Chapter

13
Magnetism

Topics Covered in Chapter 13

13-1: The Magnetic Field
13-2: Magnetic Flux
13-3: Flux Density B
13-4: Induction by the Magnetic Field
13-5: Air Gap of a Magnet
 Topics Covered in Chapter 13

13-6: Types of Magnets

13-7: Ferrites
13-8: Magnetic Shielding
13-9: The Hall Effect

McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 13-1: The Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Lines
Every magnet has two
poles (north and south).
The magnetic field, or
strength of the magnet, is
concentrated at the poles.
The field exists in all
directions but decreases
in strength as distance
from the poles increases.

Fig. 13-2b: Field indicated by lines of force.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-1: The Magnetic Field
Field Lines
Magnets have an invisible field (made up of lines of
force).
These lines of force are from the north to the south pole
of the magnet (external field).
Field lines are unaffected by nonmagnetic materials, but
become more concentrated when a magnetic substance
(like iron) is placed in the field.
 13-1: The Magnetic Field
North and South Magnetic Poles

Earth is a huge natural magnet.

The north pole of a magnet is the one that seeks the

earths magnetic north pole.

The south pole is the one that is opposite the north

pole.
 13-1: The Magnetic Field
Like magnetic poles repel one another. (Fig. 13-4 b)

Unlike poles attract one another. (Fig. 13-4 a)

Fig. 13-4
 13-1: The Magnetic Field
North and South Magnetic
Poles
If a bar magnet is free to
rotate, it will align itself
with the earths field.
North-seeking pole of the
bar is simply called the
north pole.

Fig. 13-1a: The north pole on a bar magnet points to the geographic north pole of the Earth.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-2: Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is defined as the number of lines of
force flowing outward from a magnets north pole.

Symbol:

Units:
maxwell (Mx) equals one field line
weber (Wb) One weber (Wb) = 1 x 108 lines or Mx
 13-2: Magnetic Flux

Fig. 13-5: Total flux is 6 lines or 6 Mx. Flux density B at point P is 2 lines per square centimeter
or 2 G.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-2: Magnetic Flux
Systems of Magnetic Units
CGS system: Centimeter-Gram-Second. This system
defines small units.
Mx and Wb (100 Mx) are cgs units.
MKS system: meter-kilogram-second. This system
defines larger units of a more practical size.
Wb (1 108 Mx) is an MKS unit.
SI: Systeme Internationale. Basically another name for
the metric system. SI units provide a worldwide
standard in mks dimensions; values are based on one
ampere of current.
 13-3: Flux Density B
Flux density is the number of lines per unit area of a
section perpendicular to the direction of flux.
Symbol: B
Equation: B = / area

Flux Density Units

Gauss (G) = 1 Mx/cm2 (cgs unit)
Tesla (T) = 1 Wb/meter2 (SI unit)
 13-4: Induction by
the Magnetic Field
Induction is the electric or magnetic effect of one body
on another without any contact between them.

When an iron bar is placed in the field of a magnet,

poles are induced in the iron bar.

The induced poles in the iron have polarity opposite

from the poles of the magnet.
 13-4: Induction by
the Magnetic Field

Fig. 13-7: Magnetizing an iron bar by induction.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-4: Induction by
the Magnetic Field
Magnetic Permeability
Magnetic permeability is the ability to concentrate
lines of magnetic force.
Ferromagnetic materials have high permeability.
Magnetic shields are made of materials having high
permeability.
Symbol: r (no units; r is a comparison of two
densities)
 13-4: Induction by
the Magnetic Field
Permeability () is the ability of a material to support
magnetic flux.
Relative permeability (r) compares a material with
air. Ferromagnetic values range from 100 to 9000.
Magnetic shields use highly permeable materials to
prevent external fields from interfering with the
operation of a device or instrument.
Magnetic
shield
around a
meter
movement.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-5: Air Gap of a Magnet
The air space between the
poles of a magnet is its air
gap.

The shorter the air gap, the

stronger the field in the gap
for a given pole strength.

Fig. 13-8: The horseshoe magnet in (a) has a

smaller air gap than the bar magnet in (b).
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-5: Air Gap of a Magnet
The shorter the air gap, the more
intense the field. Eliminating the air
gap eliminates the external field.
This concentrates the lines within
the field.
Magnets are sometimes stored with
keepers that eliminate the
external field.

Fig. 13-9: Example of a closed magnetic ring without any

air gap. (a) Two PM horseshoe magnets with opposite
poles touching.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-5: Air Gap of a Magnet
A toroid coil has very little
external field.

Toroid cores (doughnut

shaped) are used to greatly
reduce unwanted magnetic
induction.

Fig. 13-9b: Toroid magnet.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-6: Types of Magnets
There are two main classes of magnets:
An electromagnet is made up of coils of wire, and
must have an external source of current to maintain a
magnetic field.
Applications: buzzers, chimes, relays (switches whose contacts
open or close by electromagnetism), tape recording.
A permanent magnet retains its magnetic field
indefinitely.
 13-6: Types of Magnets
An electromagnet produces
a field via current flow.

The direction of current

determines the field
direction.

Fig. 13-11: Electromagnet holding nail

where switch S is closed for current in coil.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 13-6: Types of Magnets
Classification of Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Materials
Magnetic materials:
Ferromagnetic materials include iron, steel, nickel,
cobalt, and certain alloys. They become strongly
magnetized in the same direction as the magnetizing
field, with high values of permeability.
Paramagnetic materials include aluminum,
platinum, manganese, and chromium. They become
weakly magnetized in the same direction as the
magnetizing field. The permeability is slightly more
than 1.
 13-6: Types of Magnets
Classification of Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Materials
Diamagnetic materials include copper, zinc,
mercury, gold, silver, and others. They become
weakly magnetized in the opposite direction from the
magnetizing field. The permeability is less than 1.
Nonmagnetic materials:
air, paper, wood, and plastics
 13-6: Types of Magnets
The basis of magnetic effects is the magnetic field
associated with electric charges in motion.

There are two kinds of electron motion in the atom:

Electron revolving in its orbit. This produces a weak
diamagnetic effect.

Electron spinning on its axis. The spinning electron

serves as a tiny permanent magnet.
 13-7: Ferrites
Ferrites are nonmetallic materials that have the
ferromagnetic properties of iron.
They have high permeability.
However, a ferrite is a nonconducting ceramic material.
Common applications include ferrite cores in the coils
for RF transformers, and ferrite beads, which
concentrate the magnetic field of the wire on which they
are strung.
 13-8: Magnetic Shielding
Shielding is the act of preventing one component from
affecting another through their common electric or
magnetic fields.

Examples:
The braided copper wire shield around the inner
conductor of a coaxial cable
A shield of magnetic material enclosing a cathode-
ray tube.
 13-8: Magnetic Shielding
A good conductor is best for two shielding functions:
Preventing induction of static electric charges
Shielding against the induction of a varying magnetic
field.

The best shield for a steady magnetic field is a good

magnetic material of high permeability.
 13-9: The Hall Effect
A small voltage is generated across a conductor
carrying current in an external magnetic field. This is
known as the Hall effect.
The amount of Hall voltage VH is directly proportional to
the value of flux density B.
To develop Hall effect voltage, the current in the
conductor and the external flux must be at right angles
to each other.
Some gaussmeters use indium arsenide sensors that
operate by generating a Hall voltage.
 13-9: The Hall Effect
Additional Applications for Magnetism
B

VH B

Hall effect sensor