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Seminar on
Building Diagnostic and
Inspection - Testing &
Certification
1. Introduction
2. MBIS, HOKLAS SC19 and local standard for concrete radar inspection
3. Diagnosis of building structure by GPR (why?)
4. GPR: from military/planetary/archaeological sciences to MBIS
5. Applications and principles
6. Data acquisition, signal processing and imaging
7. An example
8. Use of information derived in GPR analysis from structural, durability
and core sampling perspectives
9. The concept NDE-structural health monitoring (NDE-SHM)
10. Challenges of NDE
11. Conclusion
1. Introduction
B-Scan
Surface
C-Scan
an
B-Sc
2. Mandatory Building Inspection Scheme (MBIS)
Coverage:
Procedural requirements;
Registration as Registered Inspectors (RIs);
Scope and standard of prescribed inspections;
Detailed investigation;
Prescribed repairs in respect of buildings; and
Voluntary compliance
MBIS does not specify what kinds of tests should be done in the inspection
Visual inspection:
relies on surface defects to predict internal conditions of structures.
Visual NDE
inspection inspection
3. Diagnosis of building structures by GPR (why?)
Archaeology in HK
Destroyer sounding
submarine
5. Applications and principles
Planetary science
Geology, geophysics,
archaeology and forensic
Environmental
Infrastructures
(bridge, highway, tunnel, airport
runway, buried utilites)
Building
5. Frequencies vs sizes
Lower Frequency
Antennas
More Penetration
Lower Resolution
Physically larger in size
Higher Frequency
Antennas
Less Penetration
Higher Resolution
Physically smaller in size
2-dimensional
measurements
on the surface of
elements
B-Scan
Surface
Imaging
C-Scan
c an
B-S
A-scan: 1D stationary collection of GPR waveforms
B-Scan: 2D radargrams in x-z plane (compilation of A-scans)
C-Scan: 2D slice view in x-y plane (signal re-construction in a particular depth z
Cube view: 3D spatial re-construction in x-y-z plane
6. GPR signal processing and imaging
Details:
1.Concrete wall with size 1.6m(T)x1.5m(W)x200mm(thk)
2.28-day concrete strength 40MPa
3.Two layers of Y20 steel bars
4.Two embedded plastic pipes
5.Upper 600 mm concrete made by using salted water (Cl-)
6.GSSI 2GHz GPR was used
Plastic pipes
7. Useful GPR parameters in B-scan radargram
(3) (1) x
(4)
A B C D E (2)
z
B-Scan
Information contained in GPR data:
1. Concrete cover depth
2. Thickness of concrete wall Surface
C-Scan
3. Positions and spacing of embedded objects
(steel bars, plastic pipes)
4. Amplitude of the steel bar reflections
B-
n
Sca
7. C-scan slice scan from 0-20cm depth
Plastic pipe
B-Scan
Fresh
water Surface
concrete C-
Scan
can
B-S
1st layer
2nd layer
steel bar
steel bar
First layer of steel bar and plastic pipe at Second layer of steel bar at depth
depth 5+/-5cm 15+/-5cm
7. Three-dimensional cube view
8. Use of information derived in GPR analysis
from STRUCTURAL perspective
Info derived in GPR analysis Possible Use
Yr 40
Yr 30
Refl. to DW TTT
DW amplitude
0.0
0.0
0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4
0.6
re
0.6
0.8
0.8
pa
1.0
1.0
1.2
m
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
DW peak freq
Co
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2