DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN INDIA

Submitted by

A.MANORANJAN

Reg. No. BC0150014

Under the Guidance of

Ms. GOLDA SAHOO

Assistant Professor

TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL

(A State University established by Act No. 9 of 2012)
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu 620 009
APRIL-2017

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Ms. GOLDA SAHOO
Assistant Professor in Law of crimes
Tamil Nadu National Law School
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu 620 009

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled DOMESTIC VIOLENCE is

a bonafide record of the research work done by A.MANORANJAN, under my

supervision and guidance. It has not been submitted by any other University for the

award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or for any other similar

recognition.

Place: Tiruchirappalli

Date:

Signature of the Guide

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A.MANORANJAN
Reg. No. BC0150014
II B.COM., LLB. (Hons.)
Tamil Nadu National Law School
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu 620 009

DECLARATION

I, A.MANORANJAN, do hereby declare that the project entitled PROTECTION

OF WOMEN AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE submitted to Tamil Nadu

National Law School in partial fulfilment of requirement for award of degree in Under

Graduate in Law to Tamil Nadu National Law School, Tiruchirappalli, is my original

research work. It and has not been formed basis for award of any degree or diploma

or fellowship or any other title to any other candidate of any university.

Counter Signed Signature of the Candidate

Project Guide

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, I take this opportunity to thank my Professor Mrs. Golda Sahoo.,

from the bottom of my heart who have been of immense help during moments of anxiety

and torpidity while the project was taking its crucial shape.

Secondly, I convey my deepest regards to the Vice Chancellor Prof. Kamala

Sankaran and the administrative staff of TNNLS who held the project in high esteem by

providing reliable information in the form of library infrastructure and database

connections in times of need.

Thirdly, the contribution made by my parents and friends by foregoing their

precious time is unforgettable and highly solicited. Their valuable advice and timely

supervision paved the way for the successful completion of this project.

Finally, I thank the Almighty who gave me the courage and stamina to confront all

hurdles during the making of this project. Words arent sufficient to acknowledge the

tremendous contributions of various people involved in this project, as I know Words are

Poor Comforters. I once again wholeheartedly and earnestly thank all the people who

were involved directly or indirectly during this project making which helped me to come

out with flying colours.

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INTRODUCTION:

In India where almost half of the population is women, they have always been ill-treated and
deprived of their right to life and personal liberty as provided under the constitution of India.
Women are always considered as a physically and emotionally weaker than the males, whereas
at present women have proved themselves in almost every field of life affirming that they are no
less than men due to their hard work whether at home or working places. Behind closed doors of
homes all across our country, people are being tortured, beaten and killed. It is happening in rural
areas, towns, cities and in metropolitans as well. It is crossing all social classes, genders, racial
lines and age groups. It is becoming a legacy being passed on from one generation to another.
But offences against women which reflects the pathetic reality that women are just not safe and
secure anywhere. India has adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, both of which
ensure that women are given equal rights as men and are not subjected to any kind of
discrimination. The Constitution of India also guarantees substantive justice to women. Article
15 of the Constitution provides for prohibition of discrimination against the citizens on grounds
of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or their subjection to any disability, liability or
restriction on such grounds. In exercise of this power, the Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act was passed in 2005. In this paper, I am going to talk about the domestic violence
which became a major problem nowadays.

DEFINITIONS

The term "domestic violence" doesnt have a clear definition. However, it includes elaborately
all forms of actual abuse or threat of abuse of physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic
nature that can harm, cause injury to, endanger the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, either
mental or physical of the aggrieved person. The definition is wide enough to cover child sexual
abuse, harassment caused to a woman or her relatives by unlawful dowry demands, and marital
rape.
To understand the essence of the word domestic violence first of all we should know the
meaning of the words domestic and violence separately. The word domestic means within the

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realm or the territory of house. 1 And the word violence means action using physical force and
intended to hurt or kill someone to cause damage.2 Thus the word domestic violence means an
action or physical force which is being used within the realm or territory of house to intended to
hurt or cause damage any particular subject in the domestic household. In other words we can
say that it is an unpleasant and destructive natural force against the family member by one
another.

Definition according to domestic violence act

Section 5 of Protection Of Women from Domestic Violence act, 2005, defines domestic violence
as follow-For the purposes of this Act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the
respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it
(a) Harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or
physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual
abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
(b) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any
other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or
valuable security
(c) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct
mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or(d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or
mental, to the aggrieved person

Different types of domestic violence

After examining the meaning definition of domestic violence its nature has been clarified at
some extent. The violence that is said to be used need not be physical in nature. Violence against
women can take up the forms of female foeticide, selective abortion, dowry harassment, dowry
deaths, physical abuse, mental violence, public trafficking and social humiliation. But generally
It includes all kinds of threat of abuse of physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economical
nature that can harm or cause injury to the health, safety to life, limb or well being, either mental
or physical of the aggrieved person.

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Physical violence
The word physical means Something related to body rather than mind or relating to things that
you can see hear or feel. Thus, physical violence is that violence or exercise of power which has
harmed the body. It is the intentional use of physical force with the potential of causing bodily
injury, harm, disability, or death.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 defines sexual abuse as-
Any act or conduct which is of such a nature so as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to life,
limb or health or compare the health or development of the aggrieved person and includes
assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force. Physical acts such as hitting, slapping,
pushing, kicking, threatening to harm constitutes physical abuse.
Mental or Psychological violence
Violence which affects the human mind is called emotional violence. It is the deliberate act of
doing something to make the victim feel diminished or embarrassed or isolated. This type of
abuse is the hardest to spot because the injury is not physical or immediately visible. People
undergoing emotional abuse are often seen to suffer from depression which puts them at an
increasing risk of suicide, eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse.
Economical or financial abuse
Here, money is used as the means of having control over the partner. Thus we can say that
when the abuser has complete control of the victims money and other economic resources, is
called economic abuse.For example, if a person is earning for the fulfillment of his or her
necessities but he is not free to spend his or her money according to their interest, there is
another person commanding the expenditures, it is called economic violence.
Section 5 clause (iv) of Protection of women from domestic Violence Act discusses economic
abuse as deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person
is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a court or otherwise or
which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household

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necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or
separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and
maintenance; (b) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or
immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the
aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or
which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any
other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person; and (c) prohibition or
restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to
use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the) shared household.
Sexual Violence or Sexual Abuse
Sexual violence is somewhat related to physical violence, because it also violates the bodys
certain organs. It is any assault or unwanted act of a sexual nature. It can include anything from
exhibitionism and exposures to pornography to unwanted sexual touching, to rape, to injuring or
endangering the life or the victim.Section (3) clause (ii) of Protection of women from Domestic
violence act deals with sexual abuse as such- Sexual abuse includes any conduct of a sexual
nature that abuses huminilities, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of women.Now a
days child are also found to victim of sexual abuse.
Verbal abuse
Verbal abuse is giving its meaning itself as such type of abuse which hurts somebody verbally or
we can say that violence which is committed by the words either written or spoken Is called
verbal abuse. It is also called as revealing is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of
language. It is a form of profanity in that it can occur with or without the use of expletives
think verbal abuse is somewhat is responsible to create emotional or psychological abuse,
because if somebody verbally abuse to another then he got hurt and he started thinking and
which creates psychological abuse. The Protection of women from Domestic Violence act 2005
deals verbal and emotional abuse along with in section 3 clause (iii) of this act stated that verbal
and emotional abuse includes- insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule
specially with regard to not having a child or a male child; and repeated threats to cause physical
pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOMESTIC VOILENCE:1

AGAINST WOMEN:

Domestic violence against in the women is most prevalent and common in India of all. Idiotic
and male chauvinistic mindset of the society that the women are the weak among the sex is the
main reason for this. Even women, who equally proved themselves in almost every field of life
affirming that they are no less than the men, domestic violence against women is more in all
places. According to the UN population fund report, two of three women are the victims of the
domestic violence. It also stated that seventy percent of Indian women between the ages of 15 to
45 are the rape and forced sex. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and some others states,
where the domestic violence cases are more filed than the other states.

The most common reason for domestic violence are dissatisfaction with dowry and exploiting
the women for more of it, arguing with the spouse, refusing to have sex and other reason. In
some cases, infertility of the women will be main reason for it. In rural areas, the greed for the
dowry, desire for a male child and alcohol & drugs. There have been horrible police reports that
a young bride being burnt alive after subjected to continuous harassment for not bringing the
demanded amount of dowry and jewels. Also, because of male chauvinistic culture, wives who
have a doubtful suspicion about the sexual involvement of their husband with other women or
prostitutes have filed cases that they brutally abused and beaten by their husbands.

Many other factors lead to emotional differences between the spouses and lead to the shape of
domestic violence later. Such factors are more income of wife than husband, wife job duration
and etc.

Violence against the young widows is also being increased in India. They are mostly cursed by
her in-laws for her husbands death and deprived of poor clothing and food.

Other forms of physical abuse against women include slapping, punching, grabbing, burdening
them with drudgery, public humiliation and the neglect of their health problems. Some of the
other forms of psychological torment against them could be curtailment of their rights to self-
expression and curbing the freedom to associate with the natal family and friends.

1
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/domestic-violence-against-women-causes-and-cure-1709-
1.html

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 AGAINST MEN

Though domestic violence of men is less than the domestic violence of women in India, it
already a full form in other western countries by now. The supremacy of male nowadays makes
us believe that they are not suspected to the domestic violence. Recently, hundreds of husbands
gathered in Chandigarh and Shimla to express their opinion on mens right and protection against
domestic violence by their wives and family members. It initiates the need for special law for
curbing domestic violence by their wives and other family members.

For a clear reference, the survey on the domestic violence against the men by their wives has
been clearly explained below by the survey of spousal violence by the women given by the
National Family Health Survey for the time period of one year from 2004-2005.

AGAINST CHILDREN

Children and teenagers are also the victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence against
children took the second place in terms of number of cases filed. Nowadays, both the parents to
take care of their family economic condition goes to work, which leads to different form of
domestic violence against their children, because of their work stress. Also, nowadays children
and parents dont share their problems due to the lack of communication, which to the
misbehavior of the children and leads to arguments between the parents and finally beating of
children. This leads to domestic violence. Parents to reduce their stress and anger on their higher
officers and company bosses, shows their anger on their children even for small mistakes they
did which leads to the domestic violence.

In rural areas the reasons could be harassment for child labor, physical abuse or harm for not
following family traditions, forcing them to stay at home and not allowing them to go to school
etc. Domestic violence against girls is in fact, more severe at homes. As the common mob
mentality of India prefers to have at least one male child after marriage, the girls in most of the
occasions are cursed and assaulted for having taken birth in the home. This kind abuse is
prevalent both in cities and villages but is more common in latter. In fact, the number of rape
cases of pre-matured girls has been rising since last few years. A survey of teens and college

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students found that rape accounted for 67 percent of sexual assaults in girls. Apart from sexual
abuse and rape, pushing, slapping, punching, stalking and emotional abuse are other forms of
domestic violence against children.. Sexual violence is reported least often in most states. The
only exceptions are West Bengal, where the prevalence of sexual violence is much higher than
the prevalence of emotional violence, and Manipur where the two are equally prevalent. Sexual
violence is most common in West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Bihar where the prevalence is twice
the national average.

CONSEQUENCES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:2

Since domestic violence depends on the personal feelings of the family members, its
consequences are also depends on the victims. The consequence thus broadly categorised under
the following:

EFFECTS ON VICTIM AND FAMILY.

EFFECT ON THE SOCIETY.

EFFECTS ON VICTIM AND FAMILY:3

The effects on the victim and the family are also broadly divided into many types based on
whether the victim is a male or female or children.

AGAINST WOMEN:

Since women are mostly mentally weak than men in India, the deadly consequence will be
suicide and such consequence is increasing nowadays. Because of their problems in the house,
many Indian women lose their concentration on work which leads to drop out from work place.
Some women leave their home immediately after atrocious attacks and beatings from their
husband and try to become self-defendant. Their survival becomes difficult and painful when
they have to work hard for earning two meals a day. Some of the women who left their home are
forcefully and willingly for their living involved in pornography and women trafficking.

2
Article by Ankur Kumar on domestic violence in India, Posted on February 7, 2010 in Editor's Picks, Society

3
http://www.legalindia.com/dhawesh_pahuja_article_about_domestic_violence

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The major consequence of domestic violence against the women is that the child, who notices
what is done openly in front of his eyes may have a tendency to reciprocate the same in their
lives.

Because of the domestic violence against the women leads them to maintain a distance from their
partner. Their sexual life is affected adversely and also leads to a divorce and seek separation
which again affect the life of the children. In India, there are certain organisations and Non-
Governmental Organisations such as Women Welfare Association of India (WWAI), Affus
Woman Welfare Association (AWWA) and Womans Emancipation and Development Trust
(WEDT) to rescue the women who are being cruelly tortured by the their in-laws and her
husband.

AGAINST MEN:

The consequences may be psychological because in many families men are not physically
harassed but mentally by his wife and in-laws for many reasons like not earning money for a
comfort living, for not giving a quality education to his child and other reasons. An emotionally
harassed and depressed man may lose interest in the occupation he is associated with. There has
been a spate of farmers suicide in recent years in Karnataka. Several farmers have committed
suicide not only because of indebtedness but also because of discord in family and depression
resulting out of it. According to statistics of Save India Family Foundation (an NGO), around 1.2
lac harassed husbands have committed suicide in the country in the last four years (2011-2015).

AGAINST CHILRENS/TEENS:

The consequences in case of domestic violence against teens are far more drastic and its effect is
long lived. Children are sensitive to issues related to violence of any kind as they are not mature
enough to comprehend them. In their upcoming years, they used to do what they learned from
their parents. Now if the approach of parents itself is negative, children are bound to get
influenced by it. They may adopt the negative traits of the ill they see around them or develop a
hostile approach in life because of the ill-treatment they are subjected to. If a child is beaten
badly for underperforming in school, he may do the same to his children, thinking it might be the
only possible way of making a person to work hard. This may lead to bad future of our country.

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The children who escape being a part of this vicious circle are looked after by children welfare
organizations like, Indian Child Welfare Association (ICWA), Child Relief and You (CRY) and
Child Line etc.

HOW DOES SOCIETY PERPETUATE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?

Society contributes to domestic violence by not taking it seriously enough and treating it as
expected, normal, or deserved. Specifically, society perpetuates domestic violence in the
following ways:
Police may not treat domestic abuse as a crime, but, rather, as a domestic dispute. Courts may
not award severe consequences, such as imprisonment or economic sanctions. Clergy or
counselors may have the attitude that the relationship needs to be improved and that the
relationship can work, given more time and effort. People may have the attitude that the abuse is
the fault of the victim, or that abuse in normal part of a marriage or domestic partnerships.
Gender- role socialization and stereotypes condone abusive behavior by men.

COMMON MYTHS ABOUT VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Only poor uneducated women are victims of domestic violence
Victims of abuse can be found in all economic classes and can be of either sex. They can be
wealthy, educated and prominent as well as uneducated and financially destitute. Victims of
domestic violence can live in rural towns, urban cities, and subsidized housing projects and in
gated communities. The over presentation of the under privileged women in domestic violence
crime reports may be due to several factors including the fact that those seeking public assistance
and services are subject to data tracking trends that often capture this information. Victims of
domestic violence who have higher incomes are more likely to seek help from private therapist
or service providers who can protect identity through confidentiality agreements.
Victims provoke and deserve the violence they experience
An abusive tactic used by perpetrators is to accuse their partners of making them violent. This
accusation is even more effective when the perpetrator and other people tell the victim that he or
she deserved the abuse. As a result, many victims remain in the abusive relationship because
they believe that the violence is their fault. Many victims make repeated attempts to change their

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behavior except for the perpetrator. The perpetrator is accountable for the behavior and
responsible for ending the violence.
Victims of domestic violence move from one abusive relationship to another-
Although approximately one-third of victims of domestic violence experience more than one
abusive relationship, most victims do not seek nor have multiple abusive partners. Victims of
domestic violence who have a childhood history of physical or sexual victimization may be at
greater risk of being harmed by multiple partners.
Victims of domestic violence suffer from low self-esteem and psychological disorders-
Some people believe that victims of domestic violence are mentally ill or suffer from low self-
esteem. Otherwise, it is thought that they would not endure their views. In a fact a majority of
victims does not have mental disorders, but may suffer from psychological effects of domestic
violence, such as post traumatic stress disorder or depression. However, there is little evidence
that low self-esteem is a factor for initially becoming involved in an abusive relationship. In
reality some victims of domestic violence experience a decrease in self-esteem because their
abusers are constantly degrading, humiliating and criticizing then, which also makes them
vulnerable to staying in the relationship.
Victims of domestic violence are weak and always want help-
Victims of domestic violence are passive while others are assertive. Some victims actively seek
help, while others may refuse assistance. Victims are diverged group of individuals who possess
unique qualities and different live situations. Victims of domestic violence may not always want
help and their reasons vary. They may not be prepared to leave the relationship, they may be
scared that their partners will harm them, or they may not trust a person if past efforts to seek
help has failed.
Legal actions that can be initiated against the wrong doer of domestic violence
Innumerable women who silently suffer assaults and abuses everyday inside every second home
across the country can now perhaps look forward to a remedy that protects their vulnerable

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position. The phenomenon of domestic violence is widely prevalent but has remained largely
unseen.
Though both the criminal and legal remedy for domestic violence perpetrated on women existed
under different sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the civil law did not address the issue in
its entirety.
Extensive consultations among representatives of several NGOs such as the Lawyers' Collective,
the National Human Rights Commission, the National Commission for Women and the
Ministries of Home Affairs, Health & Family Welfare, Social Justice & Empowerment,
Elementary Education, Justice and Legal Affairs & Legislative Department during the past few
years led to the drafting of the bill, which seeks to meet the existing gap in the legal framework.
Giving details, a Ministry official told this correspondent that while giving explicit recognition to
the legislative intent, the bill will also dovetail with the liberalized provisions for maintenance
under Section 125 of the IPC.
The new legislation - which is in addition to the existing criminal law - would empower courts to
grant protection orders to victims of domestic violence and provide other relief. It also includes
new concepts such as ``civil wrong of domestic violence, the right to reside in a shared
household and the right to protection against domestic violence by obtaining protection orders
including monetary relief and custody of children orders''.

Scope Of The Protection Of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005:-

It is a central acts extending to the whole of India expect Jammu & Kashmir. It came into force
on 26th October 2006.The offences under this are cognizable and non-bailable.
The Act covers those women who are in relationship with the abuser or where both parties have
lived together by consanguinity or by marriage, are entitled to legal protection under this Act.

Special Features Of This Act:-

It provides for the appointment of protection officer who can provide the aggrieved person with
legal aid, medical examination and safe shelter.
The Act stipulates that the magistrate shall look on the application with 60 days from the first
day of hearing.

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It provides for rights of women to secure and reside in her matrimonial house or shared
household whether she has a title by the order of the magistrate.
Poor Law Promotes Poor Domestic Violence:-
The domestic violence and dowry laws perpetuate domestic violence, rather than curb it. The
Domestic Violence Act, 2005 as been drafted poorly. It lacks provisions for men to complain
against a woman for harassment. According to me the society is actually within us and each one
of us comprises it. This article is in continuation with the same. The failure of an individual to
comply with a particular situation is passed as a generic blame to the society and an individual
decision is presented as a societal norm.
They say society is basic to civilization and family is the unit of society, for which marriage
forms the basis. But, the way the government has formulated the marital laws, heavily lopsided
to one particular gender (the female gender), the institution of marriage is sure to break down to
an unnatural death sooner or later. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) 498A (cruelty by husbands and
relatives on married woman); Domestic Violence Act 2005, have though been conceived with an
intention to provide protection to women, have been drafted and implemented so badly, that they
have become handy tools in the hands of unscrupulous women and their parents to harass their
husbands and in-laws.
The provisions contained within these laws are very lucrative for any person wishing to use (read
misuse) to realize nefarious designs, to resist misusing these laws. The moment a complaint
comes to a police station regarding dowry harassment, without even going into the merits of the
complaint or the process of investigation, the husbands side is arrested and made to undergo
undue harassment. Such an easy provision to get the whole family arrested with a single
complaint based on imaginary and cock and bull stories can never act as a positive catalyst in
saving a marriage. Especially, when the case is taken back if ransom is paid as demanded.
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, on the other hand, is another such legal provision, which attracts a
lot of females, exasperated with their expectations of a marriage or a live-in relationship, to file
cases under various provisions and seek relief. Moreover, it makes it mandatory for a judge to
pass relief under such an Act, as only the affidavit of the complainant woman is taken as
evidence. So in short, allege and get relief is the mindset reflecting in the law. The concept of
matrimonial home is so badly drafted in it that going by pure literary sense, it qualifies any
household where the couple stayed together as a matrimonial home, granting the complainant

16
rights on it. It has started becoming a handy tool to evacuate senior citizens from the house of
their own earnings.
Moreover, allowing the woman to put in allegations without signature is another factor that
tempts the miss user of the law to intensify activities. Allowing the respondent to be convicted
on sole testimony by the complainant of non-compliance of Protection Orders passed, as under
Section 31, is directly violating Article 14 of the Constitution of India, which says, The state
shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the
territory of India. If that be so, how can sole testimony of one person be used to convict another
person?
Moreover, the Act also allows multiple maintenance litigations to be admitted, as under Section
20 and 22, heard and maintenance be granted in tandem with maintenance provisions under
Section 24, Hindu Marriage Act and 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CRPC). This is
direct violation of Article 20, clause 2, which says, No person shall be prosecuted and punished
for the same offence more than once.
In addition to the above, in spite of international studies on domestic violence proving beyond
doubt that both men and women are equally prone to be victims of domestic violence, which
means the possibility of females perpetrating domestic violence cannot be ruled out. Yet, there is
no provision in the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 for men to make complaints or to make a
complaint against a woman. So a man/woman facing domestic violence at the hands of another
female have no redress to his/her concerns and will continue to suffer. Such legal provisions
lacking completeness, gender equality and compliance with the Constitution should be banned
outright as they do more harm than intended.

Conclusion:
Domestic violence is one of the severest forms of violence against women. It cannot be
controlled only by the help of laws. As Most of the cases of abuse go unnoticed or unreported.
Society and traditions, in some cases, sanction abuse by creating conditions for the victims to
accept violence as a norm. Countries where domestic violence is most prevalent either lack
proper legal frameworks to proscribe abuse or mechanisms to implement laws against abuse.
Male population is generally apathetic to the consequences of this abuse even when many among

17
them would not like to indulge in such a practice. There is no proper education of sexual
relations as well as of responsibilities of adults who decide to live in a permanent relationship.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Yogana, monthly magazine, article about domestic violence act, 2005.

Panda, P. and Agarwal, B. 2005. Marital Violence, Human Development and Womens
Property Status in India. World Development.
Martin L. S. 1999, Domestic Violence in Northern India. Page No: 417-426
Article by Ankur Kumar on domestic violence in India, Posted on February 7, 2010
in Editor's Picks, Society
National family health survey on domestic violence during 2004-2005.

WEBSITES REFERRED:

http://www.legalindia.com/dhawesh_pahuja_article_about_domestic_violence
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/domestic-violence-against-women-
causes-and-cure-1709-1.html
http://www.indiatogether.org/manushi/issue120/domestic.htm
http://www.domesticviolence.in/category/domestic-violence-statistics

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