1.

4 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.5.1 FOREIGN LITERATURE

1.5.1.1 Literature Review on Maternal Health, Soul City

Maternal health has been defined as safe motherhood, narrowly defined to

mean ensuring that all women receive the care they need to be safe and
healthy through pregnancy and childbirth (Family Care International, 2000).
Although most initiatives and programs state the need to promote maternal
health, progress to achieve this is most often measured in terms of maternal
mortality. WHO defines a maternal death as the death of a woman while
pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated
by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental
causes (WHO, 1992 cited in Freedman et al, 2005).

Maternal Outcome Indicators

Goals for reducing maternal mortality are often expressed in terms of a

reduction in the maternal mortality ratio. The maternal mortality ratio is the
number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births and measures the risk of a
woman dying once she is already pregnant (Penn-Kekana and Blaauw, 2002).
The maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths per 100 000
women aged 15 49 in a given period and measures a womans risk of dying
from pregnancy related causes and her risk of being pregnant at a particular
period of time (Panos, 2000). The lifetime risk is a measure of the probability
of death over a womans reproductive life. It assumes that most women have
more than one pregnancy in their lifetime and is therefore a more realistic
assessment of the risk an individual woman faces because of her reproductive
capacity (Panos, 2000).
 Process indicators in Maternal Health

Collecting information and data on maternal mortality ratios and rates is

difficult and costly. In addition, the indicators often do not register change
over a short period of time, nor do they provide clear indications as to what
actions should be developed to improve the situation. In response to these
difficulties, a series of process indicators have been developed.
These include:
Percentage of women who attend antenatal care;
Percentage of women who deliver in an institution
Percentage of women who have a skilled attendant at birth
Caesarian section rate
Comprehensive and essential obstetric services per 500,000 population
(PennKekana and Blaauw, 2002).

GIST: This foreign literature discussed the maternal health of a women in

their country. This also discussed on how to measure the maternal indicators
of the women, the percentage of womens type of delivery whether it is
caesarian or normal delivery. It also discussed about the rate of every women
with successful delivery.

CRITIQUE/APPLICATION: This foreign literature can help the proposed

project on how to know the functions of each spaces in order to plan the
specialized hospital properly.

REFERENCE: Literature Review on Maternal Health, Soul City by Susan

Holland-Muter. Retrieved from http://www.soulcity.org.za/projects/soul-city-
series/previous-series/soul-city-series-8/literature-review/literature-review-on-
maternal-health
1.5.1.2 Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses

Pediatric Intensive Care Measures

The Pediatric Intensive Care Measures collaborative is a joint effort of

NACHRI; Medical Management Planning, a benchmarking service; and
CHCA to develop pediatric core measures. In February 2004, the Pediatric
Intensive Care Measures collaborative issued a national call for measures
from hospitals and received 51 measures from a variety of sources. An expert
panel was created representing a variety of expertise and care models, with
panelists from all parts of the Nation. The panels charge was to rigorously
review the measures submitted and determine which should move forward for
consideration as standard measures for generalized use.

A key issue that arose immediately was the need for a standardized risk-
adjustment methodology that would meet the Joint Commission (formerly the
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations or JCAHO)
requirement to be in the public domain, but that also had been validated in the
United States pediatric population. The panel did not identify any single tool
to meet these criteria, but noted that risk adjustment was a critical component
of any core measure set for pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

After several months of work by the expert panel, by additional experts who
worked in subgroups, and after voting by the childrens hospitals, the following
potential PICU core measures were identified:

PICU standardized mortality ratio

PICU severity-adjusted length of stay

PICU unplanned readmission rate and review of unplanned readmissions

PICU pain assessment on admission and PICU periodic pain assessment

PICU medication safety practice adoption

PICU central line infection prevention practice adoption

 Next steps are continued discussions with all stakeholders to pilot test these
measures in a respectable number of PICU settings followed by modification of
these measures, if necessary. Because the Joint Commission uses only measures
endorsed by the National Quality Forum, discussed in other chapters and below,
advocates will seek this endorsement. Ultimately, PICUs would embed these
measures in their overall quality improvement programs with institutional
improvement strategies.

GIST: This foreign literature discussed about the health care of the Children in
their country, specifically the intensive care measures. The different services that
they offer for children and the different PICU (Pediatric Intensive Care
Measures).

CRITIQUE/APPLICATION: This foreign literature helps the proposed project

by giving a guidelines on children that can help the researcher identify the needs
and activities of the children. It helps to define the needs of the children specially
on those who needs an intensive care.

REFERENCE: Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for

Nurses by Susan Lacey; Janis B. Smith; Karen Cox retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2662/
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

Specialized Hospital: Women and Children Health Care Facility Complex

A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the

Faculty of Architecture and Fine Arts
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
ARCH 951: Pre-Thesis Design Problems

Submitted by:

Erin Kate S. Barrios

Arch. Noel Dela Cruz

Class Adviser, ARCH 951 Section

503

September 5, 2017