Meaning

1
This sentence describes a causal sequence of events: The oversupply of chips caused prices to
plunge, which in turn caused the manufacturer to announce factory closings to cut production. The
clearest, most efficient way to express this sequence is to present the events in chronological
order, as they occurred.
Oversupply---->price plunging---->cut price
2
The topic of this sentence is a single large body of water, the Caspian Sea.
The wording needs to make it clear that being the largest lake on Earth and covering more than four
times the surface area of ... Lake Superior are both predicated of this one subject.

With
1 with
12
2 with
1comma+with modifier the context and the wording of the
modifier itself
Bihar is Indias poorest state, with an annual per capita income of 111$
2comma+with modifier the preceding clause

adverbial phase
visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on
the branches, with arms and legs handing like socks on a cloths line.
1With++
2with++()
3with++()
4with++to do()
5with++/

3with Awith B B A

A B two seperate and equivalent items Ahaving B

1 s surrounding context

2 and one unit the verb is singular 82 owning

and living in a freestanding house refers to one concept
3a number of=numbers of++
4GMAT

1.
/++
1)
Among the people was a man named Brown.
On the top of the hill stands an old temple.
From the valley came a frightening sound with some cries.
North of the city lies/is a new airport.
2)
Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present )
Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone )

1. ( many a time, often ) ,.

Often did we go for walks together.
Many a time have I told him about it.
2. no soonerthan, hardlywhen not until
No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.
3. if ( were, had, should )
Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.
Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.
4. never, not, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little
Barely did he have time to catch the bus.
Never have I been to Beijing.
5. Only Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.
Only is placed with precision next to the group of words it actually limits

Verb form
1
1

Wrongthe thesis of consumer having.... consumer thesis

Rightthe thesis that consumer have..... thesis Consumer
Wrongwe are hoping for x<a recovery finally underway>
Right: we are hoping for a recovery. we just hope for a recovery
2there be prep 08237
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer
systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
A. Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate
sewer systems to serve
B. There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904
 of three separate sewer systems serving
most importantly, it doesn't emphasize the right thing: the main skeleton of the sentence is
"there were concerns", which is NOT the main point. in choice (a), the main skeleton is "concerns
led to the construction", which IS the main point. there be

"to serve" is better than "serving", because

* "to serve" implies a sense of purpose or intention (which is precisely what is to be conveyed here),
and
* "serving" implies that the systems were already serving boston at the time when they were being
constructed.

2
(1)Rather would rather/had ratherRather,....)
quite/to a certain degreeinsead
(2)able to be done, capable of being done, unable to be done

complex gerund a/an/the+adj)+Ving+ of + O; O Ving
the running of marathonsmarathons running
(3)Can be able to can can could Be able to

3
being having
1being 1>n+being done2>n+being n/adj3>there being
2you should NEVER start a modifier with "being". in any such modifier, you should
always be able to eliminate "being". IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS

Being a avid gamer, Jim plays everyday - Incorrect

A avid gamer, Jim plays everyday - Correct
Being very reluctant to do X, Jim...----Incorrect
Very reluctant to do X, Jim...-Correct

The one time when "being" is grammatically necessary is when having a property is the idea you
are trying to describe:
Being tall is helpful for basketball players.

being 1> 2>eg.

Sth is being done

3Having 1>n+having done2>n+having been done
4Having done having been done
5Having done
6When having done when Having done
having done when after having done
after/before A do sth. when B do sth. after/before when

4
as with as is the same with with
what GMAT :
938. With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase;
the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.
as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth. as is the case + prep.
(of/with/in) + sth.
prep 1-39 As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful
on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy
other health related items.
l in the same way that, as/so
l like, so/aslike just like wordy

5to in order to prep1-13 1-65 1-144

(1) in order for sth. to do/bein order that in order to do sth.
I am saving money in order that I can buy a house.
(2) in order to
(3) in order to to do

(4)Can you give me some work to do?

But for N, S + would + V / (have Vpp.) N, S.
= If it were not / (had not been) for N
= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)
= Without Nwithout
7

The chief executives plans were announced on Wednesday------OGthe passive verb form
were announced suggests that someone other than the chief executive is outlining the strategy. We
should make it clear that the chief executive is doing the announcing
IfOG
In a conditional sentence if X, (then) Y, If one clause is passive, the other should be passive; if
one clause is active, the other should be active, too.

1
 and, but, or, yet 1>items 2>

2andor as well as
1And items item
you have a SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, so they should be
PARALLEL.

I want to know whether you drink and study

The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeps 15 hours a day, and moves infrequently enough.

The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving infrequently enough

2Or Stress, alcohol and rich foods identifies the combination of these three factors
as a suggested cause of stomach ulcers, whereas stress, alcohol, or rich foods offers three
individual possibilities.
3as well as this phrase explains that the essay served as both a critique of previous
chemistry and a vision of a new kind of chemistry. OG
PREP07,p2,90.A did one thing, as well as doing another thing.
as well as The organization gives help
and support to people in need,as well as raising money for local charities.
as well as doing something

3
not only....but also....but/but alsonot....but....
, not only...but also ,
, GMAC , but/but also .
Not....but....The structure of this sentence expresses negation and affirmation: Many experts
regarded X not as a sign that Y, but as a sign of Z.
1.: not only but also....
Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago.
I not only play tennis but also practise shooting.
He plays not only the piano but also the violin.
: not only...but it also...

2. not only but also

Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the
students were against the plan.
3. not only but also
They don't fear not only hardship but also death.
They fear neither hardship nor death.
They don't fear either hardship or death.
4. not only but also not only

Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.
ring_cheng :not only did sb do sth,
but sb also did sth
not only
but also .
not onlybut also -- aeoluseros
1. not only but also GMAT

(1) not only but

(2) not only also
4

While events While

at the same time

5
(1) neither
They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.
They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.
(2) run-on sentence
1> and, but, or
2>
(run-on)
1) S+V1+O1 and V2+O2.. and S, .
2) S+V1+O1, and pronoun( S)+V2+O2. . and
pronoun S and S .
3) S+V1+O1, and V2+O2.and and

V2 C
the yellow jackets stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and
usedused pulled is
is used

6also
1"X and Y" is normally used to indicate TWO DIFFERENT things. (if you said "the first
woman and the first Swedish writer", without the "also", that would normally imply 2 different
people)
2"X and also Y" is normally used to bestow two descriptions on the SAME person or thing
(notice that both of these descriptions are meant to describe Selma Lagerlof).
3Also both....and....

1
<1>it/its/they/them/their)/Copy(that/those)/this/these/that/those)
<2>
<3>repeats
<4>

<5>

waters---->its

2each all

Each all SV agreement

3 itthey
4
1 another
2 one the other
3 one one another the othera third
4 some the others / the others
5 some othersothers others
othersothers = other people/things

5that , one :
I. one , ones; that
, those
II. one , , that

verb modifier
1due to/ because of/ because
Due to=caused by
Because of
Because
due to similar to, different from

2
1Prepositional Phrases Noun modifier Verb Modifier
the context of the sentence Noun modifer
Verb modifier
2comma+preposition modifier comma+infinitive adverbial modifier
adverbial modifier how/why/when/where questions
3now the present the past Now

3
1>2>
if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma.

Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

unrestricted adjectival phrase

1
(1) ,

(2)
(3)
(4)
2)
(1) n.
i) N., n.;
ii) n., a/an + n. a/an + n., n.;
iii) the + n., n. the + n
(2)theory/evidence/belief/principle+that that
of that That

(3) / n.
+that/doing/done... because
(4)n,n+that
(5)n,one/ones+that

theBTM, the jazz pianist and composer--

Manhattan
1. if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word
describing what that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE
ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use a comma.

example:
Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

(1) if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for the first time, then
you DON'T use a comma.

example:
The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.
--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma.
(2) if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE (description)
to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.
 example
Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on
to become an icon of American literature.
--> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use a comma to single him out.
2. if there's an indefinite article (a/an), you DO use a comma.

example
A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

4Comma+Ving
1>:=
2>Comma+Ving ing
WrongLisa speaks in front of many people, standing 2 feet tall

11>2>
2 immediate,
essentially unavoidable resultsThe bullet entered Smiths head, killing him instantly
3V-ing
V-ing
animal-hide shields were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors
against enemy arrows and spears.
4Comma+ving including, including ing Including
also, as well
5Prep08 181
6GMAT
1birds overcome by pollution fell from the sky, prompting officials to.....
......
2birds overcome and felling from the sky were promting the officials to.....
.....

1) ,;
///
2) ,(),(
)
3)
+ing : in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing,
,=
,

 In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper
cap serving as a handkerchief.

1 which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief patch of scarlet

2 whichpatch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief i suppose

I suppose thatthe patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a
handkerchief

5despite
Despite in spite of

Despite wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters.
doing to do
laws, agreement(prep 1-221) directive

6
1some time/ sometime/ some times/ sometimes
s s
2especially specially

7when
1when in which
in which in
2 In which at the same time
....
3If and when can be used interchangeably when we present conditions in which the outcome
is definite or the outcome is a general fact.
i.e. if event A happens, event B happens.
Example 1 We know as a general fact that water evaporates when it is heated.
If you heat water, it evaporates. CORRECT`
When you heat water, it evaporates. CORRECT
When if conditional statement is used to express a situation in which the outcome is a possibility
and not a certainty, when cannot be used in place of if.
Example 2 Tom is not certain if by exercising he will lose weight or not.
Considering his not so high success rate in losing weight, Tom knows that if he exercises, he may
lose weight. CORRECT
Considering his not so high success rate in losing weight, Tom knows that when he exercises, he
may lose weight. INCORRECT
4Before/after when
8
<1>What
what
what ,.
(1)What what
What is difficult to understand is A.What are difficult to understand are A and B.
(2)what / what they want are XX,XX&XX
What his father left him are a few English books.
<2>Where
<3>A and B who both A and
B
<4>Which
(1) which
(2)
<5>that
1
the boy who I feared, and who many people loved was her boy friend
2
The big bang theory that the universe began in an explosion and has been expanding ever since.

9opening modifier it automatically refers

to whatever immediately follows the comma

be be
be
2
: //(when/while/if/unless/although/even if) + /-
ing /-ed
:// + / (although just inside the orbit of
Jupiter when a child/ when children if + n.
)
:once /; whatever

10 (by aeoluseros)

S, v-ing, V. + O.v-
ing S V
S V S, v-ing, V. + O.v-ing

prep 2-104 The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a single tree, depending
on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce enough berries to make between one and
twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
 depending dependent depending dependent
is able to produce single tree
dependent " size " depending
size

1
2for past actions that were ongoing until, or relevant to, a later past action ;
3for past actions that were ongoing until, or relevant to, a later past TIME MARKER.
4 had done, had been done
a later past time maker

2
1

Stacy
I like to think of present perfect as something that bridges past and present, and it's either still going
on or just simply still true today.
eg, I have been to Argentina
I'm not still there today, but it is still true today that I went there at some point. (Not really - I've
never been to Argentina! And look what I did there - I used present perfect again, because it was
true in the past and is still true today. I have never been there.)
Another example:
The results of the study have shown that the more we study, the smarter we get.
The study is over - but the results are still true today, as indicated by usage of the present perfect
tense.

l within/during/in/over/for+ the past/recent/last+.

in lastin the last
e.g. : Did you see the game on TV last night?
e.g. : Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years.
l since
since:
(1) since +(1980, last month,
half past six)
I have been here since 1989.
(2) since ++ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
(3) since +
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
 (4) It is ++ since
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
OGthe past tense nor the present perfect is correct; both suggest that the statues
features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so.

to have dong/ comma+having done/ .will do that sb(sth) have done

Whether tourists will still come to the park once the animals horns have been trimmed.
The Neanderthals appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle
The scientist, having......, does sth.

Appear present-day observers observer

2
l previously/originally, first
l in 1971
l between 1897 and 1900

l
l
l
l
3

3
1///

2possibility that/likelihood that/expect that,that

3,, be supposed to do, be going to
do, be to be doing/be to be done

1 thancompared with/to, in comparison to, as compared with

2"double"amount, quantity, speed, frequency, rate (of),

rates (for), price, ..."apples""students",
a doubling of

(number,amount, quantity)( concentration, pressure, force)

Increase increase
 Increase

3twice double
1 twicedouble as...as
figure,number .........Atwice/times/double (as.....as).......
2twice as many as Twice as much as noun is already
an explicitly numerical quantity, you should just use "twice" or "double" by itself.
e.g., twice the increase --> "increase" is an explicitly numerical quantity
3
1.A be as as B
This tree is three times as tall as that one.

2.A be than B
The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River.

3.A be the of B
The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.

4.The of A be that of B
The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

5.x times + what ()

6.x-fold
twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold twofold
two times as much or as many of something
a threefold increase in revenue

4
times as much + subject + verb. + prep. phrase + as + (subject + verb.) + prep. phrase

At least as....as...=as...as...or more...than>=at least or more

sb. be + + more/less likely than sb to do sth.( to do )
at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

1. as adj. a noun. as...

as....as adj+noun()
as+adj.+++as I haven't seen as old a car as this for years.
as+adj.+++as prep2-9 ()
as+adj.+++as I don't smoke as expenesive cigarettes as those.
2. as adj. (a) noun. as = (a) noun. as adj. asasadv.

5
(1) whereas
energynuclear power

OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear
power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy
produced in Germany.
*whereas
(whereas)whereas

GWD 18-2each language
occupies a distinct area of the brainlanguage areas overlap

prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal
usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular
maladies.
(2) like/unlike
:Unlike A, in 1990 B...AB
unlike

Similar=likedifferent from=unlike
similar todifferent from

6
1) compared with
Example
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is
higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this
group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
2) Compared withcompared with
Example:
u Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are
Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
u In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college,
compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain,
Japan, and West Germany.
u One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with
just one in six in 1975.
3) as compared to/withas
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times
the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4) contrary to , idea, belief ,
.
5)Compare
: Contrary to popular belief, victors in the ancient Greek Olympic Games received cash prizes in
addition to their laurel wreaths.

continue 12

whether or
RIGHT:
I decided to eat the food, WHETHER it was tasty OR NOT
WHETHER trash OR treasure, the recycables must be picked up.
whether or not
1) whether or not
2) or not whether or not.
whether Whether A, B, or C.
OG whether is preferred to if when there are only two alternatives. GMAC
express a doubt or choice between two possibilities whether , GMAC
if whether

depend
RIGHT The outcome DEPENDS ON WHETHER he CAN make friends.
WRONG The outcome DEPENDS ON HIS ABILITY TO make friends.
depends on whether he can make friends. depend on YES or NO
depends on his ability to make friends. ability
...whatever

seem
RIGHT: This result SEEMS TO DEMONSTRATE the new theory.
IT SEEMS THAT this result DEMONSTRATES the new theory.
IT SEEMS AS IF this result DEMONSTRATES the new theory.
as if

so as to so that
you don't use so ADJ as to VERB unless the VERB describes some sort of state/condition. i.e., if
the verb is an action verb, this construction generally isn't used.
manhattan so
1.so that
it also illustrates the meaning of "so that..." -- namely, that construction is placed in front of
a clause that describes the intention or goal of some action.
e.g., James started weight training so that he could become stronger.

2.so... that
"so ADJ/ADV that ..." is
* used to emphasize the extreme quality of ADJ/ADV
* followed by some consequence of that extreme quality
e.g.
Don is so tall that he can reach the top shelf without any effort.
3.such.that
2
similar to #2, except it's usually such + ADJ + NOUN + that.

4. so....such that...

so that V.S. so as to be/do

so thatsothat
so as to be/do
so as tosoas
to(adverbial structure)

soas toto be/do

*so as to be/dosoadjectiveSo + ADJECTIVE + as to +
VERB
enough
enough
enough for sb.
enough to do something
(X) enough + that / so as to / so to / so that
(prep2-94)enough to, so/suchthat, so/suchas to,
:enough to,; so/such...that
; so/such...as to,as to

The situation can be expressed with the construction the rivalry between x and y or the construction
the rivals x and y

manhattan expend
RIGHT: We EXPEND energy ON neighborhood development.
expend expend sth. in/on (doing) sth.

manhattan require to
RIGHTshe requires OF her friend THAT work BE done.
reduce
RIGHTThe coalition REDUCED prices.
The coalition was considering A REDUCTION IN prices.

distinguish E-gmat
If the word distinguish is used to compare two entities, i.e. point out differences between two
entities, then the correct idiom is distinguish between x and y.
Colorblind people are not able to distinguish between green objects and red objects when these
objects are placed in a pattern.
However, note the use of "distinguish" in the following sentence:
Excessively colorblind people cannot distinguish colors at all.
In this sentence, distinguish implies "manage to discern".

There is a DISTINCTION BETWEEN trends AND fads.

SUSPECTThe investor DISTINGUISHED trends FROM fads.

manhattan fault
RIGHTThe criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law
"at fault" subject clause

what ,
(1) A is to B what C is to D. A B C D
Air is to us What water is to fish. ( to )
(2) A is for B what C is for D.
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint.
for
(3) what ,: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what
C is to D.)
just as...,so...,A B
C D
:
What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.=Just as blood vessel is to
a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.,
(4) what just as just as

(5) As A is to Bso C is to D C D A B

1>A is to B as C is to D A B C D
Air is to us as water is to fish.

just as...,so...
just as so

Just as journalists must have a nose for a good story, so good press photographers must have an
eye for news.

A so
Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of nature, (so) Marx discovered the law of
development of human history.
,
As.....sotoo.....
...... as so

As the cost of keeping money in the bank increases, so the money is spent faster

1> as...so... as...so too...so too

As society changes, so too do the illnesses
2> so too so too as...
so do I, so does he
If the benefits of urban renrewal are extensive, so too are the costs

manhattan try
RIGHTThey WILL TRY TO BUILD a company=intent or purpose
SUSPECTWe TRIED BREAKING the door down=experiment
WRONGThey WILL TRY AND BUILD a company.
restrictions manhattan on for
try to do try doing

act as=function as; act like= behave in a similar mannerIn reference to

evidence for
you can only use "evidence FOR" with a theory or idea; it means that the evidence SUPPORTS that
theory or idea.
e.g., "evidence FOR evolution" is evidence that helps prove that evolution occurs.
* "evidence for" -- this is used for some argument or position, not for some thing that once existed.
for instance, "evidence for the atkins diet" would be evidence showing that the atkins diet is a good
thing.
in this case, you could say evidence OF complex societies (= evidence that they existed); however,
FOR is nonsense, because we aren't talking about a position that can be substantiated.

manhattan doubt idioms

RightWe DO NOT DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.
We HAVE NO DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe.
She DOUBTS WHETHER Jan will arrive on time.
doubt +whetherdoubt +that

manhattan means idioms

RIGHTMusic education is A MEANS TO improved cognition.
CD means
Sending EMS is a means to deliver the file to you. -
Sending EMS is a means of delivery. -
means to / means of. to / of
Elory
A means to do sth.= method for/of doing sth

Manhattan appear
RIGHTImperfactions APPEAR AS tiny cracks=show up as
He APPEARS CONFUSED.=seems
The dinosaurs APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN relatively smart.
It APPEARS THAT the dinosaurs WERE smart.
equipped manhattan
RIGHTThey are EQUIPPED TO FIGHT on any terrain.
WRONGThey are EQUIPPED FOR FIGHTING on any terrain.

manhattan allow
RIGHT
The holiday ALLOWS Maria TO WATCH the movie.=permits
Maria WAS ALLOWED TO WATCH the moive.
The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction
=permits the existence of

Manhattan attribute
RIGHTWe ATTRIBUTE the uprising TO popular discontent.
The correct idiom in the active voice is one attribute xan effectto ya cause
in the passive voice,x(the effect) is attributed to y(the cause).

sell
To sell can be used to refer to the SELLER:
The stores sells many books.

To sell can also be used to refer to the ITEM BEING SOLD:

The books in the store sell well.
The conveyed meaning here is that many people purchase the books.

not so muchas(not.....so much as.....) rather than

""

He isn't so much ill as depressedHe's depressed rather than ill

Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite itOceans unite the world rather than divide
it
not so muchas because that "
"
as that
 You feel lostsick at heart before such unmasked hatrednot so much because it threatens
you as because it shows humans in such an inhuman light

It's not so much that the machine is out of order asthatI have not learned to operate it

conceived manhattan
RIGHTHe CONCEIEVES OF architecture AS a dialogue.
manhattan aid
RIGHTShe AIDS her neighbor
She provide AID TO victims. provide sth to sb
AID FOR victims is available. aid
Her AID IN WALKING the dog was appreciated.
aid manhattan
When "aid" is used as a noun meaning help with performing some activity, the idiomatic rule
dictates that
(1) the activity must be designated with a noun (e.g. "childbirth") or noun phrase (e.g. "giving birth
to a child'), rather than with an infinitive (e.g. "to give birth to a child")
(2) the noun or noun phrase designating the activity must be immediately preceded by the word "in"
The following sentences illustrate this rule:
"The midwife provided aid in childbirth."
"Germany received America's aid in rebuilding Hamburg after the war."
The sentence "The United States provides aid to many developing nations" does not violate this rule,
because "aid" is not used to mean help with performing some activity.

except manhattan
except thatexcept
Excepting
RightEXCEPT FOR a final skirmish,the war was over.
SuspectBESIDES a final skirmishthe war was over.
WITH THE EXCEPETION OF a final skirmishthe war was over.

consider consider X Y manhattan

RIGHTI CONSIDER her a friend. I CONSIDER her intelligent.
Noteyou can switch the order of the two objects,if one is long.
consider sb to do sth, consider doing sth consider to do

Agree to: usually to a an action or a principle; can be considered an active form usually requiring a
verb eg. X agrees to do Y
Agree with: usually with a person or a principle; can be considered a passive form. eg. the x is in
agreement with y

expect

sth. be expected to do/be;
it is expected that (prep 1-107)
expect to do sth.
expect sb./sth. to do sth.
expect that
expect sth.

expect sth. from sb.

expect sb. to do sth.

sth. be expected for sth. to do( for sth.)

sth. be expected that (T-4-Q31)
it is expected for stb. to do sth. be expected to do/be
expect sb. that

date to ago date at oldprep08

date..to sth ...
date.at / .
date OG
1. date back
****
This story dates back 200 years 200
2. date back to If something dates back to a particular time, it started or was made at that time.

****
The church dates back to 1173. 1173
The town dates back to the Tang Dynasty.
3.date from: ;; If something dates from a particular time, it started
or was made at that time.
Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan empire

1. HelpHelp sb. (to) do; Help (to) do; Be helpful in ()

2. such as A, B, and ClikelikeGMAT

3. such asA such as B,such A as B
such assuch A as BAB
such as + n1 and n2doing n1 and doing n2;
such as + noun/ doing/ what/

such as + there/they/these
such as + to do such as + such as + when
X1, X2, X3 such as these such as
1. (1) distinction(s) betweenand
(2) difference(s) betweenand / A has difference from B
2. so muchas
difference fromdifference/distinction between A and Bdistinction from
lie / lay
lielay
lie : 1.lie - lied - lied
2.lie - lay - lain
lay : lay - laid - laid

1. Make
Make it adj. to do
Make (doing) sth. Adj.
Make N1 N2
2. buy on credit"/"buy on credit"/"
buy
campaigncampaign for/against
ChangenChange in Change of Change from A to B

Aim, goal, intention, objective, function, way, method, purpose + be + to do

method of doing/for doing
Use, cite, function, regard, think/conceive of, view, act + as
Consider, deem, make, call, find, elect++

method
(1) method of/for (doing) something the method to
(2) methodthe method/way is to do
OG12-11. There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most
extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some
preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.

1) Tend
Tend to do sth -- If something tends to happen, it happens often and is likely to happen again
Tend to sb/sth
2) Bother()
(not) bother to do something He didn't bother to answer the question.
not bother about/with He didn't bother with a reply.
(not) bother doing something Many young people didn't bother voting.

support n.
(have/receive/win) support of/from someone
support for something/someone/doing sth //
in support of something
unqualifying unqualified(from manhattan)
unqualifying : not meeting some sort of standard for qualification
unqualified : without any sort of restriction or reservation

Windmapleredunancy word list

lag behind, by xx% (less)
from ... (down/up) to
rise (higher)
Because of( the result of)
now(currently)
(to someone,) Paris is someone's home
enable someone to (be able to)
(up) until
per capita consumption ... (per person)
each year ... (annually)
(continuously, consistently) ... doing sth.
also ... (as well)
the more ..., the more ..., become (increaseingly)
there is (continuous) sth occurring
then (latersubsequentlyafter)

1. Plan
plan to do something He said he planned to write his essay tonight.
plan on doing something When do you plan on going to Geneva?
plan something The former president is planning a return to politics.
2. be likely to do
3.
It +be ++ that (who) + thatwho
"who"thatit
*It bethat

thatIt was at nine yesterday that we met the film

star.

limitlimit sb. to sth.; limit sth. (to sth.); be limited to sthlimit on

doing sth.()
size limits
urgeurge sb. to do sth.
shark catches: catcha quantity of fish that has been caught at one time

Presume
presume
1presume that
I presume we'll be there by six o'clock.
2presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (sth. presumed to be)
From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss.
3be presumed to do something
The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC.

reach for sth.reach of sb.

do (sth.) to ones satisfaction
conclude
(1) conclude by doing sth./ conclude with sth.

She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.

Each chapter concludes with a short summary.
(2) conclude to
*:conclude

design::
design something to do something
be designed for somebody/something
be designed as something
be designed with sth
inhabit vt . be inhabited by

1. Attempt:

attempt to do sth.
attempt sth.

an attempt at (doing) sth.
an attempt to do sth. In an attempt to....
competition from sb./sth. Prefer A to Bpreference for......

announce
(1) announce something to somebody announce to somebody something (
)
(2) announce a decision/intention/plan (planto doto do
announce)*:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.
(3) announce (that)
(4) announce somebody/yourself ...;...

(1)announce to do/be sth.

monkfish, fish
if "fish" is singular, it must be used WITH AN ARTICLE ("a", "the", etc.)
i saw a fish swimming beneath me --> singular (1 fish)
i saw fish swimming beneath me --> plural (multiple fish)
Efficient atefficient in doing sth.
At: Their equipment was not as efficient at finding gold as today's
machinery.
In: The heating system is very efficient in its use of of fuel.

namely=that is to say, along with.

1 e.g.: The other change, namely the increase in
electronic equipment, has slowed down.
2e.g.One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
3namelye.g.: On the next trip, I solved part of the
problem, but after discussing the situation with AB on the phone an alternative solution
was at hand; namely, that from 1987 onwards I would spend my winters playing for
Queensland.
the fact ofGMATthatfact

intend intend
intend somebody/something to do sth.
I never intended things to turn out the way they did.
intend to do/doing sth. to do ing
intend that
be intended to do sth.
be intended for somebody/something
(2) intent
noun. with intent (to do sth) intent the
He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery.
adj. be intent on/upon (doing) sth
She was intent on pursuing a career in business.
intent on/upon
Intent upon her work, she didn't notice the cold.
(3) intention of doing sth. GMAT intention of doing sth.
!! Say with the intention of doing something : He left Manchester with the intention of
finding a job in London.
(4) ensure
ensure + n.
ensure + that ( should be)
ensure sb. to do sth.
Forbid somebody to do sth