CANKAYA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ME 211 THERMODYNAMICS 1 CHAPTER 6 EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS 1) A rigid tank contains 5 kg of Refrigerant-134a initially at 20°C and 140 kPa. The refrigerant is now cooled while being stirred until its pressure drops to 100 kPa. Determine the entropy change of the refrigerant during this process. State 1 A P, =140kPa : 1.0532KI/ke.K, v, = 0.1652m' /ke 7, =20°C State 2: P, =100kPa : . Vv, = 0.0007258m° /kg, v, = 0.1917m' /kg 2=V, The refrigerant is a saturated liquid-vapor mixture at the final state since v, 3735 etter chp) Ly =mh ‘S ‘ {td Tr oo 25t —F.5F “ = 99315 Ap M,.¢ - ° _164- Cotes G —< AS y= Mat ar gals ksExample: “> Oxygen is heated from 300 K to 1500 K. Assume that during this process the pressure dropped from 200 kPa to 150 kPa. Calculate the change in entropy per kilogram. Answer: From Table A-23: 3° (300K) = 205.213kI/kmol 3°(1500K) = 257.965kI /kmol and 205.213KI/kmol 5° [Mi => s° (300K) = 202 213KI/ Kimo 6 4134) /ky /M= s°(300K) 32kg/kmol i 5 /M => s°(1S00K) = 252-965K) /kanol _ § 06141/kg 32kg/kmol| Using Eq. _for ideal gas 5 (TysP2)=8(TisPy)=8° (Ta) -8°(h) “Rin 1 with R ] aR _ 8314 kd/kmol K _ 9 50g hi/kg-K M 32kg/kmol so 150 —s, =(8.061-6.413)-0.2598/n — s,-5=6 )-0.2598n4 2) 8) —8) =1.723k3 /kg-K Methad 2 Assame conshont Cp Evaluaka Cp at average temperature Te S(1ebl=4 (\s00r305) < 900K IbAt T=355 yy, =S00KK Cp= lo74 Fey ic QR for Q ae - gait Thot Snel ¥ 32s “S20 ks Teme! —o,5ag Bik 3 -S\= Cp ine a) — Bl (BI 7) = (1074) Sn (EN- 92596 In( $B) = 1.624 gkExample: 4 Calculate the change in entropy per kilogram as air heated from 300 K to 600 K while pressure drops from 400 kPa to 300 kPa. Assuming. (a) constant specific heat (b) variable specific heat Answer: (a) At300K cy = L00SKI/kg.K 82-8) =e, ne = nn(2] =1 oosh{ $2 )-0 aa7m( 22) 8) ~S; = 0.7792KI /kg-K () From Tablea22: ige foble for variable specific heat s? =1.70203KI/kg-K at 300K s$=2.40902kJ/kg-K at 600K 2) = (2.40902 -1.70203)- 0.287, uf *) 400. 53 $8) =0.7896kI /kg+K iG LGExample: 5S One kilogram of air is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston at a pressure of 400 kPa and a temperature of 600 K. The air is expanded to 150 kPa in a reversible adiabatic process. Calculate the work done by air. Answer: Given Data: P, =400kPa=0.4MPa, T, =600K, P, =150kPa=0.15MPa For closed system: Q-W=m(u, -u,) First Law 8; ; Second Law State 1: u, =434.78KI /ke sf =2.40902KI/kg-K -s?} na 2] Pi $ -2.40902)- 0. 2s7h{ 32) 400 8} =2.12752kI/kg-K From Table A-22 for s} = 2.12752k3/kg-K. T, =457.1K and u, =327.84kI/kg Therefore, -W uy — Uy =327.84kI /kg - 434. 78KI /kg W =106.94kI/kgMao & Deeome consiont specific heats m= 16 A= 4ookla. >, = 0 Ke, "1 @ook B=) L\K/= mo (Ur) o _\Xlemcv (te-T") Poversible adiabatic > isentropee 1 SS 4_ gfr= cpl In (e/i)-BIn ( PIF eo Get Fel In)* é Ke for ait O.287 = 453,66 we eo L \se 402) Estimat cp at seols cv KR OTAL b/g K —\le mE) — Weal EW= = (0,74 493.6) (y= 108% Kile, AGExampk © falculate As for air modeled as an ideal gas going from T, = 300 K and p; = 1 bar, to T)= 1000 K and p> = 3 bar. From Table A-22 (Ideal Gas Properties of Air) s°(300K) = 1.70203KI/kg.K s° (1000 K) = 2.96770kI/kg.K s.-s, -vay-#ay-RW®| P, ( ; 8, —8, = (2.96770 -1.70203, KL | _8314/_ky m7 3bar kek) 28.97( ke) "| 1bar 8.75) =0.9504kI /kg.K Method zu orme constant —— Gp at Tab (mrss heok Se Cp = 1,063 bo/ky K po Boag KYimIK 4 207 ey Ms 2¢,q¢ Enel 3 , ka, SB Si= Gln (2/n) -RIn (R/F) = (1.068) In (59/209) — 0,282 In(2/) =a9645 ko AkExample: } Water initially a saturated liquid at 100 °C is contained in a piston cylinder assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor state during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. If the change in state is brought about by heating the water as it undergoes an internally reversible process at constant temperature and pressure, determine work and heat transfer per unit mass, each in kJ/kg. Answer: w/m aim $ Be fody =e, =v) =c.0abarf 2 * ud oor -roas.0°) Ibar_)\10* Nm WL iro. kg m oS =fras (s,s; )= 73.15K)(7.3549~1.3069)kI/kg-K Qe srg ig m SkExample: Water in a piston-cylinder assembly is stirred so that a change of state from saturated liquid at 100 °C to saturated vapor at 100 °C is effected adiabatically. What is the entropy , S, production per unit mass, ie., 2? m System boundary Answer: Qim For Q=0, AKE = APE =0 From Eq. 6.27, 2S; (in Table A-2 at 100°C) Bla © = (7.3549 -1,3069)kI/kg-K = 6.048ki/kg-K mExample: 5 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 5 MPa and 450 °C and leaves at a pressure of 1.5 MPa. Determine the work output of the turbine per unit mass of steam if the process is reversible. Answer: ‘The power output of the turbine is determined from the rate form of the energy balance, Eq. 4.15, dEy at 2 Qe — Woy szm(s, + +e}-zm{n. Even) (kw) For steady state and one inlet one exit process, neglecting kinetic and potential energies: Qa = Woy For adiabatic process: Ww. © gst gent \ \ \ \ \ Tite Seats Seb yed State 1: PD, =5MPa h, =3315.8kI/kg, 5; = 6.8265kI /kg-K T, = 430°C State 2: P, SMPs “| h, = 2986.5kI/kg Se Then the work output of the turbine per unit mass of the steam becomes: We =h, —h, =3315.8-2986.5 =329.3kI / kg 4State 2: From Table A-2 X= hy = 2676.1kI/kg, 2 =7.3549KI/kg-K Porc} > a . 2 1602) m2 = 54042 4. (2676.1 -3230.9) ,{ 100? —160" jz _N__ m kg kg 2 s? kg-m/s?10°N-m 22.68 U / +A 26 Lie loot fs leaving CY Inserting values of 2, 5,, m So TE22.6kI/ kg), (7.3549-6.9212) J mm 350K kg-K S _ 9.4933 ke-(°) “Two m* of air in a rigid, insulated container fitted with a paddle wheel is initially at 293 K, 200 kPa. The air receives 710 kJ by work from the paddle wheel. Assuming the ideal gas model with c, = 0.72 kJ/kg .K, determine for the air (a) the mass, in kg, (b) final temperature, in K, (c) the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K. Solction. 1 Closed systenn 2— inculafecl, Q=° 3. Ave HAP EHO 4-arr \s modekd as ideal 995 rhe P¥ _ (22 wna 2 — bay Py (=e ean © (asx) 74.4% lg C28,3t iol ge VAY emaCti-n) v (#0 $5) _ Ww 22q3- CR Cee ee (4,%lg Nor ga = 500K Entropy balance _ c (feoo= AS- ™ (s,3) 3.4\= Cy In( Pp) rn) AS =m (5.51) _ Te = MG kum Fj _ 5 = (426)(072) In| #) 4h,Example: {| Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 400 °C and at a velocity of 160 m/s. Saturated vapor leaves the turbine at 100 °C and at a velocity of 100 mis. At steady state, Wetine = 540 Ki/kg of steam. Q from turbine to ambient occurs at 350 K. What is 2? ih Answer: T= 100°C Saturated vapor Va= 100 rvs Assumptions: 4 Note WE dont . 1. Steady state, 2. APexw0, 3. mi=me=m toe signs or Q The steady state equation is: ana Wey intd Consideration. rearranging To find Q., / 'm, apply an energy balance (1 Law): Qa Y: m 2-v? =e (by ty) a State 1: From Table A-4 P, =30bar hy =3230.9KI/kg, s) = 6.9212KI/kg-K 7, = 400°C.Example: , {2 Air undergoes an isentropic process from py = 5 bar at 500 K to pp = | bar. What is T2? Answer: \ Pra (2p \ From Table A-22 for 500 K, py =8.411 Hence, bar oo=( os Pr =1.6822 Interpolating using Table A-22 gives T: = 317 K Memoe 2) Asscome Gow con stout ba14 -foc = Gp Sa TE — RiP) oe(3) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400°C and leaves at 50 kPa and 100°C. If the power output of the turbine is 2MW, determine: a)the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, b)the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine. a) State 1: P, =3MPa hy = 3230.9kI/kg, s, = 6.9212kI/kg.K T, = 400°C State 2a: P,, =50kPa * h, =2682.5KI /ke T,, =100°C] * The exit enthalpy of the steam for the isentropic process hos is determined from the requirement that the entropy of the steam remain constant (525 = 81): State 295 P,, = S0kPa Soy 5939kI/ kek Is =1.0910KI/kgK,s, Obviously, at the end of the isentropic process steam will exist as the saturated mixture sinces, = 1.0 bar. Work developed = 74 ki/kg of air flow through turbine. The turbine operates adiabatically, AKE = 0, APE = 0. What is the efficiency of the turbine, 1),? ote T Le 1, vas : | seers | ane 1 [> Isentropic expansion path From table A-22 at 390 K, sh 90.88 KI ky To find fos! from Table A-22 at 390 K PUT,,)= 1.1603 15,Interpolating in Table A-22 for this value of P, gives hn, = 285.27 KI Lhe W, o{ | = G90.88- 285.27) kI/kg = 105.6 kd /ke mis Whin __ TAK Ike Wii), © 105.6 KI kg. Method 2 | TsB8K \ale\_ Chi-h2y Te _ | R/p) ¥ a \ Re("A) \S 1 Oe gol 4) % 25K \ Te w0l3) 22 n= ( =0.10 (or 10%) Assume cp Oe p00 WFigik fer air : WES = Cua) 340-8578 195 75, C Re — 14 0 {e704 NHN, _ (w/in) = (05 0 mt Cwhi\s © 2ole5) Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12°C to a pressure of 800 kPa ata steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80%, determine: c)the exit temperature of air, d)the required power input to the compressor. a) At the compressor inlet: a 85K => hy = 285.14kI/kg Pr, = 1.1584 ‘The enthalpy of the air at the end of the isentropic compression process is determined by using one of the isentropic relations of ideal gases, 1.1584] 800KPa ) _ 9 9672 100kPa. and Pry =9.2672 => hy, = 517.0SkI/ke Substi ing the known quantities into the isentropic efficiency relation, we have - -2 g A she Fy, 9,go — (517.05 =285.14)kI/ kg -h, (h,, ~285.14)kI/kg Thus, h,, =575.03kI/kg =>, =569.5K b) The required power input to the compressor is determined from the energy balance for steady-flow devices, dE, dt Q.-W, sum, ew, )-xm[s, + For steady state and one inlet one exit process, neglecting kinetic and potential energies Q., - W,, = ti(h, =h,) Foradiabatic process : = W,, =thh, -h,) = th(h, -h,)oe rr Pag nee eae ee eo => W,, =(0.2kg/s)(h, —h,,) = (0.2kg/s)[(285.14 —575.03)kI /kg]=-S8.0kW Method & Ra tool Pa R= a Ta (2% = 295 K & EC In) tes s\n doy ) = “Tas 15-29 oo ! a. — i = 289 2 S\i5-BS ewes sos — 572 ¥ by Gh aby =r (H-b0) We = (neti) = net Codie’ 4 stan Gr comm pes Vert orn?) Neo ge? vw vy aoe! 61 foont NS dove © compresso(6). Steam at 7 MPa and 450°C is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa during a steady flow process. Determine the entropy generated during this process and check if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied. Noting that hy = hy for throttled process, the entropy of the steam at the inlet and the exit states is determined from the steam tables to be: State 1: P, =7MPa T, = 450°C |» =3287.1kI /kg, 5, = 6.6327kI /ke.K State 2: =3MPa. ' 7.0018kI/kgK Then the entropy generation per unit mass of the steam is determined from the entropy balance applied to the throttling valve, ds dt Q a Ip +2mhs,—Lim,s, +6, For steady flow and neglecting work and heat transfer with one inlet one outlet system: 7.0018 — 6.6327 = 0.3691k1/ kg. KAssume an air tank has 40 L of 100 kPa air at ambient temperature 17°C. The adiabatic and reversible compressor is started so that it charges the tank up to a pressure of 1000 kPa and then it shuts off. We want to know how hot the air in the tank gets and the total amount of work required filling the tank. li Mym)=Min maUa-mW=Qu2-Wy at mighin (ons) 5, Adiabatic process Qy>= Ideal process o= 8 s=constant 89-8) =(63 -s7)—Rn(p, / py) P +R In(py / p,) 6.83521 + 0.287 In(10) = 7.49605KI / kg. Ty=S55.7K ola uy =401.49kI kg) POON0 es =0.04806kg, vv = P22 _9.2508k ™- Ry 8 => my, =0.2027kg > Wy = Mghig + Muy —MyUy -31.9kI