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Regional EIA study for Gharo ~ Keti Bandar Wind Corridor has been
conducted and EIA guidelines for EPA are developed
ADB has announced counter guarantee for wind IPPs; thereby resulting
in reducing the credit rating risk of Pakistan for financing.
Oct - 2012
3 Three Gorges 50 134.75 Under Construction
Dec 2012
6 Lucky Energy 50 132.53 -Tariff Received-
Dec 2012
7 Sapphire Power 50 128.87 -Tariff Received-
Dec 2012
8 Tenaga Generasi 50 129.67 -Tariff Received-
Dec 2012
9 Metro Power 50 132.56 -Tariff Received-
Dec 2012
10 Gul Ahmed 50 132.87 -Tariff Received-
Feb - 2013
11 Master Energy 50 133.68 -Tariff Awaited-
List of Fast Track Wind Power Projects
Sr. No. Company Name Project Capacity
1. NBT Wind Power (Norway) 500 MW
2. Titan Energy Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. 10 MW
3. Tapal Wind Energy (Pvt.) Ltd. 10 MW
4. Ismail Power Limited 10 MW
5. Fina Energy (Turkey) 250 MW
6. FFC Energy 100 MW
7. Japan Green Power (Japan) 50 MW
8. Associate Technologies 100 MW
9. Anadulo Wind Pakistan (Turkey) 50 MW
10. China Sunnec Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 50 MW
11 System Wind Energy (Turkey) 50 MW
12. Hydro China (China) 300 MW
13. HZ Wind Power (China) 100 MW
14. Hartford Energy (USA) 45 MW
1582.4 MW
Pakistan: Investors Choice Destination
(Norway, Turkey, Iran, Germany, USA, China and Japan)
WINDTURBINE
46
or to supply loads in parallel, a wind turbine uses differ- the base of the tower. The installation of the transformer
ent components both mechanical as well as electrical. inside the nacelle allows balancing of the rotor weight,
In particular, the rotor (blades and hub) extracts energy while positioning at the base allows a reduction in dimen-
from the wind turning it into mechanical rotation energy sions and weight of the nacelle.
and constitutes the first motor of the wind turbine,
whereas conversion of mechanical energy into electrical In terms of costs, the percentage on the total cost of the
energy is carried out by an electric generator according different components is divided as shown in Figure 2.2.
to suitable configurations to be illustrated in the follow-
ing chapters.
Figure 2.1
1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
3
4
5
18
17 16
Figure 2.3
The hub of the wind turbine is the component that con- on the moving part with respect to the main shaft.
nects the blades to the main shaft, transmitting to it
the power extracted from the wind; it includes pitching A hinged hub is, in some ways, a cross between a rigid
systems. hub and a teetering hub and it is basically a rigid hub with
Hubs are generally made of steel or spheroidal graphite hinges for the blades. It is used by downwind turbines to
iron and is protected externally by an oval enclosure called reduce excessive loads in case of strong winds.
spinner. There are three main types of hub (Figure 2.4):
rigid
teetering
hinged
2.2 Gearbox
Figure 2.4 Most drivetrains include a one- or more-stage gearbox
between the rotor, which extracts kinetic energy from
the wind and converts it into mechanical rotation energy,
and the electric generator, which converts the available
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The gearbox has the purpose of increasing the rotor
speed to adapt it to the values required by conventional
generators (in some turbines the ratio of the gearbox
may exceed 1:100). The gearbox consists of one or more
Rigid Hinged Teetering
gears of epicycloidal or parallel axis type (Figure 2.5).
In the last few years, the development of alternators with
interposed converter has made it possible the construc-
tion of some models of wind turbines without gearbox.
In fact, the gearbox is a source of noise and one of the
elements requiring more maintenance; furthermore it may
cause efficiency losses of the wind turbine.
Therefore the lack of the gearbox implies a simplification
of the mechanical part and thus allowing a reduction in
A rigid hub is designed to keep all major parts in a fixed the size and mass of the nacelle.
position relative to the main shaft. The blade Pitch can
be varied, but no other blade motion is allowed. It is the
type mostly used for rotors with three or more blades.
A rigid hub must be strong enough to withstand all the
loads that can arise from any aerodynamic load on the Figure 2.5
1
For the definition of Pitch angle of a wind blade reference shall be made to the follow- 2
In some cases the gearbox includes also the bearings of the transmission shaft, especially
ing chapter. in turbines with transmission shaft of limited length.
of these devices.
Moreover, it is possible to notice the quick variation of The electric power output from generators is usually in
low voltage and shall be transformed into medium voltage
the luminous flux emitted by the lamps, generating that
through a transformer to reduce transmission losses by
disturbing fluttering known as flicker.
connection to the MV distribution network.
For this reason too, research has gone towards the de- The transformer is installed on the nacelle or at the base
velopment of variable speed systems which allow also of the tower.
the torque pull on the rotor to be reduced and the rotor The electric cables connecting the nacelle to the base
to work at the point of maximum aerodynamic efficiency of the tower form a ring under the nacelle so that yaw
over a wide range of wind speed4. movements are allowed.
Variable speed solutions realized with induction genera- These movements are controlled and, in case of exces-
tors are obtained by interposing a frequency converter sive rotation, the nacelle is yawned in the opposite direc-
between the stator of the generator with squirrel cage tion to prevent cables from entangling.
rotor and the grid, or by using a wound rotor asynchro- These cables must have such an increased length that the
nous generator in which the rotor is supplied by an in- wind turbine shall be able to make up to three complete
turns for alignment.
dependent alternating current delivered by a frequency
converter: thus, the synchronous speed results to be a
function of the difference between the grid frequency
and the frequency of the rotor current and it is possible 2.6 Yaw system
to reach 30% speed variation.
The nacelle is made to rotate on the top of the tower
by an active yaw control system consisting of electrical
actuators and relevant reduction gears (Figure 2.7), so
2.4.2 Synchronous generator that the rotor is always transversal to wind.
The direction and speed of the wind are continuously
In this type of generator, also called alternator, the rotor controlled by the sensors connected on the roof of the
consists of a direct current electromagnet or of perma- nacelle.
nent magnets. The rotor is generally positioned according to the average
The frequency of the voltage induced on the stator (and direction of the wind, calculated over a 10min period by
consequently of the generated current) is directly pro- the turbine control system.
portional to the rotation speed of the rotor. Figure 2.7
To allow functioning at variable speed, a frequency
converter is interposed between alternator and grid; at
first it transforms the current at variable frequency (as a
function of the rotor speed and therefore of wind) com-
ing out of the generator into direct current through an
electronic rectifier, and then reconverts the direct current
into alternating current at the network frequency through
an inverter.
Thus the frequency of the generated current is released
from the grid frequency, which may also result into the
abolition of the gearbox.
Thanks to the synchronous motor and to the frequency
converter, when the wind strength suddenly increases, For horizontal axis turbines with downwind rotors, a yaw
the rotor is let free to accelerate for some seconds: the system is not necessary, since the turbine is intrinsically
increase in the rotation speed accumulates kinetic energy self-orienting and follows the wind direction as a wind
in the rotor itself and allows constant power supply. vane.
Vice versa, when the wind falls, the energy stored in the Instead, upwind turbines have either a rear orientation
tail (small and medium size wind turbines) or active yaw
rotor is released while the rotor itself is slowing down.
control; therefore, the supporting tower shall be properly
dimensioned also to withstand the torsional loads result-
ing from the use of yaw systems.
4
For a given wind speed, the rotation speed may be varied to maximize the aerodynamic
efficiency of the blades (see the following chapter).
The first wind turbines were on free-standing lattice tow- These systems are the brain of the wind turbine and
ers, commonly used until the mid-1980s. Nowadays provide the control logic to command start up and shut
wind turbines are mostly of tubular type since they offer a down procedures of the turbine and to guarantee turbine
number of advantages in comparison with the truss one. functioning in a defined range of operation parameters,
In particular, tubular towers do not require many bolted by protecting the rotor, in particular, against overspeed,
connections which need to be periodically checked; and the different parts of the electric circuit against over-
they provide a protected area to access the turbine and currents and overvoltages.
climbing to the nacelle is made safer and easier thanks The logic of control is usually programmed in a PLC. In
to internal stairway or lift in case of larger turbines.
particular, the protection/disconnection systems discon-
Furthermore, they are aesthetically more acceptable in
comparison with truss towers. nect the turbine from the grid in case of malfunctioning,
There is a third type of tower, guyed lattice tower (Figure thus allowing proper operation of the other wind turbines
2.9), but they are little used for medium and large size in the wind power plant.
power plants.
Figure 2.9
2.9 Auxiliary devices
The main auxiliary circuits mounted inside the nacelle
comprise a hydraulic device to lubricate the gearbox
or the other mechanical parts and also heat exchang-
ers to cool the oil and the generator, pumps and fans
included.
On the top of the nacelle there are anemometers and
wanes for turbine control, aircraft warning lights and a
possible platform for helicopters landing (for the access
to offshore turbines). In order to improve the reliability
of the wind turbine, different sensors are used to moni-
tor the status of the various components and to signal
any possible malfunctioning which needs maintenance
operations.
The tower height depends on the wind regime at the This is particularly true for offshore wind power plants,
installation site. the access to which is not easy.
Electric power production through wind turbines depends [3.4]
on the interaction between the blades of the rotor and
the wind by transforming the kinetic energy of the wind
into rotation mechanical energy and then by converting As it can be noticed Pavailable varies according to the cube
it into electrical energy. of the wind speed v1.
The kinetic energy Ec of an air mass m moving at constant For example, with a standard air density at sea level
speed v1 is given by: , it is:
[3.1]
Figure 3.1
D = 6.4 m
P = 6.8 kW
D = 5.5 m
P = 5.0 kW
D = 4.6 m
D = 4.3 m P = 3.5 kW
P = 3.0 kW
D = 3.6 m
D = 3.4 m P = 2.5 kW
P = 1.9 kW D = 3.0 m
P = 2.1 kW
D = 2.6 m D = 2.5 m
P = 1.1 kW P = 1.0 kW
D = 2.1 m
P = 0.7 kW
D = 1.8 m
17
NumberofBlades
Multibladewindmillneedhigh
startingtorqueandlowwindspeed
forcontinuouswaterpumping
function.
Asrpmincreases,turbulencecaused
byone
bladeaffectsefficiencyoftheblade
thatfollows
Fewerbladesallowtheturbineto
spinfaster=>
28 February 2012 EE4511: Wind Energy by P. Jirutitijaroen 18
smallergenerator.
http://www.windenergythefacts.org/images/fig/chap1/34.jpg http://www.climatechangeconnection.org/Solutions/Windenergy.htm
http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2009/images/Aerostar_2.jpg
http://www.windpowerengineering.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/07/windflowTeRereHauwindfarm300x200.jpg
Vertical Axis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uJCiJmVbjM&feature=p http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxMh18SGhyA&feature=
layer_embedded player_embedded
Orientation
Wind Turbines (WT) can be categorized into two
overarching classes based on the orientation of
the rotor
Vertical Axis(VAWT) Horizontal Axis(HAWT)
Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines
Rotors are
usually Up-wind
of tower
Some machines
have down-wind
rotors, but only
commercially
available ones
are small
turbines
Types of Electricity Generating Windmills
Technically Advanced
Only 2-3 Moving Parts
Very Low Maintenance
Requirements
10 kW
Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid 50
kW
American Companies
are the Market and
Technology Leaders
400 W
900 W
(Not to scale)
Large Wind Turbines
Originally they were used for nautical and rural applications with dc
generators. Cost is relatively low.
Requires a dc input.
3
Worlds FirstWindTurbine
DanePoul La Courin 1864 Build in 1891.
First wind turbine to generate
electricity.
He was an inventor and a high
school teacher back then.
Use electricity generated from
his wind turbine to electrolyze
water, producing hydrogen for
gas lights in the school house.
Windturbine
Source:http://www.poullacour.dk/engelsk/menu.htm
buildingin2004
5
Early UseofWindTurbines
Earlyuseofwindturbinesisforagriculturalpurposesforgrain
grindingandwaterpumping.
ThefirstuseoflargewindmillinCleveland,Ohio,1888to
generateelectricity.Rotordiameterwas17meters.The
windmillproduced12kW.
Source: http://www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html
6
History ofUSWind Energy
1930sand1940s,smallwindsystem
usedinruralareas.
GrandpasKnobinVermont,1941,
1250kW,175ftdiameter,failedin
1945.
Asutilitygridexpandedand
becomemorereliable,electricity
pricedeclined.
Windenergypopularityfluctuates
withthepriceoffossilfuels.
AfterWorldWarII,oilprices
declined
soasthewindenergypopularity.
Oilcrisisinthe1970sstimulated Source:
worldwideinterestinwindturbine http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_
history.html
generators.
7
US Wind Map
http://www.nrel.gov/
8
Capital Costs of WindTurbine
Capitalcostsofwindsystemsincluding
turbine,tower,gridconnection,
sitepreparation,controls,andland
10
Environmental Issues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NAAzBArYdw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRWHr2ek_BQ&feature=related
Noise fromWind Turbines
www.vestas.com
WindEnergyTerminology
Winddrivengenerator
Windgenerator
Windturbine
Windturbine generator (WTG)
Wind energy conversion system (WECS)
Inside Wind Turbine
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html
Wind Turbine: How It Works
(Video)
Wind TurbineGenerator
Synchronous generator Asynchronous generator
Operateatconstant Verycommonforwind
rotationalspeedtocreate turbine.
constantvoltagefrequency. Magneticfieldisinduced
RequireDCcircuitto fromACvoltagesources.
generatemagneticfields. Donotoperateatfixspeed.
Requireslipringsand Donotrequiresliprings and
brushes,addsto brushes.
maintenanceroutine
Lessmaintenancecost.
requiredbythemachine.
Synchronous Generator
Toincreaserotationalspeedinorderto TosupplyDCcurrent
produce50/60Hzvoltagefrequency forfieldwinding
Asynchronous Generator
Rotatingmagneticfieldisgeneratedin
theairgapfromACvoltageatthe
stator.
Use(squirrel)cagerotormadefroma
numberofaluminumbarsshorted
togetherattheirends,formingacage.
Operateataspeedhigherthan
synchronousspeed.
Adifferencebetweensynchronous
speed(Ns)androtorspeed(Nr)is
calledslip.
Wind Turbines
Change in WindSpeed
Synchronous generator Asynchronous generator
Gearbox needs to be Slipvariesaccordingtothe
adjusted to maintain windspeed,helpstoabsorb
constant voltage frequency. shockstomechanical
equipment.
Turbineaerodynamics
Forceonarotorblade
Angleofattackandstall
HOWROTORBLADEEXTRACT
ENERGYFROMTHEWIND
How Rotor Turns?
Airfoil
Source: http://greenenergycenter.blogspot.com/2008/07/windturbinebladedesigndesigning.html
Force on a RotorBlade
Wind
Foraconstant
rotationalspeed,the
speedoftherotor
alongthebladeis
proportionaltothe
distance from the hub.
Thenearertothetip
(furtherfromthehub),
thefasterthespeedis.
http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/rotor.htm
Angle of Attack and Stall
Resultingwind Relativewinddue
toblademotion
Relativewindspeeddependsonthedistancefrom
base.
Windspeedatthetipisfasterthanatthehub.
Inordertokeeptheanglesright,theblademustbe
twistedtokeeptheanglesright.
Too Strong Wind
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u14tBwO5QVQ
Powerdensity
Temperaturecorrectionforairdensity
Altitudecorrectionforairdensity
Impactoftowerheight
SW Windpower
Whisper 200
1 kW
Rotor diameter: 2.7 m
SW Windpower
Whisper 500
3 kW
Rotor diameter: 4.5 m
Conversion efficiency
In the previous slide, power does not varies with the cube of the wind speed.
Why?
Because not all the wind power is transmitted through the blades into the
generator.
In the last equation it is assumed that there is no turbulence and the air passes
through the rotor as a steady rate.
If it is assumed that vb is the average between vu and vd, then the mass flow
rate is
dm v v
A u d
dt 2
2 2 2 2
Power in Fraction
the wind extracte
rotor tip speed rpm D d
(TSR )
wind speed 60vb
Rotor
efficiency
Cpvalue, Cp is
The rotor efficiency is maximum when is 1/3. For this
0.593=16/27.
Still, we still need to know how much of the absorbed power by the blades is
transmitted to the generator. This conversion stage is characterized based on
the tip-speed ration (TSR):
Power Produced by the Rotor
2 2
2m vV v
V2 v 2 v
2 AV v v A
2
41
2 V V
A
V2
2
41 a a
2
where, a v/V
To determine when power reaches its maximum value,
P
set 0
a
We get the result : a 1/3
1 16
Pmax AV 3
2 27
Thus at best only 16/27 of the inflowing energy may be converted into power.
This is called Betz limit.
Conversion efficiency
where c is a parameter. c2
The average value of the random variable (wind speed v) is
v v. f (v)dv c
0 2
Kinetic energy
?
PowerDensity
Massflowrate:
40
PowerVsSweptArea
Powerincreasesasproportional
toswept area
oftherotor.
Density = weight/volume,
IdealGasLaw
Airdensity variesaccording to ideal gas law,
P: absolutepressure(atm)
V: volume(m)
n: mass(mol)
R: idealgasconstant(matmKmol)
T: absolutetemperature(K,K=C+273.13 )
Intuitiveideaaboutidealgaslaw:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WScwPIPqZa0
Air Density VS Temperature
n P
V RT
Molecularweightofaircanbeapproximated.Airisamixofmolecules,
78.08%Nitrogen(N=28.02),20.95%Oxygen(O=28.02),0.93%Argon(Ar
=39.95),0.035%Carbondioxide(CO=44.01),0.0018%Neon(Ne=20.18).
Equivalentmolecularweightofairis28.97.
Air DensityVS Altitude
Airdensityalso
dependson
atmosphericpressure.
Atmospheric pressure is a
function of altitude.
experiences.
Smoothsurface,suchassea>less
friction.
Roughsurface,suchascitywith tall buildings
>morefriction.
Windspeedasafunction of,
Height,
Earthssurface.
52
Roughness Class
Wind Speed and Power Ratio
54
Example6.5
Ananemometermountedataheightof 10m
aboveasurfacewithcrops,hedges,
and shrubsshowsawind speed of5 m/s.
Estimate
the wind speed and thespecificpower in the
wind at aheight of 50 m. Assume 15C and 1
atm of pressure.
Foraconstant
rotationalspeed,the
speedoftherotor
alongthebladeis
proportionaltothe
distance from the hub.
Thenearertothetip
(furtherfromthehub),
thefasterthespeedis.
http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/rotor.htm
8
Power VS Wind Speed
19
Albert Betzs Formulation
Thatwaseasy!
Steam Tube
AlbertBetz,
Germanphysicist,18851968
Power Extracted fromthe Wind
Assumethatthevelocityofwindvbisjusttheaverageofthe
upwindanddownwindspeed,
Fundamentalrelationshipfor
powerdeliveredbyrotor,
Howshouldwedesignsothat
wecanhavebetterrotor
efficiency?
Maximum Rotor Efficiency
TSR =
2 poles 4 poles
Source:http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/AC/AC_13.html
EE4511:WindEnergybyP.Jirutitijaroen
Multiple Gearbox
Gearboxesinwindturbinedonot
typicallychange
gear. Two gearboxes with separate generators for low
wind speed and high wind speed gear.
1.5MW
gearboxfor
1.5MWwind
turbine
http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/powtrain.htm
Variable slipinduction generator
Adjustableresistor
Useslipasanadjustable
resistancetovaryspeedofthe
rotor.
Recallthatthecurrentcan
easilypassthroughthe
aluminumbaratthecagerotor.
Themagnitudeofthecurrent
willdeterminethespeedofthe
rotor(reviewgeneratorconcept Opti Slip
onpage328334).
Optical fiber link to adjust resistor
Ifthecurrentmagnitudeis
adjusted,thespeedoftherotor Circuitattached
canbechanged. onrotorwith
Thisvariableslipinduction electroniccontrol
generatorutilizethistechnique system
toadjustthespeedoftherotor.
Indirect grid connection systems
Potential harmonics
Typical wind statistics
Probability concept
Weibull distribution
Rayleigh distribution
REVIEW OF PROBABILITY CONCEPT
Wind Speed Data (m/s)
monitoring
surfacemelt
overlarge
areasoftheice
sheetmargin
inGreenland
http://www.geus.dk/departments/quaternarymarine
geol/icemon/stationnuukuk.htm
Typical Wind Speed Histogram
Probability Measure
Aprobabilityisdefinedasaquantitative
measure.Inthiscase,arelativefrequency
offractionsoftime.
0.3 0.3 2
0.2
Wind speed
1 2 3 4 5
Wind Speed P.D.F.
Weibull Distribution
WaloddiWeibull,
Swedishengineerand
scientist,
18871979
Amazing,right?
Iknow.
k =shapeparameter
c = scale parameter
When k=2,called
Rayleigh distribution.
Rayleigh Distribution
c =scale parameter
Seehow
beautiful
the
curveis!
JohnWilliamStrutt,thirdBaronRayleigh,LordRayleigh,
WinnerofThe1904NobelPrizeinPhysics,
18421919
Powerinthewind
Discretewindspeedhistogram
Averagewindspeedcalculation
Windspeedprobabilitydensity
function
=Airdensity(kg/m)
??
Average WindSpeed Calculation
Total speed dividedby the total time of that speed. For
example, for 10h period,
3 hr, nowind
3 hr, 5mph
4 hr, 10 mph
WINDSPEEDSTATISTICS
166
k=shapeparameter
c=scaleparameter
k=1,toomuch
oflowspeed
k=3, Toosymmetric.
k=2, Justaboutright!
When k=2,called
Rayleigh distribution.
Rayleigh Distribution
c =scaleparameter
Theaveragewindspeedis
higherasthescale
parameterincreases.
Wouldtherebeany
relationshipbetweenaverage
windspeedandscale
parameter,c?
Avg. Wind Speed: Rayleigh
From
We can alsowrite,
Substitute
Thismeansthattheaveragepowerinthewindcanbefoundinterms
ofaveragewindspeed.Theaveragepowerisequalto1.91timesthe
averagepowerfoundattheaveragewindspeed.
Example 6.10
Estimate the average power in the wind(W/m)
at a height of 50 m when the wind speedat10m
averages 6 m/s. Assume:
Rayleigh statistics.
Standard frictioncoefficient =1/7.
Standard airdensity = 1.225 kg/m.
1
v H 50 7
v50 6 7.55 m/s
v0 H 0 10
6 1
P 1.225 7.553 504 W/m 2
2
Impactof Tower Height
Power law, often used Alternativelaw used in
inUS. Europe.
Powerdensity
persquare
meter!
WindSpeed PDF at Altamont Pass, CA
Notmuchofwindmostof
theyear.
Highwindhotsummer
afternoon
Standard Wind Power Classification
SIMPLEESTIMATESOFWIND
TURBINEENERGY
FromWindtoElectricity
Power Extracted from the wind
Powerinthe Electricity:
wind Howmuch?
Terrain,surface Turbineefficiency,rotor,
roughnessofthe gearbox,generator,tower,
ground,wind electroniccircuitcontrol
velocity
Overall Efficiency
Assume that rotor bladeshas45% efficiency andgearbox and
generator has2/3 efficiency
Overall efficiency
100% 45% = 30%!!
181
2 x2 square array
Largernumberofarray greaterinterference
Largerspacing lessinterference
4 x4 square array
Predicted output
Array efficiency =
Outputwith no interference
Recommended Spacing
Rectangular with a few long rows facing wind, each
row with many turbines.
Offsetting/staggerring
185
ACTUALELECTRICAL POWER
OUTPUT
Power in the Wind
Overall Efficiency
Similar curve
as power in
the wind?
Reality Is
Cutout
Cutinwind
wind speed:
speed:Wind
Wind
turbinestarts
turbine stop
operating operatingto
protect the
machine.
Wind speed(m/s)
Idealized Power Curve
Rated wind speed,
start to shed some of
wind power.
Itisdifficulttofindrated
windspeedforalargewind
turbine.
Discrepancyfrominability
topreciselyshadingthe
wind.
Ratedwindspeedisused
lessoftenthesedays.
Howtoshedwindpower!?
Needtounderstand
turbineaerodynamic.
Rated power/rotor diameter
HowtoShade Wind Power
Pitchcontrolledturbines.
Activecontrolbyreducing ?? How?
angleofattack
Stallcontrolledturbines.
Passivecontrolusingpure
aerodynamicdesign.
Activestallcontrol.
Inducestallforlargewind
turbinebyincreasingangleof
attack.
Passiveyawcontrol
SmallkWsizeturbine,
causing
axisofturbinetomoveoff
thewind.
PitchControlled Turbine
ToreduceAngleofattackusing hydraulic system to slowly
rotatetheblades.
Controlthebladebymonitoring
generatoroutputpowerusing
electronicsystem Activecontrol
http://www.markrichey.com/what_we_do/windturbinefactorytrip.cfm
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/201003/nextgenwindturbine
StallControlled Turbine
Aerodynamicdesignofthe
bladetoautomaticallyreduce
efficiency.
http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/index.htm
Passive Yaw Control
Usingwindvanetohelprotating
machineawayfromhighwind.
http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/renewables/section_4/topics/windmills_or_turbines/e.html
Design Consideration
Two possibility to increase
output power according to
the wind speed statistics.
Increaserotordiameterto
capturepoweratlower
windspeed.
Increasegeneratorratingto
capturepowerathigher
windspeed.
Somemanufacturersallow
choiceofrotorand
generatorsizeaccordingto
usersrequest.
Rotor Diameter VS Gen.RatedPower
Withthesamerotordiameter,rated
Withthesamegenerator,ratedpower
powerisincreasedtonewrated
isreachedatlowerwindspeed.
power
Thisstrategyincreasesoutput
powerforlowerspeedwinds. Thisstrategyincreasesoutput
powerforhigherspeedwinds.
Frompowerto
energy
Yearlyenergy
produced
Capacityfactor
ELECTRICAL ENERGY OUTPUT
ESTIMATE
FromPowertoEnergy
Energy=powerxtime.
Powercurvegivesarelationship
betweenoutputelectricalpowerasa
functionofwindspeed.
Windspeedisalsoafunctionoftime,
representedbyWeibullorRayleigh
statistics.
Energy Produced byWindTurbine
Windspeedvariesaccordingto
WeibullandRayleighstatistics
Knowpowerdeliveredatany
givenspeed.
Needtocombinepowerproducedatanywindspeedwiththehoursofthatwind
speedtofindtotalenergyproducedinayear
Weibull Distribution
k=shapeparameter
c=scaleparameter
k=1,toomuch
oflowspeed
k=3, Toosymmetric.
k=2, Justaboutright!
When k=2,called
Rayleigh distribution.
Rayleigh Distribution
Theaveragewindspeedishigherasthescaleparameter
increases.
206
Step3:Annualenergygenerated=summationof
energyproducedateachwindspeed
Probability Approximation
Statisticallyspeaking,itdoesnotmake
sensetofindprobabilityofthewind
blowsatsomespecificspeedv.
ItNEVERblowsatexactlyspeedv!!
Example6.14illustratessmallerrorintheapproximation.
Example6.15(a)
Letsfindtheenergyproducedatwind6m/s.
FromRayleighstatistics,theprobabilitythatwindblowsat6
m/s,
Example6.15(b)
Fromtheresult,findtheoverallaverageefficiencyof
thisturbineinthesewinds.
Averagepowerextractedfromwind,using
Rayleighstatistics:
Example 6.15: Hours and MW per Year
Step3:Annualenergygenerated=summationof
energyproducedateachwindspeed
Quiteatediouswaytocalculateenergyproduced
inayear!!,anothersimplerwayistousecapacity
factor.
Capacityfactor
Linearapproximationofcapacityfactor
ALTERNATIVEWAYTOESTIMATE
ANNUALENERGYOUTPUT
CapacityFactor
A measure of the fractionof actual energy delivered to the
rated energy output in one year
AssumeRayleighwind
statisticsandvary
averagewindspeed.
CFvariesquitelinearly
withaveragewind
speed.
CapacityFactor Curve
Assumption:Windstatistics(WeibullorRayleigh)
withaveragewindspeedofXm/sathubheight.
Step 1:Findtheprobabilityofeachwindspeed.
Thisstepdependsonwindsite.
Step 2:Findtheenergyproducedateachwindspeed.
Thisstepdependsonmachinepowercurve.
Step 3:Annualenergygenerated=summation
of energy producedat each windspeed
Linear ApproximationofCFCurve
For NEG Micon
1000/60,
Rated power = 1000 kW.
Rotor diameter =60 m.
Nice coincidence!
Estimated Capacity Factor
Only the following
information needed.
Average windspeed
Rated power
Rotor diameter
Quite useful relationship
when little data of wind
speed andturbineare
known.
If the data isavailable, this
is still not suitable to
replace thespreadsheet
method!!
Example 6.17
TheWhisperH900 windturbine hasa 900W
generator with2.13m blades. In anarea with
6m/saverage wind speed,estimate the
approximatedenergy delivered.