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  • Spin Echo v3

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    The document discusses spin echo imaging techniques. It begins by explaining the principles of spin echo formation using 90 and 180 degree radiofrequency pulses. It then describes how spin echo sequences can be used to generate different types of contrast images based on T1, T2, and proton density weighting. The document also discusses inversion recovery preparation sequences, multi-slice imaging, and compares spin echo to gradient echo sequences. Finally, it lists some clinical applications of spin echo imaging.

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    The document discusses spin echo imaging techniques. It begins by explaining the principles of spin echo formation using 90 and 180 degree radiofrequency pulses. It then describes how spin echo sequences can be used to generate different types of contrast images based on T1, T2, and proton density weighting. The document also discusses inversion recovery preparation sequences, multi-slice imaging, and compares spin echo to gradient echo sequences. Finally, it lists some clinical applications of spin echo imaging.

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    47 просмотров16 страниц

    Spin Echo v3

    Загружено:

    purplefok
    The document discusses spin echo imaging techniques. It begins by explaining the principles of spin echo formation using 90 and 180 degree radiofrequency pulses. It then describes how spin echo sequences can be used to generate different types of contrast images based on T1, T2, and proton density weighting. The document also discusses inversion recovery preparation sequences, multi-slice imaging, and compares spin echo to gradient echo sequences. Finally, it lists some clinical applications of spin echo imaging.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 16

    Spin echo

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Overview
    1. The principles of spin echo formation
    2. Spin echo imaging
    3. Different types of contrast in spin echo imaging
    a. T1 weighting
    b. T2 weighting
    c. Proton density weighting
    4. Inversion Recovery Preparation SE sequence
    5. Multi Slice SE sequence
    6. SE vs GE
    7. Clinical Applications
    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017
    The principles of spin echo formation
    - Started with an excitation
    pulse of 90
    - Turns Mz into Mxy

    - FID is generated

    - Followed by a refocusing
    pulse of 180
    - Dephasing of spins

    - Relaxation of transverse
    magnetization

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Spin Echo Sequence
    - SE sequence with all RF
    pulses and magnetic field
    gradients for spatial
    encoding

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Different contrasts in SE imaging

    - Based on T1, T2 relaxation times and proton density (PD)

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    T1 weighted
    - Short TR, short TE

    - Depends on the length of T1 relaxation


    - Rate of energy dissipation into the
    surrounding molecular lattice and
    hydration layer

    - T1 (eg. Fat) < T1 (eg. CSF)

    - Different Mz values presented, after


    applying 90, different Mxy components
    are generated
    - S: signal difference

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    T2 weighted
    - Long TR, long TE

    - Amount of signal loss depends on the time


    between excitation and TE

    - At intermediate TE the difference in transverse


    magnetization can be maximized

    - TE too long or too short will cause no T2


    contrast in acquired image

    - T1 (eg. Fat) < T1 (eg. CSF)

    - T2 weighted images can only be generated


    using SE sequences

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Proton density weighted
    - Long TR, short TE

    - Relies mainly on differences in


    the number of magnetized
    protons per unit volume of tissue

    - Minimizes influence from both


    relaxation times

    - CSF > fat > gray matter > white


    matter
    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017
    T1
    Properties of Spin Echo
    - Pros:

    - Flexible and specific contrast


    T2
    behaviour (T1, T2, PD weighted)

    - Insensitivity to signal loss caused by


    field inhomogeneities

    - Cons: PD

    - The ratio of data acquisition time to


    repetition time is unfavorable ~2%

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Inversion Recovery Preparation SE sequence
    - Add additional 180 pulse at the beginning before the
    SE sequence

    - Enhance T1 contrast

    - TI: time between inversion pulse and 90 excitation


    pulse

    - TI is chosen such that longitudinal magnetization Mz of


    a tissue crosses 0, signal by this tissue is suppressed

    - Common type:

    - STIR

    - FLAIR

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Multi-Slice SE Imaging
    - Waiting time for T1 relaxation in
    one slice can be used for
    excitation and acquisition of
    data from other slices

    - Increases efficiency

    - Approx. 33 slices can be


    acquired in 1 interval

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Clinical Applications
    - T1: provides best contrast for
    paramagnetic contrast agents
    (Gadolinium based compounds)

    - T2: highlighting CSF sheath

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Comparison between SE and GE
    - Gradient Echo (GE) uses
    magnetic field gradient applied
    in one direction and then
    reversed to induce the formation
    of an echo

    - SE uses the 180 refocusing


    pulse

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Comparison between SE and GE
    - Axial View

    - Not much difference

    - Sagittal View

    - Signal voids in GE image can be seen in nasal and oral


    cavities

    - Cause:

    - Signal in GE sequence is determined by T2* rather than


    T2 decay due to the absence of refocusing pulse

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Reference
    - Jung B. A. and Weigel M. Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging 2013; 37: 805-817.

    - Bushberg J.T. et al. Essential Physics of medical imaging. 3rd Edition. 2012.

    - Bushberg J, Seibert J, Leidholdt E, Boone J. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Vol. 30, Medical Physics. 2002. 933 p.

    - Jung BA, Weigel M. Spin echo magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37(4):80517.

    - McRobbie DW, Moore E a. MRI Sequences. 2012;(L):3446.

    - Huettel S, Song A, McCarthy G. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vol. 20, Brain- Magnetic resonance imaging. 2009.
    542p.

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017


    Q&A
    Thank you!

    Tsz Ching Fok | Ioanna Skampardoni | Imaging Lab 2017

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