Physical State of Matter and

Intermolecular Forces
Material Science & Chemistry
Week Six Lecture
 Outline of the Lecture
Midsession Quiz
Physical States of Matter
Intermolecular Forces
 Midsession Quiz
Midsession Quiz will be conducted on 13th
March 2015.
It will consist of short answer questions,
definitions and calculations.
The quiz consist of 10 questions with 2 marks
each.
 Topics for Midsession Quiz
Electron Configuration
Mole Calculations
Redox Chemistry
Atomic and Molar Mass
Oxidation Numbers
Electronegativity
Types of Bonding
Bond Energy
Physical States of Matter
 Types of Phase Changes and their
Enthalpies
As temperature increases, the average kinetic
energy does too, so the particles move faster
and overcome attractions more easily.
As temperature decreases, the average kinetic
energy does too, so particles move more
slowly and attractions can pull them together
more easily.
Endothermic and Exothermic Changes
Exothermic changes. As the molecules of a gas
attract each other into a liquid, and then become
fixed in a solid, the system of particles loses
energy, which is released as heat. Thus,
condensing, freezing, and depositing are
exothermic changes.
Endothermic changes. Heat must be absorbed by
the system to overcome the attractive forces that
keep the particles fixed in place in a solid or near
each other in a liquid. Thus, melting, vaporizing,
and subliming are endothermic changes.
 Phase Changes
Changes of State Process Enthalpy Change

Gas to Liquid Condensation Exothermic

Liquid to Gas Vaporization Endothermic

Liquid to Solid Freezing Exothermic

Solid to Liquid Melting Endothermic

Solid to Gas Sublimation Endothermic

Gas to Solid Deposition Exothermic

Changes in Physical States
 Intermolecular Forces
bonding (intramolecular) forces are due to the
attraction between cations and anions (ionic
bonding), nuclei and electron pairs (covalent
bonding) or metal cations and delocalized
electrons (metallic bonding).
BUT
the physical nature of the phases and their
changes are due primarily to intermolecular
(nonbonding) forces, which arise from the
attraction between molecules with partial
charges or between ions and molecules.
 Ion-Dipole Forces
When an ion and a nearby polar molecule
(dipole) attract each other, an ion-dipole force
results. Eg:
The most important example takes place
when an ionic compound dissolves in water.
 Dipole-Dipole Forces
The polar molecules in
liquids and solids lie near
each other, and their partial
charges act as tiny electric
fields and give rise to
dipole-dipole forces: the
positive pole (blue) of one
molecule attracts the
negative pole (red) of
another
 These forces depend on the magnitude of the
molecular dipole moment. For compounds of
similar molar mass, the greater the molecular
dipole moment, the greater the dipole-dipole
forces, so the more energy it takes to separate
the molecules; thus, the boiling point is higher.
 The Hydrogen Bond
A special type of dipole-dipole force arises
between molecules that have an H atom bonded
to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone
electron pairs, specifically N, O, or F. The HN,
HO, and HF bonds are very polar.
When the partially positive H of one molecule is
attracted to the partially negative lone pair on
the N, O, or F of another molecule, a hydrogen
bond (H bond) forms
Why Hydrogen Bonds are formed??
Significance of Hydrogen Bonding
 Polarizability and Induced Dipole
Forces
Even though electrons are attracted to nuclei
and localized in bonding and lone pairs, we
often picture them as clouds of negative
charge because they are in constant motion.
A nearby electric field can induce a distortion
in the cloud, pulling electron density toward a
positive pole of a field or pushing it away from
a negative one
 For a nonpolar molecule, the distortion
induces a temporary dipole moment.
For a polar molecule, the distortion induces an
increase in the already existing dipole
moment.
 Polarizability
How easily the electron cloud of an atom (or ion)
can be distorted is called its polarizability.
1. Polarizability increases down a group because
atomic size increases and larger electron clouds
are easier to distort.
2. Polarizability decreases across a period because
increasing Zeff makes the atoms smaller and
holds the electrons more tightly.
3. Cations are less polarizable than their parent
atoms because they are smaller; anions are
more polarizable because they are larger.
 Dispersion Force/ Van der Waals
Force
The intermolecular force
responsible for the condensed
states of nonpolar substances is
the dispersion force (or London
force).
Dispersion forces are present
between all particles (atoms,
ions, and molecules) because
they result from the motion of
electrons in atoms.
 Next Weeks Lecture
Melting and Boiling Points
Properties of Liquids
Solvent Properties
Water as a solvent
Solubility of compounds in water and other
solvents
For any further clarifications
Please contact
hamdhoon.mohamed@gmail.com