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 Announcements
No Class Monday
HW due Wednesday
I will post the next HW this weekend
How did the XRD experiment go?

Be careful with cps-Kme of measurement

Compare intensiKes with standard data
Look out for K and K

XRD for not perfect materials
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 Subject 5: ClassicaLon of Solids
Ch. 3, KiPel
Ch. 19, AschroW

How do atoms bond to form solids?

-- need interatomic aPracLon
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How do atoms bond to form solids?
Types of bonding:
Van der Walls
Ionic
Metallic (delocalized)
Covalent (direcKonal)

The type of bonding in a solid is determined
essenKally by the degree of overlap between the
electronic wavefuncKons of the atoms involved
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!"" ( r1, r2 ) # ! A ( r1 ) ! B ( r2 ) $ ! A ( r2 ) ! B ( r1 )
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Consider two inert gas atoms at

a separation R apart. The two
atoms talk to each other by
inducing a dipole moment.
Fluctuations will produce a
dipole moment p1 producing a
field E~ p1/r3. This polarizes
the second atom with
polarizability !-- p2=! p1 /r3 and
the potential is p2!E~1/r6.

-- Lennard-Jones potential
 Pauli

Van der Waals interacKons are the hardest to calculate

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j pij
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 Ionic Crystals

In ionic crystals, it is not

possible for the electrons
to move about freely between
ions unless a large amount
of energy (~10 eV) is supplied

it is not conducLng

-Insulatorwide band gap

Electron density in NaCl: x-
ray data
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(lower
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(higher
energy)
 Covalent Crystals

Binding energy: 3.87 eV/atom

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Pauli again
Even number of electrons in unit cell
semiconductor
Odd number of electrons in unit
cell--metallic
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(localized)

(valence electrons
are free to move)
 Metallic Bonding
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How to describe
metallic behavior?
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Mobile,
Light,
Negatively charged
Immobile
Heavy
Positively charged
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carrier concentration =

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 CalculaLons of electron density

3
1 4 rs
Volume/electron: =
n 3
rs : Radius of a sphere, with volume = volume/conduction-electron

-- Measures electronic density

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!2
a0 = = 0.529 Hydrogen
me2 atom
 Electron experience collison

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1
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Definition: J =" E
vaverage

E
! E = 0 " v average = 0
% $e E (
E " 0 # F = ($e) E # v average = ' *+
& m )
n (v av dt) A $ ne 2# '
! J = ("e) = "ne v av = & )E
(dt) A % m (
! ne 2#
Electrical conductivity: " =
m
!
 Experimental Probe (4-Probe Method):
"V
L
I= AJ

!
"V EL # E &# L & # L &
Resistance: R= = = % (% ( = )% (
I AJ $ J '$ A ' $ A '

1
Resistivity: ! = # $ i cm
"
!
kF+'<'D&7N"/O'
 rsJ&2! !-cm rsJ&2!

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Being a good metal, the resistivity should be in the order of lmA#,'

 See you Wednesday.
Have a good Labor day