(d) Calculate pb as

Vasquez and Beggs' correlation3

Ph is obtained from Eq. D-5 and using constants from Table D-I:

Range of Validity of Different Correlations

Correlation Date No. of tests Comments

Standing 1947 105 Based only on gas-crude systems from California

Lasater 1958 158 Developed from data on black oil systems
produced in Canada, Western and mid-
continental USA, and South America
Vasquez and 1976 5008 Based on more than 600 PVT analyses from
Beggs fields all over the world

D.2 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio

Rs represents the amount of dissolved gas that will evolve from the oil as
pressure is reduced from reservoir pressure to the atmospheric pressure.

Methods to Estimate Solution Gas-Oil Ratio

Standing's correlation1

(D-6)
where
7g = 0.00091 T - 0.0125 7 ^ P/
Rs = solution GOR, scf/stb
p= pressure, psia
7^ = gas gravity
IAPI = oil gravity, API
T = temperature, 0 F.
 Lasater's correlation
(a) Using Figure D-2, find M0, the effective molecular weight of the
stock-tank oil, from the API gravity.
(b) Calculate Yg, the gas mole fraction. For pjg/T < 3.29:

(D-7)

For p-jg/T > 3.29:

(D-8)

where T is in 0R in Eqs. D-7 and D-8.

(D-9)

Vasquez and Beggs' correlation3

(D-IO)

where
Rs = gas in solution at p and T, scf/stb
7^ = gas gravity
p = pressure, psia
j A P I = stock-tank oil gravity, 0API
T = temperature, 0R.
Ci, C2, and C3 are listed in Table D-I.

D.3 Oil Formation Volume Factor

B0 accounts for the shrinkage of oil due to evolution of gas as oil is
brought from the reservoir (reservoir pressure and temperature) to stock-
tank conditions (atmospheric pressure and temperature).

Correlations to Determine Oil Formation Volume Factor

Saturated Systems

(a) Standing correlation:1 Knowing Rs, T, p, ^API, Ig, use Figure D-4 to
obtain B0.
 EXAMPLE
REQUIRED:
Formation volume at 2000F of a bubble-point liquid
having a gas-oil ratio of 350 cfb, a gas gravity
of 0.75, and a tank-oil gravity of 30 0 API.
PROCEDURE:
Starting at the left side of the chart,
proceed horizontally along the 350 cfb
line to a gas gravity of 0.75. From this
point drop vertically to the 300API line.
Proceed horizontally from the tank-oil
gravity scale to the 2000F line. The
required formation volume is
found to be 1.22 barrel per
barrel of tank-oil.

Formation volume of bubble-point liquid

Figure D - 4 . Charts for calculating total formation volume factor for (a) bubble-
point liquid and (b) gas plus liquid phases by Standing's correlation.1

(b) Vasquez and Beggs' correlation:3

(D-Il)

where
B0 = oil FVF at p and T9 rb/stb
Rs = solution GOR at p and T, scf/stb
T = temperature, 0 F
p = pressure, psia
0
JAPI = oil gravity, API
Ygc = gas gravity corrected (Air = 1) Ci, C2, and C3 are constants which
are listed in Table D-2
jgc = corrected gas gravity which is given by
 EXAMPLE
REQUIRED:
Formation volume of the gas + liquid phases of a
1500 cfb mixture, gas gravity = 0.80. tank-oil
gravity = 400API, at 2000F and 1000 psia.

PROCEDURE:
Starting at the left side of the chart, proceed
horizontally along the 1500 cfb line to

Barrel per barrel of tank-oil

the gas gravity line. From this point
drop vertically to 40 API line. Proceed
horizontally to 2000F and from that point
drop to the 1000 psia pressure line.
The required formation volume is
found to be 5.0 barrels per
barrel of tank-oil.

Figure D - 4 . Continued.

Table D - 2
Constants for Oil FVF

API < 30 API > 30

4
Ci 4.677 x 1(T 4.670 x 10~4
C2 1.75IxIO- 5 1.100 x l O " 5
C3 1.81IxIO- 8 1.337 xlO~ 9

where
Ts = separator temperature, 0 F
ps = separator pressure, psia.

Undersaturated System (i.e., p > pb)

The formation volume factor decreases with increase in pressure at/? > pb:
Bo = Bobexp[co(pb-p)} (D-12)

and c0 is in psi" 1 and p as well as pb are in psia.

Example D-2 Estimating Oil Formation Volume Factor
Determine the oil formation volume factor FVF of oil with the following
properties using Standing's, and Vasquez and Beggs' correlations:
Pb = 2700 psia, Rsb = 600 scf/stb, 7^ = 0.75, <yAPI = 30 API, T = 250 0 F,
ps = 14.7 psia, Ts = 70 0 F.

Solution
1. Standing's correlation:1 Find (30 from Figure D-4, which is equal to
1.380 bbl/stb.
2. Vasquez and Beggs' correlation:3 From Eq. D - H :

lgc = 7g = 0 - 7 5

B0 = 1 + 4.677 x 10~4 x 600 + 1.751 x 10~5 x (250 - 60)

x (30/0.75) + (-1.811 x 10-8) x 600 x (250-60) x (30/0.75)
= 1.331 rb/stb

D.4 Total Formation Volume Factor

Total formation volume factor for oil, FVF, is the volume occupied by
one stock-tank barrel of oil, its remaining solution gas, and the free gas
(Rsi - Rs) that has evolved from the oil. Knowing the values of GOR and gas
and oil gravities, Figure D-4 can be used to determine /3t at a given pressure
and temperature condition.

(3t = f30 + (3g{Rsi-Rs) (D-13)

where
RSi = initial solution GOR, scf/stb
Rs = solution GOR, scf/stb
/30 = oil formation volume factor, rb/stb.

D.5 Oil Density

^., , . mass of oil

Oil density =
oil volume

(D-14)
 PROBLEM: FIND THE GAS-SATURATED VISCOSITY
OF A CRUDE OIL HAVING A SOLUTION GAS-OIL
RATIO OF 600 ft3/bbl AND DEAD OIL
VISCOSITY OF 1.50 cP, ALL THE SAME
TEMPERATURE.
(at reservoir temperature and saturation
PROCEDURE: LOCATE 1.50 cP, ON THE
Viscosity of gas-saturated oil, cP

DEAD OIL VISCOSITY SCALE (ABSCISSA)

AND GO UP VERTICALLY TO THE 600
GAS-OIL RATIO LINE THEN GO LEFT
HORIZONTALLY TO READ THE
ANSWER 0.58 ON THE GAS-
SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY
pressure)

SCALE (ORDINATE)

SOLUTION
GAS-OIL
RATIO,
ftVbbl

EXAMPLE

Viscosity of dead oil, cP

(at reservoir temperature and
atmospheric pressure)

Figure D-5. Viscosity of gas-saturated crude at reservoir temperature and pressure,

Chew and Connally's correlation.4

where
po = oil density, lbm/ft3
7 0 = oil specific gravity, dimensionless
7 g = gas specific gravity, dimensionless
Rs = solution or dissolved gas, scf/stb
B0 oil formation volume factor, rb/stb.
If p > pb, the bubble-point pressure, then

Po = Pob exp[c o (/? -pb)} (D-15)

where
P0 = oil density at p, T, g/cm3
p0b = oil density at p^ T, g/cm3
p = pressure, psia
T temperature of interest, 0 F
pb bubble-point pressure, psia
co = oil isothermal compressibility, psi" 1
co can be calculated using Eq. D-21, which is listed in the latter section.
 D.6 Oil Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of oil resistance to flow
. . absolute viscosity
Kinematic viscosity = :
density

Factors Affecting Oil Viscosity

1. Composition: /x increases with a decrease in API gravity.
2. Temperature: \i increases with a decrease in temperature.
3. Dissolved gas: Lightens the oil and thus decreases molecular weight and
viscosity.
4. Pressure: An increase in pressure on undersaturated oil compresses the
oil and causes the viscosity to increase.

Methods to Estimate Oil Viscosity

Figure D-7 can be used to calculate dead oil viscosity, which is based
upon Beal's correlation. 5

Saturated oil

Saturated oil is oil in equilibrium with gas at bubble-point pressure.

(a) Chew and Connally's Correlation 4 (see Figure D5)
(i) Calculate gas-free or dead oil viscosity. Dead oil viscosity
depends on API gravity of stock-tank oil and temperature of
interest. Dead oil viscosity is calculated from Figure D-5,
which is based upon Beal's correlation. 5
(ii) Modify the dead oil viscosity to include effect of dissolved gas
using Figure D-5 (Chew and Connally's correlation).
(b) Beggs and Robinson's correlation:6 This correlation can be used for
both dead and saturated oils
(i) Dead oil viscosity
^ = 10*-1.0 (D-16)
where

x = r~ 1 1 6 3 exp(6.9824 - 0.04658 7 ^ 7 ) (D-17)

where
liod dead oil viscosity, cP
j A P I = stock-tank oil gravity, 0API.
 (ii) Saturated oil viscosity (/^05)

VaS = A(H0J)* (D-18)

where
^08 = saturated oil viscosity, cP
fiod = dead oil viscosity, cP
A= 10.715CR5+ 10O)-0515
B= 5.440CR, -h 150)-'338
Rs = solution GOR in scf/stb.

Undersaturated Oil System

Above the bubble-point pressure, only one phase exists in the reservoir,
the liquid oil. This oil is called undersaturated oil and is capable of holding
additional dissolved gas in solution. Increasing the pressure above ps com-
presses the oil and increases the viscosity.
(a) Beal's Correlation:5 Oil viscosity is calculated using Figure D-6,
which can be used to calculate the rate of increase of viscosity above
bubble-point pressure.
Viscosity increase from bubble-point
pressure to undersaturated pressure,
cP per 1000 psi

Viscosity of gas-saturated crude oil

at bubble-point pressure, cP

Figure D - 6 . Effect of pressure on viscosity of gas-saturated crude oils, Beal's

correlation.5
 (b) Vasquez and Beggs' Correlation:3

( -
\ m
(D-19)

where
/i0 = viscosity at p > Pb, cP
/ioA = viscosity at pb, cP
/? = pressure, psia
Pb = bubble-point pressure, psia.
The exponent m is pressure-dependent and is calculated from

m = CxpC2 exp(C 3 + C4/?) (D-20)

where
/? = pressure, psia
C1 = 2.6
C2 = 1.187
C3 = -11.513 and
C4 = -8.98 x 1(T5.

Example D-3 Calculating Oil Viscosity

For the oil in Example D - I , calculate the oil viscosity at bubble-point
pressure pb of 2600 psia (given: reservoir temperature = 200 0 F).

Solution
Since \i0 is needed at/?^, one can use \i0 correlations for saturated oil.
Method 1
1. Calculate dead oil viscosity, \iod, using Beal's correlation. From Figure
D-5, /X0^ = 2.8 cP.
2. Calculate saturated oil viscosity, /ios, from Figure D-6, \ios = 0.69 cP.
Method 2
1. Calculate dead oil viscosity using Eqs. D-16 and D-17:
 Absolute viscosity of gas-free
crude oil, centipoise

Reservoir
temperature

Crude-oil gravity 0API at 600F and

atmospheric pressure

Figure D-7. Variation in viscosity of gas-free crude with stock-tank crude gravity.5

2. Calculate saturated oil viscosity, \ios, using Eq. D-18:

Thus, Method 1, using charts, gives viscosity of 0.69 cP and Method 2,

using correlations, shows viscosity of 0.71 cP.