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REPORTS
finely regulated by correlated activities in a 5. C. D. Kopec, B. Li, W. Wei, J. Boehm, R. Malinow, 23. G. Aicardi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 15788
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stimulated synapses by autocrine or paracrine 7. M. Matsuzaki et al., Nat. Neurosci. 4, 1086 (2001). 25. T. Nevian, B. Sakmann, J. Neurosci. 26, 11001
mechanisms. BDNF action was selective on the 8. Materials and methods are available as supporting (2006).
spines that showed immediate enlargement, material on Science Online. 26. F. Santamaria, S. Wils, S. E. De, G. J. Augustine, Neuron
which may act as the structural tag for selective 9. J. Spacek, K. M. Harris, J. Neurosci. 17, 190 (1997). 52, 635 (2006).
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trapping (26) of the protein-synthetic machinery 11. C. Job, J. Eberwine, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 889 (2001). 35, 535 (2002).
(11, 27) and the capture of plasticity proteins 12. S. L. Patterson et al., Neuron 16, 1137 (1996). 28. U. Frey, R. G. Morris, Nature 385, 533 (1997).
(2, 28) for long-term spine-head enlargement. 13. L. Minichiello et al., Neuron 24, 401 (1999). 29. This work was supported by grants-in-aid from MEXT of
Thus, BDNF acts as an associative messenger for 14. M. M. Poo, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 24 (2001). Japan (H.K. and M.M.), the Global COE Program
15. A. Figurov, L. D. Pozzo-Miller, P. Olafsson, T. Wang, B. Lu, (Integrative Life Science) of MEXT (H.K.), and NIH
the consolidation of synaptic plasticity, and the Nature 381, 706 (1996). (G.C.R.E.-D. and H.K.).
protein-synthetic process can regulate dendritic 16. H. Kang, A. A. Welcher, D. Shelton, E. M. Schuman,
structures at the level of single spines. Neuron 19, 653 (1997). Supporting Online Material
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1. L. R. Squire, Memory and Brain (Oxford Univ. Press, New 19. R. Blum, K. W. Kafitz, A. Konnerth, Nature 419, 687 Text
York, 1987). (2002). Figs. S1 to S7
2. R. J. Kelleher III, A. Govindarajan, S. Tonegawa, Neuron 20. H. S. Li, X. Z. Xu, C. Montell, Neuron 24, 261 References
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3. M. Matsuzaki, N. Honkura, G. C. Ellis-Davies, H. Kasai, 21. J. Noguchi, M. Matsuzaki, G. C. R. Ellis-Davies, H. Kasai, 12 November 2007; accepted 21 January 2008
Reports: Spending money on others promotes happiness by E. W. Dunn et al. (21 March
2008, p. 1687). We recently identified a bug in the statistical package SPSS 14.0 that we
used to analyze our data. The bug causes the first line of data to overwrite the sixth line of
data (see www.is.stir.ac.uk/itsupport/software/SPSS.php). This bug affected the data set for
our longitudinal study (N = 16). Primarily because this error decreased the variance in our
data set, correcting this error alters the critical statistical test such that the effect of prosocial
1144 1149
LETTERS I BOOKS I POLICY FORUM I EDUCATION FORUM I PERSPECTIVES
shes sending a strong message: Food is important. Books about eating a sustainable, healthy faculty. It was thus exciting to hear, in mid-
diet top our best-seller lists. The National Gardening Association expects a 19% jump in the 2006, that the National Research Council
number of people growing at least some of their own food this year. Clearly, a growing number (NRC) decided to perform its own evalua-
of Americans are interested in where their food comes from, even on a small scale. tion of graduate programs, the first in more
The 2008 Farm Bill creates the National Institute for Food and Agriculture, which will be than a decade (1).
headed by a distinguished scientist directly appointed by the president. A small thing, perhaps, In January 2007, I and thousands of my col-
but it elevates agriculture to a level of prominence along the lines of health and other sciences. leagues completed a lengthy questionnaire
The farm bill also increases funding for competitive grants in both basic and applied agricul- sent by the NRC. Given that U.S. News pub-
tural research, which will provide opportunities for advanced study. lishes these rankings on an annual basis, the
Enrollment is up 16% since 2005 among college students in the professional associations anticipated NRC release date of December
that specialize in soil and crop sciences and agronomy, which suggests that todays students 2007 seemed achievable.
1150 1153
Unfortunately, it was not. The release has made by NRC staff, data were returned to the
been postponed again and again, for more surveyed institutions several times for verifi-
than a year. Currently, they do not specify cation and correction (with changes recorded
even a tentative release date. Time is an for over 400 programs), and queries to inde-
issue, because the rankings are based on pendent sources were checked repeatedly. It
attributes that may change over a period of a is of the greatest importance that the differ-
few years, including funding and publica- ences that we report between different pro-
tions. The longer the delay between data col- grams be real and not based on either error
A study by Finch and Western provides color to the social system of the Kenyan
evidence of the temperature-related conse- herders. Some of them divide themselves
quences of coat color among pastoralists into clans according to the preferred color
cattle in Kenya (1). Finch and Western of their cattle, and the preference correlates
showed experimentally that black Boran adaptively with the usual heat stress of the
Zebu cattle in the sun became hotter than clans home ranges.
did white cattle and that across Kenya, as ALEXANDER H. HARCOURT
heat stress increased, the proportion of dark Department of Anthropology, Graduate Group in Ecology,
cattle in herds decreased. They also found University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail:
ahharcourt@ucdavis.edu
that herders report more dark than light cat-
tle dying during droughts at low altitude. Reference
Finch and Western related the variation in 1. V. A. Finch, D. Western, Ecology 58, 1384 (1977).