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>Endomysium
= delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds
Sarcoplasm
individual muscle fibers
= cytoplasm of the muscle cells = with only small-diameter blood vessels and finest neuronal
branches, running parallel to the muscle fibers
*ACTIN and MYOSIN II present in most other cell types where
they play a role in cellular activities such cytokinesis, exocytosis >Perimysium
and cell migration. = thicker connective tissue layer that surrounds a group of
fibers to form a bundle or fascicle = with larger blood
TWO PRINCIPAL TYPES OF MUSCLES(according to the vessels and nerves
appearance of contractile cells):
>Epimysium
>Striated Muscle = sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds a collection
= cells exhibit cross striations at the light microscope level of fascicles that constitutes the muscle = with major vascular
>Smooth Muscle and nerve supply
= cells do not exhibit cross striations
= restricted to the viscera and vascular system, the arrector pili Fascicles
muscles of the skin and intrinsic muscles of the eyes *myosin-
= functional units of muscle fibers that tend to
containing myofilaments in smooth muscle are highly labile*
work together to perform a specific function
SUBCLASSIFICATION OF STRIATED MUSCLE(base on *Connective tissue that surrounds both individual muscle fibers
location): and bundles of muscle fibers is essential for force
transduction.*
>Skeletal Muscle *At the end of the muscle, connective tissue continues as a
= attached to the bones tendon or some other collagen fibers that attaches the muscle
= responsible for movement of the axial and appendicular usually to the bone.*
skeleton
= responsible for the maintenance of body position and posture THREE TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS(by color
*extraocular muscles skeletal muscles of the eye that in vivo):
provide precise eye movement
>Red >White >Intermediate
(Midterm) HISTOLOGY / MUSCLE TISSUE
= being doubly refractive are anisotropic Troponin-C (TnC)= smallest subunit of the troponin
*H band (Hell-light) a less dense or light region that bisects complex (18 kilodaltons)
the A band; the bare zone in the myosin filament = it binds Ca2+, the essential step in the initiation of
contraction
Troponin-T (TnT) = a 30-kilodalton subunit = binds to
I band tropomyosin, anchoring thr troponin complex
= monorefringent(they do not alter the plane of polarized light) Troponin-I (TnI) = a 30-kilodalton subunit = binds to
= they are isotropic actin, thus inhibiting actin-myosin
*Z line/Z disc (Zwischenscheibe-b/w discs) a dense line that interaction
bisects the I band
PRIMARY PROTEIN IN THE CONTRACTILE
*M line (Mitte-middle) a narrow dense line that bisects the APPARATUS OF THICK FILAMENTS:
light H band
- best demonstrated in electron micrographs >Myosin II
= a 510-kilodalton protein
Sarcomere (2-3 um in relaxed mammalian muscle) = composed of two polypeptide heavy chains (222-kilodaltons
= functional unit of the myofibril each) and four light chains
= basic contractile unit of striated muscle = TWO TYPES OF LIGHT CHAINS:
= a portion of myofibril between two adjacent Z lines
Essential Light Chains (18 kilodaltons)
Regulatory Light Chains (22 kilodaltons)
*Arrangement of thick and thin filaments gives rise to the
density differences that produce the cross-striations of the *The phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase of the
myofibril.*
regulatory light chain initiates contraction in smooth muscles.*
Myosin-containing thick filaments about 1.5 um long and Myosin molecules(in striated muscles)
are restricted to the central portion of the sarcomere
= aggregate tail to tail to form bipolar thick myosin filaments
Thin filaments attach to the Z line and extend into the A
band to the edge of the H band = the rod-shaped segments overlap so that the globular heads
project from the thick filament
*In a longitudinal section of a sarcomere, the Z line appears as
a zigzag structure with matrix material the Z matrix, bisecting ACCESSORY PROTEINS:
the zigzag.*
Accessory Proteins
*The Z line and its matrix material anchor the thin filaments from = maintain precise alignment of thin and thick filaments
adjacent sarcomeres to the angles of the zigzag by the actin- = essential in regulating the spacing, attachment, and
binding protein -actinin.* alignment of the myofilaments
= structural protein components of skeletal muscle fibrils that
constitute less than 25% of the total
PRIMARY PROTEINS IN THE CONTRACTILE
APPARATUS OF THIN FILAMENTS:
protein of the muscle fiber
>F-actin
= a double-stranded helix formed from the polymerization of G-
actin (small, 42-kilodalton moleule) = they are polar >Titin (2,500-kilodalton)
= the plus end of each filament is bound to the Z line by = large protein that forms an elastic lattice that anchors thick
actinin filaments in the Z lines
= the minus end extends toward the M line and is protected by = two spring-like portions of the protein adjacent to the thin
an actin-capping protein filaments
= help stabilize the centering of the myosin-containing thick
>Tropomyosin (64-kilodalton protein) filament, preventing excessive stretching of the sarcomere
= consists a double helix of two polypeptides
= it forms filaments that run in the groove between the F-actin > Actinin (190-kilodalton)
molecules in the thin filament = short, bipolar, rod-shaped actin binding protein
= (in resting muscle), together with its regulatory protein = bundles with filaments into parallel arrays and anchors them
(troponin complex) mask the myosin-binding site on the actin at the Z line
molecule
>Nebulin (600-kilodalton)
>Troponin = elongated, inelastic protein
= consist of THREE GLOBULAR SUBUNITS: = attached to the Z lines and runs parallel to the thin filaments
= helps the -actinin anchor thin filaments to Z lines = thought
to regulate the length of thin filaments during muscle
(Midterm) HISTOLOGY / MUSCLE TISSUE
development 1. Attachment
The myosin head is tightly bound to the actin
>Tropomodulin (~40-kilodalton) molecule of the thin filament
= small actin-binding protein that is attached to the free portion ATP is absent. (arrangement known as
of the thin filament = actin-capping protein RIGOR CONFIGURATION)
= maintains and regulates the length of the sarcomeric actin
Ends with the binding of ATP to the myosin
filament
head.
= variation of this affect the length-tension relationship during
Rigor mortis- muscular stiffening and rigidity
muscle contraction and therefore influence the physiologic
properties of the muscle >Desmin (53-kilodalton) that begins at the moment of death caused
= type of intermediate filament by lack of ATP.
= forms a lattice that surrounds the sarcomere at the level of the
Z lines, attaching them to one another and to the plasma 2. Release
membrane, thus forming stabilizing cross-links between The myosin head is uncoupled from the thin
neighboring myofibrils filament due to the binding of ATP to the
myosin head.
>Myomesin (185-kilodalton) 3. Bending
= a myosin-binding protein The myosin head advances a short distance
= holds thick filaments in register at the M line in relation to thin filament (bending), caused
by hydrolysis of ATP
>C protein (140-150-kilodalton) (ATP Adenosine diphosphate and
= one of the possible several myosin-binding proteins = serves inorganic phosphate)
the same function as myomesin and forms several Both products (ADP and inorganic
distinct transverse stripes on either side of the M line phosphate) remain bound to the myosin head
Linear displacement of the myosin head
>Dystrophin (472-kilodalton) relative to the thin filament is 5nm
= a large protein which is thought to link laminin = resides in the 4. Force Generation
external lamina of the muscle cell, to actin filaments The myosin head releases
= encoded on the X chromosome which explains why only boys inorganic phosphate and the power
suffer from Duchennes muscular dystrophy *Duchennes stroke occurs.
muscular dystrophy a genetic condition associated with
Effects of release
progressive muscular weakness due to absence of dystrophin
Increase binding affinity between the
protein
myosin head and its new attachment
*To maintain the efficiency and speed of muscle contraction, site
both thin and thick filaments in each myofibril must be aligned The myosin head generates force as it
precisely and kept at an optimal distance from one another.* returns to its original unbent position
Power stroke of the cycle- forced
*When a muscle contracts, each sarcomere shortensand movement of the thin filament along the thick
becomes thicker, but the myofilaments remain the same filament, as the myosin head straightens
length.* ADP is lost from the myosin head
5. Reattachment
During the CONTRACTION:
The myosin head binds tightly to a new actin
- the sarcomere and I band shortens molecule of the thin filament.
- the A band remains the same length (Rigor Configuration) And the cycle can
- the H band narrows repeat.
- thin filaments penetrate the H band during contraction
Antiparallel Arrangement -Myosin head are arranged as
*To maintain the myofilaments at a constant length, the mirror images on either side of the H band.
shortening of the sarcomere must be caused by an increase in
the overlap of the thick and thin filaments.* *The movement of myosin head pulls the thin filaments into the
A band, thus shortening the sarcomere.
Contraction Cycle
Removed after contraction *Resting concentration of Ca2+ is restored in the cytosol in less
Rapid delivery and removal of Ca2+- is than milliseconds
accomplished by sarcoplasmic reticulum and
transverse tubular system.
2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum arranged as series of
networks around the myofibrils
Each network extends form one A-I junction
to the next A-I junction within a sarcomere. Motor Innervation
Terminal cisternae- slightly more regular
ringlike channel, forms at the junction Neuromuscular Junction contact made by the terminal
between A and I bands. branches of the axon with the muscle fiber
ContainsGated Ca2+ release channels Neurilemal (Schwann cell) - covers thin portion of myelin
to release Ca2+ to the sarcoplasm sheath and terminal ends of axon.
Mitochondria and glycogen granules
involved in providing energy for the reactions Motor unit- neuron along with specific muscle fibers
involve in contraction
3. Transverse tubular system or T system consist of *Muscle capable of the most delicate movements have the
T tubule (invaginations of the plasma membrane) fewest muscle fibers per motor neuron in their motor units.
T tubule located between adjacent terminal
cisternae at the A-I junctions Innervation- necessary for muscle cells to maintain their
Voltage-sensor proteins structural integrity.
depolarization-sensitive
membrane channels, activated Tissue Atrophy- nerve supply to a muscle is disrupted;
when the plasma membrane thinning of the muscle and its cell
depolarizes.
Proprioreceptors
-sympathetic stimulation accelerates the heartbeat by the remaining sarcoplasm is filled with thin
increasing the frequency of impulses to the cardiac filaments (form a part of the contractile
conducting cells apparatus)
-parasympathetic stimulation slows down the thick myosin filaments are scattered throughout
heartbeat by decreasing the frequency of the the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell
impulses (extremely labile, tend to be lost during tissue
*the impulses carried by these nerves do not initiate preparation, but are demonsrated with TEM using
contraction but only modify the rate of intrinsic cardiac special techniques of preparation)
muscle contraction by their effect at the nodes cytoplasmic densities or dense bodies
Injury and Repair where the thin filaments are attached to, visible
a localized injury that results to death of cells is among the filaments, distributed throughout the
repaired by replacement with fibrous connective tissue sarcoplasm in a network of intermediate filaments
(cardiac function is lost at the site of the injury) containing the protein desmin
this pattern of injury and repair is seen in nonfatal intermediate filaments are part of the
myocardial infarction (MI) cytoskeleton of the cell
-confirmation of suspected MI can be made through vascular smooth muscles contain vimentin
the detection of specific markers in the blood -these filaments
markers are the structural subunits TnI and TnT of the components of the contractile apparatus in
cardiac troponin complex, usually released into the smooth muscle cells
blood stream within 3-12 hours after an MI -TnI levels 1. thin filaments
remain elevated for up to 2 weeks from the time of the contain actin (the smooth muscle
initial injury; thus, it is regarded as an excellent isoform of tropomyosin, involved in
marker for diagnosing MI that has recently occurred the forcegenerating interaction with
Mature cardiac muscle cells are able to divide. myosin II molecules)
through studies concerning hearts removed from contain two smooth muscle-specific
individuals who had received transplants, it was proteins (actin-binding proteins that
revealed that nuclei can undergo mitosis (0.1%) block the myosin-binding site, Ca2+
suggests that damaged cells can potentially be dependent and is also controlled by
replaced the phophorylation of myosin
heads)
SMOOTH MUSCLE -caldesmon (120-150 kilodaltons
generally occurs as bundles or sheets of elongated -calponin (34 kilodaltons)
fusiform cells with finely tapered ends no troponin is associated with
fibers (cells), range in length from 20um in the walls smooth muscle tropomyosin
of small blood vessels to about 200um in the wall of the tropomyosin position on the
the intestine, may be as large as 500um in the wall of actin filament is regulated by
the uterus during pregnancy phosphorylation of myosin heads
interconnected by gap junctions (specialized 2. thick filaments
communication junctions between the cells, allowing differ slightly from those found in
passage of small molecules or ions from cell to cell skeletal muscle
and provide communication links that regulate contain myosin II
contraction of the entire bundle or sheet of smooth composed of two polypeptide heavy
muscle) chains and four light chains
smooth muscle cytoplasm stains rather evenly with the polarity of the myosin head is
eosin in routine H&E preparations (because of actin the same along the entire length of
and myosin concentrations) one side of the filament and the
nuclei are located at the center of the cell and often opposite on the opposite side
have a corkscrew appearance in longitudinal sections (sidepolar myosin filament, with
in the noncontracted cells, the nucleus appears as an no
elongated structure with tapering ends, lying in the central bare zone)
center axis of the cell 3. myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
when the nucleus is included in a cross section of a 130-150 kilodalton
smooth muscle fiber, it appears as a round or circular initiates the contraction cycle after
profile whether the cell is contracted or relaxed its activation by Ca2+ calmodulin
TEM shows that most of the cytoplasmic organells are complex
concentrated at each end of the nucleus (numerous 4. calmodulin
mitochondria, some cisternae of the rER, free 17 kilodalton Ca2+ binding protein
ribosomes, glycogen granules, small Golgi apparatus) related to the TnC found in skeletal
Structure muscle, which regulates the
Smooth muscle cells possess a contractile apparatus intracellular concentration of Ca2+
of thin and thick filaments and a cytoskeleton of a Ca2+-calmodulin complex binds
desmin and vimentin intermediate filaments. to MLCK to activate this enzyme
(Midterm) HISTOLOGY / MUSCLE TISSUE