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Chapter 44
WOOD
GLOSSARY 3-15
CROSS SECTIONAL TIMBER TERMS 16
WOODS 17-20
HARDWOOD AND SOFTWOODS 21-22
MISCELLANEOUS 23
BOLE - The trunk of a tree is sometimes also called the bole. After felling, the branches are
removed, leaving the trunk - at this stage known as a log.
CELLULAR WOOD PANELS - Similar to blockboard and battenboard but the battens
and laths form the core and are spaced either parallel or in lattice form. Panels are relatively
light but have strength.
CONVERSION - The process of cutting logs by sawing into usable section of timber, such
as beams and planks.
COUNTER-BORE - To cut a hole that allows the head of a bolt or screw to lie below a
surface or the hole itself.
COUNTERSINK - To cut a tapered recess, this allows the head of a screw to lie flush with
a surface or the tapered recess itself.
CUP - To bend as a result of shrinkage - specifically across the width of a piece of wood.
DADO - The lower part of an interior wall - usually defined with a moulded rail.
DENSITY - The mass per unit volume, usually expressed in kilograms per cubic metre.
EARLYWOOD The less dense wood formed during the early stage of a growth season,
eg the spring or rainy season, when the tree is growing quickly. Also sometimes called
springwood. Earlywood and latewood together form the growth rings of a tree.
EDGE AND END SPACING - spacings between fasteners and from the edges and ends
of the components that are being joined.
END GRAIN - The exposed face of timber produced when cut through a plane
perpendicular to the grain.
EXTRUDED PARTICLE BOARD - May have holes running internally from end to end.
FACE EDGE - In woodworking, the surface planned square to the face side.
FACE SIDE - In woodworking, the flat planed surface from which other dimensions and
angles are measured.
FASCIA BOARD A strip of wood that covers the ends of rafters and to which external
guttering is fixed.
FOLIAGE Leaves.
GRAIN - The general direction of wood fibres or the pattern produced on the surface of
timber by cutting through the fibres. Also see end grain and short grain.
HEARTWOOD - The inner zone of a tree trunk or log that, when the tree was growing,
had ceased to contain living cells and reserve materials, such as starch. The heartwood may
be darker in colour than the outer sapwood though they are not clearly differentiated in all
species. The heartwood is often more durable than sapwood.
HORNS - Extended door or window stiles designed to protect the corners from damage
while in storage
LAMINATED WOOD - Several thin layers of wood and adhesives that are built up.
LAMINBOARD - Thick compound board where the core usually consists of small strips,
glued together at right angles and has surfaces of other woods.
LIGNIN - Natural adhesive/bonding properties found in the cellular structure of wood and
used for bonding together fibreboard etc.
MARQUETRY - A pattern of inlaid veneers that usually consists of thin pieces of wood or
other material; (base metal, shell, ivory, etc.) glued to a wooden backboard for decorative
purposes.
MICROPORUS - Used to describe a finish that allows timber to dry out while protecting it
from rainwater
MORTISE - A recess or hole, formed in one piece to receive a projection or tenon on the
end of another piece or a rectangular recess cut in timber to receive a matching tongue or
tenon.
MOVEMENT - The swelling and shrinkage of wood with changing moisture content.
Movement in length is always negligible. Movement is greater parallel with the growth rings
than at right angles to them. The degree of movement varies between species
NEWEL - The post at the top or bottom of a staircase that supports the handrail.
ORIENTED STRAND BOARD Logs are fed into a lathe-like machine where the bark is
removed, the machine chews up the logs completely producing flakes of wood. These flakes
are sifted to eliminate the very tiny particles, mixed thoroughly with a dust of waxes and
heat-triggered resin glues. Layers of the fibres are placed in alternating directions (alternately
at right angles) until the desired thickness is achieved, this enters a thermal press that
activates and compresses the loose materials simultaneously causing the wax covered resin
to activate and bond. The panels are trimmed and grade stamped.
PERMEABILITY - The ease with which liquids, such as preservatives or flame retardants
can be impregnated into timber. Permeability varies with species, though the sapwood of all
species is more permeable than the heartwood. Permeability ratings relate to the heartwood
of the species.
PLANKING - as it is referred to, is available in various widths, and can be purchased with
tongue and groove in lengths or plain square edged planks that simply butt up against one
another
PLYWOOD The bark is removed from a log, the bare log is placed on a lathe-type
machine that will peel off thin layers of wood usually when the wood has been steamed or
soaked in hot water. The sheets of wood are sorted based on he number of knot holes,
grain imperfections etc. The best sheets become the outside (face, sheet or veneer sheet) of
the plywood. These layers are laid down edge to edge with their grain running
perpendicular to the panels grain, then spliced, taped, stitched or glued together. The
rough-edged panel then goes to the trimming area where it is cut to the appropriate size and
grade stamped.
POINTSIDE - The piece of timber in a joint that receives the point of a nail or screw. The
other section is known as the headside.
PURLIN - A horizontal beam that provides intermediate support for rafters or sheet roofing.
RAFTER - One of a set of parallel sloping beams that form the main structural element of a
roof.
RAYS - Narrow ribbons of cells that conduct and store food in the tree. They run across
the grain of timber.
REBATED - The edge has been cut to form a step, usually as part of a joint.
ROTARY CUT - (Also called peeling or slicing) the log is mounted in a large lathe and
turned against the blade which peels the veneers in long sheets.
SAP - Liquid, mostly water, contained in cells in a tree or timber. Sap is the means by which
dissolved food and salts are moved around the tree.
SAPWOOD The outer zone of a tree trunk or log, which in the growing tree contains
living cells and reserve materials such as starch. Sapwood is generally lighter in colour than
the inner heartwood, though they are not clearly differentiated in all species. The sapwood is
more vulnerable to attack by biological organisms such as fungi and insects but is also
usually more permeable than the heartwood making it easier to treat with preservatives.
SHINGLE - Wood sawn lengthwise thicker at one end (the butt) and thinner at the other
end (the tip).
SHORT GRAIN - When the general direction of wood fibres lies across a narrow section
of timber.
SHRINKAGE - When the general direction of wood fibres lies across a narrow section of
timber.
SILL - The lowest horizontal member of a stud partition. or the lowest horizontal member
of a door or window frame.
SOFFIT The underside of a part of a building such as the eaves, archway etc.
SOFTWOOD - is usually obtained from pine, fir, spruce or larch. Most structural timber used
in the UK is softwood.
SPECIES - The botanical classification of trees and timber. The Latin species name defines
a timber more accurately than common name, these are sometimes used for more than one
species of timber, or may vary between countries.
STAFF BEAD - The innermost strip of timber holding a sliding sash in a window frame.
STAVES - are planed planks, more or less bent, pared or chamfered at one end at least,
with a grove known as a croze, for assembly. The heads are cut to a circular shape of the
required circumference and bevelled on both sides to enable them to be inserted into the
croze.
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STILE - A vertical side member of a door or window sash.
STRENGTH GRADE - The strength of timber varies with species and is also affected by
characteristics such as knots, slope of grain, splits etc. Each piece of timber used structurally
therefore has to be strength graded, either by visual inspection or by machine. The timber
will be marked with its grade and other information such as species, whether the timber was
graded wet or dry, the company responsible for the grading and the certification body
responsible for overseeing the grading operation.
STRING - A board, which runs from one floor level to another, into which staircase treads
and risers are jointed. The one on the open side of a staircase is an outer string, the one
against the wall is a wall string.
TENONS - The end of a piece reduced in section to fit in a recess or cavity of the same
size or a projecting tongue on the end of a piece of wood which fits in a corresponding
mortise.
TONGUE - A reduction of the thickness of the edge of a board (Also see TONGUED and
GROOVED).
TOUCH-SANDING - Used on the outer ply merely to deal with irregularities due to
patching, plugging or filling.
TRUNK - The trunk of a tree is sometimes also called the bole. After felling, the branches
are removed, leaving the trunk - at this stage known as a log.
V- JOINTED - Usually tongued and grooved wood with a V-shaped channel in the center
of the board.
WAFERBOARD - Thin wafers of wood that resemble small pieces of veneer, bonded
together under heat and pressure with glue, resulting in a solid uniform panel giving strength
and water resistance.
WALL PLATE - A horizontal timber member placed along the top of a wall to support
joists and to spread their load.
WANE - The original rounded surface of a log, with or without bark, on any face or edge of
sawn timber.
WANEY EDGE - A natural wavy edge on a plank. It might still be covered by tree bark.
WOOD PLANKS - come in long lengths with widths of four inches or more.
WOOD STRIP - boards are narrower and shorter and have up to three strips of wood per
board.
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TERMS FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL TIMBER.
AKASA A straight grained grey-brown heartwood and sapwood. Its uses include
interior joinery, light structural work, flooring, utility furniture, veneer for plywood and
turnery. A general utility interior wood.
ASH - A light wood with a distinctive lustre when polished. It has an open grain and is
reasonably hard wearing. Ash can successfully stained to almost any colour.
BALSA - Although it is one of the softest and lightest weight timbers, balsa is a hardwood.
It is used for heat sound and vibration insulation and for model making.
BAMBOO - A rich golden colour that is very hard wearing. Impervious to moisture,
therefore, often used in conjunction with the ornamental part of a water feature or flooring in
bathrooms, conservatories etc. Chapter 44 includes the trunk part only and not the foliage.
BEECH - A hard durable wood that in its natural form comes in a variety of warm, soft
honey tones. Steamed beech, has been treated at high temperatures to create a unique red
colouring.
BRAZILIAN MAHOGANY denser than many African mahoganies. Very durable and
can be used as boat building timber, constructional work etc.
CEDAR Western Red Cedar is a light weight softwood used for construction work.
Durable with a straight grain.
CELTIS A straight grained but sometimes interlocked. Yellowish grey heartwood and
sapwood. Fine texture with a slightly lustrous look. Uses include interior joinery/trim,
flooring, mouldings, veneer, plywood, handles and some furniture.
CONIFER - Coniferous, or cone bearing trees are known as conifers. usually evergreen,
the trees have needle-like leaves and produce softwood timber.
This term generally covers and includes:-
Araucarias.
Cedars.
Cypresses.
Douglas firs.
Firs.
Hemlocks.
Junipers.
Larches.
Pines.
Podocarpuses.
Redwoods.
Spruces.
Yews.
CHERRY - A reddish brown, straight grained wood that may contain pith flecks and small
gun pockets that creates random patterning.
DAHOMA A course interlocked grain. Yellowish brown streaky heartwood with pale
sapwood. A tough timber mostly for exterior use exterior structural, mining timbers,
marine work, sleepers, outdoor furniture, decking etc.
DANTA A fine grain mostly interlocked with mahogany red heartwood and a lighter
sapwood, hard wearing and strong. Used for high quality joinery, cabinet work, bench tops
boat components, decking, interior and exterior applications.
EUROPEAN BEECH - Grown in Europe. A white to pale brown hardwood, used for
furniture, interior joinery and flooring. May also be used for plywood.
DOUGLAS FIR - Grown in North America and the UK. A light reddish-brown softwood,
used for construction, interior and exterior joinery and in plywood. Very strong for its
weight.
ELM - This wood has a hardness and grain that some believe even oak cannot match.
Available in a variety of colours and tones from cream to dark brown and its grain is equally
diverse, ranging from straight to wavy. Characteristically, the wood incorporates knots and
burrs.
IROKO - Grown in West Africa. A yellow-brown hardwood, thats grain is irregular and
interlocked and used for interior and exterior joinery and constructional work. A cheaper
alternative to teak.
LIGNEOUS - Woody. Examples of ligneous materials are bagasse, bamboo, cereal straw
and flax or hemp shives.
MAPLE - Fairly straight grained, maple is characterised by irregular patterning, which can
include fiddleback (a ripple effect) and birds eye (conical depressions) patterns. It has a light
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brown heart-wood and thin white sapwood that can be tinged with reddish brown. It is very
strong, heavy and has a high resistance to knocks. Once stained it has a light almost
translucent appearance. Canadian maple is one of the hardest species.
OAK - Traditionally is the finest building timber. colours range from light to medium brown
and it is mainly straight grained. Close-grained white oak has well pronounced and long
rays. Red oak ( so called because of its autumnal foliage ) has more flecks and a defined
grained finish. Both are heavy, hard wearing and very strong.
OPEPE - Grown in West Africa. A yellow to orange-yellow hardwood, used for heavy
construction, marine and freshwater uses and for exterior joinery and flooring.
OKOUME - This is obtained almost exclusively from the forests of Gabon. This a soft
wood salmon-pink in colour with a fibrous texture and an irregular grain that resembles a
light mahogany. The tree produces well-formed cylindrical logs suitable for slicing and
peeling and is chiefly used in the manufacture of veneer sheet.
PINE - A cheaper and more readily available alternative to traditional hardwoods. Pine is a
pale wood that can range from yellow to almost red in appearance. It is susceptible to wear
and denting, especially in high traffic areas.
PITCH PINE A central American softwood pine with strength and durability compared to
most pines. The commercial grade is used for constructional work.
POPLAR - is pale in colour, light and very soft. It is used in joinery, furniture interiors,
packing cases etc. and for making plywood. After conifers it is the principal source of
cellulose for pulp paper.
SAPELE Grown in South East Asia. A medium reddish-brown hardwood with a marked
stripe figure, used for interior joinery, furniture and flooring.
SITKA SPRUCE A close straight grain wood with a high strength weight ratio.
UTILE - Grown in West Africa. A reddish-brown hardwood, used for interior and exterior
joinery, furniture and cabinet work.
WALNUT - Has occasional waves and curls, the rich dark tones of walnut are created
through a combination of rich dark heartwood and creamy brown sapwood. Varying grain
patterns.
WESTERN HEMLOCK - Grown in North America. A pale brown softwood, used for
construction and joinery.
WHITEWOOD, EUROPEAN - Grown in Europe, the Baltic States and the Russian
Commonwealth (the former USSR). A commercial grouping of white to pale yellowish-
brown softwoods, commonly used for construction, joinery and flooring.
BEWARE - Wood expands and contracts, which could be a result of the weather. 4407 -
Tolerances measurements are suggested 3/4 = 19.05mm.
4408 - There are no tolerances. Classification can only be agreed if the goods measurably
meet the requirements.
CHAPTER NOTE 1 - Goods more specific to other headings e.g. Musical instruments of
Ch 92. Furniture of Ch 94. Prefabs of Ch 94 etc. Some parts can go to constituent
materials. If a specific part it may go as part of the finished article.
CHAPTER NOTE 4 - Products of 4410, 4411 or 4412 may be worked to form shapes of
4409 - curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to shapes other than square or
rectangular or submitted to any other operation provided it does not give them the character
of articles of other headings.
CHAPTERS 44.01 TO 44.06 - Are for wood in the rough (as felled, split, roughly squared,
debarked, etc.) and fuel wood, wood waste and scrap, sawdust, wood in chips, particles;
hoopwood, poles, piles, pickets, stakes, etc.; wood charcoal; wood wool and wood flour;
railway or tramway sleepers. However, the Chapter excludes wood in chips, shavings,
crushed, ground or powdered, of a kind used primarily in perfumery, pharmacy, or for
insecticide, fungicide or similar purposes (heading 1211 refers). For dyeing or tanning
(heading 1404).
Subject to Note 1 this heading also applies to bamboos and other materials of a woody
nature.
OKOUME - This is obtained almost exclusively from the forests of Gabon. This a soft
wood salmon-pink in colour with a fibrous texture and an irregular grain that resembles a
light mahogany. The tree produces well-formed cylindrical logs suitable for slicing and
peeling and is chiefly used in the manufacture of veneer sheet.
POPLAR - is pale in colour, light and very soft. It is used in joinery, furniture interiors,
packing cases etc. and for making plywood. After conifers it is the principal source of
cellulose for pulp paper.
There are various terms used to describe different types of wood flooring-
Solid and veneered wood can be sanded and will mature with age. The grade is determined
by the number of visible knots, colour variations and other markings that are found in the
wood; prime grades - with few or minor knots and variations are more expensive and less
rustic-looking than those without a uniform appearance.
Many solid wood floors are supplied factory-finished, meaning they have been sanded and
sealed prior to delivery.
Veneered floors are all factory-finished, with their combination of hardwood and soft wood
layers, they are generally more stable than solid wood and less prone to gaps developing
between the boards.
Panels/strips etc. of wood flooring are given a tongue and groove construction to eliminate
draughts, makes them stronger and easier to fit unlike the older-style square-edged planks
or blocks.
The original hardwood such as oak and elm are giving way to cheaper softwood alternatives
like pine.
GLOSSARY
BRICK-PATTERN - parquet made up of elements of equal length and width, where the
end joint is at the centre of the juxtaposed element.
HERRINGBONE parquet made up of the elements of the same dimensions, having the
ends cut at a right angle, laid perpendicular one to another, at an angle of 45 degrees relative
to the direction of the walls and/or of battens.
PARQUET wood flooring with a top layer thickness of minimum 2.5mm prior to
installation.
PLANKING - is available in various widths, and can be purchased with tongue and groove
in lengths or plain square edged planks that simply butt up against one another
WOOD PLANKS - come in long lengths with widths of four inches/10mm or more.
WOOD STRIP - boards are narrower and shorter and have up to three strips of wood per
board.
WOOD BLOCK - refers to floors made up from small strips or blocks of wood, around
three inches wide and nine inches long, arranged in herringbone, basket-weave and other
geometric patterns. Also see page 18.
LAMINATED - laminated wood must not be confused with laminated plastic/paper. Some
- modern laminated flooring is a photographic representation of wood on plastic or paper
then applied to HDF - hard density fibre board or similar. This type of Laminate will not age
and usually cannot be sanded and renovated like solid wood.
SOLID WOOD BLOCK PARQUET - which is uniform brick-like blocks (usually oak)
laid in a herringbone, brick, ladder or basket formation.
VENEER - A single thin/fine layer of wood that has been glued to a manufactured base.
Veneer floors are generally fitted floating, which means they are not fixed to a sub-floor, lie
on a foam or cork underlay and must have a flat, even surface beneath them.
4407 - Includes sheets of sliced or peeled (rotary cut) wood. Strips and friezes for parquet
flooring. Such wood is not fully prepared and does not give the finished appearance of
parquet flooring. It has not been worked beyond planing, sanding or end-jointing (finger-
jointing)
This heading does not include wood continuously shaped along any of its edges or faces
(Heading 4409). Strips of plywood or veneered wood for parquet flooring (Heading 4412)
or parquet strips assembled into panels or tiles (Heading 4418)
4409 - includes non-assembled strips and friezes for parquet flooring, consisting of narrow
pieces of boards which have been continuously shaped along any of their edges of faces.
This heading does not included strips of plywood or veneered wood for parquet flooring,
even if continuously shaped along any of their edges or faces (Heading 4412) - Chapter 44
note 4 refers.
4412 - Includes plywood strips or friezes for parquet flooring, whether or not continuously
shaped along any of their edges of faces. Chapter 44 note 4 refers.
It also includes plywood panels or veneered panels, used as flooring panels, that have a thin
veneer of wood affixed to the surface, so as to simulate a flooring panel made up of parquet
strips, whether or not continuously shaped along any of their edges or faces.
This heading does not include cellular wood panels and assembled parquet panels or
tiles, including those consisting of parquet strips assembled on a support of one or more
layers of wood (Heading 4418)