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Vector Calculus
In Electromagnetics, the following special set of
vector operators are extensively used :
Can be rewritten as
The symbol is read del (or also nabla) and it denotes a (gradient)
differential operator (also called the Hamilton operator).
In cylindrical coordinates:
In spherical coordinates:
3-2 Divergence of a Vector Field
Lets consider, for example, the flux lines of the electric field E
induced by a positive charge q in the space around it (from
Coulombs law)
If the vector field has negative divergence, the net flux is inward
into the volume is viewed as a flux sink.
In the case of a uniform field E, due to the fact that the same
amount of flux enters the volume as leaves from it, the
divergence is zero.
Circulation =
In Fig. (a), the circulation of the uniform field is zero. For the field
B induced by the infinite wire carrying a dc current I in Fig. (b),
the circulation result is
(cont) Curl of a Vector Field
That is,
(find the expressions for the Laplacian of a scalar in cylindrical and spherical
coordinates on the inside back cover of the textbook)