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Published in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Received on 9th February 2013
Revised on 14th August 2013
Accepted on 9th January 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0085

ISSN 1751-8725

Design of a compact ultra-wide-band monopole

antenna with band rejection characteristics
R. Karimian, H. Oraizi, S. Fakhte
Antenna and Microwave Research Laboratory, EE Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: rezakarimian@elec.iust.ac.ir

Abstract: This study presents a design of two compact monopole antennas with band-notched characteristics for ultra-wide-band
application. The compact antennas are etched on an FR4 substrate with the size of 14 16 1 mm3, consists of a tree-shaped
radiation patch with modied ground structure, providing a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 170% (2.819.2
GHz). To reject certain-frequency bands, two completely different approaches are proposed. First a shorted T-shaped quarter-
wavelength resonator is used to omit undesired frequency band of 5.15.9 GHz. In the second approach, two L-shaped slots
are inserted in the patch to act as a lter structure for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (3.43.6 GHz) and
wireless local area network (55.6 GHz) applications. The band-notched can be controlled by adjusting the length of the
rectangle slots. The effects of dimensional parameters on the antenna performance have been investigated through a
parametric study. Furthermore, current density distribution on the antenna is also computed to gain a better insight of its
behaviour. The antennas are investigated numerically and experimentally for their impedance matching properties, frequency
notched characteristics and radiation performances.

1 Introduction worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)

With the development of wireless communications,
ultra-wide-band (UWB) technology has been regarded as
one of the most promising technologies in the wireless
world because of their attractive features, including
high-speed data rate, extremely low spectral power density,
high-precision ranging, low complexity and low cost,
robustness to multi-path fading and very low interference.
These applications make the Federal Communications
Commission to dedicate 7.5 GHz of the spectrum from 3.1
to 10.6 GHz for UWB radio applications from February
2002 [1].
One of the key issues in the UWB communications is the
design of a compact antenna while providing wideband
characteristics over the whole operating band. Owing to the
rapid development of such an UWB system, a great deal of
attention is being given for the designing of the UWB
antennas. This is quite challenging in satisfying the
requirement of the UWB, such as ultra-wide impedance
bandwidth, omnidirectional radiation pattern, constant gain,
high radiation efciency, constant group delay, low prole
and easy manufacturing [1]. Among the newly proposed
antenna designs, the printed monopole antennas are the
most promising candidate for more improvement in the
frequency bandwidth and radiation properties [27].
Besides the consideration of the UWB performance, design
of such antennas for UWB communication also needs a band
rejection lter to avoid interference with existing wireless
networks with standards such as IEEE 802.11a in USA
(5.155.35 GHz, 5.7255.825 GHz), (3.43.6 GHz) for
and HIPERLAN/2 in Europe (5.155.35 GHz, 5.4705.725
GHz); therefore the UWB transmitters cannot cause any
electromagnetic interference on other communication
systems nearby. Many designs are available in the literature
concerning the UWB antenna with band-notched
characteristics [820]. One popular method is to embed
slots or slits on the patch or on the ground plane, that is,
arc-shaped slot [8], meandered-shaped slot [9] and
L-shaped slot [10]. Another technique to achieve the
frequency band-notched function is to add parasitic
elements. In [11], two U-shaped stubs beside the feeding
line have been used to realise band-notched characteristic.
An interdigital capacitance loading loop resonator type in
[12], a stepped impedance resonator type in [13] and
capacitively loaded loop resonator type in [14] have been
etched on the patch to obtain good performance. In [15,
16], a couple of open end slits and slots have been etched
on the patch and ground plane to reject a certain-frequency
band. A square loop and an end-coupled resonator were
used in [17, 18] to achieve the gain suppression in the
band-notched. Band-notched characteristic can be achieved
by using meander lines as well [19].
Another challenge for the dual or multi-band-notched
antenna is mutual coupling among each slot [20] or
between two parasitic strips [21] because of the limited
space available within the antenna, especially when two
notched frequencies are located closely to each other. Such
mutual coupling may lead to a more complicated design
procedure and requiring tedious time for achieving antenna
design goals. For UWB systems, it is necessary to

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investigate novel UWB antennas with dual or multiple
band-notched characteristics which are small in size, planar
and simple to design, and can achieve good performance in
terms of gain, bandwidth, radiation patterns and
independent tuning of each band-notched.
In this paper, based on the background of the research
above, a compact planar monopole antenna with two
completely different lters is presented. Firstly, a brief
discussion is done to elaborate the design procedure of
proposed compact ultra-wide-band (UWB) antenna. The
antenna structure evolved from a tree-shaped patch antenna
and a modied ground plane. Secondly, two type resonators
are presented. By using a shorted T-shaped
quarter-wavelength resonator, a band-notched characteristic
has been achieved at the rst approach. Dual band-notched
characteristic for WiMAX and wireless local area network
(WLAN) applications is achieved by using a pair of
L-shaped slots, embedded in the radiator (second approach).
The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) v13 is used
to predict the performance of the antennas. The antennas
have a compact size of 14 16 mm2 on 1 mm FR4
substrate. The presented design is validated by simulations
and measurement.
2 Antenna geometry and design
2.1 Antenna without any notch band
In this section, the basic antenna, without any band-notched,
covering the full UWB band is rst described. The effects of
geometric parameters of the radiating patch and the ground
plane are discussed. Fig. 1 shows geometry of the proposed
antenna. The radiating monopole and feeding mechanism are
printed on the top side of substrate, whereas the ground
plane is printed on the bottom side. This antenna is printed
on an FR4 substrate with size of 14 16 mm2, thickness of
1 mm and dielectric constant of 4.4. The width of the
microstrip-feed-line is xed at 1.9 mm to achieve 50
characteristic impedance from 2.8 to 19.2 GHz. Fig. 2a
shows the procedure design of top side patch. In a simple
square patch, Case I, there is a sharp and sudden
discontinuity in the connection point between the
microstrip-feed-line and the patch, which may be a
signicant factor for lowering the bandwidth and degrading
the radiation performance at the higher frequencies. To
mitigate the problem, the square patch in Case I turn to step
structure in Case II as shown in Fig. 2a. By using some
Fig. 1 Geometry of proposed UWB antenna
a Front view
b Bottom view
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 8, pp. 604610
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curves, in Case III, we try to obtain a balance between the
vertical and horizontal surface currents on the patch.
Therefore the more stable radiation patterns at the high
frequencies can be achieved. Moreover, because of existence
of these sequential discontinuities on the patch, it is expected
that several resonances will be generated. In this case, the
total bandwidth of the antenna can be improved [22, 23].
Clearly from Fig. 2a, the lower-frequency enhancement is
about 0.4 GHz (3.12.7 GHz), when the sudden
discontinuities (Case II) turn to smooth discontinuities (Case
III). In this study, a modied ground plane structure is
employed to achieve the desired ultra-wide bandwidth
operation as well. Fig. 2b describes the procedure of ground
plane design. The truncated ground plane comprises a
trapezoid notch-centred under the feed-line in the vicinity of
the patch, and its edge side is truncated as shown in Case V
acts as an impedance matching element, because the
truncation creates a capacitive load that neutralises the
inductive nature of the patch to produce nearly pure resistive
input impedance [22]. The antenna is located in the
xy-plane and the normal direction is z-axis.
Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations are performed
using ANSYSHFSS, leading to the following optimal
dimensions for the proposed antenna: a = 14 mm, b = 16
mm, Wf = 1.9 mm, Lf = 5 mm, L1 = 5.5 mm, L2 = 7.5 mm, L3
= 11.5 mm, L4 = 3 mm, L5 = 1.5 mm, W = 1.5 mm, h1 = 1.3
mm, Lg = 13.5 mm, Wg = 3.6 mm and L6 = 5.1 mm.
To verify the proposed UWB antenna design, a prototype of
the antenna based on optimised dimensions has been
fabricated. The impedance bandwidth is measured by using
an Agilent E8361C vector network analyser. As observed in
Fig. 3, a good agreement between the simulated and
measured results is observed. The discrepancy between them
may be mostly attributed to the tolerance in manufacturing.
2.2 Antenna with single band-notched
characteristic
In this section, the design of single band-notched UWB
antenna design is detailed.
Fig. 2 Procedure design of UWB antenna
a Front patch
b Ground plane
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fr = 1/ 2p L1 (C0 + C1 ) and the notch width increase
with the increasing of C0.
Since the resonator is connected to ground through via, it
can be referred as a quarter-wavelength resonator. To estimate
the centre frequencies at which the rejected band is achieved,
one may use the following formulas
c
fr =  



(1)
4 Lr1 + Lr2 + Wr + hb 1eff

Fig. 3 Comparison between simulated and measured VSWR of the where

proposed UWB antenna and photograph of the fabricated prototype












1r + 1
1eff = 1.64 (2)
The mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap (EBG) 2
structure formed by a via-loaded metal patch can be
characterised by hb is the height of substrate (1 mm) and the other parameters




an LC resonator with resonant frequency are shown in Fig. 4.
fr = (1/2p LC) [24]. It has been shown in [25], a
mushroom-type EBG, placed near the feed-line of an UWB The simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) curves
antenna can be used to achieve the desire ltering with different values of the lter structures parameters, Lr1
behaviour. However, the main problem for this type of and Lr2 are plotted in Figs. 5b and c, respectively. As
resonator is its size. Also it is shown in [26], by changing shown in Fig. 5b, when total values of Lr1 increase, the
the position of the metallic via of the mushroom from its rejection-band region moves towards lower frequency. This
centre to its edge, the resonant frequency moves towards phenomenon can be seen in Fig. 5c when Lr2 changes.
lower frequencies. Based on above research [25, 26], we Obviously different values of Wr in a certain limit can
proposed new type resonator which can reject the change the centre frequency of maximum VSWR as well.
interference frequency of WLAN. Fig. 4 represents the From these results, we can conclude that the notch
geometry of proposed band-notched UWB antenna and frequency is controllable by changing the dimensions of the
Fig. 5a shows the centre frequency of the resonator has
been moved towards lower frequency (almost 20%
reduction), when the conventional mushroom-type EBG
changes to our proposed resonator. As shown in Fig. 4, the
resonator patch is coplanar with the microstrip line with the
gap = 0.35 mm. It has a T-shaped structure and ended to
ground plane through via loaded.
The equivalent-circuit model of the structure is derived as
shown in Fig. 4 as well. The capacitance C0 denotes the
coupling between the resonator and microstrip-feed-line.
The capacitance C1 is because of the voltage gradients
between the patch and ground plane, whereas the
inductance L1 is generated by the current owing through
the shorting pin. Therefore the resonant frequency is

Fig. 5 Effect of quarter-wavelength resonator parameters on

Fig. 4 Conguration schematic view of the proposed single
band-notched UWB antenna and equivalent-circuit model
rejection band
a Simulated VSWR for three type resonator; conventional EBG (centre via),
edge via and proposed resonator
b Simulated VSWR with different values of Lr1
c Simulated VSWR with different values of Lr2

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Fig. 6 Surface current distribution at the frequency of
a 5.5 GHz
b 7 GHz
proposed quarter-wavelength resonator. For best
performance, the resonator dimensions are selected as
follows: Lr1 = 1.4 mm, Lr2 = 2.6 mm, Wr = 3.8 mm and the
radius of via is 0.2 mm. It is worthwhile to mention that
these parameters are calculated through full-wave HFSS
simulator for the best band-notched characteristic in 56
GHz. This design leads to a maximum VSWR at 5.3 GHz,
whereas by using (1), the resonant frequency will be 5.195
GHz. The difference between full-wave analyser and
formula (1) is because of the capacitance between the UWB
patch and half-wavelength resonator (C0).
The surface current distributions on the antenna at two
different frequencies are shown in Figs. 6a and b. It is
observed that, at 7 GHz, outside the band-notched, the
distribution of the surface current is uniform and primarily
concentrated near the periphery of the curve-shaped
radiator. Although at 5.5 GHz, the energy is strongly
coupled to short-ended resonator, causing the notched bands.
The results of simulated and measured VSWR are shown in
Fig. 7. Both results conrm that the proposed antenna
achieves the desired bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for
VSWR 2, in which a frequency bands in 4.96.1 GHz
and for VSWR 2.5 is notched successfully. The rejected
bands cover the desired WLAN frequency bands in
5.155.35 GHz and 5.7255.825 GHz.
Fig. 7 Comparison between simulated and measured VSWR of the
proposed single band-notched UWB antenna and photograph of the
fabricated prototype
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2.3 Antenna with dual band-notched characteristic
Although a single-band rejection has studied in Section 2.2,
but for many applications it is essential to design a UWB
antennas without any interference with the WiMAX band
(3.43.6 GHz) as well. Moreover, on one hand we need to
design a dual band-notched to full WiMAX and WLAN
bands requirement simultaneously, but on the other hand,
design a lter at lower frequency (3.5 GHz in this case),
with previous method is sever. Therefore we have focused
our attention on lters achieved by etching a suitable
pattern on the antenna stub.
Fig. 8 shows the nal design of the dual band-notched
antenna, along with a photograph of the fabricated
prototype. The nal design is optimised taking several
aspects into consideration such as bandwidth of the
antenna, bandwidth of the notched bands, level of band
rejection and mutual coupling between two slots.
Two horizontal L-shaped slot has been cut from patch to
achieve dual-band rejection at the frequency of WiMAX
(3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5.5 GHz). The upper slot is for
lower frequency and the lower slot is for WLAN. Each slot
acts as a quarter-wave resonator at the notch frequency.
Therefore the notch frequency at which maximum VSWR
Fig. 8 Geometry of proposed dual band-notched antenna with
photograph of fabricated antenna
Antenna parameters: S1 = 4.1 mm, S2 = 5.1 mm, Ls1 = 11.2 mm, Ls2 = 7.1
mm, Ws1 = Ws2 = 0.4 mm
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band-notched characteristics. As descriptions aforementioned,
the band-notched at 3.5 GHz is determined by the upper
L-shaped slot, so different lengths of the upper slot are
investigated rst. Fig. 9a shows that the centre frequency of
the notched band at 3.5 GHz is decreasing as Ls1 increases,
because (Ls1 + Ws1) is approximately quarter wavelength of
3.5 GHz. Furthermore, since, (Ls1 + Ws1) is quarter
wavelength, the length of Ws1 obviously affects the
impedance matching, but it is not shown in the manuscript.
The optimum result can be obtained when Ls1 = 11.2 mm,
the centre frequency of the lower band-notched is 3.5 GHz
with a good impedance matching. From Fig. 9b, it can be
seen that when Ls2 increases, the centre frequency of the
higher notched frequency is decreasing, whereas the other
notched frequency is almost constant. To obtain an enough
bandwidth for 5.2/5.5 GHz, Ls2 = 7.5 mm is chosen.
To better understand the mechanism of the band-notched
characteristics, the simulated current distributions at 3.5 and
5.5 GHz for the proposed antenna are investigated and
shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen that the surface currents at
3.5 GHz mainly concentrated along the upper horizontal
Fig. 9 Simulated VSWR with different values of L-shaped slot, whereas the resonant surface current at 5.5
a Ls1 GHz mainly distributed along the lower horizontal
b Ls2 L-shaped slot.
The proposed dual band-notched UWB antenna is
measured by an Agilent E8361C vector network analyser.
is obtained can be calculated as The measured and simulated VSWR are shown in Fig. 11.
The measured data reasonably agree with the simulated
c c result with an acceptable frequency discrepancy.
fr1



, fr2



(3)
4Ln1 1eff 4Ln2 1eff

3 Fairfield result of proposed antennas

lg lg
Ln1 = Ls1 + Ws1 , Ln2 = Ls2 + Ws2 (4)
4 4 The radiation patterns of the base UWB, single- and
dual-band antennas are investigated. The measured far-eld
where fr1 and fr1 are the resonant frequencies at 3.5 and 5.5 radiation patterns of the proposed antennas at sampling
GHz, respectively, c is the speed of light in free space, eff frequencies of 4, 7 and 10 GHz and for three principle
can be calculated through (2) and the other parameters are planes are depicted in Fig. 12. It can be seen that at the
claried in Fig. 8. frequency of 10 GHz, all three antennas have nearly
Figs. 9a and b show the simulated VSWR curves of the monopole-like patterns in the YZ-plane and omnidirectional
proposed antenna with different parameters affecting the radiation patterns in the XZ-plane. Also the proposed

Fig. 10 Surface current distribution at the frequency of

a 3.5 GHz
b 5.5 GHz

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Fig. 11 Comparison between simulated and measured VSWR of Fig. 13 Simulated gain against frequency for the three antenna
the proposed dual band-notched antenna structures ( = 0)

Fig. 12 Measured radiation patterns for proposed antennas for three principle planes (XZ, YZ and XY), at the frequencies of
a 4 GHz
b 7 GHz
c 10 GHz

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antennas have almost stable radiation pattern characteristics
over the three frequencies and it can be seen the
omnidirectional requirement has been satised.
The simulated gain of the three antennas, from 3 to 11
GHz, is also plotted in Fig. 13. As expected, the gain
decreases obviously in the vicinity of notched band; 5.5
GHz for antenna with half-wavelength resonator, and 3.5,
5.5 GHz for the antenna with dual band-notched structure.
Outside the notched band, antenna gain with a variation of
< 3 dB is achieved, indicating stable gain performances
across the operation band.
4 Conclusion
Three compact, ultra-wide-band monopole antenna with, any,
single and two band rejection are presented and discussed.
Two approaches for UWB band-notched antennas design
have been proposed. A novel quarter-wavelength resonator
is used to reject the interference frequency of WLAN at 5.2
and 5.8 GHz. To realise a dual rejection frequency band
from 3.4 to 3.6 GHz for WiMAX and 5.1 to 5.6 GHz for
WiMAX and WLAN, two horizontal L-shaped slot are
inserted in the radiation patch. It is veried that varying the
dened slot lengths affect the band rejection performance.
It is also interesting to note that the proposed dual
band-notched antenna has an area of 224 mm3 (14 mm
16 mm 1 mm), which is less than the area of the presented
antennas in [712, 14, 1719]. Simulations and
measurements have been carried out for input impedance/
VSWR variation with frequency and radiation patterns,
which are in agreement.
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