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 1

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struct Book{
//
char *author;
char *title;
int year;
int pages;
};
struct typedef. ,
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:

Book b1, b2, bs[10], *bptr;

,
. ,
-, . -.

b1.pages = 153;
bs[i].pages = 24;

, .
->.

bptr = new Book; //

bptr->pages = 176;

,
:

Circle1.Center.x = 20;

3
 Circle1.Center.y = 10;

struct Date{
int day, month, year;
};
struct Student{
char *name;
Date birthDay;
float media;
};

.
.
( ).

void setValues(Student* sptr, char* newN,float newM,Date d)

{
sptr->name = new char[strlen(newN)+1];
strcpy(sptr->name,newN);
sptr->media = newM;
sptr->birthDay = d;
}

, .
, ,
.
( ,
).

void setValues(Student* sptr, char* newN,float newM,Date d)

{
delete[] sptr->name;
sptr->name = new char[strlen(newN)+1];
...
}

, ,
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- NULL;

Book b;
b.author = NULL;
setAuthor(&b, Arthur Conan Doyle);

, ,
. .

void freeMem(Book* bp){

4
 delete[] bp->author;
bp->author = NULL;
... //
}

NULL
.

1. ?
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5

1
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lass Vector {
short * Elem;
int CislElem;
public:
Vector();
Vector(short *,int);
~Vector();
void SetCislElem(int);

10
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11
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12
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9
 2

:
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( )
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class Book{
char *author;
int year;
int pages;
public:
void Init(char*, int, int);
void Destroy();
};
void Book::Init(char* a, int y, int p){
author = new char[strlen(a)+1];
strcpy(author,a);
year=y;
pages=p;
}
void Book::Destroy(){
delete[] author;
}

, ,
, . ,
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. Destroy, .

, ++
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.
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.
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10
 -,
delete, .
:

class Book{
char *author;
int year;
int pages;
public:
Book(char*, int, int);
~Book();
};
Book::Book(char* a, int y, int p){
author = new char[strlen(a)+1];
strcpy(author,a);
year=y;
pages=p;
}
Book::~Book(){
delete[] author;
}
void main(){
Book b(Stroustrup,2000,890);
// Book b1; // //
//

Book* ptr = new Book(Lippman,1996, 1200);

//
delete ptr;
// //
}
// b.

: , ,
.
.

, ,
.
()
.
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:

class Book{
char *author;
int year;
int pages;
public:
Book(); //
//
Book(const Book&); //
Book(const char*); //
//
Book(char*, int, int); //
...
11
 };
...
void main(){
Book b(Stroustrup,1997,890); //
Book b1 = b, b11(b); //
Book b2 = Stroustrup, b21(Bjarne);
//
Book b3; //
}

. ,
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.

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,
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Book::Book(const Book& b){

author = new char[strlen(b.author)+1];
strcpy(author, b.author);
year = b.year;
pages = b.pages;
}

.
,
,
.

Book::Book(const Book& b): year(b.year),pages(b.pages),

author(new char[strlen(b.author)+1])
{
strcpy(author, b.author);
}
// strcpy ""
// .

, ,
,
.

12
 :

1. ?
2.
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12. ?

13


1
) Date - : (1-28..31), (1-12), ( ).
, - , , -
, . : : "19 2003
" "19.04.2003".
.
b) Matrix-. int,
- . ,

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2
) Time - : (0-23), (0-59), (0-59).
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14
 4
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15
b) Matrix-. int,
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16
 11
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12
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17
 3

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class Book{
char* name;
public:
Book(char n){
name = new char[strlen(n)+1];
strcpy(name,n);
}
~Book(){
delete[] name;
}
void print(){
cout<<name;
}
};
void main(){
Book b(Stroustrup), b2(Lippman);
b2 = b;
b.print();
b2.print();
}

, . ,
, ( Lippman) ,
(
). ,
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18
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Complex operator+(const Complex& r){
return Complex(re+r.re,im+r.im);
}

, ,
:
Complex c1,c2,c3;
c3=c1+c2; //
c3=c1.operator+(c2); //

: 1.
. & - , ++ -
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). , ++ i++, ++i.
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Complex& operator++(); //
Complex operator++(int); //

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20


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21
 5
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22
 9
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.
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) Date , : , , . "+" "-",
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) 2-D . "+" "-" ,
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23
:
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:
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,
. :

class Animal{
int NofLegs;
public:
void Say(){ cout<<!!!; }
};
class Dog: public Animal{ //
...
};
void main(){
Dog d;
d.Say();
}

, ,
. ,
, ,
, . ( ,
24
 , , .)
.

, ,
:

void main(){
Animal *ptr = new Dog;
}

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.

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.
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, .

class Car{
Engine e;
};

,
, , ,
.
. , ,
25
 . .
,
3.
.

class Engine{
int power;
public:
Engine(int p){power=p;}
};
class Transport{
...
public:
Transport(char*);
};
class Car:public Transport{ //
Engine e; //
public:
Car():Transport(automobile),e(10){}
};

,
,
. ,
.

,
: .
, ,
: : (Dog is an Animal),
;
: (Car has a door)
.
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26
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27


1
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28
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29
 10
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30
 Window

Button Titled
Window Window

Button
Titled
Window
5

:
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1998 .
31
 - ,
;
.
- , .
- .
- iostream : istream ostream.
, , - .

class Student{
public:
int mark;
...
};
class Worker{
public:
int salary;
};
class Practicant: public Student, public Worker{
};
void PutMark(Student& s, int mark){
s.mark = mark;
}
void PutSalary(Worker& w, int salary){
w. salary = salary;
}

void main(){
Practicant p;
PutMark(p,5);
PutSalary(p,200);
}

, ,
, , ,
! , ,
.

, "". , ,
,
. -
. ,
.

class A{
public:
int x;
};
class B{
public:
int x;
};

class C: public A, public B{

};
32
 void main(){
C c;
c.x = 10;
}

,
, .
, .
.
.
, 6. ,
, :

c.A::x = 10;
c.B::x = 5;

A B ,
, 1, -
. ,
. , . ,
,
,
. , ,
. :
.

class A{
public:
int x;
A(int x){this->x=x;}
};
class B: virtual public A{
public:
B(int x):A(x){}
};
class C: virtual public A{
public:
C(int x):A(x){}
};
class D: public B, public C{
public:
D(int x):A(x),B(x),C(x){}
}

B C A.
. ,
, .
,
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6
,
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33
 :

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34
 8
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35
 6
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36


, .
,
, . ,
.

, ,
. ,
, virtual.
.
.
:

#include<iostream.h>
class Animal{
public:
void Say(){ cout<<"!!!\n";}
};
class Dog: public Animal{
public:
void Say(){ cout<<"GAV\n";}
};
class Cat: public Animal{
public:
void Say(){ cout<<"MIAU\n";}
};
void FunSay(Animal a){
a.Say();
}
void main(){
Animal a;
Dog d;
Cat c;
FunSay(a);
FunSay(d);
FunSay(c);
}

,
,
, , Say . ,
: Say
, .

ad-hoc
C++
.
,
, (, )
. , :
virtual void display (char *, int);

:
virtual void display (char *, short);
37
 ,
, . , ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
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,
.
ad-hoc.

( , C++
) .
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class Shape {
public:
...
virtual void draw() = 0;
...
};

,
, .
.
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1. ?
2. . ?
3. ?
4. ? .
5. ?
6. ?
7. ad-hoc?
8. ?
9. ?

38

1
Worker .
StateWorker, HourlyWorker CommissionWorker,
. main ,
.
2
Figure - .
Square, Circle, Triangle, Trapeze .
main ,
. : S=(a+b)h/2.
3
- .
: .
double. - , (double) -
( ) ( ).
, .
aj=a0+jd, j=0,1,2,
: sn=(n+1)(a0+an)/2
: aj=a0rj, j=0,1,2,
: sn=(a0-anr)/(1-r)
4
Mammal - .
- Animal Human.
Dog - Cow , .
5
Lines f(x).
StraightLine, Ellipse, hyperbola .
main ,
. : y=ax+b , : x2/a2+y2/b2=1, : x2/a2-y2/b2=1
6
Figure - .
Rectangle, Circle, Triangle, Rhomb
. main ,
.
7
Container .
Stack Queue, .
main ,
.

39
 8
Figure - .
, ,
.
: S=6xy.
: S=4 r2.
: S=a2 3
9
Number - .
Complex, Vector 10 , Matrix 2 2,
. main ,
.
10
- .
.., .. ..
. main ,
.
11
- .
,
.

12
Figure - .
, , ,
. main ,
.
- V=xyz (x,y,z ).
: V=xyh (x,y, - , h - ).
: V= a3 2/12.
: V=4 r3/3.

40
 7

:
:
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;
;

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template:

template <class T>

T& searchmax(T* ptr, int size);

Template <class T>

class Stack{
T mas[10];
public:
...
};

,
template, class7 ,
. ,
T, type. ,
template.

7
typename class.
41

.

void main(){
int masi[10];
float masf[20];
cout<<searchmax(masi,10);
cout<<searchmax(masf,20);
}

, . ,
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void main(){
Stack<int> sti;
Stack<float> stf;
}

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template <class T>

T& max(T& a, T& b){
if(a>b)return a;
return b;
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public:
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friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Stack<T>& s);
};
template <class T>
void Stack<T>::sort(){

42
 ...
//
}
void Stack<char*>::sort(){
... //
}
template <class T>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Stack<T>& s){
return os; //
}
void main(){
Stack<int> si;
si.push(5);
Stack<char*> sc;
sc.push("Hello");
si.sort(); //
sc.sort(); //
cout<<si<<sc;
//
}

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.

class One{
};
template <class T>
class Two: public One{
};
template <class T>
class Three: public Two<T>{
};
class Four: public Three<int>{
};
template <class T>
class Five: public T{
};

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b) Stack. ,
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, , add, in, remove, getLength, [] /.

4
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44
 7
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b) Tree .
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45
 ++

: ..
. !!!

Bun de tipar Formatul hrtiei 61x84 1/16

Hrtie ofset. Tipar ofset Tirajul 100 ex.
Coli de tipar Comanda nr.

Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei

MD-2004, Chiinu, bd. tefan cel Mare, 168.
Secia Redactarea i Editare a U.T.M.
MD-2068, Chiinu, str. Studenilor, 11

46