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Language

Shabnam Kashani | Sukrit Tanticharoenkiat


What is Language?
In linguistics, language is defined as a system of
communication based on words and their
combination into sentences
This formal definition excludes non-verbal
communication: body language, intonation, etc.

Language is the system of signs that expresses


ideas. It is constantly evolving in response to
historical and social conditions.
Coding and Decoding Linguistic
Information
Conversations are taken on trust and depend on
the speakers sensitivity to language and cultural
expectations.
Linguistic sign unifies a concept (signified) and
sound image (signifier) that differs among cultures.
Conversations involve what is being said and how it
s being said (Intonation, speed, stress, volume,
silence, etc.)
What we say, how we say it and what we dont say
can influence the purpose of a conversation
Cognitive system of language underlies our ability
to infer ones intentions. (Ex. Do you know what
time it is?)
Understanding that voice pauses such as er and um
are fillers for thought
Conveying clear meaning despite ellipsis (missing
words)
Purpose of Conversations
Practical needs
Create relationships
Exchange of stories
Express personalities
Entertainment

Conversations alter according to purpose:


Turn-taking
Adjacency pairs (phrases that require a
response)
Politeness and command/negotiation
Content and conditioning (socially acceptable
language)
Speech Act (what is being done when
something is said)
Speech Events (a method of talking used in
particular talk-situations that typically
reoccur)
Service Encounter (transaction of goods and
services)
Natural Language Processing
(NLP)
NLP is a field that studies the interaction between
computers and natural languages.

What is NLP Good At?

Good Okay Bad


Spam Detection Sentiment Question
Part-of Speech Analysis Answering
Tagging Word Sense Paraphrasing
Named Entity Disambiguation Summarisation
Recognition Parsing NLG
Translation
Information
Extraction
Natural Language Processing
(NLP)
Natural Language Generation (NLG) is hard!
If you observe; devices like Siri, Cortana and
Echo use a combination of templates and
canned responses.

Why is it hard?
Simply put: ambiguity

Lost Boy Found by Snowman


Teacher Strikes Idle Children
Or
Feds Raise Interest Rates (Feds increase interest rates)
Feds Raise Interest Rates (The raising of Feds cause interest
to rates)
This is usually solved by statistical analysis of much
sample text
Bibliography
What is language?
Stanford: Natural Language Processing
Speech and Language Processing
What is Natural Language Generation
Cultural Criticism: Semiotics and Cultural Criticism
Talking to Each Other: The Language of
Conversation
The Language of Conversation
The Origin of Language and Communication
What is Language?

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