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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Audio signal processing

Audio signal processing


Audio signal processing, sometimes re- Electronically, these functions are performed
ferred to as audio processing, is the inten- by an analog-to-digital converter.
tional alteration of auditory signals, or sound. The length of the sampling interval de-
As audio signals may be electronically repres- termines the maximum frequency that can be
ented in either digital or analog format, sig- encoded. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling the-
nal processing may occur in either domain. orem states that a signal can be exactly re-
Analog processors operate directly on the constructed from its samples if the sampling
electrical signal, while digital processors op- frequency is greater than twice the highest
erate mathematically on the binary repres- frequency of the signal. Because the human
entation of that signal. ear cannot perceive frequencies above ap-
Human hearing extends from approxim- proximately 20 KHz (strongly depends on the
ately 20 Hz to 20 kHz, determined both by age of the listener), the sampling rate has to
physiology of the human hearing system and be above 40 KHz. Commercial CDs are recor-
by human psychology. These properties are ded at 44.1 KHz.
analysed within the field of psychoacoustics. The bit resolution used during the quantiz-
ation process determines the minimum
History of audio voltage that can be digitally represented, and
thus the digital signal’s dynamic range. As
processing the dynamic range of an audio signal is, by
definition, limited by noise, the resolution
Audio processing was necessary for early ra-
need only be high enough to capture signals
dio broadcasting -- as there were many prob-
above the noise floor.
lems with studio to transmitter links.

Analog signals Application areas


Processing methods and application areas in-
An analog representation is usually electric-
clude storage, level compression, data com-
al; a voltage level represents the air pressure
pression, transmission, enhancement (e.g.,
waveform of the sound.
equalization, filtering, noise cancellation,
echo or reverb removal or addition, etc.)
Digital signals
A digital representation expresses the
Audio Broadcasting
pressure wave-form as a sequence of sym- Audio broadcasting (be it for television or au-
bols, usually binary numbers. This permits dio broadcasting) is perhaps the biggest mar-
signal processing using digital circuits such ket segment (and user area) for audio pro-
as microprocessors and computers. Although cessing products -- globally.
such a conversion can be prone to loss, most Traditionally the most important audio
modern audio systems use this approach as processing (in audio broadcasting) takes
the techniques of digital signal processing place just before the transmitter. Studio au-
are much more powerful and efficient than dio processing is limited in the modern era
analog domain signal processing.[1] due to digital audio systems (mixers, routers)
In order to convert the continuous-time being pervasive in the studio.
analog signal to a discrete-time digital rep- In audio broadcasting, the audio processor
resentation, it must be sampled and quant- must
ized. Sampling is the division of the signal in- • prevent overmodulation, and minimize it
to discrete intervals at which analog voltage when it occurs
readings will be taken. Quantization is the • maximize overall loudness
conversion of the instantaneous analog • compensate for non-linear transmitters,
voltage into a binary representation. more common with medium wave and
shortwave broadcasting

1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Audio signal processing

References
[1] Zölzer, Udo (1997). Digital Audio Signal
Processing. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN
0471972266.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processing"

Categories: Signal processing, Sound technology

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