a family of her own. She
works as an accountant for a joint venture company. Her husband is a scientist.
They have got twins: a daughter and a son. They go to a nursery school.
My brother Sergey is eleven. He is a schoolboy. He wants to become a
doctor but he is not sure yet. Three months ago he dreamed of being a cosmonaut.
I want to enter the university. I'd like to learn foreign languages. I think I
take after my father. I'm tall, fair-haired and even-tempered. I always try to be in a
good mood.
We have got a lot of relatives. We are deeply attached to one another and we
get on very well.

slim
experienced [ks 'pirinst] ,
broad-shouldered [br:d 'uldd]
to be handy ['hnd] with smth.
to have much in common ['komn]
view [vju:] on smth.
to be fond of smb., smth. , ,
to go in for smth. -
upbringing ['p,brni]
she is good at cooking ['kuk]
she is clever ['klev] with her hands
to run the house
joint venture [dnt'vent] company
to take after [tek 'aft] ,
fair-haired [f hd]
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 Hlukhiv college

even-tempered ['i:v()n 'tempd]

to be in a good mood [mu:d]
to be deeply attached ['ttjt] to smb.
to get on well ,

1. What is your first name? What is your surname?

2. How old are you?
3. When is your birthday?
4. Is your family large? How many are you in the family?
5. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
6. What are your parents? Where do they work?
7. How long have your parents been married?
8. Do they have much in common?
9. Do you spend a lot of time with your family?
10. What sort of things do you do together?
11. Do you go out with your parents?
12. Who runs the house in your family?
13. What are your household duties?
14. What is your father's hobby?
15. Can you describe your mother?

A FAMILY
When two persons are married, the
man is called the husband; the woman becomes
his wife. When a child is born in the family, the
father and mother of the child are called parents.
A family generally consists of a father, a mother
and children sons or daughters or both. The
first born child is the eldest, the last born the
youngest. Two children that are born together are
called twins.
The father and mother of the wife
(husband) become the father-in-law (in law
by marriage), and mother-in-law of the husband
(wife). The husband is the son-in-law; the wife the daughter-in-law; they have
brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law.

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 Hlukhiv college

The other members of the family are the relatives or relations: uncles, aunts,
cousins, etc.
The brothers and sisters of any of the parents become the uncles and aunts of
the children. The children of two married brothers or sisters are cousins to each
other.
In case of a second marriage, we speak of a stepfather or a stepmother,
stepson, stepdaughter, etc.
Using the following words and word-combinations tell the story of your
family.

members of the family '

parents ['pr()nts]
old folks [fuks] at home , (.)
father ['fa:], mother ['m] ,
son [sn], daughter ['d:t] ,
senior ['sinj] son
junior ['du:nj] son
eldest ['eldest] son (daughter) () ()
youngest ['jgest] son (daughter) () ()
elder ['eld] brother (sister) () ()
younger brother (sister) () ()
eldest brother (sister) () ()
youngest brother (sister) () ()
ancestors ['nsstz]
grandparents
grandfather (grandpapa, grandpa, grand-dad)
grandmother (grandmamma, grandma, granny, grannie)
great grandfather (-mother) ()
descendants [d'sendnt]
grandchild (grandchildren) Grandson ['grnsn] Grand-daughter ['grn,
d:t] , ; , () , ,
great grandchild Great grandson (grand-daughter) ;
()
relatives ['reltvz]
cousin ['kzn] () ()
second cousin () ()
father (mother)-in-law [l:] , (, )
uncle ['kl] (aunt, auntie) [a:nt, a:nti] (, )
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 Hlukhiv college

nephew [ nevju:] (niece) [ni:s] ()

son (daughter)-in-law [l:] , (,
)
husband ['lizbnd]
wife [waf]
brother-in-law ['brrinl:]Sister-in-law ( ,
);
step-father (-mother) ()
step-child (step-children)Step-son (-daughter) ,
(,) ()
step-brother (-sister) Half-brother (-sister) ()
()
milk (foster ['fst]) brother (sister) () ()
foster-father (-mother) () (, )
Foster-child
godchild (godson (-daughter)) ,
godfather (-mother) ,
bachelor ['bt()l]
widow ['wdu]
widower ['wdu]
divorce [d'v:s], to divorce , ;

to adopt ['dpt] ;
orphan [':fn]
to descend [d'send]
age [d]
adult ['dltj, grown-up ['grunp] ; (
14 ); ( 12 )
teenager ['ti:n,ed] ; () ( 20 )
youngster ['jst]
baby fbeb]
toddler ['tdl] ,
aged ['ed()d], elderly ,
middle-aged
at the age of
to be over 30/40 30/40
to be in one's early/late teens [ti:nz]
to be in one's early (mid, late) 20s
(2526, )

THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

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The family is very important as a unit in our society. Nothing else but
family can be an emotional center of people's life, can be a transmitter of culture
and raising children. Every mother feels great affection for her children and tries to
bring them up in a proper way. Understanding between the members of the family
and consideration for others are very important in family relationship. Tenderness,
warm-heartedness and respect must always be present in the family to make it
friendly. A lot of activities help members of the family to be on friendly terms:
discussing all the family plans together, going on trips hikes together, visiting
museums, theaters, exhibitions and exchanging opinions about them, sharing the
same joys and sorrows. If you think of the others in the family you show your love
and attention in everyday life, you can hurt them if you are selfish, not sincere and
rude. It is very important to visit relatives on holidays, on birthdays, on
anniversaries and develop close relationship. We feel more affection for our
relatives when we are parted from them. The proverb says, " Absence makes the
heart grow fonder". When the family is friendly, everybody has the warmed
feelings of returning home where dear relatives are waiting for them. There are
different opinions on how children should be treated if they disobey their parents,
break the rules, do forbidden things, don't keep their words or promises. Some
people think that parents should be patient, kind and understanding. The rules and
children's behaviors are discussed in such families. But others believe that children
ought always to obey the parents and if they won't they should be punished. From
my point of view, such principles won't do a lot of good. Fear and punishment will
lead to selfishness, cruelty and lies. But "love and kindness will save the world".
We are the family of two. I live with my mother.
We don't have such
problems as misunderstanding
between the members of the
family. I think that it is due to
the age of my parents and their
character. My mother is 40
years old, she is layer. She is a
kind, clever and responsible
woman. My mother always
ready to give me necessary
information, moral support and
a good advice. It is common
knowledge that there is no place like a home. We are dedicated to our homes, we
give them much love, care and enthusiasm. A man's house is his castle. I like my
home and I want to tell you more about it. I live in Kuprijanov st. in center of our
city. We moved into this flat several years ago. Now it is a place where I feel it
ease and enjoy every minute of my stay there. We have a washing-machine, a
vacuum cleaner, a refrigerator, a freezer, hand-mixer, computer and other things
which I consider to be quite necessary as they make our life easier and help to
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solve a lot of problems in the shortest possible time. We have 2 rooms, a kitchen
and a bathroom. When you drop into our flat you come into a lobby, where you can
take off your coat, shoes and hat. I'm very happy to have a room for myself, where
I feel quite and comfortable. It is a place where I can relax, read a book and listen
to music.
There are yellow blinds and a writing table, a sofa, a bookcase where my
favorite books are situated. There are a lot of things in my room which can tell
about myself, about my friends and relatives. You can find frames with photos of
my parents and best friends on the walls, little pictures. They remind me happy
moments of my life and that is why are very dear for me. You may be surprised,
but the most popular and favorite place with all of us is the kitchen. Every Sunday
my mother makes a cake and we gather together, discuss our problems and make
plans for the next week. Our kitchen isn't large and looks the usual modern kitchen
you can see in many other homes. I can tell a lot about my home, but to make a
long story short I can say, that speaking about my home, I don't mean a flat as it is,
I mean people, who are dear to me, who love me and are always waiting for me.
That is why, wherever I were I would always hurry home.

1. What is your age? (How old are you?)

2. Are your grandparents or great-grandparents still living?
3. Have you any brothers and sisters? Are they older or younger than you?
4. What is your surname?
5. Have you more than one Christian name?

APPEARANCE: BODY PARTS AND BODY SIZE

Mr and Mrs Smith were a very
average couple. His name was John. Her
name was Mary. They lived in an average-
sized house arid had two average children
one boy and one girl.
Were they tall? Mr and Mrs Smith
were neither tall nor short. They were
both average height. He was average
height for a man and she was average
height for a woman.
Were they fat? Mr Smith was certainly not weak or skinny, but he was not
strong or well-built either. He was just medium built and his shoulders and chest
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 Hlukhiv college

were neither very broad nor very narrow. His wife, too, could never be described as
thin or slim, but then again, she was not overweight or fat either. Her waist was
neither too big nor too narrow. It was just... average size.
It was very easy for Mr and Mrs Smith to buy clothes because every part of their
bodies was average size too. Their feet were neither very big nor very small. Their
hips were not too wide. And their legs were neither too short nor too long.
Yes, the Smiths were a very average couple. Except for one thing. They were
the only couple in the country who was average in so many different ways at the
same time. The Smiths were in fact... unique.

average ['vrdj] , ,
tall [t:l]
neither... nor ['na... n:] ...
short [:t]
average height ['vrd 'hat]
fat [ft]
weak [wi:k]
skinny ['skn] ,
strong [str] , ,
well-built [' wel'blt] ,
shoulder ['uld]
chest [tjest]
broad [br:d]
narrow ['nru]
thin [n] ,
slim [slm]
overweight fuvwet]
waist [weist]
foot [fut] (. feet [fi:t])
hip [hp]

WHAT'S YOUR CHARACTER LIKE?

A. You want to escape from your present life to seek adventure in
another country. For you the sea is a symbol of freedom, but it also gives you a
sense of security a sense that there is something that never changes. You want to
escape, but you are dependent on other people; you need your friends. You are
difficult to live with, but at the same time you are tender. In love you have a lot to
offer, but also you demand too much from your partner.
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 Hlukhiv college

B. You are a serious person and like

to base your life on definite ideas and
values. At the same time you are ambitious
and the mountains represent a challenge
for you; you have a strong desire to do
well and succeed. You like the outdoor life
and hate wasting time. In love you expect
something fantastic you are not
satisfied with something that is second
best.
C. You are an imaginative and creative person. The hills stimulate your
imagination and sometimes lead you to day-dreaming instead of concentrating on
the matter in hand. You are an affectionate person and enjoy the company of a lot
of people around you. In love you are sentimental and romantic, but you must be
careful not to trust others too much or to look for something which isn't there.
D. You do not like to be alone, but prefer the company of other people
especially those who are similar to yourself. You feel protected in small groups and
look for people who share the same ideas as you. Roofs represent somewhere to
hide away from the problems and difficulties of the world. You are a good and
faithful friend someone that people can trust.
E. You are a person who is always looking for action, you want things to
happen but sometimes you want an easy solution when there isn't one. You look
for order and logic in everything, even in love. You don't have much Imagination,
but you are very practical and have skills that other people envy. In love you are
suspicious of very strong emotions. You prefer something less exciting but more
stable.
F. You feel the need to achieve strong results and will spend any amount of
money to achieve your desired objectives. You are fascinated by destiny, but you
don't give in to it easily. You like to keep up-to-date and have an interest in fashion.
You are a leader you weren't born to follow the others like a sheep. Big cities
represent for you places where you have the space to act. In love you look for
stability and an uncomplicated relationship. You don't trust sentimentality and you
don't allow yourself to be led by unrealisable dreams.

to escape [s'kep] ;
to seek [si:k] ;
a sense of security [srkjurt]
dependent [d'pendnt]
tender ['tend]

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value ['vlju:]
challenge ['tlnd]
to succeed [sk'si:d] ; ,
imaginative ['mdntv]
creative [kri: etv]
day-dream ['dedri:m] ; ;
affectionate ['feknt] , ,
to share [] (ope, ); ( )
faithful ['feful] , ; ;
to envy ['env]
suspicious [ss'ps] ,
to be fascinated ['fsnetd] ;
to give in ['gvn] , : ( - to)
up-to-date ['pt'det] , ;
;

1. What is the average height for men and women in your country ? Is it changing?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being either very tall or very
short?
3. Can you think of some ways of taking care of your heart, lungs, skin, bones,
muscles?

MY FRIEND
My best friend's name is
Michael. We made friends a few
years ago. We are of the same age.
We live in the same block of flats,
so we see each other almost every
day.
Michael is a tall slender boy.
He has got dark hair, large dark
eyes, a straight nose and thin lips.
He wears spectacles. He is a nice
guy. He is very honest and just,
understanding and kind. I trust him
a lot and I'm sure that I can rely on
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him in any situation. He never lets people down. Michael is only 19 but he is very
responsible he finishes whatever he starts. He's got only one shortcoming. He is
a bitstubborn; nevertheless he is pleasant to deal with.
Michael is an only child and his parents love him very much. His father is a
lawyer. He is the most brilliant man I've ever met. He knows everything there is to
know about the law. Michael's mother is a music teacher. No wonder Michael is so
talented. He's got a very good ear for music. He likes jazz and plays the piano very
well.
We spend a lot of time together. We often watch video or listen to music.
Sometimes we go to the theatre, or walk around the centre of the city, visiting
small cafes, museums, art galleries, and shops. We talk for hours about all sorts of
things (politics, love, teachers and girls). We discuss films, television programmes,
books.
I never quarrel with Michael. But if there is some misunderstanding between
us we try' to make peace as soon as possible. What I like best about him is that he
is always willing to help and share his knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. I respect
him for his fairness, strong will, intellect, and modesty.
I miss Michael when we don't see each other for a long time. Without him I
would feel lonely and uncomfortable. Our friendship helps me feel strong and sure
of myself.

of the same age [sem ed] block

of flats ()
slender ['slend]
honest ['nist]
just [dzst]
understanding [,nd'stndi]
to rely [ri'la] on smb. -,
to let smb. down
responsible [rs'pnsb()l]
shortcoming [:t'km] ,
stubborn ['stbn]
he is pleasant ['pleznt] to deal [di:l] with
a good ear ['] for music
to make peace [pi:s]
to respect [rs'pekt]
fairness ['fns] ,
modesty ['mdst] ,

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1. Have you got a lot of friends?

2. What is your best friend's name?
3. How long have you been friends?
4. Where does he (she) live?
5. Do you often see each other?
6. Where did you meet for the first time?
7. What do you do in your spare time ?
8. What do you usually talk about?
9. Do you ever quarrel?
10. What do you like best about your friend?
11. Has he got any shortcomings?
12. Do you think friendship depends on shared interests hobbies and leisure
activities?
13. Does it mean that if two people don't have common hobbies they can't be real
friends?
14. What features do you like (dislike) in people?

RELATIONSHIPS WITH FRIENDS AND YOUR FAMILY

You can have a healthy relationship with anyone in your life, including
your family, friends and partners. Relationships take time, energy, and care to make
them healthy. The relationships that you make in your teen years will be a special
part of your life and will teach you some of the most important lessons about who
you are.
What makes a
relationship healthy?
Communication:
The most important
part of any healthy
relationship between
two people is being
able to talk and listen
to one another. You
and the other person
can figure out what
your common interests
are. You can share your
feelings with the other
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person and trust that they will be there to listen and support you. You will not feel
judged for the personal information you share. In healthy relationships, people
don't lie. Communication is based on honesty and trust. By listening carefully and
sharing your thoughts and feelings with another person, you show them that they
are an important part of your life.
Respect and Trust: In healthy
relationships, you learn to respect and trust
important people in your life. Disagreements
may still happen, but you learn to stay calm
and talk about how you feel. Talking calmly
helps you to understand the real reason for
not getting along, and it's much easier to
figure out how to fix it. In healthy
relationships, working through
disagreements often makes the relationship
stronger. When disagreements occur, you do
not fear for your safety. In healthy relationships, people respect each other for who
they are. This includes respecting and listening to yourself and your feelings.
Remember the following words:
Healthy, relationship, care, to teach, communication, to share, feelings, to
trust, to support, to lie, honesty, thoughts, to respect, to happen, calm, to fix, to
occur, disagreement.
Answer the following questions:
Whom can you have healthy relationships with?
What are relationships for you?
What makes relationships healthy?
What is the most important part of any healthy relationships?
What is communication based on?
Can disagreements happen in relationships? How can you avoid them?
Do you have real friends?
How do I know that I have a healthy relationship with someone?
You know that you are in a healthy relationship with someone because you
feel good about yourself when you are around that person. Unhealthy relationships
can make you feel sad, angry, scared, or worried.
Healthy relationships involve an equal amount of give and take in the
relationship. In unhealthy relationships, there is an unfair balance. You may feel
that most of the time you are giving the other person more attention than they give
to you or you feel pressured to spend a certain amount of time with them.
You should feel safe around the other person and feel that you can trust
him/her with your secrets. In a healthy relationship, you like to spend time with the
other person, instead of feeling like you're pressured into spending time with them.
Unhealthy relationships do not include trust and respect, which are very important

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parts of a family relationship, good friendship. No one deserves to be in an

unhealthy relationship.

DAILY ROUTINES
During the week I usually wake up
at 6.30 a.m. I sometimes lie in bed for five
minutes but then I have to get up and get
dressed. Most evenings I go to bed / go to
sleep at about 11.30 p.m. I'm usually very
tired, so I go to fall asleep very quickly.
Occasionally though, I can't get to sleep.
When that happens, I sometimes manage to
fall asleep about 3 a.m., then I oversleep in
the morning. If I have a late night, I try to
have a nap in the afternoon. The weekends
are different. On Saturday and Sunday I have
a lie-in.

FOOD

In the week I have breakfast at 7.30 a.m., lunch at 1.00 p.m., and dinner
around 7 p.m. I also have one or two snacks, e.g. cakes, biscuits or fruits, during
the day at work. As I live alone, I also have to make my own breakfast and dinner,
but during the week I don't bother to cook very much.
I also have to feed my two cats twice a day as well.

KEEPING CLEAN

In the summer I have a shower in the morning, but in the winter I often have
a bath instead. Sometimes I have a shave at the same time, or I shave when I have
a wash and clean/brush my teeth after breakfast. I wash my hair two or three times
a week.

WORK

In the morning I leave home about 8.15 a.m. and get to work by 9 a.m. I
have a lunch break from 1 till 2 p.m., and a couple of short breaks during the day. I
leave work around 5.30 p.m. and get home about 6.15 p.m.

EVENINGS

During the week I usually stay in and have a rest. But at the weekend I often
go out, but quite often I also have friends for dinner, or friends just come round for
a chat or we play cards, e.g. poker or bridge.

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HOUSEWORK

I do the shopping on Saturday. Fortunately I have a cleaner and she does

most of the housework: she does my washing, the washing-up and does most of the
ironing.

the daily routine [ru:'ti:n]

to wake up [wek p|
to get up ,
to go to bed/to sleep
to fall asleep [f:l 'sli:p]
to get to sleep
to oversleep [,uv'sli:p]
to have a late [leit] / early [':li] night [nat] /
to have a nap [np]
to have a lie-in ['laun]
a snack [snk]
to live alone/on my own/by myself
to bother ['b] (), () (about, with)
to feed [fi:d]
instead [in'sted] ,
to have a shave [eiv]
to have a wash ,
to clean/brush teeth
to get to work
a lunch break
to stay in ,
to go out ( , )
to have friends for dinner
to round
a chat ()
to do the shopping
a cleaner ['kli:nj
washing ['wj] ;
washing-up
ironing ['an]

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1. Did you go out last night?

2. I think I'm going to slay in this evening.
3. I overslept this morning.
4. I couldn't get to sleep last night.
5. Do you want to come round this evening?
6. I forgot to do the shopping.
7. What time did you get home ?
8. I nearly fell asleep at the lesson today.

MY WORKING DAY
On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day
begins. I'm not an early riser that's why it's very difficult for me to get out of bed,
especially in winter. I switch on my tape-recorder and do my morning exercises.
Then I go to the bathroom, take a warm shower and clean my teeth. After that I
return to my bedroom to get dressed.
Usually my mother makes breakfast for me.
But when she is away on business or just doesn't
have to get up early, I make breakfast myself.
While having breakfast, I listen to the latest news
on the radio.
I leave the house at 7.30 and go to the nearest
underground station. Last year I tried to enter the
University, but unfortunately 1 failed my entrance
examinations. So I thought I should work
somewhere. It wasn't easy to find a job, but I
managed to get a position of a secretary in a small
business company. They agreed to take me because I had studied typewriting,
computing and business organization at school. And besides, I passed my English
school-leaving exam with an excellent mark.
It takes me an hour and a half to get to work. But I don't want to waste my
time on the train. I've got a small cassette player and I listen to different texts and
dialogues. Sometimes I read a book and retell it silently. If I come across an
interesting expression I try to memorize it. I also write some English words on
flashcards and learn them.
I usually arrive at work at ten minutes to nine though my working day
begins at 9 sharp. There are always some fax messages to translate from English

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into Ukrainian. Sometimes my boss wants me to write a letter to our business

partners abroad. There are also a lot of phone calls, which I have to answer.
At 1 o'clock in the afternoon we have lunch. We usually have lunch in a
small cafe just round the corner. At 2 o'clock we come back to work. And we work
hard till 5 o'clock.
During the working day we also have
several short coffee breaks. But sometimes we
have no time for that.
I come home at about 7 o'clock in the
evening. My parents are usually at home, waiting
for me. We have dinner together. Then we sit in the
living room, drink tea, watch TV or just talk.
Occasionally I have to stay at work till 6 or
even 7 o'clock in the evening. When we have a lot
of things to do we go to work on Saturdays. So by
the end of the week I get very tired. All I can do on
Sundays is to sleep till eleven o'clock, watch
television, listen to music and read something in
English.
And still I always look forward to my next
working day because I like my job. I think I get a lot of useful experience.

to be an early [':li:] riser fraz]

unfortunately [n'f:tnitli] , ,
to fail [fel] ( )
entrance examinations ['entr()ns g,zm'ne()n]
position [,p'z()n] of a secretary
typewriting ['taip,rati]
business ['biznis] organization
to waste [west] time
to come across , ,
to memorize ['memraz] '
flashcard ['flka:d]
to answer a phone [fun] call
occasionally ['keinl] ,

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1. Do you get up early? Is it easy for you to get up early?

2. Do you wake up yourself or does an alarm clock wake you up?
3. Which do you prefer: a hot or a cold shower in the morning?
4. What do you usually have for breakfast?
5. Some people look through newspapers or listen to the latest news on the radio
while having breakfast. What about you?
6. When do you usually leave the house?
7. What do you usually do on your way to work (school, etc.)?
8. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?
9. What time do you come home?
10. How do you spend your evenings?
11. What time do you usually go to bed?

HOBBIES
Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your
character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting.
Hobbies are divided into four large
groups: doing things, making things,
collecting things, and learning things. The
most popular of all hobby groups is doing
things. It includes a wide variety of
activities, from gardening to travelling
and from chess to volleyball.
Gardening is one of the oldest
man's hobbies. It is a well-known fact
that the English are very fond of
gardening and growing flowers,
especially roses.
Doth grown-ups and children are
fond of playing different computer
games. This is a relatively new hobby but
it is becoming more and more popular.
Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture, designing
costumes, handicrafts. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President
Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. Some hobbyists write music or play
musical instruments. Bill Clinton, for example, plays the saxophone.

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Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life: stamps,

coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards, toys, watches. Some collections have
no real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in
museums and galleries. Many world-famous collections started in a small way with
one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare
books and other art objects. Such private collections are sometimes given to
museums, libraries and picture galleries so that others might take pleasure in
seeing them.
No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of
learning much from it. By reading about the things he is interested in he is adding
to what he knows. Learning new things can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby.

to include [n'klu:d] ; ,
variety [v'rat] ; (of)
to design [d'zain] , ,
handicraft ['hndkra:ft] , ,
hobbyist ['hobst] ; ,
value ['vlju:]
item ['tm] ( )
rare [r]
private ['prvtj ,
to take pleasure in ['l]
n matter what kind of hobby a person has

1. Tastes differ. Can you say the same about hobbies?

2. Have you chosen a hobby according to your character and taste?
3. Which hobby groups do you know?
4. The most popular hobby group is doing things, isn't it? What kind of activities
does this group include?
5. What do you know about gardening?
6. Do you like computer games?
7. Are you fond of making things?
8. Do you know any hobbies of the famous people?
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9. Have you ever collected anything?

10. What can be collected?
11. Do you know of any private collections that were given to museums or art
galleries?
12. Do you agree that learning new things can be the most exciting aspect of a
hobby? Why?

BOOKS
It is interesting to read different kinds of books. "Except for a living man
there is nothing more wonderful than a book! They teach us and open their hearts
to us as brothers", wrote Charles Kingsley, an English writer of the 19th century.
Books teach us to live. We learn many things by reading books. There are
different kinds of books: novels, short stories, tales, fairytales, fables, poems,
plays, memoirs, atlases and text-books.
Books can be humorous,
adventurous, detective, fantastic,
historical, political, scientific. They can
be interesting, thrilling, fascinating,
exciting, powerful, useful, unusual,
original, amusing, moving, true-to-life,
well written, unoriginal.
Books are certainly one of the
greatest inventions of man.
O. Wilde wrote: "Books, I believe,
may be divided into three groups: books
to read; books to re-read; books not to
read at all."
The third class is the most important. To tell people what to read is, as a rule,
either useless or harmful. But to tell people what not to read is a very dilferent
matter.
It is indeed necessary in this age of ours, an age that reads so much that it has no
time to admire, and that writes so much that it has no time to think. Whoever will
select "The Worst Hundred Books" and
publish a list of them will do the rising
generation a real service.
Some English author once wrote:
"Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed and some few to be chewed and
digested".
This quotation tells us how to read
books of different kinds. Most travel books
are to be tasted; it's enough to dip into them and read bits here and there. If you are
fond of crime stories (Agatha Christie, Simenon and the rest of modem favourites),
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you will read them quickly, you'll swallow them. If a book is on an important
subject, and the subject you are interested in, you'll want to chew and digest it. And
you'll want to weigh what the author says, and consider his ideas and arguments.

tale [tel] ,
fairy-tale ['fertel]
fable [febl]
adventurous [d'vent()rs]
thrilling ['rili] ,
fascinating ['fsnet] ;
amusing ['mju:z] ,
to taste [test] ;
to swallow ['swlu] ,
to chew [lu:]
to digest [d'dest] ,
to dip into ; ,

1. Do you agree that there are three groups of books: books you must read; books
you must re-read; books you must not read at all?
2. Which is the largest and the smallest group? Why?
3. How do you choose a book to read?
4. What books do you re-read?
5. How do you know what books not to read at all?
6. Do you agree that a list of the "Worst Hundred Books" may be useful?

BOOKS IN OUR LIFE

Nowadays it's almost impossible to imagine our life without books.
Perhaps, there are more books on our planet than men alive.
Long before the invention of printing people valued books as treasure troves
of the human knowledge and experience. Hand written manuscripts took
months of writing and were collected by and kept in monasteries with utmost care.
We can distinguish books between three classes of them.

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Firstly, books on different branches of

knowledge, works by brilliant minds of mankind.
Secondly, textbooks, reference books and numerous
dictionaries. And at last, books of all kinds and genres
to read at leisure.
Classics should be taken a little at a time. One's
understanding of books by Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky,
Mopassan and Balzak depends on one's age and
experience. Serious books are to be read
conscientiously and maybe more than once. To a
thinking reader they will provide new food for thought
every time he rereads it. Many people indulge in
reading science fiction, fantasy or detective stories. Of
course, there are some advantages and disadvantages of this kind of literature,
often reffered to as easy reading.
As for me, good science fiction and fantasy develop imagination, logical
thinking, broader one's outlook.
The same could be said in favour of detective stories. They reveal such
minute details of everyday life in this or that particular country that are of greatest
interest for a curious reader. The
masterpieces of this genre by Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie and others,
show the depths of psychological analysis,
the insight into the human nature.
As an old saying goes, man cannot
live on bread alone. Books are the source
of knowledge and the means of self
perfection. Sometimes it is difficult to
solve some problems in life. I think that
books can help us. Books must be our
friends during all our life.

treasure trove
monastery
conscientiously
to indulge in
science fiction
outlook

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 Hlukhiv college

1. What kind of books do you prefer to read?

2. Do you like to read English or Russian books?
3. Is it possible to live without books for you?
4. Books are our friends, aren't they?
5. How many classes of books do we distinguish?

MY FAVOURITE BOOK: GONE WITH THE WIND

I've recently read a
book, which has made a very
deep impression on me. It is
called Gone with the Wind.
The author of the book is
Margaret Mitchell. She was
born in Atlanta, Georgia, in a
family of the president of the
Atlanta Historical Society. All
the family was interested in
American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War.
After graduating from the college Margaret Mitchell worked for a time for
the Atlanta Journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on
paper all the stories she had heard about the Civil War. The result was Gone with
the Wind. It was first published in 1936 and became the talking point of all
America. In 1939 the book was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh
and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. Everyone
loved her high-spirited and beautiful heroine, Scarlett O'Hara.
The story is set around the time of the American Civil War (1861 1865),
when the Southern states went to war with the North to defend their way of life. It
was a way of life in which rich gentry lived in large houses and owned huge areas
of land, cultivated by black slaves. Scarlett O'Hara was born in one of those rich
houses.
But Gone with the Wind is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves
the quiet, gentlemanly Ashley Wilkes, the wild anddecidedly ungentlemanly Rhett
Butler is in love with her.
In 1991, a publishing company asked Alexandra Ripley, a historical novelist,
to write the continuation of the story. Her novelScarlett was not in the same class
as the original. Critics have been writing very bad reviews of Scarlett, but the book
is popular with the public.
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impression [m'pre()n]
Civil ['sivl] War
high-spirited ['ha sprtd] ,
to defend [d'fend]
gentry ['dentr] ,
to own [un]
gentlemanly ['dentlmnl] , ;
wild [wald] ,
decidedly [d'saddl]
review [r'vju:] , ,

1. What do you think made Margaret Mitchell write a book about the Civil War?
2. Who starred in the film "Gone with the Wind"? Was the film successful?
3. Who are the main characters of the book "Gone with the Wind"?
4. What is the story set around?
5. What can you say about Scarlett O 'Hara ?
6. Is the book popular with the public?

MY LAST VISIT TO THE MUSEUM

As the old saying goes man
cannot live by bread alone. Any human
being needs nourishment for his soul as
wfell. One of the places where one can
get spiritual food is a museum. Museums
are an essential part of any culture and
society.
Last year I went to see a friend who lives
in Kyiv. I did an awful lot of sightseeing.
I enjoyed my stay there immensely. But
what I found absolutely unforgettable
was my visit to the Taras Shevchenko
Museum.

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During the conducted tour I learned much about the museum in general,
about the main stages of Ukrainian poet's life and in the history of our country. The
exposition of the museum includes more than 800 works of the great poet and
painter and his personal belongings. The most frequently visited are the halls
reflecting Shevchenko's life and work. I marvelled at the finest Shevchenko's
water-colours and pencil drawings from the museum's collection. I found the rare
publications of "Kobzar", Shevchenko's first book of poetry, and a separate edition
of his poem "Haidamaky" the most interesting.
Some of the galleries, which deal with section "Shevchenko and Our Time",
stand out in my memory very vividly: models of monuments to Shevchenko in
Ukraine and other countries, the collections of his works in the foreign languages,
the vast collection of folk songs, legends and proverbs about the poet, portraits of
Shevchenko.
But what is more important, I received an emotional experience. Needless to
say, that like any other museum, it should be taken a little at a time. The Taras
Shevchenko Museum enjoys a truly universal popularity. I wish I could visit it over
and over again.

nourishment ['nrment] ; ; ( )
essential ['sen()l] ,
to do an awful [':ful] lot of sightseeing ['sat,si:]
'
conducted tour ['kndktd tu]
exposition [,eksp'z()n] ,
to marvel ['ma:v()l]
water-colour [' wt'kl]
separate edition ['seprt 'd()n]
to deal [di:l] with , '
to enjoy popularity [,popju'lnt]

1. Do you like going to the museums ?

2. Do you often go to the museums?
3. What museums do you prefer to visit?
4. Do you generally go alone or on a conducted tour?
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5. What museums are there in you native city?

6. Where can you get spiritual food?
7. What does the Taras Shevchenko museum exhibit?

MY FAVOURITE FILM
To talk about "Titanic" is to talk about money. There was a time when
the public and the press talked about movies as entertainment, as political
statements, sometimes even as art. That was before
"Heaven's Gate",
before "Water-world",
before the media became
obsessed with budgets. That
was before the era of James
Cameron.
The economic
trajectory of director
Cameron's career is a fever
chart of Hollywood
inflation. "Terminator" was
a low-budget beauty costing
$6,5 million. Two years later
his "Aliens" came in at
$18,5 million, which looks
cut-rate today. The price tag on "TheAbyss" (1989) was $40 million. Then began
the run that made him the perennial King of the Most Expensive Movie Ever
Made. "Terminator 2" (1991; $93 million); "True Lies" (1994: $100 million). And
now "Titanic", at $200 million.
The man's clearly a genius at spending other people's money. And so far he's
been worth it: his films have made more than $1 billion.
As you know, the 3-hour- 14-minute "Titanic" is no mere disaster movie. It's
an epic love story about a 17-year-old American aristocrat (Kate Winslet) who is
betrothed to a rich and hateful suitor (Billy Zane) but falls in love with a free-
spirited artist (Leonardo DiCaprio), who won his third-class passage in a card
game. It's "Romeo and Juliet" on a sinking ship and has become an international
sensation.
"Titanic" is also a movie about money and its evils. With fine irony,
Cameron has spent more dollars than any other filmmaker to make a film that
denounces the rich.
The $8,4 million costume budget alone would finance several independent
movies.
The special effects are in the service of the story. In the spectacular 80-
minute sinking of the ship, you don't wonder what's real and what's computer-
generated. What you feel is the horror of the experience, the depths of the folly that
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left this "unsinkable" ship sovulnerable to disaster. While the women and children
are loaded into lifeboats (there were only enough for half the 2 200 passengers),
the third-class passengers are locked belowdecks like.
But it is the love between the unhappy Rose and the sanguine, open-hearted
Jack that occupies stage centre. Is it the great love story Cameron so desperately
wanted to make? Not quite. Visually, his lovers are an odd match: next to
DiCaprio's boyish beauty, Winslet looks womanly. And once the disaster strikes,
their individual fates become overwhelmed by the communal horror. Our hearts, at
least, couldn't break once these lovestruck kids were surrounded by floating frozen
corpses.
Cameron says today that if he'd known what it would take to bring his vision
to the screen, he'd have stopped before he started. But "regret" is not in the guy's
vocabulary.

obsessed [b'sest]
chart [ta:t]
alien ['eljn]
cut-rate ['ktret]
tag [tg]
abyss ['bs] ,
perennial [p'renjl]
billion ['bljn]
betrothed [b'trud]
suitor ['sju:t] ,
passage ['psd] ( )
to sink [sk]
to denounce [d'nauns]
to generate ['denret] ,
folly ['fol] , ,
vulnerable ['vln()rbl]
sanguine ['sgwn]
corpse [k:ps]

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 Hlukhiv college

1. What is special about "Titanic "?

2. Who directed the film ? Wlwt do you know about him ?
3. Who are the main heroes of the film ? Characterize them.
4. Is "Titanic" a disaster movie? Why not?
5. What are all the topics of the film ?
6. Why do you like this film ?

MUSIC
Can you think of a day without
music? There is music everywhere: at home,
in a concert hall, in parks, at the seaside and
even in the forest. People cannot live without
music. They listen to music, they dance to
music, they learn to play musical
instruments. But what is music? Specialists
explain it very well. Music isn't combination
of pleasant sounds only. It is an art, which
reflects life. Music reflects people's ideas and
emotions. Music is also a weapon. It fights for light against darkness, for freedom
against tyranny, for humanism against barbarity ("Seventh symphony" by
Shostakovich, "Sixth symphony" by Tchaikovsky and so on). When speaking of
different forms of music I'd like to mention first and foremost classical music. I
prefer different musical genres: symphony, concerto, chamber music, vocal music,
opera, and ballet. Classical music gives me delight, pleasure, partly sensual, partly
intellectual. Classical music is always a complex of emotions, excitement and at
the same time, love for others and a desire to do something for them. When
listening to classical music I have to combine all my feelings into one and to give it
name, it will be happiness. Classical music contains the powerful appeal for
listeners. It addresses both our senses and intellect. We are lucky to have such a
famous orchestra, which executes music by Beethoven and Mozart, Britten and
Gershvin. It is famous all over the world of its original interpretations of classical
music. As for me I prefer such musical pieces which are based on the theme of
struggle of good against evil. Also I like quiet lyrical piano pieces by Chopin and
Prokofiev which are full of enchanting melodies.
Many young people today are gravitating towards new rhythms. This
explains why new pop groups are proliferating. Pop has permeated all the mass
media. Pop may be said to have emerged in the mid 1950's with the arrival of
rock'n'roll. About 99% of pop songs are about love. Nowadays many listeners are
rejecting second-rate products, which are nothing but a rehashing of the old
numbers. This explains the success achieved by many groups and some other
bands of the new generation which are free of false sentiments. They are genuine.
The voice of the new groups is pure and clear and they sing about the things that
are important in life. A readiness to experiment, favour and sincerity are their
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 Hlukhiv college

hallmark. A simple message conveyed with a good

melody has, Ibelieve, been found by the "Beatles".
Some of their old songs still enjoy popularity today .
Pop music has always been influenced by other
forms of music: by jazz, the blues, classical music
etc. Another important influence is folk music. Folk
songs are the songs composed and sung by country
people. They may be hundreds of years old. Nobody
knows who originally composed them. Folk music is
often music for dancing. Russian and Ukrainian folk songs are very melodious. I
like to listen to Russian and Ukrainian folk songs sung by outstanding singers.

to reflect [r'flekt] ; ()
weapon ['wepn]
first and foremost ['f:mist] , ,
delight [d'lat] ,
to contain [kn'ten] () ;
hallmark ['h:l'ma:k] ,
to convey [kn've]

COMPUTERS IN MY LIFE
Computer studies is a subject in
many schools. Many young people have
personal computers. Ninety-six per cent of
them are males of all ages. All of them spend
an average of twenty hours per week on home
computers. The majority of the adults also use
computers at work. About one in three
hundred computer owners, so-called
computer addicts, spends almost all his time
using computers. All the computer addicts are
very educated. They have been interested in
science and technology from a very early age and they are usually very shy people
who like being alone.
A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers
because girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they use
them less frequently than boys. Possibly it is because we think of computers as
something to do with maths and science, which are traditionally "male" subjects.

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 Hlukhiv college

Possibly it is because most of the computer teachers are men, who give the girls
less attention. Possibly parents think it is less important for girls to have computer
skills.
Computer addicts love debugging, develop programs and love learning
programming languages. They learnt to communicate with other users through
computer networks and the people they met in school and work think of them as
experts who could help and advise when they had problems with their machines. A
few spend their time "hacking" and one addict left a message on a computer of
Buckingham House. Very few computer addicts play computer games, but many
people use a computer exclusively for games.
Some parents worry about computer
games because they think their children won't
be able to communicate with real people in the
real world. But parents do not need to worry.
According to research computer addicts
usually do well after they have left school.
Parents also do not need to worry that
computer addiction will make their children
become unfriendly and unable to communicate
with people. It is not the computer that makes
them shy. In fact, what they know about
computers improves their social lives. They
become experts and others come to them for
help and advice.
For most children computer games are a craze. Like any other craze, such as
skate-boarding, the craze is short-lived. It provides harmless fun and a chance to
escape. If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern
technology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.

male [mel] ;
average ['v()rd]
majority [m'drt]
owner ['un]
to addict ['dikt] ();
survey ['s:ve] , ,
debugging [di:'bg] finding and removing problems in computers and
computer programs
'

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 Hlukhiv college

"hacking" ['hk] (gaining access to computers when it is not allowed)

( ')
to do well ,

1. What are computer addicts like?

2. Have you ever used a computer? What do you use it for?
3. Why are computers used?
4. Why are more boys than girls interested in computers ? 3. Is computer addiction
harmful?

INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that
the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions of
users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.
The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military
experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything
around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any
living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the
Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another.
Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with
each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was
called packet switching.
Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the
information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for
millions of people.
Most of the Internet host computers are in the
United States of America. It is clear that the accurate
number of users can be counted fairly approximately,
nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet
today, because there are hundred of millions of users and
their number is growing.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-
mail. Most of the people use the network only for
sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it
either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services
are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated
news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.
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 Hlukhiv college

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable,

alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own
system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the
Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only
have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international
calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.
But saving money is only the first step
and not the last one. There is a commercial
use of this network and it is drastically
increasing. Now you can work through the
internet, gambling and playing through the
net.
However, there are some problems.
The most important problem is security.
When you send an e-mail, your message can
travel through many different networks and
computers. The data is constantly being
directed towards its destination by special
computers called routers. Because of this, it is
possible to get into any of the computers
along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet.
But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these
programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.
Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no
effective control in the^Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating
through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future,
the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed
in two words an anarchist's dream.

network
to embrace - ,
user ,
to design , ,
to survive
nuclear war -
to pollute
dangerous
path ,
available , ,
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 Hlukhiv college

the net ,
packet switching
invention
accurate
to count
approximately
to receive
message
to provide , ,
reliable
alternative
provider ,
security
router
to intercept ( .. )
to encode ,
notwithstanding , , -
to crack
huge , ,
to circulate /
tremendous . ,

1. What is the Internet?

2. When and where did the history of Internet begin?
3. Why was the Internet designed?
4. What is modem?
5. Where are most of the Internet host computers?
6. What is the accurate number of internet users?
7. What is the most popular Internet service today?
8. What are other popular services available on the Internet?
9. What is the most important problem of the Internet?
10. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?
11. Is there a commercial use of the network today?

E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL?

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E-mail electronic mail is a way of sending messages and letters

directly from your computer to another computer. Snail mail is how people (mainly
those with e-mail) refer to the traditional writing paper+envelope+stamp way of
sending a letter. How do they compare?
E-MAIL The good things. It's so quick; you can
just tap out a letter on your computer and press
SEND. You can send the same letter to your
hundreds of friends all around the world in a few
seconds. You can spread the news or the latest
gossip really quickly. You can communicate with
your favourite film stars and pop stars.
The bad things
Most of your friends aren't on e-mail. And
those that are don't like getting exactly the same
letter as everybody else. You accidentally send a
bit of hot gossip to someone who really shouldn't see it. They never write back. Or
you just get loads of junk mail in return.

snail [snel] ; .
to tap out [tp]
to press [pres]
to spread [spred]
gossip ['gsp] ,
accidentally [,ks'dentl]
loads [ludz] (of) . ,
junk [dk] ()

1. What is e-mail?
2. When was it first sent?
3. What are the advantages of e-mail?
4. What are the disadvantages?
5. Compare e-mail and usual mail.
6. Can you send the e-mail? Describe the way of sending.

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 Hlukhiv college

TELEVISION IS DOING IRREPARABLE HARM

"Yes, but what did we use to do before
there was television?" How often we hear
statements like this! Television hasn't been with us
all that long, but we are already beginning to forget
what the world was like without it. Before we
admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we
never found it difficult to occupy our spare time.
We used to enjoy civilised pleasures. For instance,
we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our
friends and be entertained by them, we used to go
outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas,
restaurants and sporting events. We even used to
read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to
the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the "goggle box". We rush home or
gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given
up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the
day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything providing it doesn't
interfere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence
and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a
programme, he is quickly silenced.
Whole generations are growing up
addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten,
homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is
a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice
for mother to keep the children quiet by putting
them in the living-room and turning on the set.
It doesn't matter that the children will watch
rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism
and violence so long as they are quiet.
Television encourages passive
enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in
our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from
the real world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness,
glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be a
splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with
each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living
when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilisation
in quiet, natural surroundings. We quickly discover then how little we miss the
hypnotic tyranny of King Telly.

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 Hlukhiv college

to admit [d'mt]
to occupy ['kjupa]
goggle [ ggl] box .
to gulp [glp] ; ()
to dare [d] ,
rubbishy ['rb] ; ; ,
to prevent from [pr'vent] ,

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Nowadays our life is getting more
and more tense. People live under the
press of different problems, such as
social, ecological, economic and
others. They constantly suffer from
stress, noise and dust in big cities,
diseases and instability. A person
should be strong and healthy in order
to overcome all difficulties. To achieve
this aim people ought to take care of
their physical and mental health. There
are several ways to do it. The state of
your body depends on how much time
you spend doing sports. At least
everybody must do morning exercises
every day. The most healthy kinds of
sports are swimming, running and cycling. Healthy food is also a very important
factor. Overeating causes many dangerous
diseases. The daily menu should include
meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product,
which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and
etc. On the other hand modern diets are very
popular especially among women. Diets
may be harmful, if they are used in the
wrong way. To be healthy, people should get
rid of their bad habits. It's necessary to stop
smoking and drinking much. Everyone
should remember that cigarettes, alcohol
and drugs destroy both body and brain.
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Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the
influence of drugs and alcohol. In addition it is recommended to watch TV less,
avoid anxiety and observe daily routine. Certainly it's hard to follow all these
recommendations, but every person have to choose between healthy life style and
numerous illnesses.
Sport and healthy lifestyle
The fitness boom of the past decades led to a big rise in the numbers of people
participating in sports and activities. Those who pursue the latest fitness fashion
are convinced that staying in good physical form requires much more than regular
exercise and balanced meals. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness
has become an integral part of their lives. A lot of health and fitness club, and
public leisure centers indicate the popularity of sports during the past thirty years.
There are many opportunities for keeping fit. First of all it's necessary to do
exercises. Running, jumping, swimming, bending and stretching are among the
most popular exercises. Many people prefer jogging, which is the cheapest and the
most accessible sport. Popular running competitions are now held everywhere. The
big city marathons have become sporting events. A healthy body becomes a
fashion, an ideal of the modern life. Many sports activities have become part of
daily Russian life. Football has always been the most popular sport among boys.
Playing football is healthy, football also bring people close because in order to win
people have to work as a team. The best way to avoid depression caused by the city
life is doing exercises. Taking exercise is only one part of keeping fit. It's important
to get slim. Some people eat nothing but fruit for several days. But it won't be of
any use without proper exercises. Besides to avoid serious disease one should give
up smoking. Smoking should be banned in all public places.
As for me, I'm interested in different kinds of sport. At school we have physical
training lesson twice a week. I like to ski in winter. Sometimes the whole family
goes skiing at the weekend. In summer I like to swim. I also do some cycling.
I'm very fond of hockey. I try to watch every hockey match on TV.

HEALTHY FOOD
All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are
different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats vitamins and minerals.
Different foods contain different nutrients.

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Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt,

we have to know a bit more about the kind of
food these things might be in. The biggest
problem comes when these things are hidden in
other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat
pies, soft drinks and so on.
The best way is to get into the habit of
checking the ingredients and nutritional value
on the sides of packets although this isn't always
easy to do. Another thing to know is, for
example, that we do need fat to live, it's an
essential part of our diet and physically we
couldn't exist without it.
But we all know that to eat much fat is
bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats
that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and
more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated
fats, found in animal productions, like red meat, butter and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and
seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It
can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.
More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced.
Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat meat, fish, fruit and vegetables
is grown using chemicals and additives.
Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of
food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the
effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the
demand for organically grown products.
Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that
ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other
problems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This
problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.
The food we eat, depends on lots of
things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion
and health also play a part in what food we
eat. Advertising and social factors also have
a big influence.
Income is also an important factor.
That is why not surprisingly, money, rather
than a lack of knowledge about how to eat
well, is at the heart of the problem.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
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 Hlukhiv college

First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.

Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.

nutrient -
carbohydrate d
protein ,
fat
to contain
to cut down on - .
to hide (past hid, p.p. hidden) ,
crisp ,
to get into the habit of -
essential ,
saturated fat
butter -
unprocessed fat
seed ,
avocado ,
tuna
additive -
fertilizer
pesticide ,
to increase -
to improve
concern , , ,
food chain -
to lead (past led, p.p. led) - ,
demand -
modified food -
to cause ,
cancer ()
fear , ,
to solve -
to depend on
income ;
lack , ; -.

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 Hlukhiv college

1. What nutrients do you know?

2. What are the main things to know about food we eat?
3. What fats are good?
4. What fats are dangerous for our health?
5. What are the main factors that determine the food we eat?
6. What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?

MY ATTITUDE TO SPORTS
Let me tell you about my own attitude to sports and sportsmen.
To begin with I must say that sport is one of the
things that always keep people fit. I think that
everyone must do all he can to be healthy.
Physically inactive people get older earlier than
those who have plenty of exercises. If you do
daily exercises regularly, you feel refreshed,
have a good posture and that makes you feel
well.
Wise people say that good health is a great
blessing. Everyone should do all possible to stay healthy. Being in good health
means having both body and mind in good working order free from diseases and
pain.
There is a truthful Latin proverb: "A sound mind is in a sound body". If you
want to keep yourself fit, you are to go in for sports.
Sport is very popular in our family. Together with my father we do our usual
morning exercises at home and twice a week we have our basketball training in the
sports club and in summer we like to swim most of all, because swimming makes a
man healthy and strong.

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I'm a hockey fan, too. I try to watch

every hockey match on TV. Moreover I
take part in different sports competitions
which our school organizes from time to
time. The most popular kinds of sport in
our school are football, basketball,
gymnastics, and wrestling. Some boys are
also fond of boxing. Among girls
callisthenics is very popular. All these
sports have their strong supporters.
My favourite kind of sport is tennis.
I have been playing it since I was eleven
years old, and the more I play it, the more I
like it. There is a good tennis court not far
from my house and I often go there with
my friends.

to keep fit [k:p fit] , ,

to do daily exercises
to feel refreshed [r'fret] ,
posture ['pst] ; ,
blessing ['blesi] ; ;
disease [d'zi:z]
truthful ['tru:ful] , ; ( )
competitions [,kmp't()n]
wrestling ['resli]
callisthenics [,klis'enks]

1. Why should people go in for sports?

2. Is it difficult to choose the kind of spoil you would like to go in for?
3. Why are the lessons of physical training at school so important?
4. What kind of sport are you fond of?
5. Why are you fond of this kind of sport?

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THE HISTORY OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Long ago ancient Greeks often waged wars. Small states suffered and
lost much even if they did not take any side and stayed out of wars. The ruler of
such a small state, Elis, wanted to live in
peace with all neighbours. He was a good
diplomat because his negotiations were
successful and Elis was recognized a neutral
state. To celebrate this achievement, he
organized athletic games.
In the beginning this feast lasted one
day, but later a whole month was devoted to
it. All wars and feuds were stopped by special
heralds who rode in all directions of Greece.
The games were held every four years in Olympia on the territory of Elis.
The first games which later were called the Olympic Games were held about a
thousand years before our era.
Usually the Olympic Games began before the middle of the summer^ Best
athletes arrived from many Greek states to Olympia to compete in running, long
jumps, throwing of discus and javelin and wrestling. In the course of time fist
fighting (boxing) and chariot races were also included in the Games.
All athletes took an oath that they had been preparing well for the Games
and promised to compete honestly and keep the rules of the sacred Olympics. The
athletes took part in all kinds of competitions. Winners were called olympionics,
they were awarded olive wreaths and cups of olive oil. This tradition has survived.
In our time sportsmen often get cups and
wreaths for winning the first place in sports
competitions.
The olympionics of ancient Greece
became very popular. Best craftsmen were
chosen to make honourary cups, many
poets wrote and recited in public poems
about the best athletes. Sculptors made their
statues which were put up at the birthplace
of the winners.
The Olympic Games were accompanied by arts festivals. Poets recited their
poems, singers sang hymns dancers danced and orators pronounced speeches all
this in honour of the sacred Games.
Only men could take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not allowed
even to watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty.
There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son and accompanied
him to the stadium in men's clothes. That brave woman was spared the penalty
because her son excelled in many events.
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Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors. They painted wall
pictures and made statues of marble and bronze, so now we can admire the
corporal beauty of ancient and eternally young discus thrower, javelin bearer and
others.
The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the
emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D.
The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892,
when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the
Union of French sports clubs in Paris.
At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports
and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other
lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified
peoples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.
On the 23rd of June 1894 the
International Congress of amateur
sportsmen made an important decision: to
revive the Olympic Games and to establish
the International Olympic Committee
which would be responsible for the
administration of the modern-Olympic
Games.
The first Committee consisted of 12
members. Now 82 members of the
International Olympic Committee control the affairs of all member countries which
joined the Olympic movement.

to wage wars
ruler
feast
herald ,
javelin
sacred
wreath
chariot races -
to be spared the penalty

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 Hlukhiv college

1. What did ancient Greeks do long ago? .

2. What did the ruler of a small state want to do?
3. Why did the ruler organize athletic games?
4. How long did the first feast last?
5. When did the Olympic Games begin?
6. How were the winners called?
7. What were the Olympic Games accompanied by?
8. Who was not allowed to take part in the Olympic Games?
9. When did the revival of the Olympic Games begin?

HOLIDAYS IN UKRAINE
Each country has its own customs, traditions, holidays, and important
days in its history. Talking of holidays in Ukraine we can't but tell about
everybody's favourite New Year Holiday. People think that at night on New Year's
eve the old year with all its troubles leaves us forever and the new year with all our
hopes and expectations knocks at our doors. People decorate the Christmas tree,
have New Year parties and prepare presents for their relatives and friends.On the
eve of January the 7th Ukrainians start celebrating Christmas. It's the day of Jesus
Christ's birthday and it is widely celebrated all over Ukraine. People sing carols,
cook a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish named "kutya" which all the family
eats together. Then people go to church to listen to the Christmas sermon.
Not long ago Ukrainians began to celebrate a new holiday, St. Valentine's
Day. It's the day of lovers, when we give special cards and presents to our
sweethearts. This traditional holiday
came into Ukraine from the English-
speaking countries.
March the 8th is Women's Day.
This date was introduced in 1910 by
the 2nd International Conference of
women-socialists at the proposal of
Clara Tsetkin as a day of the
international solidarity of women in
their struggle for economic, political,
and social equality. Nowadays this
date has lost its political meaning and
became just the day when we congratulate and thank our women for everything

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they do for us at home and at work, say our good wishes, give them flowers and
presents.
Easter Day comes according to the lunar calendar. It's the Day of Jesus
Christ's Resurrection. People celebrate this Holiday because He died on the cross
for our salvation. They go to churches to listen to sermons, gather at homes to pray
and thank Jesus Christ for our salvation from eternal death into eternal life with
Him in Heaven.
On May the 1st we celebrate the holiday of spring, nature awakening and
beauty.
On May the 9th we celebrate the anniversary of Victory over Nazi Germany.
People go to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier who died at war defending our
country from fascists, put flowers to the monuments, and in the evening everybody
goes to see the holiday salute.
On August the 24th we celebrate the Day of Independence of Ukraine, which
was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine after
the attempt of the military coup d'etat in Moscow.
We also like our holidays because we always have our family reunion on
these days.

custom ['kstm]
expectation [,ekspek'te()n] ,
to celebrate ['selbret]
carol [ kr()l] ;
sermon ['s:mn]
sweetheart ['swi:tha:t] ,
coup d'etat ['ku:de'ta:] . ,
family reunion [ri:'ju:njn]

1. What holidays do we celebrate in Ukraine?

2. What is your favourite holiday?
3. How do people celebrate Easter?
4. What do people usually do on Victory day ?
5. Where does St. Valentine's Day come from ?

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 Hlukhiv college

HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN

National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France
or America. Scotland's National Day is St. Andrew's Day (30 November), which has
now largely been overshadowed by Burns' Night. St. David's Day (1 March) is the
National Day of Wales. England National Day is St. George's Day (23 April) which
coincides with William Shakespeare's birthday. St. Patrick's Day is an official Bank
Holiday in Northern
Ireland.
For many British
people (with the exception
of Scotsmen), Christmas
is the favourite holiday. It
is celebrated much earlier
than in our country, on
December, 25. Preparation
for the holiday begins
several weeks before it
with sending dozens of
cards, buying presents and
food, decorating the
Christmas tree and the
house. On Christmas Eve
everything and everybody
are in a rush. Most offices and public buildings close at one o'clock, but shops stay
open late. Railway and bus stations are overcrowded as people travel from all parts of
the country to be with their families. Christmas is the most important family holiday.
The cities and towns are decorated with thousands of coloured lights, and the
biggest Christmas tree in Britain is put up in Trafalgar Square in London. This tree is a
traditional gift of the Norwegian people to the British. It is brightly decorated with
shining balls and brilliant stars that sparkle in the light. Imitation snow lies soft and
silvery white on the dark green branches. It is so beautiful that hundreds of people with
their children come to admire it.
In the homes there is a great air of expectation. Holly and mistletoe are hanging
on the wall waiting for the English traditional kissing when a girl standing under these
evergreen plants can't refuse being kissed. Mothers of the family are busy in the
kitchen getting ready for the next day's dinner of turkey, pudding and other tasty
things. Before going to bed children may hang Christmas stockings on their beds
In Scotland New Year is called Hogmanay and is the most favourite holiday of
the year. It begins with a thorough cleaning of the house and cooking plenty of tasty
food. On New Year Eve the families that observe old traditions sit themselves round
the fire and when the hands of the clock approach twelve, the head of the house
opens the front door of the house and holds it open wide till the last stroke of the bell,
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 Hlukhiv college

to let the Old Year out and the New Year in. Then greetings and gifts are exchanged,
glasses are filled and everybody is waiting for the First-Footers, young men who will
be the first to come in the house to bring luck and prosperity for the coming year.
Though February is a winter month, many British people start feeling spring on
February, 14 when they get Valentine cards and symbolic love gifts. For many
centuries St. Valentine's Day has been a good opportunity to openly show your
feelings and exchange love-tokens.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the eve of the Lenten
fast. In medieval times all Christians made their compulsory confessions or "shifts"
from which the words "Shrove Tuesday" derives. They also took their last
opportunity to eat up all the rich food prohibited during Lent. Thus all eggs, butter and
fat remaining in the house were made into pancakes. The day was also characterised
by merry-making, feasting and eating a lot of pancakes. Nowadays only pancake
eating has remained. And though you can eat them on any day of the year, they seem
to be much tastier on Pancake Day! Some regions in Britain celebrate the day with
pancake races during which a pancake should be tossed in the frying pan at least three
times.
Easter in Britain is the time of giving and receiving presents which
traditionally take the form of Easter eggs and hot cross buns. Nowadays eggs are
usually made of chocolate with surprises in them, but the old custom is dying and
painting eggs is still kept in some country districts. Other emblems of Easter are
fluffy little chicks, the Easter Bunny and spring flowers.
April Fools' Day is not an official holiday but few people are indifferent to it.
Everyone who has a sense of humour likes to play practical jokes on their friends
and family neighbours.
Bank Holidays are public holidays called so because the banks as well as most
offices and shops are closed. There are winter, spring and summer Bank Holidays.
Another popular holiday in Britain is Guy Fawkes Day, which commemorates
the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to destroy the English
Houses of Parliament and King James I on November, 5 1605. It is usually marked
with bonfires and dummies of Guy Fawkes.
Holidays in the USA
Each of the fifty states in the USA establish their own legal holidays. The federal
government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for
federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states however accept the
federal legal holidays which are: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King's Day,
Washington's Birthday, now called "President's Day" (the third Monday in February),
Memorial Day (last Monday in May), Independence Day, Labor Day (first Monday in
September), Columbus Day, Veterans' Day (November, 11 th), Thanksgiving Day and
Christmas.
Most states have holidays which are "observed" but not necessarily legal. The
name of the holiday goes on the calendar for a state, yet it does not mean that
businesses are always closed or children let out of school. For example, Confederate
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Memorial Day is celebrated on the last Monday in April only in Alabama and
Mississippi.
There are also special days in most states which are proclaimed but have no
effect otherwise, for instance Volunteer Fireman Day in New Jersey. This is also true
at the national level. The President or Congress might proclaim a special day or week
in order to bring attention to a certain concern, interest group or problem, like for
example, National Employ the Handicapped Week.
Many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah or Ramadan are
observed by the religious, but have no national or officially legal status. Rather each
state sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends
on individual company decisions.
There are many other traditional
holidays, observed by a large number of
Americans, which are neither legal nor
official. Among these are Valentine's Day, St.
Patrick's Day (not just people with Irish
ancestry will "wear the green" on March
17th), Mother's Day and Halloween.
Perhaps the two "most American" of
the holidays are the Fourth of July- Independence Day, and Thanksgiving. The first
one is like a big nationwide birthday party. Some towns and cities have parades
with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech, should
anyone be willing to listen. But what makes this holiday special is the atmosphere
and enjoyment of, for instance, the family picnic with hot dogs, hamburgers and
volleyball, fireworks and rockets at night (and often a sunburn and a headache the
next morning). The nation's birthday is also its greatest annual summer celebration.
Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional
foods are prepared for the feast turkey or ham, cranberry sauce, bread rolls and
pumpkin pie. At the same time Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember
the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world.

MY SUMMER HOLIDAYS
After my hard and busy school year my summer holidays began. I felt
happy and began to plan a lot of wonderful things to do during my summer
vocation.
I was dreaming about far South countries I always wanted to visit. For example I
dreamed to visit, Greece islands or Singapore beaches. But I had to go to the
Azove seaside with my relatives. The water was very warm there because you
know Azove Sea isnt deep. There were a lot of beautiful fair trees and bushes
there. There were different kinds of entertainments there. Some kinds of water
Mountains and water scooters and discos.

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There was nothing to do all day except lying in the sun and get a wonderful
tan. I was playing with my little sister on the sand and in the waves teaching her to
swim. Later on I returned to Kherson and spend some time in town going out with
my friends, reading, listening to music, watching TV, playing computer games.
After that I went to the sports camp where I spent seven days with my friends.
It was very useful experience for
us because we had to get up very early,
to train a lot, and to rest very little. But
it made us stronger and healthier.
I was very happy to return home
and to spend several days in my summer
cottage, I helped my grand-pa to dig the
garden, to water plants, and to gather
fruits and vegetables. I was fishing with
my grand-pa sometime successfully and
we were cooking our fish together. Only
humorous insects were spoiling my
good humor. I was enjoying floating in the boat swimming in the river and helping
my grandparents.
During my summer holidays I made many new friends, read a lot of
interesting books.
Got to know a lot of useful things. Now I feel ready to get back to school.
I am happy to meet my friends and teachers.

TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling.
They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of
ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene.
It is always interesting to discover new things,
different ways of life, to meet different people, to
try different food, to listen to different musical
rhythms.
Those who live in the country like to go to a
big city and spend their time visiting museums and
art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at
exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet
holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing
to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
Most travellers and holiday-makerstake a
camera with them and take pictures of everything
that interests them the sights of a city, old
churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests,

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different kinds of trees,

flowers and plants, animals
and birds. Later, perhaps years
later, the photos will remind
them of the happy time they
once had.
People travel by train, by
plane, by boat, and by car.
All ways of travelling have their
advantages and
disadvantages. And people
choose one according to
their plans and destinations.
If we are fond of
travelling, we see and learn a lot
of things that we can never see
or learn at home, though we
may read about them in books
and newspapers and see pictures
of them on TV. The best way to
study geography is to travel, and
the best way to get to know and
understand people is to meet
them in their own homes.

picturesque [,pkt'resk]
change of scene
to discover [ds'kv] ,
art gallery
city-dweller ,
sights
view [vju:]
valley ,
plain
waterfall ['w:tf:l]
to remind
advantage [d'va:ntd]
disadvantage
destination [,dest'ne()n] ,
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1. Are you fond of travelling?

2. Men have travelled ever since they first appeared on earth. Why do people
travel?
3. Why do people take a camera with them ? What do they usually photograph ?
4. What do we see and learn while travelling?
5. How do different people spend their holidays?
6. What ways of travelling do you know ? What are their advantages and
disadvantages?
7. What places have you visited?
8. Have you ever taken a holiday cruise along the Black Sea coast or down the
Volga ?
9. Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group. What
about you ?
10. What countries would you like to visit?

A VISIT TO A HOTEL
We stayed in the Carlton Hotel for three days in July, but I booked our
room three months in advance, i. e. in April, because July is the middle of the
tourist season. When we arrived we checked in at reception, then the porter carried
our suitcases up to our room. I gave him a small tip about 50p, I think. The staff
were very friendly we had a very nice chamber-maid (the woman who cleans
the room) and the room was very comfortable. The only problem we had, in
fact, was with the shower which didn't work very well. (You could also say 'There
was something wrong with the shower'.)
USEFUL WORDS AND
EXPRESSIONS
Could I book (= reserve) a room for next
Thursday?
()

Could I have an early morning call at 7
a.m. please? (Could you wake me at 7
a.m.?)

7 ?
Could you put it on my bill, please? (add the cost to the bill, e.g. for a drink you
have in the hotel bar)
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 Hlukhiv college

?
Could I pay my bill, please? (pay for everything)
?
Could you order (call) a taxi for me to go to the airport?
?
Are you fully booked (completely full) next week?
?
Is breakfast/dinner included? (Does the price include breakfast/dinner?)
/ ?
Where's the lift? (the machine, which takes you up or down a floor) [. =
elevator] ?
Excuse me. How do I get to the underground station from here? ,
?

to book = to reserve
in advance [d'va:ns] , ,
to check in (), ()
tip ;
chamber-maid ['tembmed]

CHOOSING AN OCCUPATION
One of the most difficult problems a young person faces is deciding what
to do about a career. There are individuals, of course, who from the time they are
six years old "know" that they want to be doctors, or pilots, or fire fighters, but the
majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or
career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to
think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you
will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or may
find out that you will need to get some actual work experience to gain enough
knowledge to qualify for a particular job.

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Fortunately, there are a

lot of people you can turn to
for advice and help in making
your decision. At most
schools, there are teachers
who are professionally
qualified to counsel you and
to give detailed information
about job qualifications. And
you can talk over your ideas
with family members and
friends who are always ready
to listen and to offer
suggestions. But even if you
get other people involved in
helping you make a decision,
self-evaluation is an
important part of the
decision-making process.

to qualify ['kwlfa] for -

()

1. What is the most difficult problem for a young person ?

2. Why don't the majority of young people know what they want to be ?
3. When do they make a decision about an occupation ?
4. What things do you have to think about when choosing an occupation ?
5. What should one do to qualify for a particular job ?
6. Whom can you turn to for advice when making your decision ?
7. What is the most important part of the decision-making process ?

HOW TO WRITE A RESUME

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No matter what method of job hunting you use, inevitably somebody

will ask you for a resume. Most companies require a resume before seriously
considering a job candidate from the outside. Resumes are sometimes also required
in order to receive a job transfer within a company.
The purpose of a resume is to help you
obtain a job interview, not a job. Very few people
are hired without a personal interview.
Effective resumes are straightforward, factual
presentations of a person's experience and
accomplishments. They are neither over detailed
nor too sketchy. A general rule is that two or three
pages in length is best.
One page seems too superficial; a four-page
(or longer) resume may irritate an impatient
employment official. Some writers suggest that a
chronological (the standard-type) resume be used;
others argue for an accomplishment resume. A
useful resume should include both your experiences
and key accomplishments. When sent to a
prospective employer, a resume should be professionally reproduced, with
particular attention to misspellings, typographical errors, and careful spacing.
To attract attention, some job seekers print resumes on tinted paper, in a
menu-like folder, or on unusual-sized paper. If done in a way to attract positive
attention to yourself, these approaches have merit.

inevitably
to require
to hire
accomplishment ()
superficial -
to irritate
tinted paper -
merit -

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1. What is the purpose of a resume?

2. What are effective resumes?
3. What is the length of effective resumes?
4. What should a useful resume include?
5. How should a resume be reproduced?

MY FUTURE PLANS
This year I am going to leave school. Before people leave school, they
understand that the time to choose their future profession has already come. It's not
an easy task to make a right choice.
Someone goes further in his education and enter an institute, university or
college. Other can start a working career, go into business. There are many
universities and institutes in every big city. Our city is not an exception.
If we want to get a professional
training, we can enter a technical college.
There is a huge number of professions to
choose. But we should take our time while
choosing our future profession. Some children
choose profession their parents want, others
do it in their own way while choosing their
profession and there are some boys arid girls,
who want nothing. Anyway it is a dilemma for
all the family.
Fathers usually want their children to follow their footsteps. Mothers don't
want their sons and daughters to leave the native town or city. So, they persuade
kids to enter local colleges and universities or institutes. To find out the best from
the best, we should work a lot.
Because of the wide difference in jobs, we should find out all available
information about any possible job. We also need to think about how well we can
do what we would like to do. We have got to know the demand for professions on
the local employment market.
To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, characters
arid abilities. To become a good doctor, you must be patient, easygoing and smart
The teacher's work requires love for children, much patience, profound knowledge
of subjects and the ability to explain and to teach. Detective's job is very stressful.
He must be brave, reasonable, smart, fair and strong and have extraordinary brains.
By the beginning of the last year, I wanted to become a doctor. I thought it
was a very prestigious profession. I was good at biology and zoology at the 8 and 9
forms. I wanted to help people, who had problems with their health. I know that a
doctor should be noble in work and life, kind and attentive to people, honest and
prudent. A doctor who is selfish and dishonest can't be good at his profession. I
tried to do my best to develop good characters in myself

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Now, I have already decided what to do. I'd like to be a teacher I know that
it is very difficult to be a good teacher. It is a hard profession. You should know
perfectly the subject you teach, you must be well-educated and well-informed. A
good teacher develops in his students a desire for knowledge and love for truth and
beauty. It is a great responsibility to educate the children. I think that's the reason
why teachers are deeply respected.
More and more people realize that
every educated person should know a
foreign language. That is why I'm going to
become a teacher of English* I like English.
I liked it from the first lesson we first started
learning it and it is still my favourite
subject. I will try to enter the department of
foreign languages at the University.
We study at universities or institutes
to become a specialist for five years. If you
want a bachelor degree, you have to study four years. After your final exams have
passed, you are a qualified specialist Some students keep studying and enter a
post-graduate course to follow an academic career. Most university graduates take
up teaching and return to school.
I know that a teacher's job is quite difficult. A teacher can't say, that he
knows everything. Professional teacher is an experienced teacher. So, have
graduated from a university or institute, young specialists have many things to do
to become a real professional teacher, an example of competence
So, choosing a career and then getting a job are two things, any person does
in his lifetime. If we don't think about the future, we won't have one.

to leave (past left, p.p. left) school

to go (past went, p0p. gone) into business
professional training
huge ,
to take (past took, p.p.taken) time
dilemma ,
to follow smb. footsteps
to persuade ,
wide , ,
demand ,
employment market
to consider
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patient ,
easygoing
smart
to require
profound
knowledge
stressful
brave ,
fair ,
extraordinary ,
prestigious
attentive
honest
prudent ,
selfish
dishonest
to develop ,
desire ,
responsibility -
bachelor degree
post-graduate course .
to graduate from
competence

1. When do people understand that the time to choose future profession has already
come?
2. Where do people enter if they want to get a professional training?
3. Do all children choose their future professions in their own way?
4. Why do some parents persuade their kids to enter local colleges and universities
or institutes?
6. Why should we take our time while choosing our future profession?
6. What does the teacher's work require?
7. Why have I decided to become a teacher of English?

THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF UKRAINE

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Ukraine's area is 603,700 square kilometers: from North to South is 893

km, from West to East 1316 km. It's larger than France (544 ths sq. km), Spain
(505 ths sq. km), Sweden (450
ths sq. km), Germany (356,3 ths
sq. km), Poland (312,7 ths sq.
km).
Ukraine has inland and
marine borders of 7590 km. The
inland border passes for 5631
km and consists of three areas:
Western, Eastern, and Northern.
The length of marine border is
1959 km. Ukraine borders on
Russian Federation (inland
border of 2063 km), Belarus
(975 km), Poland (542,5 km),
Slovakia (98 km), Hungary
(135 km), Romania (608 km) and Moldova (1194 km).
Ukraine is mainly a vast plain with no natural boundaries except the
Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Black Sea in the south. The Dnipro
River with its many tributaries unifies central Ukraine economically, connecting
the Baltic coast countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The
mouth of the Danube River provides an outlet for Ukrainian trade to the Balkans,
Austria, and Germany.
Central and Southern Ukraine are primarily steppes with fertile black soils
exceptionally well-suited for grain farming. In the east there is the industrial
heartland known as the Greater Donbas, or Donetsk Basin containing large mineral
deposits.
Northern and Western Ukraine' are hilly, forested areas with many
picturesque mountain resorts. There are two mountain ranges the Carpathians
on the western border, where winter sports centres are very popular, and the
Crimean range in the south, which divides the Crimean peninsular. The Crimea is a
favourite destination not only for Ukrainian tourists, but also for citizens of other
states of the former Soviet Union, as well as Eastern and Western Europe.

ths (. thousand)
plain [plen]
tributary ['trbjut()r]
to unify ['jumfa] '

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mouth [mau] ()
outlet ['nutlet]
heartland ['heutlnd]
mineral deposits [d'pzts]
range [reind3] ()

1. What is the area of Ukraine?

2. Where is Ukraine situated?
3. How many mountain ranges are there in Ukraine?
4. Where are the large mineral deposits?
5. Why is the Crimea a favourite destination for many people?

THE CLIMATE AND POPULATION OF UKRAINE

The climate in Ukraine is similar to the wheat-producing regions of
Canada and is characterized by abundant precipitation and cloudy sky, especially
in fall and winter. The mean temperature in summer is 19 (67 F), and in winter
6 (21 F). Although summers are usually short, the temperature can rise to
the 30C (90F). Winters here are long and cold, with cloudy sky as a norm.
The population of Ukraine is approximately 49,5 million people (68% is
urban, 32% is rural).
The major cities are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Odessa, Lviv.
Population density is 85 persons per sq.
km.
Ukraine is inhabited by
representatives of more than 110
nationalities. Ukrainians comprise
72,7% of the population, Russians
22,1 %, Jews, Belorussians,
Moldovans, Bulgarians, Poles,
Hungarians, Rumanians, Greeks,
Tatars, Armenians, Gypsies, and
Germans 5,2%.
The official language in Ukraine
is the Ukrainian language. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees and defends the
rights of ethnic minorities.

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6,8 million Ukrainians live in the countries of the former Soviet Union
including some 4,4 million in Russia, 0,9 million in Kazakhstan, 0,6 million in
Uzbekistan, and 0,1 million in Kirghizstan.
Approximately 5 million Ukrainians live in Europe, North and South
America, and Australia. The majority of them live in Canada, the USA, Argentina,
Brazil, Germany, Great Britain, and Austria.

wheat [wi:t]
abundant ['bndnt] , ( in)
precipitation [pr,sp'te()n] ;
to rise [raz]
representative [,repr'zenttv]
to comprise [km praz]
Gypsy ['dps] ;
to defend [d'fend]

1. What is the climate of Ukraine ?

2. What is the mean temperature in summer? In winter?
3. What is the population of Ukraine ?
4. What are the major cities?
5. What is the official language?
6. Representatives of what nationalities is Ukraine inhabited by?

UKRAINE. THE NATIONAL SYMBOLS

The Constitution states that the national symbols of Ukraine shall be the
National Flag, the National Emblem and the National Anthem.

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The Ukrainian flag consists of two horizontal

stripes of equal width. The top is blue, the bottom
is yellow. Blue and yellow, the colours of the sky,
mountains, streams, and golden fields had
symbolized Kyivan Rus' long before the
introduction of Christianity. With the acceptance of
Christianity, blue and gold were incorporated into
church symbolism. After the Mongol-Tatar
invasion in the 1200s, the-use of blue and gold was
interrupted to be revived again in church ornaments
and city crests some time later. The emblem of the
city of Myrhorod, for example, was a gold trident over a blue background. Another
city, Pryluky, used the head of an ox in gold over a blue background as its insignia.
And in Lubny the city emblem pictured a hand holding a golden mace over a blue
background. The banners of the Cossacks (XVII century) were blue with gold
stars, a gold cross or with pictures of saints rendered in gold.
The National Emblem is a trident. The first image of a trident appeared in
the IX century A.D. When Ihor, Prince of Kyivan Rus' from 912 to.945, sent
ambassadors to sign a treaty with the Byzantine emperor, they sealed the document
with a trident. As the official emblem of the Kyivan princes, the trident was
stamped on coins and seals; it was depicted on porcelain and in frescos. It is
thought that the tridentrepresented -the division of the world into three spheres: the
earthly, the celestial and the spiritual as well as the union of the three natural
elements: air, water and earth. The trident was
endorsed as the National Emblem of Ukraine,
and the blue and yellow flag as the National
Flag of Ukraine by the Verkhovna Rada in
1992.
The lyrics to the anthem of Ukraine were
written by Pavlo Chubynsky a scientist and
poet in 1862. The music was composed by
M. Verbytsky.

National Emblem ['nnl 'emblm]

national anthem ['nm]
to incorporate [n'k:p()ret]
invasion [n've()n] , ,
to revive [r'vaiv]
crest [krest] ( )
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 Hlukhiv college

trident ['tradnt] ()
insignia [n'sgn]
mace [mes]
to render ['rend] ,
D. [e di:] Anno Domini ['nou'dmna]
ambassador [mbsd] ;
to seal [si:l] ;
to stamp [stmp]
to represent [,repr'zent] ;
celestial [s'lestjl]
to endorse [n'd:s]

1. What are the national symbols of Ukraine?

2. Describe the National Flag.
3. Where were the blue and golden colours incorporated?
4. What emblems of the cities do you know?
5. What is the National Emblem?
6. Why was trident chosen to be the emblem?
7. When were the Emblem and the Flag of Ukraine endorsed?
8. Who wrote the lyrics and music to the Anthem of Ukraine?

KYIV - THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE

Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, has the
population of nearly three million inhabitants
and covers over 43 km from east to west and
42 km from north to south.
According to the legend, Kyiv was
founded by three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and
Khoryv, and their sister Lybid. The city was
named after Kyi, the eldest brother. The
monument erected in their honor stands on the
bank of the River Dnipro.
In the late 6th and early 7th centuries the
first fortification appeared in the northern
section of Old Kyiv Hill. While the court of the

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princes was located on the hills of Kyiv, the lower part of the city, known as Podil,
developed into a busy trading district.
With the establishment of Kyivan Rus' (the 9th century), Kyiv became its
capital.
Prince Volodymyr the Great (9801015) expanded the city. Kyivan Rus'
was at its zenith under the rule of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (10361054).
Monasteries were established and developed into centres of education. Close to
400 churches were built, the most famous of which, Saint Sofia's Cathedral (1037),
has survived to this day. The first library was founded on the grounds of the
Cathedral.
Today Kyiv is one of the greatest ancient European cities, rich with the
monuments of art and architecture. It is a political, scientific, cultural, sports, and
industrial centre of modern Ukraine.
Kyiv is a major industrial centre that includes companies specializing in
electronics, engineering, aviation, food, and chemical production, etc. Kyiv's
economic development has been enriched by its advantageous location along the
Dnipro River, which links Kyiv to the Black Sea.
The city has many hotels, cafes, and restaurants with Ukrainian, European,
American, and Eastern cuisine to accommodate tourists and business persons.
Stadiums, tennis courts, swimming pools, and gyms are also available for you. If
you visit Kyiv in late May, you will witness a beautiful festival "The Days of
Kyiv".

fortification [,f:tf'ke()n] , ;
.
to expand [ks'pasnd]
cathedral [k'i:dr()l]
to accommodate ['kmdet] ; ,
stadium ['stedjm]

1. What is the capital of Ukraine?

2. Who were the founders of Kyiv?
3. When did the first fortification appear?
4. When did Kyiv become the capital of Ukraine?
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5. What do you know about Kyiv of modern times?

HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Higher education is generally recognized as preparing individuals to
realize more fully their human potential, enrich their understanding of life and
make them more productive to society.
Future specialists in various fields of science, technology, economiesand art
get a fundamental general and specialized training, all students regardless of their
specialty study foreign languages.
Apart from educational work and schooling Ukrainian higher schools carry
out a great deal of scientific work in all branches of knowledge. They have either a
students research Society (Club) or a Technological Design Bureau which provide
excellent facilities for young researches.
Our country needs specialists in all fields of science and all branches of
industry and agriculture. Institutes exist not only in big cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv,
Lviv, but in many towns of Ukraine like Irpin.
Higher educational establishments
of our country fall into three main types.
The first type includes the universities
and institutes where there are only full-
time students, which receive state grants.
Students who do not live at home get
accommodation in the hostels.
The second and third types of
higher schools provide educational
facilities for factory and office workers who combine work with studies.The
second type of higher education in establishments includes evening faculties and
evening higher schools for those who study in their sparetime.
The third type covers extra-mural higher schools where students take
correspondence courses. Every year extra-mural students receive from 30 to 40
days leave to prepare for their exams.
The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have
the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes and universities.
The period of study at higher schools is from 4 to 6 years. According to
the subjects studied there exist three groups of higher schools
universities, polytechnic and specialized institutes.

to realize more fully their human potential

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to enrich their understanding of life

in various fields
regardless of
apart from
a great deal of scientific work
to provide excellent facilities
higher educational establishment
full-time students
to receive state grants
to combine work with studies
to take correspondence courses
to receive a leave
according to

LIFE OF YOUTH IN UKRAINE

Life of youth in Ukraine is determined by the economic, social, and
political situation of the country. The economic crisis in Ukraine has led to
unemployment, especially of youth. As a result of it the criminal situation has
immensely changed for the worse. That's why Ukrainian government took special
measures for the foundation of youth organisations in Ukraine. And such
organisations have been found. They are, the Students' League, Young Socialists,
Green Peace, The League of Ukrainian Youth, Sokil, Ukrainian Youth
Environmental League, Youth Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Eastern-
Ukrainian Union ofYouth Organisations (VUSMO), Ukrainian Scouts and various
youth clubs which unite young people according to their interests.
The Students' League is aimed at solving
various students' problems, including economic
ones. The members of this league organise youth
forums, festivals, and group meetings.
Thisorganisation also maintains friendly ties with
the universities and colleges of such countries as
the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and Holland. These ties include students'
exchanges on educational and cultural programmes.
Young Socialists is the organisation of young people who share the views of
socialism. They participate in the movement of socialist organisations abroad and
support the policy pursued by the Socialist Party of Ukraine.
A lot of young people in Ukraine are active in the movement of "the greens".
They organise various actions of protest against the pollution of environment. The
members of the Green Peace organisation stand for preserving safe environment.
They fight against the destruction of flora and fauna on the Earth.
The League of Ukrainian Youth was founded at the end of 1990 by students
and teachers who had taken part in protest demonstrations and a hunger strike in
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Kyiv earlier in the fall. It was organised for the "development of democracy and
realisation of human rights in Ukraine; to
support Ukrainian education; and to draw
youth into scientific work."
The league organises conferences
and summer camps on such topics as
history, politics, philosophy, folklore, etc.
Sokil is Youth Organisation of Union
of Ukrainian Officers. It is a labour and
professional organisation aimed at
Ukrainian youth.
Ukrainian Youth Environmental League was established in 1993. It promotes
biodiversity protection and technology for "environmentally clean" products and
runs education projects to involve youth in the environmental movement.
Youth Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists YCUN works to facilitate the
"consolidation of Ukrainian patriotic youth organisations." The organisation was
formed in June 1998.
Eastern-Ukrainian Union of Youth Organizations SUSMO is a consortium of
26 organisations of various types, including youth and children's organisations,
youth political parties and non-governmental organisations working in the
educational, cultural and other fields.
Scouting in Ukraine was started in 1911, under the name Plast (a direct
translation of the word scouting). The renewing of this most worthwhile youth
movement happened in 1991, when Ukraine became independent. Ukraine needs
Scouting to educate its young people in the spirit of good citizenship, leadership,
and to foster civil initiative.
Youth clubs of different interests have come into being these days. They
unite music fans, sports fans, theatregoers and others. Besides,
there is the "All-Ukrainian Association of Young Businessmen", who try to find
their own way of raising the country out of the economic crisis.

to determine [d't:mn]
unemployment [,mm'plment]
measures ['mez]
to aim [em] ( );
to maintain ties [men'ten 'taz] '
to share [e] ( )
pollution [p'lu:()n]
to preserve [pr'z:v] ;
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1. What can you say about life of youth in Ukraine?

2. What youth organizations do you know?
3. What is the aim of "Students' League "?
4. What views do "Young Socialists"share?
5. What does "Green Peace " organization stand for?
6. What can you say about the "All-Ukrainian Association of Young Businessmen
"?
7. Name other youth organizations and give information on their activities.

UKRAINIAN CUISINE
Ukrainian cuisine is closely linked to the customs, culture, and way of
life of the Ukrainian people. It is famous for its diversity and flavours.
The most popular Ukrainian dish is
borsch. This thick and delicious soup is prepared
with a variety of ingredients including meat,
mushrooms, beans, and even prunes.
Mushroom soups, bean and pea soups,
soups with dumplings and thick millet chowders
are also popular.
"Holubtsi", or stuffed cabbage, is another
favourite dish, as are "varenyky" filled with
potatoes, meat, cheese, sauerkraut or berries
such as blue-berries or cherries. "Varenyky"
are often mentioned in folk songs.
Ukrainians like dairy products. Some
samples: cheese pancakes and "riazhanka"
(fermented baked milk). There are no
holidays without pies, "pampushky" (type of
fritters), "baba" (a tall cylindrical cake) and
honey cakes.
Ukrainian sausage is delicious. It is
preserved in a special way in porcelain
vessels filled by melted fat.
Of course, every region of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.

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diversity [da'v:st]
flavour ['flev] ,
dish [d]
prune [pru:n]
dumplings fdmplz]
millet ['mlt] ,
chowder ['taud] ,
sauerkraut ['saukraut]
blue-berry ['blu:br]
cheese pancakes [ti:z 'pnkeks]
fritter ['frt]
to fill [fl] by smth. (-)
recipe ['resp|

1. What is Ukrainian cuisine famous for?

2. What is the most popular Ukrainian dish ?
3. What are the other popular Ukrainian dishes?
4. What products do Ukrainians like ?
5. What is your favourite Ukrainian dish ?
6. What Ukrainian dishes do you like to cook?

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS. WHAT ARE THE TRAITS

OF THE UKRAINIAN CHARACTER?
First, there is kindness. There is also hospitality and friendliness. There
is respect for elders, for the deceased; love for children, nature, and animals.

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Ukrainians have a sense of

humour, they are musical, artistic.
They are wonderful craftsmen famous
for their mastery in weaving, wood-
carving, and ceramics.
But skill and diligence in
working the land is perhaps the
greatest talent the Ukrainians possess.
Life depended on the rhythms of
cultivating the soil. Holidays were
celebrated during periods of transition
from one type of agricultural activity to another.
Easter, for example, is a spring holiday. Spring is a time of ploughing and
sowing in the fields, a time of warmth and awakening after a cold, hungry winter.
In pagan times Ukrainians believed that the gods died tad were reborn every year.
An example of pagan customs is the dyeing of eggs.
To the Christian Ascension Day (the 40th day after Easter) Ukrainians added
a pre-Christian tradition of going to the field to inspect the progress of the wheat.
The Trinity is celebrated in summer, on the 50th day after Easter.
Traditionally people decorate their homes with green tree branches and fragrant
herbs.
Another summer holiday is Ivan Kupala's Day on July 7. During the day
everyone has to be at least immersed in water. This was the last holiday before the
harvest.
August 2, St. I Ilia's Day, marked the beginning of autumn. "Until dinner it's
summer, after dinner it's autumn", people said. On the 19th of August, or on
"Saviour Day", vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, and honey were blessed.
Weddings usually took place in the middle of October.
A unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities is the "vertep", or puppet
theatre". Young people get together, dress as angels, kings, Herod, Satan, Death,
and even animals. They walk from house to house singing about the birth of Christ,
greeting everyone with the holiday.

kindness ['kandns]
hospitality ['hsp'tlt]
friendliness ['frendlns]
deceased [d'si:st] ,
sense [sens] of humour [hju:m]
craftsman ['kra:ftsmn] ,
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 Hlukhiv college

mastery ['ma:st()r] ,
wood-carving ['wud,ka:v]
skill [skl] ,
diligence ['dld()ns] ,
to plough [plu]
to sow [su]
pagan ['pegn] ,
fragrant ['fregr()nt] ,

1. What are the traits of the Ukrainian character?

2. What is the greatest talent the Ukrainians possess?
3. What are the spring holidays?
4. What summer holidays do you know?
5. What is a unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities?
6. What holiday do you like best of all?

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life.
They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with
nature. Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature,
and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let's compare our life
nowadays with the life of people at
the beginning of the 20th century. It
has changed beyond recognition. Our
ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of
the trivial things created by the
scientific progress that we use in our
every day life. I mean refrigerators,
TV sets, computers, microwave
ovens, radio telephones, what not.
They would seem miracles to them
that made our life easy, comfortable
and pleasant.
On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th
century, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual
things and we can't imagine our life without them. A century is a long period for
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scientific and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations

the endless number of outstanding discoveries have been made.
Our century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in
science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of
the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for
the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the
Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network
embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot
of people all over the world.
All these things prove the power
and the greatest progressive role of
science in our life. But every medal has
its reverse. And the rapid scientific
progress has aroused a number of
problems that are a matter of our great
concern. These are ecological problems,
the safety of nuclear power stations, the
nuclear war threat, and the responsibility
of a scientist. But still we are grateful to
the outstanding men of the past and the
present who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.
Ukraines policy of innovation is associated with hi-tech parks that managed
to combine scientific research, design and production into a single structure and
win the financial support of the state. The revised edition of the Law On the
Special Procedures of the Innovation Activity of Technology Parks, which came
into effect on February 1, 2006, is clear testimony to this. The new law envisages
the subsidization of hi-tech parks. The opinions of representatives of the state and
scientists differ regarding this law differ. State authorities describe the law as a
strong foundation for the progress of Ukrainian science, while the latter claim that
it is an inefficient mechanism of support of the innovation process and a source of
corruption and embezzlement of budget funds.

UKRAINIAN INVENTORS AND SCIENTISTS

Many Ukrainian inventors and scientists have made a great contribution
to the world science for the benefit of Ukraine.
Mykola Kybalchych (18531881) was born in the Chernihiv Region. He
died at the age of 28, but he managed to create a great deal. While waiting for
capital punishment after an attempt upon Alexander II life he prepared in a prison
cell an original design of an aircraft with rocket engine.
Petro Kapitsa (18941984) was a noted scientist in the field of nuclear
physics and technologies of super powerful magnetic fields. Petro Kapitsa was
awarded with the Nobel Prize for his works. He was a Ukrainian who made a great
contribution into development of physics working in England and Russia.
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 Hlukhiv college

Anatoly Oleksandrov (19031994), another Ukrainian inventor and

scientist, was working in the field of nuclear physics. He was born in the village of
Tarashcha not far from Kyiv. Anatoly Oleksandrov took part in the creation of
nuclear technology. Under his supervision the first in the world atomic-powered
vessel was created.
Serhiy Koroliov (19071966) was
born in the city of Zhytomyr. He was an
outstanding, creator of the practical space
engineering. In 1924 he finished a
professional technical school in Odesa. In
19241926 he studied in Kyiv Politechnic
Institute. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow
higher technical school and at the same time
he finished Moscow pilot, school.
Under his supervision new rockets
were designed and launched. Among them
were ballistic and geographical rockets,
rockets-carriers and spacecraft "Vostok" and
"Voskhod", the first automatic interplanet station "Zond". The spacecraft designed
under his guidance made real the flights to Venus and Mars and walking in the
outer space.
Yevhen Paton was born in 1870 in a French town Nizza. Paton was an
outstanding constructor and a scientist. Since 1929 Paton was the member of the
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Polytechnical Institute of
Dresden in 1894 and St Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineers in 1896. In 1904
1939 Paton was the professor of Kyiv Polytechnical Institute. Heading the
laboratory of testing the bridges, he formulated the main scientific principles and
discovered the scientific technology of testing the bridges.
In 18961929 he constructed 35 bridges, among them the main bridge across the
Dnieper in Kyiv. Now this bridge bears his name. In 1929 Paton organized the
laboratory of electric welding, which became an institute in 1934. Yevhen Paton
died in 1953 in Kyiv.

benefit
vessel ,
nuclear
to launch
supervision ,
guidance
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 Hlukhiv college

constructor
civil
to discover
electric welding
to bear
polytechnical

1. Where and when was Yevhen Paton born?

2. What was he?
3. What can you tell about Yevhen Paton?
4. What laboratory did he organize in 1929?
5. What are his main contributions to the Ukrainian science?

THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION

The high level of industrial and agricultural concentration and
ecologically unjustified economic activities of the managerial structures of the
former USSR are responsible for a rather complicated ecological situation that has
taken shape in Ukraine. The most unfavourable is the Donetsk-Trans-Dnipro
region where a lot of mining,
metallurgical and chemical
enterprises are operating.
As a result of the Chornobyl
nuclear power plant disaster of 1986,
the environmental situation has
become much worse. Apropos of this
Ukraine appealed to the UNO
requesting help to overcome the
disaster aftermath.
The Environmental Protection Law well in compliance with international
standards in this field has been in force since 1991. Environmental safeguards of
conservation bodies have become morestringent. Ecological monitoring has
covered Ukraine's whole area and the Extraordinary Governmental Commission on
the Problems of the Dnipro and Upgrading the Quality of Drinking Water has been
set up. Ukraine has actively joined international cooperation in the field of
environmental protection. Agreements have been signed with conservation bodies
of the USA, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Germany and Latvia. The Ukrainian

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delegation took part in the UNO Conference on the Problems of Environment in

Rio de Janeiro.
Ukraine enters a new phase of its history with intentions to create a
democratically minded, law-based, independent society. Ukraine is looking for its
place in European House, in the civilized world going to its aim unswervingly.

mining ['man] ,
disaster [d'za:st]
apropos ['prpu] of smth. , , ' . - .
to appeal ['pi:l]
to overcome [,uv'km] ;
aftermath ['a:ftm]
in compliance [km'plns] with
conservation [,kons(:)'ve()n] bodies
stringent ['strindnt] , '
unswervingly [n'sw:vl] ;

1. What are the reasons for rather complicated ecological situation that has taken
shape in Ukraine?
2. What do you know about Chornobyl nuclear power plant disaster?
3. What countries have agreements with conservation bodies been signed with ?
4. What measures in your opinion should be undertaken to overcome ecological
situation that has taken shape in Ukraine?
5. What is the ecological situation in your city?

ENGLAND
England is the largest and the richest
country of Great Britain. The capital of England
is London but there are other large industrial
cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool,
Manchester and other famous and interesting
cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and
Cambridge. Stonehenge is one of the most
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famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in
Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of
stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.
Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid
example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of
Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England. Chester is very important town in
the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a
Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word
castra, meaning "fortified camp". In Chester there is a
famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and
modern toys.
Oxford is the home of the oldest university of
England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It
has a great hall which was built during the reign of
Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of
Oxford. Cambridge is the home of Britain's second oldest university. York was the
capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of
Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the
Vikings. Birmingham is often called the "City of 1,500 trades" because of the great
variety of its industries.

famous -
to measure -
cathedral -
fort -
camp -
medieval -
conquered -
college

1. What are large industrial cities of England?

2. What is one of the most famous prehistoric place in the world?
3. Where are the oldest clock in England and a copy of Magna Charta now?
4. What is Chester interesting for?
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 Hlukhiv college

5. What are two oldest universities in England?

6. What was the capital of Northern England?
7. Why is Birmingham called the "City of 1,500 trades"?

CLIMATE IN GREAT BRITAIN

The British Isles
which are surrounded by the
ocean have an insular climate.
There are 3 things that
chiefly determine the climate
of the United Kingdom: the
position of the islands in the
temperate belt; the fact that the
prevailing winds blow from the
west and south-west and the
warm current the Gulf
Stream that flows from the
Gulf of Mexico along the
western shores of England. All
these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference
between seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer.
So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the
year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable
and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have
just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes.
It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the
wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has
more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of
weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it
rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say It's raining cats and
dogs.
Britain is known all over the world for its fogs. Sometimes fogs are so thick
that it's impossible to see anything within a few meters. The winter fogs of London
are, indeed, awful; they surpass all imagination. In a dense fog all traffic is
stopped, no vehicle can move from fear of dreadful accidents. So, we may say that
the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and very changeable.

to surround -
insular climate
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 Hlukhiv college

to determine
temperate belt
prevailing winds
the Gulf Stream
to flow ,
shores
moderate
striking difference
throughout , ,
fickle -
wet ,
to blow
It's raining cats and dogs
fog
awful
dense ,
vehicle. ,
dreadful ,

1. Does the Gulf Stream flow from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of
England?
2. What kind of climate does Great Britain have?
3. Why does the United Kingdom have an insular climate?
4. What are three main features that determine the climate of Great Britain?
5. Why are the English ports ice-free?
6. Are the English rivers frozen during winter?
7. Is it very hot in Britain in summer?
8. What reputation does the weather of the United Kingdom have?
9. Does it rain very often?
10, What happens when there is a heavy fog in Great Britain?

THE WEATHER IN ENGLAND

The weather in England is very changeable. A fine morning can change
into a wet afternoon, and a nasty morning can change into a fine afternoon. That is
why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the
weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.
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"Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". This statement is

often made by the English to describe the meteorological conditions of their
country.
The English also say
that they have three
variants of weather: when
it rains in the morning,
when it rains in the
afternoon or when it rains
all day long.
The weather is the
favourite conversational
topic in England. When
two Englishmen meet,
their first words will be
"How are you?" And after
the reply "Very well, thank you; how are you?" the next remark is almost certain to
be about the weather. When they go abroad the English often surprise people of
other nationalities by this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of
conversation that other people do not find so interesting.
The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring
too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold,
damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the fire.
Summer months are rather cold and there a lot of rainy days. So most
people, who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer,
to France or somewhere on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspects of the weather in England are fog and smog.

changeable ['tendbl] ; ;
wet [wet] ,
nasty ['na:st] ; ;
comparison [km'prsn]
remark [r'ma:k] ; ;
fire ['f]
to look forward ['f:wd] to ()
fog [fog]
smog (smoke + fog) [smg] ,

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1. The weather in England is very changeable, isn't it?

2. What comparison do the English use when they want to describe a person whose
mood and opinion changes very often ?
3. WImt statement is often made by the English to describe the meteorological
conditions of their country?
4. How often does it rain in England?
5. The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England, isn't it? Do you
find this topic of conversation interesting?
6. What is the best time of the year in England?
7. What do you know about London fogs ?
8. Wlrat kind of weather do you like best of all?
9. Where do you get the weather forecast from? Do you always believe it?

NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF UNITED KINGDOM

The United Kingdom (abbreviated from "The
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland") is the political name of the country
which consists of England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland (sometimes known as Ulster).
Great Britain is the name of the island which is
made up of England, Scotland, Wales, whereas the
British Isles is the geographical name of all the
islands off the north-west coast of the European
continent. In everyday speech "Britain" is used to
mean the United Kingdom.
The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of
three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of the 1st
George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross on a blue
background is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, The red
diagonal cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of
Ireland.
The Welsh flag, called the Welsh dragon, represents a red dragon on a white
and green background.
St. George's Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as England's national day.
On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets'. A red
rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses
(15th century).
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St. Andrew's Day (the 30th of November) is regarded as Scotland's national

day. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. As a national
emblem of Scotland, thistle apparently first used in the 15th century as a symbol of
defence. The Order of the Thistle is one of the highest orders of knighthood. It was
founded in 1687, and is mainly given to Scottish noblemen (limited to 16 in
number).
St. Patrick's Day (the 17th of March) is considered as a national day in
Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there. The national emblem of
Ireland is shamrock. According to legend, it was the plant chosen by St. Patrick to
illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity to the Irish.
St. David's Day (the 1st of March) is the church festival of St. David, a 6th-
century monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales. The day is regarded as the
national holiday of Wales, although it is not an official bank holiday.
On this day, however, many Welshmen wear either a yellow daffodil or a
leek pinned to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national
emblems of Wales.
In the Royal Arms three lions symbolize England, a lion rampant
Scotland, and a harp Ireland. The whole is encircled and is supported by a lion
and a unicorn. The lion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the
British monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks
like a horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British
royal coats of arms for many centuries, and is a symbol of purity.

everyday speech
background
patron saint
pin
knighthood
nobleman
bank holiday
shamrock
church festival
monk
bishop
daffodil
rampant
unicorn
coats of arms
purity
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1. What does the word "Britain" mean in everyday speech?

2. What is the flag of the United Kingdom made up of?
3. How is the Welsh flag called?
4. What do some Englishmen wear on St. George's Day?
5. What day is regarded as Scotland's national day?
6. What day is a national day in Northern Ireland?
7. What do three lions in the Royal Arms symbolize?
8. What does the unicorn symbolize?

LONDON, CAPITAL OF GREAT BRITAIN

London is the capital of Great Britain,
its political, economic, and commercial centre. It
is one of the largest cities in the world and the
largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8
million.
London is divided into several parts: the
City, Westminster, the West End, and the East
End.
The heart of London is the City, its
financial and business centre. Numerous banks,
offices, and firms are situated there, including the
Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here,
but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient
buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is the St. Paul's
Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir
Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was
founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by
William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress,
a royal palace, and a prison. Now it is a
museum.
Westminster is the governmental part of
London.
Nearly all English kings and queens have
been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many
outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets,
and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin,
Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
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Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, the seat of
the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for
its big bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of
the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the
symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and
theatres are situated there.
The Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in
memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall
Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of the Trafalgar Square is the National Portrait Gallery.
Not far away is the British Museum the biggest museum in London. It contains
a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is also
famous for its library.
There are a lot of factories, workshops, and docks in the East End.

numerous
ancient ,
striking ,
to found
fortress
royal
to crown
outstanding
statesman
to bury
tower
official residence
wealth
luxury
in memory of
to contain
priceless

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 Hlukhiv college

1. Is London the largest city in the world?

2. What's the population of London?
3. Traditionally London is divided into four parts. Can you name them?
4. What do you know about the City?
5. Who was the St. Paul's Cathedral built by?
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
7. What is the governmental part of London?
8. What building has more historic associations than any other building in London?
9. What is Big Ben?
10. Can you describe the Trafalgar Square?
11. Where do the working people of London live?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?

EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN: HIGHER EDUCATION

For seven hundred years Oxford and Cambridge universities dominated
the British education. Scotland had four universities, all founded before A. D.
1600. Wales only acquired a university in the 20th century; it consisted of four
university colleges located in different cities (Cardiff, Swansea, Bangor, and
Aberystwith). The first English university after Oxford and Cambridge (sometimes
referred to as Oxbridge) was Durham, in the North of England, founded in 1832.
The University of London was founded a few years later in 1836.
During the nineteenth
century institutions of higher
education were founded in most of
the biggest industrial towns, like
Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds,
Sheffield (sometimes called the
Redbrick Universities). At first
they did not have full university
status but were known as university colleges; since 1945, however, all have
become independent universities, and in recent years a number of other universities
have been founded: Sussex, Essex, Warwick, and others.
In the middle 60s there was a further new development. Some of the local
technical colleges maintained by local authorities had gained special prestige. By
1967 ten of these had been given charters as universities. Many of them are in the
biggest cities where there were already established universities; so now we have
the University of Aston (Birmingham), Salford (close to Manchester), Strathclyde
(Glasgow), Herriot-Watt University (Edinburgh), Brunei University (London).
When we add all these together we find that the number of universities in
England increased within ten years from nineteen to thirty-six, and in Scotland
from four to eight.

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Oxford university is a federation

of colleges, and it is impossible to
understand its structure unless one first
understands the nature and function of
these colleges, which have no
resemblance whatever with the
institutions called "colleges" in
America.
Oxford has twenty-three
ordinary colleges for men, five for
women. All these are parallel
institutions, and none of them is connected with any particular field of study. No
matter what subject a student proposes to study he may study at any of the men's
colleges.
Each college has a physical existence in the shape of a dining-hall, chapel,
and residential rooms (enough to accommodate about half the student membership,
the rest living in lodgings in the town). It is governed by its Fellows (commonly
called "dons"), of whom there are usually about twenty or thirty. The dons are also
responsible for teaching the students of the college through the tutorial system. The
Fellows elect the Head of the college (whose title varies from college to college).
The colleges vary very much in size and extent of grounds and buildings.
Colleges choose their own students, and a student only becomes a member
of the University by having been accepted by a college. Students are chosen
mainly on academic merit, but the policy of colleges in this respect varies from
college to college. Some tend to be rather keen to
admit a few men who are very good at rugby or
some other sport, or sons of former students or of
lords, or of eminent citizens, or of millionaires.
The colleges and university buildings are
scattered about the town, mostly in the central area,
though the scientific laboratories and the women's
colleges are quite a long way out.
The university teachers are mostly Fellows
of colleges, who may at the same time hold
university appointments as lecturers or professors.
Part of the teaching is by means of lectures and any
student- may attend any university lecture. At the beginning of each term (there are
three terms in the Oxford academic year) a list is published showing all the lectures
being given during the term within each faculty, and every student can choose
which lectures he will attend, though his own college tutor will advise him which
lectures seem likely to be more useful. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory,
and no records of attendance are kept.

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Apart from lectures, teaching is by means of the "tutorial" system, which is a

system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each Fellow in a college is
tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates who are studying it. Each student
goes to his tutors room once every week to read out an essay which he has written,
and for an hour he and the tutor discuss the essay. A student does not necessarily go
only to his own tutor but may be assigned to another don in his own college or in
another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the
special interest of his own tutor.
The British Education System. State Education in Britain.
All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with
books and equipment for their studies.
Nine million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is
compulsory from 5 till 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a
nursery school or a pre-school playgroup to prepare them for the start of
compulsory education.
Children start primary school at 5 and continue until they are 11. Most
children are taught together, boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go
to secondary schools called comprehensives which accept a wide range of children
from all backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups. Ninety per cent of secondary
schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational.
At 16 pupils take a national exam called G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of
Secondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end
of compulsory education.
Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a
sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national exam called A
level (advanced level) at IS. Yon-need A level to enter a university.
Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further education to study for
more practical (vocational) diplomas relating to the world of work, such as
hairdressing, typing or
mechanics.
Universities and colleges
of higher education accept
students with A levels from
18. Students study for a degree
which takes on average three
years of full-time study.
Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special
graduation ceremony.

compulsory
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primary
comprehensive
co-educational schoojs
to graduate
to accept

l. What do state schools in Britain provide their pupils with?

2. What can parents choose?
3. When do children start primary school?
4. When do pupils take a national exam called GCSE?
5. What prepares pupils for a national exam called A level?
6. How long do students study for a degree?
7. Whom do universities and colleges of higher education accept?

LIFE OF YOUTH IN BRITAIN

Young people from all walks of life are united according to their
interests by the established youth organizations in Britain. These organizations
develop because of the contribution of both full-time and part-time youth workers
and a great number of volunteers.
Outdoor pursuits involve
anything from pony trekking to rock-
climbing or canoeing and help young
people go out from the confines of their
home or their environment. Such
pursuits nourish a spirit of self-reliance
and help realize the importance of
team-work under a good leadership. All
the major youth organizations hold
outdoor pursuits either by organizing special residential courses or by sending their
members to take part in established courses or seminars in other cities and
countries.
Local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations provide
the place for such activities as canoeing, sailing, rock-climbing, map reading,
orienteering and cooking for survival; all of them encourage initiative and self-
discipline.

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Among providers of outdoor places are the Sports Council, the Outward-
Bound Trust, the Ocean Youth Club, the Sail Training Association, and the
Nautical Training Corps.
The Outward-Bound Trust is the longest established and most experienced
organization in Britain based on outdoor pursuits, personal development, and
training. It has five centres in the English Lake District, Wales, and Scotland. It
operates in 38 other countries of the world. It has centres in Belgium, France,
Germany, and the Netherlands. This organization is based on two simple
principles: firstly, that everyone is capable of achieving more than he might
imagine, and, secondly, that too few people have a real appreciation of what can be
achieved by team-work and mutual support.
Young people participate in 'expedition courses' lasting 8, 12, or 20 days and
involving adventurous journeys by land or sea. There are also 'specialist courses'
for young people aged 17 and over to become involved in work with such groups
as the homeless, the elderly, and the disabled.

from all walks of life

outdoor pursuits
to nourish
self-reliance
multipurpose
to provide ,
sailing
outward-bound , ,
mutual support
adventurous
disabled , ,

1. What organizations in Britain unite young people according to their interests?

2. What do outdoor pursuits involve?
3. What do local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations
provide?
4. What organizations are among providers of outdoor places?
5. What do you know about the Outward-Bound Trust?
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6. How many centres does it have?

7. Where are these centres situated?

BRITISH CUISINE
Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring,
tasteless, it's chips with everything and
totally overcooked vegetables. The basic
ingredients, when fresh, are so full of
flavour that British haven't had to invent
sauces to disguise their natural taste. What
can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes
just boiled and served with butter? Why
drown spring lamb in wine or cream and
spices, when with just one or two herbs it is
absolutely delicious?
If you ask foreigners to name some
typically English dishes, they will probably
say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is
disappointing, but true that, there is no
tradition in England of eating in restaurants,
because the food doesn't lend itself to such
preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English
restaurant with a reasonable prices.
In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian
restaurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will
say that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite
the true.

to criticize -
tasteless -
overcooked -
ingredient - ,
to invent -
sauces -
to disguise -
spice - ,
herb -
delicious
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disappointing -
to lend -
cuisine

1. What do foreigners say when they criticize English food?

2. Do English people use a lot of sauces?
3. From a foreigner's point of view, what typically English dishes?
4. Do all English eat in restaurants?
5. What kind of restaurants can you find in Britain?
6. Is it the true that English have no cuisine?

ENGLISH MEALS
The English proverb says: every
cook praises his own broth. One can not
say English cookery is bad, but there is not
a lot of variety in it in comparison with
European cuisine. The English are very
particular about their meals. The usual
meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea
and dinner.
Breakfast time is between seven and nine a.m. A traditional English
breakfast is a very big meal. It consists of juice, porridge, a rasher or two of bacon
and eggs, toast, butter, jam or marmalade, tea or coffee. Marmalade is made from
oranges and jam is made from other fruit. Many people like to begin with porridge
with milk or cream and sugar, but no good Scotsman ever puts sugar on it, because
Scotland is the home of porridge. For a change you can have sausages, tomatoes,
mushrooms, cold ham or perhaps fish.
But nowadays in spite of the fact that the English strictly keep to their meals
many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with jam or honey.
The two substantial meals of the day are lunch and dinner. Lunch is usually
taken at one o'clock. For many people lunch is a quick meal. Office workers
usually go to a cafe at this time. They take fish, poultry or cold meat (beef, mutton,
veal and ham), boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad. They may have a
mutton chop or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some
people like a glass of light beer with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food.
School children can have a hot meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack
from home.
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Tea is very popular among the English; it may

almost be called their national drink. Tea is
welcome in the morning, in the afternoon and in the
evening. The English like it strong and fresh made.
The English put one tea-spoonful of tea for each
person. Tea means two things. It is a drink and a
meal. Some people have afternoon tea, so called
high tea with sandwiches, tomatoes and salad, a
tin of apricots, pears or pineapples and cakes, and,
of course a cup of tea. That is what they call good
tea. It is a substantial meal.
Cream teas are also popular. Many visitors,
who come to Britain, find English instant coffee
disgusting. Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal
is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats
together. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and
vegetables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch consisting of roast
chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example,
French, Italian, Indian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do
not have a lot of time for cooking themselves. So, the British buy the food at the
restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat. So we can conclude that take-
away meals are rather popular among the population. Eating has become rather
international in Britain lately.

proverb ',
Every cook praises his own broth

cookery ;
variety
cuisine ,
particular , ,
lunch ,
porridge ()
rasher ( )
sausage ,
mushroom
in spite of
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strictly ,
cereal ,
honey
substantial
poultry
beef
mutton
veal
ham ,
boiled ',
fried
chop ', ()
steak , '/ ( )
cheap ,
snack
tea-spoonful
tin ;
apricot
pear
pineapple
instant coffee
disgusting , ,
roast - ;
lamb '
gravy ( ),
delicious , ;
to conclude ,

1. What are the usual meals in England?

2. What time do they have breakfast?
3. What is a traditional English breakfast?
4. What are the two substantial meals of the day?
5. When is lunch usually taken?
6. What does lunch include?
7. Is tea popular among the English?
8. When do they usually have dinner?
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9. Do the British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries?

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN

I am going to tell you about English customs and traditions. First of all,
it concerns United Kingdom political system. In Great Britain there is no written
constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents. After the English Revolution
of Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy headed by King (now Queen,
Elizabeth the second). Traditionally the Queen acts only on the advice of her
Ministers. She reigns but she does not rule.
Englishmen have traditions not only in political,
but in social life. For example, London, the capital of
England, is traditionally divided into three parts: the
West End, the East end, and the City. The City is a
historical, financial and business center of London.
The East End is the district inhabited by the workers,
and the West End is a fashionable shopping and
entertaining center. English people like to spend their
free time in numerous pubs where they can have a
glass of beer and talk about different things with their
friends.
The English are traditional about their meals.
They eat eggs and bacon with toasts for breakfast, pudding or apple pie for dessert.
Every English family has five o'clock tea. A typical feature of an English house is a
fireplace, even when there is central heating in the house.
English people like domestic animals. Every family has a pet: a dog, a cat or a
bird. Politeness is a characteristic feature of Englishmen. They often say "Thank
you", "Sorry", "Beg your pardon". Russian people, I think, have to learn this good
custom.
Englishmen have many traditional holidays, such as Christmas, St.
Valentine's Day, Mother's day, Easter and others.

TRANSPORT IN BRITAIN
You can reach England either by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The
fastest way is by plane. London has three international airports: Heathrow, the
largest, connected to the city by underground; Gatwick, south of London, with a
frequent train service; Luton, the smallest, used for charter flights.

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If you go to England by train or by

car you have to cross the Channel. There
is a frequent service of steamers and
ferryboats which connect the continent to
the south-east of England.
People in Britain drive on the left
and generally overtake on the right. The
speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50
km/h) in towns and cities and 70 m.p.h.
(110 km/h) on motorways.
When you are in London you can
choose from four different means of
transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red
double-decker. The first London bus started running between Paddington and the
City in 1829. It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.
The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in
London. The world's first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the
City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in
use. The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape
of its deep tunnels.

to reach
underground
charter flight
steamer
ferry-boat
to overtake
shilling
shape

1. What is the fastest way of traveling?

2. How many airports are there in London?
3. What kind of service helps to cross the Channel?
4. What are some "rules" of driving in Britain?
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5. What does typical bus in London look like?

6. Where was the first underground opened?
7. Why is London underground called the Tube?

NEW ANTI-DRUGS CAMPAIGN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

New survey shows that
Britain's drug problem is
growing. The highest increase
in drug use is among
teenagers. How can they be
convinced to stop ?
THE PROBLEM
Last year, a European survey showed that the number of teenagers who had
tried drugs was 6 per cent in Greece, 15 per cent in France and 30 per cent in
Britain.
Statistics show that drug use by British teenagers has doubled since 1989.
Half teenagers who were interviewed admitted they had tried at least one type of
drug. 70 per cent said they had been offered drugs in the past 3 months.
The drugs that the government is
most worried about are stimulant drugs
such as Speed and Ecstasy (or 'E' as it is
commonly known) and hallucinogenic
drugs such as LSD. They are worried that
many young people believe these drugs to
be exciting and fashionable. They think
that many of teenagers will be influenced
by films such as Transporting and Pulp
Fiction, which show attractive people taking drugs.
THE SOLUTION
The government decided that it needed a new anti-drugs campaign.
However, before it did this, it studied young people's attitudes. The survey showed
that teenagers knew that drugs were bad for them but they could not actually name
any health risk associated with particular drugs. It also showed that 61 per cent of
teenage drug-users would consider stopping using drugs if they knew there were a
serious danger to their health.
It was also understood that many teenagers ignored drugs warnings in
schools because they thought they were childish. In fact, it was proved that in some
cases, the reason for taking drugs was to rebel against warnings from adults.
Using the results of the survey, new campaign has been started. The new
campaign hopes to treat teenagers like adults. It informs young people of the health
risks associated with particular drugs. It does this with photos of teenagers. On the
advertisements, the parts of their bodies, which can be damaged by drugs, are
indicated by biological diagrams showing the health risks.
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Many teenagers try drugs as a 'dare' to show their friends that they are not
scared. Often their friends insist until the person says 'yes'. The health authority
hope that the advertisements will help teenagers to say 'no' to this and be able to
have good reason to say it. In addition to posters, the health authority has also
made radio advertisements and put the number of their drugs helpline (a telephone
number that can be called confidentially for help) in a lot of places. The people at
the helpline advise people what to do if they have a drug problem or need more
information about the dangers of drugs.
DRUG FACTS
31% of teenagers interviewed could not name a health risk associated with
Ecstasy.
Eton (one of England's most expensive schools) and several other schools
introduced drug tests. If the tests show a pupil has used an illegal drug, he/she is
expelled, and has to leave the school forever.
It was discovered that children of 10 years old were being sold
hallucinogenic drugs (LSD). The. drugs had pictures of cartoon characters on them
to attract the children.
49% of young drug-users say they would stop using drugs if they thought
they were getting addicted.
35% of young drug-users say they don't know why they use them.
Most young drug-users say that they listen more to what their friends say
about drugs than to what mass media say about drugs.
Among young' people taking drugs the number of young males is higher
than the number of young females.
The greatest increase in drug use in the past eight years is by 15 16-year-
olds.
Many people argue that smoking kills more people than drugs.
9,75% of British 1213-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.
26,4% of British 1415-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.

survey ['s:ve] ,
increase ['nkri:s] ,
to convince [kn'vns]
drug [drg]
to double [dbl] (); ()
to admit [d'mt] ; ,
stimulant ['stmjulnt] ;
hallucinogenic [h'lu:sndenk]
LSD ( , )
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Pulp Fiction [ fk()n] ( )

to rebel [r'bel] , ()
to treat [tri:t] ;
dare [de]
helpline ['helplam]
illegal ['li:g()l] ,
to expel [lks'pel] ,
addict ['dkt] (addiction ['dkn] ; ;
)
mass media ['mi:dj]
male [mel]
female ['fi:mel]

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The protection of environment has become one of the most burning
problems of our century.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over
the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the
water we drink, the soil we grow grain and vegetables. Every year the world
industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other
harmful substances. Many cities suffer
from smog. Vast forests are cut. Their
disappearance upsets the oxygen balance.
As a result some rare species of animals,
birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a
number of rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean,
destruction of the ozone layer is the result
of man's careless interaction with nature,
a sign of ecological crisis.
The most horrible ecological disaster
befell Ukraine and its people in the result
of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear
power station in April 1986. A great damage has been done to Ukraine's
agriculture, forests and people's health.
Environmental protection is a global problem. That is why the most serious
measures to create a universal system of ecological security should be taken. The
activity of various environmental organizations help to improve the situation.
Among them are the Greenpeace and The Green Party.
If we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and to protect it
from destructive man's activities, very soon we'll have no world to live in.

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environment [m'var()nmnt] ()
by-product ['ba,prdkt] ()
to pollute [p'lu:t]
harmful substances ['ha:mful 'sbst()nss]
to upset [p'set]
species ['spi:z] .
destruction [ds'trk()n] ;
careless ['kls] interaction [,ntr'k()n]
to befall [bi'f:l] (befell, befallen) ,
to take measures [mez]

1. What are the consequences of water, air pollution ?

2. Why did some species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever ?
3. What is the result of man's careless interaction with nature?
4. What do you know about the Chernobyl disaster?
5. What should people do if they want to live on the Earth ?

THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN

GREAT BRITAIN
Environmental protection is an
international issue of great importance and Great
Britain pays much attention to it. There are nearly
500 000 protected buildings and 7000
conservation areas of architecture of historical
interest in
Britain. The Government supports the work of
the voluntary sector in preserving the national
heritage.
Total emissions of smoke in the air have
fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol
stations in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The

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Government is committed to the control of gases emission, which damage the

ozone layer.
They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming
and a rise in sea levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate
change.
Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban
sprawl. The Government attaches great importance to their protection. National
parks cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales. The National
Rivers Authority protects island waters in England and Wales.
In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water
pollution control. Great Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and
next generations.

purification
voluntary
petrol
emission
layer

1. What is an international issue of great importance?

2. What are green belts?
3. Who is responsible for water pollution control in Scotland?
4. What is the total emission of smoke in the air?
5. Is it easy to buy unleaded petrol in Britain?

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