The Response Women In Alun-alun Malang city, Malang, East

Java of Effect Secondhand Smoke of The Improvement Air

Pollution And Environmental Health

Zefry Okta Wardana and Mr. Dr. Sueb, M.Kes,

Zefryokta24@gmail.com
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences,
Universitas Negeri Malang

PAPER
Will be presented on 30th November 2015

Name : ZEFRY OKTA WARDANA

NIM : 150342600433
Offering :G

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences

30 November 2015
 The Response Women City In The Alun-alun Malang city ,
Malang, East Java of Effect Secondhand Smoke of The
Improvement Air Pollution And Environmental Health

Zefry Okta Wardana1 and Mr.Sueb, M.Kes2

Department of Biology, Faculty of Math and Natural Sciences, Universitas

Negeri Malang
E-mail : zefryokta24@gmail.com&sueb.fmipa@um.ac.id

Abstract: In this study, I developed a questionnaire method to find the viewpoint and the
effects of secondhand smoke on the environmental impact which would cause air pollution in
the environment. One of them is a women city is involved in city neighborhoods that have
high levels of pollution and response they do if there are smokers around the neighborhood
which would produce smoke. The study involved a woman of the city and using
questionnaires given to housewives and women entrepreneurs to know the views of women
about environmental issues, namely metropolitan air pollution is one of them contributed by
secondhand smoke in Malang, especially in Alun-alun Malang city. Analys Data have been
obtained from 30 women who the majority of the town housewife provide significant
evidence about the female view of the city on environmental issues such as air pollution, this
can be proven through data analysis of questionnaires that have been distributed to the
calculation Endorcement form NEP test statistics and test results hypotheses.The This study
provides important information about the response of women in the city of Malang on the
effect of secondhand smoke on the increase in air pollution and environmental health in the
Alun-alun Malang city, Malang, East Java.

Keywords : environmental health, air pollution, women city, secondhand smoke, Alun-alun
Malang city,

Introduction :
As we know that the Alun-alun Malang city is one of many tourist visited by many people,
both adolescents and the elderly. To be one of the places that have a high level of cleanliness
and high health has joint ownership of the privacy policy to protect the environment. There
are so many different types of plants and beautiful plants to be there with the beauty of shady
trees that grow on the outskirts way around. But there is one thing that matters from Malang
town square, many visitors still consume cigarettes along with his family. They did not find it
disturbing other visitors. they freely without guilt giving the disease to those around him. I
pull on one point in the privacy policy caused if "SMOKING KILLS 30 PEOPLE MORE
THAN POISON" what fathers and husbands do to anticipate this, they should be aware that
in addition they are passive smokers and they pollute the environment. the response of
women who became one of the points of this journal article.
According to the World Health Organization, there are currently 1.25 billion smokers
in the world; among those, there are each year 4 million deaths from tobacco-related diseases
and it is forecast that there will be 10 million such deaths yearly by 2030 (Prabhat Jha,2014).
Altogether, tobacco causes more deaths than malaria, tuberculosis and major childhood
conditions combined. A crucial policy question is whether preventing these deaths would
lead to substantial gains in life expectancy. To answer this question, the life expectancy of
smokers is often compared to that of non smokers, adjusting for some individual
characteristics. This comparison has formed, since the sixties, the basis of government
policies designed to curb smoking on the grounds of the detrimental effect of smoking on
health (Warnakulasuriya,2010). The effect of tobacco on health can only be inferred by
comparing the health of smokers to that of non smokers if smoking is a random choice so
that individuals do not self select into smoking on the basis of some omitted
unobserved factor which affects smoking and also has a direct effect on health and
morbidity(Adda,2011).
This study focused on working women with higher education profiles because
secondhand smoke exposure was hypothesized to be the lower among this group to compare
with other studies that reflect high secondhand smoke exposure rates among uneducated and
less educated women in Malang. The study setting was a worker environment where
workplace smoking should be limited due to institutional policy. Approaching this socio-
economic group is the first such attempt in Malang; the findings will serve as foundational
data on womens perceptions about secondhand smoke exposure to assist in developing
tobacco control programs aimed at improving maternal-children health. The specific aim of
this study is to assess the women knowledge, attitudes, and avoidance behavior towards
secondhand smoke exposure among working women with higher education. This article
reports the initial stages of research, where questionnaires were designed to assess the
response rate of women on the effect of cigarette smoke on the increase in air pollution and
environmental health (especially city women). These factors may affect the health quality of
the environment and describe the context of the modification and validation for the
implementation of an environmental study.
.
Materials and Methods:

I distributed a questionnaire on Sunday, November 28 2015 at 2 pm with the search for the
woman (housewife) who was relaxing in Alun-alun Malang city. Sampling we get is 30, a
housewife with a random sampling techniqueI get a questionnaire from bank employees as
many as 5 people, housewives as many as 10, and 10 entrepreneurs and 5 teachers. I met
them all around the Alun-alun Malang city. I brought a camera to take pictures when the
women filled out a questionnaire, to write notes amounted to the rer lectue we have gave a
questionnaire, a ballpoint pen to help write a paper, and I need a motorcycle to go into this
area. Then, I used the interview method to determine the city woman. For data analysis, I
only use the data percentages. Finally, I took a picture with the coresponden. Then, compute
the data manualy.

Results and Discusion

More than a quarter (80%) of participants reported living with husband smoked; the average
number of cigarettes smoked by husband is 9 per day. The age of participants ranged in age
between 21 and 41 years old with an average age of 29.7 years. The results showed that 33%
of housewives, 17% worked as a bank clerk. 33% Working as an entrepreneur. 17% Working
as a teacher. All participants had a history of high school or higher. All the participants are
married and living with their husbands in the same house. As mentioned in the sample
selection criteria, no subjects were smokers or had smoked in the previous year. The majority
of participants (60%) spend most of their time in a family environment.

Table 1. Findings from the household Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure scale.

Some Some
Disagree what what Agree
Pronouncement (%)
(%) Disagree Agree
(%) (%)
1. Tobacco smoke is dangerous for non-smokers health. 0 3,33 0 96,67
2. Children who are exposed to tobacco smoke have
more illnesses, such as colds. 10 3,33 36,67 50
3. Exposure to tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer in
non-smokers. 0 0 30 70
4. Public places should be smoke-free 0 0 10 90
5. Parents or adults should not smoke near children 0 0 10 90
 This percentage decreased quite a lot (46,67%) when the subjects were asked about
the association of children who are exposed to tobacco smoke have more illnesses, such as
colds. and when the subjects were asked about the association Public places should be
smoke-free with a very slight decrease which (26,67%). Negative perceptions of Secondhand
smoke exposure is not consistent through all the responses with the percentage range of 50-
96,67%. but it has a high average 79,33 %. Subjects also expressed their support that public
places should be smoke-free (90%).

Table 2. Findings of knowledge, attitudes, preventive efforts to avoid Secondhand Smoke

(SHS) exposure scale.

Strongly Unde Strongly

Agree Disagree
Pronouncement Agree cided Disagree
(%) (%)
(%) (%) (%)
Knowledge
1. Smoke from other peoples cigarettes will 26,67 46,67 23,33 0 3,33
shorten my life.
2. Smoke from other peoples cigarettes is 30 60 6,67 3,33 0
harmful for me.
3. Smoking should be banned in all public 30 43,33 20 6,67 0
places
4. Secondhand smoke makes my childs health
20 63,33 10 6,67 0
worse
5. I let visitors smoke in my home. 23,33 43,33 20 6,67 6,67
6. I ask people around me to put out their
20 36,67 36,67 6,67 0
cigarettes.
Attitudes
1. Secondhand Smoke causes low birth weight
43,33 46,67 6,67 3,33 0
.
2. Secondhand smoke causes ear infections in 26,67 53,33 6,67 13,33 0
children
3. Secondhand smoke causes heart attacks to 20 23,33 50 6,67 0
children.
4. Secondhand smoke is associated with crib
23,33 46,67 23,33 6,67 0
death (SIDS).
5. Secondhand smoke is associated with 30 36,67 16,67 6,67 10
allergies in children.
6. Secondhand smoke is associated with
30 33,33 23,33 6,67 6,67
asthma in children.
Table 3. Findings from the avoidance of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure scale.

Not
Usually
Almost almost
Usually not
always never
Pronouncement true (%) true
true (%) true
(%)
(%)

1. When I encounter someone who is smoking, I

distance myself to unsure that I will not be exposed 46,67 43,33 10 0
to smoke.
2. I allow people to smoke in my home 36,67 46,67 10 6,67
3. If I am with a group of people, and someone begins
33,33 30 30 6,67
to smoke, I will remain with the group.
4. If I encounter a friend or relative who is smoking, I
26,67 50 20 3,33
will sit and talk with her while he is smoking
5. When I am in public place such as restaurant or
offices or clinic, I will leave if unable to sit in the 30 33,33 20 16,67
nonsmoking section.
6. I allow people smoking in my car. 36,67 30 30 3,33
7. If my husband, or friends or relatives are gathering in
a designated smoking area to smoke, I will join them 43,33 33,33 16,67 6,67
rather than be alone.
8. If I am with people who are smoking and I cannot
20 53,33 26,67 0
leave, I will ask them to refine from smoking.
9. When exposed to secondhand smoke, I wash my
clothes solely to remove the smell of smoke from 20 40 33,33 13,33
them even if they are otherwise clean.
10. I find it unpleasant to be around secondhand smoke. 20 36,67 30 13,33
11. I frequently places where smoking is prevalent. 23,33 36,67 30 10
12. I do not find secondhand smoke is offensive. 13,33 33,33 26,67 26,67

table 4. Results NEP calculation and Standard Error

Efforts to Avoidance of
Frequ Household SHS
No Variable % avoid SHS SHS
ency
mean std mean std mean std
1 Profession
bank
5 16,67 14,8 4,18 34,8 3,11 29,6 2,65
employee
housewife 10 33,33 13,7 4,11 35,9 3,40 28,0 2,66
entrepreneur 10 33,33 14,5 4,35 36,9 3,50 30,7 2,91
teacher 5 16,67 14,8 4,18 36,2 3,24 28,6 2,56
2 Age
19-26 10 33,33 14,0 4,20 36,3 3,44 29,4 2,79
27-34 14 46,67 14,36 4,38 36,0 3,47 29,93 2,88
35-42 6 20 14,83 4,28 36,0 3,29 27,5 2,51
 Respondents selected from Alun-Alun Malang city. With the selection criteria
discussed in the group. There is a predominance of very high concern that women who
become housewives in the study area as (33.33%) is the standard error (4.11). The following
table summarizes the response of women to interference from secondhand smoke in the
household. The results showed between 19-26 years of age and around (33.33%) with
standard error (4.20) of respondents indicated that they are active in counseling to no longer
smoke in their living environment.
There is a predominance of very high concern that women who become employees of
the bank in the area of research as (16.67%) is the standard error (3.11). The following table
summarizes the response of women's knowledge, attitudes, preventive measures to avoid the
secondhand smoke. The results showed between 35-42 years old and about (20%) with
standard error (3.29) of respondents indicated that they are active in counseling not to smoke
longer in their working environment.
And lastly, there dominance of very high concern that women who become teachers
in the study area as (16.67%) is the standard error (2.56). The following table summarizes the
response of women on an attempt to avoid secondhand smoke. The results showed between
35-42 years old and about (20%) with standard error (2.51) of respondents indicated that they
are active in counseling not to smoke anymore in the workplace and their families.
The level of exposure to SHS is relatively high among well educated Jordanian
women. The findings support the need for effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of
smoking in Jordan and protect non-smokers from SHS exposure. Moreover, culturally
tailored intervention programs will need to be developed to target both smokers and non-
smokers of all ages. Smoking is a culturally sensitive issue in Jordan, especially among men.
However, due to the overall increase in poor health outcomes due to smoking and SHS in
Jordan and the Middle East, it is critical to reverse this harmful social norm that accepts and
tolerates smoking(Gharaibeh,2011)

Conclusion

This study provides an overview of Secondhand smoke knowledge, attitudes, and

avoidance behaviors regarding exposure to Secondhand smoke among women educated
Malang. Results were generated using a convenience sample of women who enjoy the
weekend in Alun-alun of Malang. The main reason for choosing this sector of the population
is to test the general belief that the education of women working experience Secondhand
Smoke exposure less than women with poor education or low SES as reported by others.
Previous research has shown that the socio-economic gap is directly associated with
Secondhand Smoke exposure was higher for women and children, in part because of a lack of
knowledge and partly because of the prevalence of smoking is higher among low SES
populations. However, the study's findings call into question this belief often held.

Acknowledgements

We thank to Mr.Sueb as lecturer of english for biology, Universitas Negeri Malang for his
help in this article.

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