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2.

20 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Spring 2005


Lecture 18

2.20 - Marine Hydrodynamics


Lecture 18

4.9 Turbulent Flow Reynolds Stress


Assume a ow v with a time scale T . Let denote a time scale << T . We can then
write for each component of the velocity

ui = ui + ui (1)

where by denition

1
ui = ui dt
0
It immediately follows that

ui
ui = ui ui = ui ui = 0, also ui =
etc.

x
x

Substitute Eq. (1) into continuity and average over , i.e., take ( )

ui ui ui ui
=
+ = 0, = =0
xi xi xi xi


0

ui ui u ui
but
= 0 =
+
i , =
=0
xi x xi xi
i

0 , just shown

Substitute Eq. (1) into the momentum equations and take ( )


ui ui 1 ij 1 p
+ uj = = + 2 ui
t xj xj xi

2
ui ui ui
2 ui = ui
=
+
; similarly
t t t


p p
xi
= xi
(p + p ) = xi
etc.

ui


ui ui u 
uj j + uj
= u
ui + ui ) = uj
( + uj + uj i +uj u
xj xj xj xj xj xj i
     
0 0

but from continuity we have



  uj
uj u
i = u
u ui
xj xj j i xj

0by continuity

and thus we nally obtain

ui ui 1 p  
+ uj = + 2 ui uu
t
xj xi xj i j
  
1

xj ij

ui ui 1
Reynolds averaged N-S equation:
+ uj = ij ui uj
t xj xj

Reynolds stress:
Rij ui uj

4.10 Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Smooth Flat Plate


We have already seen that the function of the friction coecient Cf (ReL ) diers for laminar
and turbulent ows. In this paragraph we will discuss the case of a turbulent boundary
layer.
Following a procedure similar to that for ow past a body of general geometry, we will
use an approximate velocity prole, obtain the P-Flow solution and eventually substitute
everything into von Karmans momentum integral equation. The velocity proles used in
practice are either empirical ((1/7)th power) or semi-empirical (logarithmic) laws.

u
y log
Uo

1/7

U y
Uo u log
o

4.10.1 (1/7)th Power Velocity Prole Law


Let the velocity prole be determined by the following empirical law
u  y 1/7
= (2)
Uo

where = (x) is to be determined.


From equation (2) we can obtain directly and

=
8
7
= = 0.0972
72
However, we need to use an additional empirical law to determine the skin friction.
From Blasius law of friction for pipes we obtain an expression for o
 1/4
o Uo
= 0.0227
Uo2

3
From P-Flow for ow past a at plate we have U (x) = U0 = const, and dp/dx = 0
Substituting , , o , Uo into von Karmans moment equation
 1/4
o d Uo 7 d
2
= () = 0.0227 =
Uo dx 72 dx

This is a 1s t order ODE for . One BC is required. We assume that the the ow is
tripped at x = 0, i.e., at x = 0 the ow is already turbulent. Further on, we assume
that the turbulent boundary layer starts at x = 0, i.e., (0) = 0. It follows that
 1/5
Uo x
(x)
= 0.373x = = 0.373Re1/5
x
x

Compare:

Laminar Boundary Layer Turbulent Boundary Layer (1/7th power law)



(x) x (x) x4/5
 x  4 1/5

= 1.72 Uo

= 0.047 x
Uo

Once the prole has been determined we can evaluate the friction drag


D = 0.036 Uo2 BL Re1/5
L

Thus, the friction coecient for turbulent (tripped and/or ReL > 5 105 ) ow over
a at plate is
D
Cf = = 0.073Re1/5
1 U 2 BL L

2 o

4.10.2 Logarithmic Velocity Prole Law


If the velocity prole is determined by the semi-empirical logarithmic velocity pro
le law, following an approach similar to that for the 1/7th power law, we obtain
Schoenherrs formula for the friction coecient

0.242
 = log10 (ReL Cf )
Cf

4.10.3 Summary of Boundary Layer Over a Flat Plate

Laminar BL (Blasius) Turbulent BL (1/7th power law)


Re1/2
x
Re1/5
x
x x

= 1.72xRe1/2
x
x = 0.047xRe1/5
x
x4/5

o = 0.0227Uo2 Re1/4

o = 0.332Uo2 Re1/2
x
o = 0.02297Uo2 Re1/5
x

D = 0.664U02 (BL)Re1/2
L
D = 0.03625U02 (BL)Re1/5
L

D D
Cf = 1.328Re1/2 Cf = 0.0725Re1/5
Uo2 (BL) L
Uo2 (BL) L

For o , the cross-over is at Rex 3.4 x 103 , i.e.,


Cf
(o )laminar > (o )turbulent for Rex < 3.4 103
(o )laminar (o )turbulent for Rex 3.4 103
(o )laminar < (o )turbulent for Rex > 3.4 103
C f L ~ RL
1
2

C fT ~ RL
1
5

~ 0.01
Therefore, for most prototype scales:
ln (RL)
(Cf )turbulent > (Cf )laminar
(o )turbulent > (o )laminar RL ~ 1.6 x 104

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