Overstreet, R. M., J. O. Cook, and R. W. Heard. 2009. Trematoda (Platyhelminthes) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp.

419
486 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of MexicoOrigins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M
University Press, College Station, Texas.

23
Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
of the Gulf of Mexico
Robin M.Overstreet, Joshua O.Cook, and Richard W.Heard

The platyhelminth class Trematoda, consisting of the sub-

classes Aspidogastrea and Digenea, contains individuals
referred to as digeneans, trematodes, or flukes. Aspido-
gastreans, not digeneans in the strict sense, number about
80 species in total (Rohde 2005), but adults in the Gulf of
Mexico of 4 species have been reported from teleost and
chondrichthyan fishes (Hendrix and Overstreet 1977)
and one from a turtle (Wharton 1939). Consequently, this
chapter deals with trematodes rather than just digeneans,
even though all the records but the 5 refer to digeneans.
Trematoda is the largest group of platyhelminths, and
trematode adults, other than exceptional cases in both
Aspidogastrea and Digenea, occur in vertebrates. Rather
than being totally restricted to a lumen like members of
its sister group Eucestoda (tapeworms), trematode species Trematoda. After Overstreet 1973.
occur in a variety of sites, exhibiting rather restricted site
specificity for each species or higher group. The intrigu-
ing situation about trematodes is that they have a mollus- trematode species worldwide, including well over 5000 of
can first intermediate host. The larval stage of the aspi- those from fishes alone (Cribb 2005b), perhaps the largest
dogastreans (cotylocidium) does not undergo asexual group of internal metazoan parasites (Cribb etal. 2001),
replication in the mollusk like it does for the digenean almost all are highly specific for at least the first, second,
counterparts. Digeneans have a series of asexual stages or final host. On the other hand, at one or more of those
reproducing large numbers of individuals originating as 3 stages many digenean species infect several different
the larva (miracidium) from a single egg that assure trans- species of hosts. The number of named or accepted spe-
mission and dispersal to a series of one to 3 different, nec- cies is low, primarily because of the lack of attention paid
essary intermediate hosts. With the exception of a few to this difficult group of mostly tiny soft-bodied worms.
aporocotylids (fish blood flukes) that have larvae devel- This chapter provides an initial attempt to document
oping in polychaetes and maturing in fish, all species in records. We do not agree with all, are sure several have
the approximately 175 families require the molluscan first been unintentionally omitted, and are sure the lists pres-
intermediate host. Of the approximately 18,000 nominal ent a woefully incomplete record because of a paucity of

419
420 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Trematoda. After Overstreet 1973.
collections and the fact that we have many new records
that are not included for lack of time at present.
Biology of Trematodes
This chapter concerns adult trematodes only. Initiating
the digenean life cycle, the adult, depending on the spe-
cies, produces from one to thousands of eggs daily that
usually are shed into the host feces for as long as that adult
worm survives, which can be days or years, depending on
the species. Each species has a unique life history, but a
generalization follows. These eggs are either eaten, per-
mitting the enclosed ciliated miracidium to hatch and
penetrate into the appropriate mollusks gut, or hatch,
allowing the miracidium to locate and penetrate the spe-
cific molluscan host. The miracidium then produces a
sporocyst, an asexual sac with more germ cells producing
large numbers of a second generation stage, usually in the
gonads or digestive gland. These produce further genera-
tions of sporocysts or rediae, and ultimately cercariae, the
free-living stage shed from the mollusk that typically has
a tail and penetrates or is eaten by the second intermedi-
ate host. Blood fluke cercariae enter the definitive, or final,
host, as do some exceptions in a few other families. The
redia is similar to a sporocyst, but it has a birth pore as
well as a pharynx and mouth, allowing it to feed directly
on tissues of the molluscan host rather than gain its nutri-
tion indirectly through the tegument. In some cases, one
egg from an individual worm can produce many thou-
sand cercariae infective to the intermediate host and one
individual second intermediate host can harbor thou-
sands of metacercariae, cysts in specific tissues, infective
to the final host. For example, Paperna (1975, Paperna and
Overstreet 1981) reported the presence of over 6000 het-
erophyid metacercarial cysts per gram of mullet flesh for
an estimated total number of 582,000 cysts in the single
specimen of Liza ramado (Risso, 1810). Each of those
cysts has the potential to produce one adult in its human
or other mammalian final host. Most humans in fishing
communities where uncooked or inadequately cooked
seafood products are routinely eaten each harbor thou-
sands of individual adults in the intestine, often causing
considerable discomfort and even death (Deardorff and
Overstreet 1991). Some public health literature implies
that most digeneans cause harm or death in their final
host, but the fact remains that the great majority of dige-
nean species produce very little pathological response in
the final definitive host. Occasionally a metacercaria will
infect a fish host normally infected by an adult and pro-
duce lesions (e.g., Raptopoulou and Lambertsen 1987).
Of those trematodes that produce disease in people, most
develop into pathogenic adults in those people; how-
ever, the cercariae of several avian and mammalian blood
flukes can produce a severe dermatitis in those people
(accidental abnormal hosts) penetrated by a challenge of
cercariae (e.g., Penner 1953, Leigh 1955). Adults or lar-
vae of several species cause economic or environmental
losses resulting from public health aspects (loss of host
groups/pods/schools of marine mammals and fishes as
well as flocks of bird hosts from infections by both adults
and juveniles; aesthetic appearance of the seafood prod-
ucts, usually comprising the first or second intermediate
bivalve or fish hosts; castration of first intermediate mol-
luscan hosts; and behavioral modifications in the first or
second intermediate host and the accidental final host). As
an example of pathological changes, disease, normal and
accidental hosts, and potential public health risk, Crypto
cotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825), a listed heterophyid from
a gull but also commonly observed in terns elsewhere,
has been shown experimentally to infect some mam-
mals, and to be refractory in ducks (Willey and Stunkard
1942). A somewhat emaciated but not healthy rat pro-
duced mature worms. When the terna good host in the
northeast United Statesand dogs were infected with a
heavy dose of worms, they exhibited an extensive inflam-
matory response, with the dogs showing the greatest dis-
tress. After a period of acute catarrhal enteritis, if the ani-
mal survived the initial infection, most of the worms were
voided, the mucosa repaired itself, and an immunity to
further infection occurred. These signs developed more
slowly in dogs than in terns (Willey and Stunkard 1942).
In general, since digeneans reflect the hosts dietary

input, habitat, and associations, they often provide rela-
tively inexpensive and informative biological tags, or indi-
cators, of both acute and chronic aspects of the biology
and environmental health of corresponding hosts and
ecosystem. They provide this indication of the unique-
ness or health of an environment or host by the parasite
richness (biodiversity), food webs and feeding behav-
ior, intensity and abundance of infections (see terms by
Bush etal. 1997), stock separation, migratory behavior,
and pathological alterations (e.g., Overstreet 1997). If the
trematodes and other parasites are evaluated on a spe-
cies by species basis, this indication can provide valuable
input for management of stocks (e.g., Overstreet 1993,
Overstreet and Curran 2005a) or habitats. On the basis
of an endemic Gulf of Mexico (GMx) bucephalid, we
have helped state and U.S.Customs officials make a case
against some fishermen, who illegally caught red drum
(Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)) in Gulf waters but
were selling them on the basis of being caught from the
Atlantic coast, where they would be legal.
Recent GMx Literature
Manter (1954) treated the trematodes in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, Its Origin, Waters, and Marine Life and listed the
known species at that time from fishes, mammals, the log-
gerhead turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758), and mol-
lusks (Taxon Summary of numbers of trematodes from
the Gulf of Mexico and their hosts). We did not include
comparative data on records of cercariae from mollusks
(Yamaguti 1975) because most reports of cercariae are
also treated as an adult stage, are not identified relative to
the corresponding adult, are problematical, or are from
the same geographic area within the known range of
the adult. Most of those adult records by Manter (1954)
resulted from his own survey (e.g., Manter 1947) of spe-
cies from the Dry Tortugas. Since that time, numerous
records of species have been added to the list, includ-
ing several forms from deepwater fishes and a variety of
other vertebrate hosts. Nevertheless, numerous potential
hosts still have not been examined for trematodes or other
parasites. Most records result from specimens collected
by relatively few researchers, usually with their graduate
students and colleagues (as indicated by a slash mark)
from near their home institution (e.g., Edwin Linton;
Harold Manter/Frank Sogandares-Bernal/Robert Hut- South Florida was extended to cover Biscayne Bay. Mexi-
ton; Albert Sparks/Vernon Thatcher; Kenneth Corkum;
Sewell Hopkins/Norm Dronen/Charles Blend; Raymond
Cable/Robert Short/Fuad Nahhas/Edwin Powell; Robin etal. 1997, Vidal-Martnez etal. 1998, 2001). A large an-
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 421
Overstreet/Stephen Curran/Stephen Bullard; and Don-
ald Forrester/Mike Kinsella/ Marilyn Spalding). Many of
these reported species still require reevaluation in regard
to synonyms and generic affiliation.
Difficulty exists in documenting Gulf material because
the definitive fish hosts swim to and from fresh water, bird
hosts fly to and from coastal or marine areas or freshwater
habitats, and other migratory aspects that result in both
freshwater and marine parasites in the same individual
(e.g., Overstreet and Curran 2005a). In the true sense, for
a trematode to be a Gulf species, its molluscan host has to
be a Gulf resident, but even that creates confusion because
there are seasonal and yearly dynamics of the infection
involving salinity and details of life history are usually
lacking. Some mollusks require salt but may tolerate or
thrive in as little as 1 to 2 ppt, or the second intermediate
host may be marine, while the counterpart first intermedi-
ate is freshwater or vice versa. Also, the intermediate hosts
for only a small percentage of the digeneans are known,
even though a general idea resulting from near relatives or
incomplete evidence could provide a subjective opinion
on what is marine for many species.
The aspect of whether a trematode is accurately a marine
species is minor compared with other aspects involv-
ing checklists 15 (this chapter) when one considers the
incomplete list of Gulf trematode species and their associ-
ated geographic ranges. Nevertheless, we removed a third
of the potential records from our initial draft lists because
we doubted they involved a true estuarine or marine spe-
cies; we still question some. Most important is the paucity
of marine records. Relatively few hosts have been exam-
ined, and, of those that have, they have been examined
from few geographic areas. As apparent from examination
of our checklists, many species are the result of a single
report. We know that our checklists greatly underestimate
the number of species. Based on lack of time, we did not
include our additional species records, new host-records
and range extensions from the Gulf, many new species,
or all the records from the literature. Also, some listed
digenean species actually represent 2 species, and, to reit-
erate, a large number of hosts and geographic localities
have not been sampled or reported. For example, there
is a strong Caribbean influence for fish and avian dige-
neans in South Florida and Mexico, even though many of
the records would be confusing or not be included unless
can workers are now intensifying examinations of their
coastal and marine Gulf fauna (e.g., Salgado-Maldonado
422 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
notated list of trematodes of wildlife vertebrates in Mexico
was just received from Gerardo Prez-Ponce de Len, Luis
Garca-Prieto, and Berenit Mendoza-Garfias, but time family as covered in Keys to the Trematoda (Gibson, Jones,
does not allow us to add the many informative records
and citations (Zootaxa 1534: 1247 [2007]), nor to factor
them into the numerical counts in the table. Recent books
such as one listing metazoan parasites of deepwater fishes
(Klimpel etal. 2001) and one listing trematodes of South
American fishes (Kohn, Fernandes, and Cohen 2007) also
made this chapter more informative. A discussion on the
number of potential hosts in the different groups occurs
below.
Systematics
Recent molecular studies (Littlewood, Rohde, and Clough
1999, Cribb etal. 2001, Olson etal. 2003, Nolan and Cribb
2005, Olson and Tkach 2005) have started to make sense
of the digenean superfamilies, supporting the phylogeny
proposed by Cable (1974), based largely on cercariae more
so than the scheme produced by phylogenetic assessments
based on morphological features of adults and larvae
(e.g., Brooks, OGrady, and Glen 1985, Brooks etal. 1989).
Much of the difficulty in resolving the interrelationships
of higher-level taxa has resulted from the extraordinary
diversity of trematodes (Olson and Tkach 2005). The new
classification, consisting of just two primary branches or
orders, consists of 14 suborders, with just one of those
not including marine members (Olson etal. 2003). This
previous problem of assigning or aligning families can be
explained partially by unrecognized presumed second-
ary loss of structures (e.g., Curran, Tkach, and Overstreet
2006), the wide variation in character states within pre-
sumed families, and the lack of knowledge of life cycles in
several groups. Groups like the Haploporidae (see recent
classification based on morphological features by Over-
street and Curran [2005b]) differ from the similar Hap-
losplanchnidae (see DNA sequencing study by Olson
etal. [2003]), even though Haplosplanchnidae had been
placed in the order Haploporiformes erected by Brooks
at al. (1985), supported by Brooks and McLennan (1993),
and considered a logical order in most earlier studies by
various taxonomists on the basis of morphological fea-
tures, life cycles, and hosts. The library of gene sequences
is still small and not all comparable but is rapidly increas-
ing and being perfected so that future studies will slowly
allow a progressively better appreciation of interrelation-
ships among families, what genera occur in what fami-
lies, and relationships of trematodes with their specific
host groups. For purposes of this chapter, we are ignoring
trematode orders and suborders and listing infections by
and Bray 2002, Jones, Bray, and Gibson 2005; Bray, Gib-
son, and Jones, personal communication).
Soft-bodied hermaphroditic trematodes, all consid-
ered parasites, are characterized primarily by the male
and female reproductive systems, including the terminal
genitalia, but also by the position and nature of the suckers
and alimentary tract, features of the tegument, and pat-
tern and nature of the excretory system, including the pat-
tern of flame cells and the shape of the excretory vesicle.
Comparative Assessment of Digeneans in
theGMx
The table lists the number of hosts as 430 and of trem-
atodes as 577, as well as the number of potential hosts
as 1976. The table indicates the number of trematodes
listed as endemic to the Gulf as 186 (32%) compared
with 80 percent (173/216) indicated by Manter (1954)
in the original Gulf list. It does this according to major
subdivisionsof the 4 basic vertebrate host groups, with
an emphasis on fishes. For example, 36% (133/374) of
the trematode species based on reported ranges in 2007
contrasts dramatically with 83% (164/198) reported by
Manter. Even though there is a relative paucity of reports
of trematodes from the Gulf, there is also a paucity of
reports from both the Southeast United States and west-
ern Caribbean Sea for most coastal and offshore verte-
brates as well as questionable identifications of many
species that are listed as occurring in the Pacific and
other disjunct regions, making the geographic distri-
bution for the listed endemic species highly uncertain.
Nevertheless, the percentage of species presently reported
as endemic to the Gulf, a percentage mostly based on
one or few records, is based on 23% (351/1541) of the
reported fishes, 89% (8/9) of the reptiles, 14% (57/395)
of the birds, and 19% of the marine mammals (terres-
trial mammalian hosts were, of course, not listed in this
volume as Gulf species). The reported percentage of
trematode species endemic to the Gulf has been greatly
reduced since 1954 because more animals from more
localities are being examined for trematodes. This per-
centage should become even smaller as more animals
are surveyed; however, in conjunction with the use of
molecular techniques to distinguish similar appearing
species from different geographic areas as separate spe-
cies, this should considerably increase both the number

and percentage of actual endemic trematode species in
the Gulf.
The number of nonindigenous species is unknown, but
presumably very low. Most reported nonindigenous dige-
neans throughout the world have been introduced into
the freshwater habitats with the introduction of infected
snails associated with ornamental fish and plants (e.g.,
Centrocestus cf. formosanus into the United States, along
with Melanoides tuberculatus (Mller, 1774), from which
the cercariae infect fishes, that in turn are eaten by birds
in which the worm matures and sheds eggs that are dis-
seminated to other geographic regions, including coastal
habitats as reviewed by Mitchell etal. [2005]). Establish-
ment of marine-introduced trematodes is more difficult
than Monogenoidea (parasitic platyhelminths) and other
invertebrate groups because there have to be at least 2 to
3 additional acceptable hosts to complete the cycle. Typi-
cally, the molluscan host is relatively specific to a trema-
tode, and the free-living cercaria usually remains infec-
tive for only a couple of days, making establishment of a
trematode population very difficult. Moreover, molecu-
lar studies are now showing that some purportedly intro-
duced freshwater digeneans (e.g., Hoffman 1970) such
as Bolbophorus confusus (Krause, 1914) are actually
indigenous cryptic species (e.g., Bolbophorus damnifi-
cus Overstreet and Curran, 2002 and Bolbophorus sp. of
Overstreet etal. [2002]) and not an introduced species.
The marine heterophyid Cryptocotyle lingua, one of sev-
eral digeneans that produce black spot disease in some
host fishes, was suspected of being introduced into the
United States from Europe in the common periwinkle
snail Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) in the middle of
the 19th century and then to the West Coast of the United
States (Hoffman 1970). Whether that nonindigenous spe-
cies, which is listed from Florida in the Gulf (see check-
list 3), is presently established in the Gulf has not been
determined. Because the southern range of L.littorea, the
only known snail host, has apparently not reached below
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the West Florida record
may represent a non-Gulf infection from a migrating her-
ring gull.
As with other symbiotic and free-living invertebrates,
the presence of some trematode species occurs uncom-
monly because of natural and anthropogenic perturba-
tions, abnormal influences, and long-term (multiyear)
climate/salinity dynamics. Consequently, the rare sam-
pling of most hosts for parasites leaves little opportunity
to collect those irregularly occurring trematodes. The dis-
tribution of trematodes depends on the range of their first
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 423
and second intermediate hosts, usually much more so
than that of the vertebrate definitive host as well as being
dependent on the migratory nature of those hosts. The
known and undocumented migratory patterns of some
coastal host species and most pelagic hosts involve sea-
sons, reproduction, and maturation. Moreover, the lon-
gevity of the trematode affects the apparent pattern of dis-
tribution because a worm reported from one geographic
location does not necessarily reflect the accurate location,
that location where the species was acquired in the final
host. Also, ill marine mammals and marine turtles from
central Gulf of Mexico often migrate to nearshore to recu-
perate or die. Ill fishes and birds are usually eaten before
reaching coastlines. Also, every few years the currents
shift for a short period of time, allowing pelagic fishes
and other animals to locate near areas where they seldom
occupy and where few animals are periodically exam-
ined for parasites, once again providing misleading data
on Gulf trematodes. Because of the lack of the necessary
intermediate hosts, eggs from such species cannot pro-
duce an established population in the coastal region. Con-
sequently, the digeneans in many cases for many reasons
do not represent coastal or possibly quadrant locations.
Studies on trematodes and other parasites in the Gulf
of Mexico deserve more attention than some other taxa.
Seldom are parasite surveys funded in the United States,
but they are needed for examination of all groups of ver-
tebrate potential host species along the entire coastline
of the Gulf as well as the deepwater, midwater, and aerial
habitats to understand the biodiversity, range of the spe-
cies, and misidentification of cryptic species. Presently,
only dead stranded marine mammals can be examined,
and that requires a permit; even then, most offshore spe-
cies are unavailable for examination until several days
after death of a host when its digeneans are decomposed.
Like with marine mammals, marine turtles cannot be
examined for parasites unless they are dead or dying and
permitted personnel in a federal network are involved.
Recently, Ernest Williams and colleagues (e.g., Dyer,
Williams, and Bunkley-Williams 1995a) in a network
from Puerto Rico have made the most extensive exami-
nations, but those turtles from and passing through the
Puerto Rico-Caribbean Region presumably have many
of the same trematodes as in the Gulf of Mexico because
of host migratory patterns. Moreover, most living dige-
neans, regardless of the host, have to be specially fixed and
prepared to obtain material acceptable for precise iden-
tification or morphological descriptions and molecular
sequencing. Life cycle studies should be conducted for
424 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
many species, especially avian species for which a marine
or salt-influenced cycle is uncertain.
Fish trematodes (checklist 1). The checklists for trem-
atodes from all host groups contain many cases involv-
ing known or suspected inaccuracies in identifications
and generic placement. Most of these would ultimately
increase the number of species listed. Examples from
fish include the hemiuroids. Hirudinella ventricosa (Pal-
las, 1774) is considered the only accepted species in
Hirudinella by Gibson and Bray (1977). Watertor (1973,
personal communication) examined material from 4 tuna
species from 2 regions in the Atlantic Ocean and one in
the Pacific Ocean, and she considered it to represent one
species but referred to it as Hirudinella marina, a pre-
Linnaean name. However, we suspect genetic sequences
will reveal at least 3 relatively host-group specific species
in the Gulf (e.g., separate species at least in tunas, wahoo,
and dolphinfishes). Confusion has also focused on the
complex of Stomachicola magnus (Manter, 1931), Sto-
machicola rubeus (Linton, 1910), Tubulovisicula pinguis
(Linton, 1940), and others. Sinclair, Smith, and Sullivan
(1972), who listed 25 fish species hosting metacercariae
in paratenic hosts (transfer hosts), and others consider
the 3 mentioned species all conspecific, with T.pinguis
representing a less mature stage. Stunkard (1973) agreed
that S.magnus and S.rubeus were synonyms, but accepted
T.pinguis. We suspect, based on living and fixed adults
examined by RMO in South Florida, that sequences will
corroborate the report by Overstreet (1968) that S.mag-
nus is the species that matures in the inshore lizardfish,
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1776), and is different from
the species collected by RMO from West and South Flor-
ida as adult specimens and reported here from the tar-
pon, Megalops atlantica Valenciennes, 1847, and recog-
nized as S.rubeus. Some haploporids as well as members
of other families also seem to form species-complexes.
The haplosplanchnid Hymenocotta manteri Overstreet,
1969, placed as the type species of Hymenocottoides by
Yamaguti (1971) but not accepted by Madhavi (2005),
occurs abundantly from at least Georgia to Louisiana, but
also has been reported from Peru (Tantalean etal. 1982,
Fernndez and Bendezu 1986, Tantalean, Sarmiento, and
Huiza 1992) and Chile (Bariega 1987). We assume genetic
sequences of the material from Peru and Chile will reveal
a separate new species. The same can be said for many of
the species listed from coastal rather than pelagic hosts in
the Pacific or Indian ocean regions; based on descriptive
data, we omitted some locations reported for select spe-
cies. Members of Stephanostomum require work, includ-
ing sequence data to clarify many identifications. Bray and
Cribb (2003) provided diagnostic features of 112 nomi-
nal species, including 15 considered species inquirendae,
plus others considered junior synonyms by some authors.
Variable members of 2 large opecoelid genera, Opecoelus
and Opegaster, are difficult to identify and to distinguish
but have been kept separate (e.g., Cribb 2005a). However,
AkenOva (2007) has followed some other workers and
considered Opegaster a junior synonym. For purposes
of checklist 1, we have kept the two genera separate and
predict genetic sequences will detect at least 3 naturally
occurring genera.
Sequencing data are also helping determine famil-
ial affiliations, some already published and included
in the checklists, some in progress, and some requiring
more data. For example, a group of species were recently
removed from the Fellodistomidae by Hall, Cribb, and
Barker (1999) into Faustulidae, which they gave familial
ranking. Perhaps Acanthocolpidae, including all mem-
bers of Stephanostomum, will become a junior synonym
of Brachycladiidae (previously considered Nasitremati-
dae and Campulidae); the sister group to the genus Steph-
anostomum has been shown to include the clade of Tor-
mopsolus and Pleorchis from fishes as well as the marine
mammal-infecting Zalophotrema spp. (see Bray et al.
2005). Families containing trematodes that infect fishes
usually are restricted to fish or to poikilotherms. Brachy-
cladiidae is one exception and Microphallidae is another.
Most microphallids infect birds or mammals, but we list
Levinseniella capitanea Overstreet and Perry, 1972, and
Megalophallus diodontis Siddiqi and Cable, 1960, both
of which infect both specific fishes and the raccoon in
the Gulf of Mexico (Overstreet and Heard 1995; Rich-
ard Semes, Heard, and Overstreet, personal communi-
cations). Other microphallids infect both freshwater and
marine fishes in Mississippi, but are not listed.
Reptilian trematodes (checklist 2). The number of
endemic species for sea turtles is less than that for most
other host groups because some individual turtles migrate
throughout much of the world. This is expressed by the
wide geographic range of most of the digenean species.
Critical examination of specimens from worldwide col-
lections by Blair and colleagues (e.g., Blair and Limpus
1982) reveal this conclusion and show that some species
have several junior synonyms. Careful examination of
more freshly dead marine turtles from the Gulf of Mex-
ico will increase the number of species occurring in, but
not necessarily originating from, the Gulf. The American
alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801), has

numerous digeneans as do coastal marsh snakes, but most
of those digeneans have a freshwater origin. The coastal
American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807),
and Morelets crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii (Bibron
and Dumeril, 1851), which like the alligator occupy both
freshwater and brackish habitats, occur in the Gulf and
have some brackish water digeneans. Overstreet (1978)
reported a metacercariae with a 24 oral spined acanthos-
tome from Menidia conchorum Hildebrand and Ginsburg,
1927, key silverside in a pond in the Florida Keys contain-
ing C.acutus. Even though sea-snakes do not occur in
the Gulf of Mexico, several snakes from tidelands acquire
marine digeneans by feeding on intermediate and final
hosts infected with estuarine or marine species. These are
not included in this chapter.
Bird digeneans (checklist 3). The avian digeneans
are especially difficult to assess because most bird hosts
migrate and many feed in freshwater habitats, acquiring
freshwater trematodes, as well as estuarine and marine
ones. The origin of many of these has not been estab-
lished. For example, the diplostomoid Bursacetabulus
morus Tehrany, Dronen, and Wardle, 1999, is related to
Bursacetabulus pelecanus Dronen, Tehrany, and Wardle,
1999, which occurs in the freshwater planorbid snail first
intermediate host, Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817) (Over-
street and Curran 2004), suggesting a freshwater cycle
for it, even though it infects the northern gannet, Morus
bassanus Linnaeus, 1758, a marine bird, even though col-
lected around Galveston, Texas. Most diplostomoids we
have encountered in Mississippi are transmitted by fresh-
water snails; however, several marine forms occur there,
where we have seen mostly unidentified metacercariae in
estuarine or marine fishes. More important, many truly
marine birds have not been examined.
Examples of avian digeneans also reflect taxonomic
problems that influence the checklists. Parorchis acan-
thus (Nicoll, 1906) in the United States actually consists
of at least 4 morphologically similar species (Huspeni,
Jacobs, and Staton 2001), with the complex presumably
much larger when genetic sequences of worldwide popu-
lations are evaluated. Based on our unpublished studies,
we know other species-complexes exist, such as the het-
erophyid Ascocotyle angrense Travassos, 1916. Misidenti-
fications based on poorly prepared specimens and species
that may or may not have the wide distribution indicated
provide more problems requiring attention.
Mammalian trematodes (checklist 4). As indicated
above, the great majority of Gulf of Mexico marine mam-
mal species have not been examined for digeneans. Of
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 425
those that have, few good preparations of specimens exist
and species differentiation is difficult or impossible. For
example, the status of species of the branchycladiid Nasi-
trema, common species of the pterygoid air sinuses, can
migrate into the cetacean host brain. Whether they cause
stranding and death is uncertain (OShea et al. 1991).
Nasitrema sp., when with the bacterium Photobacterium
damselae (as Vibrio damsela) in the striped dolphin, and
Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833) from the Gulf, has
been associated with mortality. Dailey and Walker (1978)
examined 40 cetaceans comprising 5 species that had
stranded in California and found adult Nasitrema spp. in
the brain of 26 of them. Neiland, Rice, and Holden (1970)
provided a key for 9 species, including 5 new species, but
all the species occur in the Pacific Ocean and none or few
appear conspecific with Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico speci-
mens. Sequence data should provide a means to distin-
guish species just as it has been used to determine rela-
tionships among genera (Fernndez etal. 1998).
Several terrestrial mammals such as the northern
racoon, Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758), and the marsh
rice rat, Oryzomys palustris (Harlan, 1837), feed along
the littoral zone and acquire true marine digeneans, but
the same individuals also may feed away from the shore
where they acquire freshwater digeneans. Some, but not
all, of the marine digeneans are listed, and examination
of additional potential host species should produce many
more marine digeneans.
In summary, the checklists are based on adults of spe-
cies reported in the literature (some questionable), our
unpublished or literature records of corresponding infor-
mation on intermediate hosts, and our assumptions as to
marine origin. Clearly, we have not included all reported
marine digeneans, we have included a few freshwater
ones, and the list is woefully incomplete in expressing
total Gulf of Mexico biodiversity.
Explanation and Caveats of Checklist
We have chosen to present separate checklists for each
general host group rather than by digenean family because
that will make the lists more helpful for most readers,
readers with an interest in specific hosts, host groups, or
host-parasite relationships, rather than the trematode spe-
cies per se. We recognize the phylogenetic relationships
among the higher levels of host animals as used by Tudge
(2000) and indicated by the phylogenetic relationships of
many parasite groups, but we refer to the major groups in
the text as fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals so that they
426 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
can be more easily indexed, will correspond to the other
chapters on the hosts, and will allow those interested in
the trematodes to look up records more easily. We also
include a single host-parasite list (checklist 5) to aid those
unfamiliar with digeneans to have a starting place from
which to identify specimens collected from a specifically
listed host or related host. This list includes records of
hosts from the Gulf of Mexico only; additional hosts from
other geographic areas are infected by many of the same
species, but those uncited records are useful for the overall
distributions and should encourage researchers to more
critically investigate those species with unseemly broad
distributions.
The families and genera of trematodes in the checklists
agree with those used in the recent series of keys to genera
of trematodes (Gibson, Jones, and Bray 2002, Jones, Bray,
and Gibson 2005; Bray, Gibson, and Jones, personal com-
munication). The families are listed alphabetically rather
than phylogenetically, and the genera within each family
are in turn listed alphabetically, as are the species within
each genus.
Because relatively few collections of trematodes have
been made in the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean-like
fauna (e.g., Siddiqi and Cable 1960, Nahhas and Cable
1964) with the exceptions of material from South Florida,
including Biscayne Bay, the Everglades, and the Florida
Keys, including records from the Dry Tortugas as well
as from Cuba, near Havana, and from the Mexican Gulf
of Mexico region, and because the Biscayne Bay fauna is
mostly Caribbean in character, we include species from
fish in Biscayne Bay as part of the Gulf of Mexico (e.g.,
Ward 1954, Overstreet 1969, Skinner 1975). Moreover,
many individual fish move into and out of Gulf loca-
tions, and the divisions are arbitrary from most biological
points of view for some members of all host groups. For
that reason, we also included a few migratory fish hosts
located off Cancun and Cozumel (slightly south of Cabo
Catoche, Yucatn, Mexico) for digeneans already known
for the Gulf but added no new digenean record from that
Yucatn region.
Host names do not always conform to those in the par-
asitological literature. The names of many of the fish hosts
were reported originally as junior synonyms or misiden-
tifications. Rather than use an endnote for each case in
the checklist, we use the fish name and spelling that con-
forms to that by Eschmeyer (1998), from FishBase, www
.fishbase.org (Froese and Pauly 2007), or by the Ameri-
can Fisheries Society (Nelson etal. 2004). Reptile names
were verified using Integrated Taxonomic Information
System (ITIS) (www.itis.gov). Bird names followed those
presented by Sibley (2000) and were verified using Inte-
grated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (www.itis
.gov) and USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center web-
site (http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov). Mammalian names
were verified using Integrated Taxonomic Information
System (ITIS) (www.itis.gov).
Digenean and aspidogastrean names usually followed
those listed by ZooBank, International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature (www.zoobank.org). In the
case of subjective junior synonyms of trematodes, we usu-
ally include the presently accepted name in the checklists.
When a species is placed in a genus not used in the Gulf of
Mexico references, we additionally include the reference
to the article in which the combination was made. End-
notes are used when information is not readily available,
not commonly used in the literature, or recent. Because
the trematode species are listed by family and the reader
would have difficulty determining what other trematodes
infect the same host species, we have cross-referenced
the infections with a host-trematode checklist. That list
provides for most users of the chapter a place to start the
identification process.
Abbreviations
Sites in the host are abbreviated alphabetically as the fol-
lowing: asc = air sacs; bcv = body cavity; bdt = bile duct;
bfb = bursa of Fabricius; blv = blood vessels; cec = cecum
(birds); clo = cloaca; dud = duodenum; eye = eye; fin =
fins; gbd = gallbladder; gil = gills; giz = gizzard; hrt =
heart; int = intestine; kid = kidney; lin = large intestine;
liv = liver; lng = lung; ovi = oviduct; pan = pancreas; pcc =
pyloric ceca (fishes); pro = proventriculus; rec = rectum;
sbd = swim bladder; sin = small intestine; sto = stomach;
tra = trachea; ubd = urinary bladder; urt = urethra; and
wvs = wall of viscera.
Abbreviations used under the heading Overall Geo-
graphic range are as follows: AO = Arctic Ocean; BE =
Bermuda; CA = Caribbean Sea; EA = eastern Atlantic
Ocean; EP = eastern Pacific Ocean; GO = known from the
Gulf of Mexico only; GMx = Gulf of Mexico, IO = Indian
Ocean; IUS = inland United States (birds); NE = north-
eastern United States and Atlantic Canada; SA = Atlantic
coast of South America; SE = southeastern United States
and the Bahamas; and WP = western Pacific Ocean. These
general areas also include adjacent seas even if not con-
nected.
Abbreviations for locations in the shallow waters of the

Gulf of Mexico (GMx) occur as the following in alpha-
betical order: al = Alabama; cu = Cuba (GMx); fl = exact
locality in Florida unknown; la = Louisiana; ms = Missis-
sippi; mx = Mexico (GMx); sfl = Monroe and Dade coun-
ties, the Florida Keys, and the Tortugas; tx = Texas; and
wfl = the panhandle and west coast of Florida (exclud-
ing Monroe County in the south). States or countries
rather than quadrants are generally used because the few
reports for most species presumably do not provide real-
istic ranges, but they do serve to show areas sampled so
that present and future readers will understand better
the listed ranges and their potential degree of accuracy.
Organisms reported from deep or open water localities
other than those from the Tortugas are categorized into
one of four geographic regions (ne, nw, se, and sw), sepa-
rated along 2500N latitude and 9000W longitude and
designated as either ben = benthic or pel = pelagic.
Acknowledgments
We thank a large number of coworkers, present and past,
for their input into making these lists possible, especially
Ronnie Palmer, Stephen Curran, Stephen Bullard, Jody
Peterson, and Jean Jovonovich Alvillar from the Gulf
Coast Research Laboratory, and David Gibson from the
Natural History Museum (London). This material is based
upon work supported by the National Science Foundation
under grant nos. 0508856, 0529684, and 0608603.
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442 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)

Numbers of trematodes from the Gulf of Mexico and their hosts, including one possible nonindigenous
species from a bird.

Potential host Reported Trematodes

Trematodes listed asendemic
species listed in Reported trematodes by Manter
Vertebrate host group other chapters hosts in 2007 in 1954 2007 1954

Fishes 1541 351 374 198 133 164

Chondrichthyes 128 4 3 0 3
Actinopterygii 1409 347 371 198 130 164
Reptiles 9 8 40 15 6 7
Crocodylotarsi clade 1 4 5 0 0
Testudines 6 4 35 15 6 7
Aves 395 57 122 3 38 2
Mammals 31 14 41 0 9
Marine mammals 31 6 9 0 2
Terrestrial entering aquatic habitats 0 8 32 0 7

Totals 1976 430 577 216 186 173

 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico.

Taxon Site in Overall References/

Hosts host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Subclass: Aspidogastrea
Family: Aspidogastridae
Cotylogaster basiri Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 Archosargus probatocephalus, Menticirrhus americanus, Microp- int, rec GMx, CA ms, la, tx 143, 144, 3011
ogonias undulatus, Pogonias cromis, Trachinotus carolinus,
T.falcatus
Cotylogaster dinosoides Hendrix & Overstreet, Pogonias cromis int GO ms, tx, mx 143, 144, 3012
1977
Lobatostoma kemostoma (MacCallum & Trachinotus carolinus int GMx, CA, SA, EP mx 178, 285
MacCallum, 1913)
Lobatostoma ringens (Linton, 1907) Chaetodipterus faber, Calamus bajonado, Calamus calamus, int, pcc GMx, SE, BE, CA, sfl, wfl, al, ms, 43, 52, 87, 143,
Hali-hoeres radiatus, Hyporhamphus roberti, Menticirrhus SA la, mx 208, 2853
americanus, Micropogonias undulatus, Oncopterus darwini,
Pomatomus saltatrix, Stenotomus chrysops, Trachinotus caro-
linus, T.falcatus
Family: Multicalycidae
Multicalyx cristata (Faust & Tang, 1936) Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Dasyatis say, Pristis pectinata, Rhi- bdt GMx, NE, EA, SA, ms 112, 1434
noptera bonasus EP
Subclass: Digenea
Family: Acanthocolpidae
Manteria brachyderus (Manter, 1940) Holacanthus ciliaris, Oligoplites saurus int, rec, GMx, CA, SA, EP sfl, wfl, mx 2, 24, 50, 151, 154,
pcc 235, 267, 308
Pleorchis americanus (Lhe, 1906) Cynoscion arenarius, C.nebulosus int, pcc GMx, NE, SA, EP sfl, wfl, ms, la, 17, 151, 154, 186,
mx 224, 225, 246,
310, 316
Pleorchis magniporus Arai, 1963 Eugerres plumieri int GMx, EP mx 267
Stephanostomum admicrostephanum Vigueras, Epinephelus mystacinus int GO cu 343
1955
Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) Lutjanus analis, L.griseus, L.synagris, Ocyurus chrysurus int, rec GMx, SE, BE, CA, sfl, cu, mx 183, 208, 235, 289,
SA, EA, EP, WP, 343
IO
Stephanostomum coryphaenae Manter, 1947 Coryphaena hippurus int GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl 208
Stephanostomum cubanum Vigueras, 1955 Carangoides ruber int GO cu 343
Stephanostomum dentatum (Linton, 1900) Epinephelus adscensionis, Epinephelus morio, Mycteroperca int GMx, SE, NE, CA, sfl, mx 208, 220, 332
venenosa EP

443
(continued )
 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

444
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) Caranx crysos, C.hippos, C.latus, Carangoides ruber int, rec GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, wfl, la, mx 151, 154, 208, 225,
EP, WP, IO 235, 311, 316
Stephanostomum ghanensis Fischtal & Thomas, Trachinotus carolinus int, pcc, GMx, EA, SA mx 285
1968 sto
Stephanostomum gracile (Vigueras, 1942) Sphyraena barracuda int GO cu 210, 339, 343
Stephanostomum imparaspine (Linton, 1905) Rachycentron canadum rec GMx, SE wfl 151, 154, 308
Stephanostomum interruptum Sparks & Bairdiella chrysoura, Cynoscion arenarius, C.nebulosus, Microp- int, rec GO wfl, ms, la, tx, 30, 225, 245, 316,
Thatcher, 1958 ogonias undulatus, Ocyurus chrysurus mx 317, 318
Stephanostomum lineatum Manter, 1934 Laemonema barbatulum, Urophycis cirrata, U.regia int GMx, SA sflben, 202, 208
109361m
Stephanostomum lopezneyrai Vigueras, 1955 Anisotremus virginicus rec GO wfl, cu 343
Stephanostomum manteri Vigueras, 1955 Carangoides ruber int GO cu 3435
Stephanostomum megacephalum Manter, 1940 Caranx hippos, C.latus int, rec GMx, CA, EA, EP sfl, wfl, la, mx 208, 224, 225, 235,
316
Stephanostomum microcephalum Vigueras, Elagatis bipinnulata int GO cu 343
1955
Stephanostomum microstephanum Manter, Epinephelus niveatus int GO sflben, 208
1934 164291m
Stephanostomum promicropsi Manter, 1947 Epinephelus itajara int, rec GO sfl, wfl 151, 154, 208, 311
Stephanostomum sentum (Linton, 1910) Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Haemulon carbonarium, int, rec GMx, CA sfl, wfl, cu 183, 208, 225, 235,
H.plumierii, H.sciurus, Menticirrhus americanus, Ogcocepha- 310, 3436
lus cubifrons
Stephanostomum tenue (Linton, 1898) Lutjanus apodus, L.mahogoni, Trachinotus falcatus rec GMx, SE, NE, EP sfl 235
Stephanostomum trompeteri Zhukov, 1983 Fistularia tabacaria int GO mx 354
Tormopsolus filiformis Sogandares-Bernal & Rachycentron canadum rec GMx, IO wfl 151, 154, 308
Hutton, 1958
Family: Accacoeliidae
Tetrochetus coryphaenae Yamaguti, 1934 Coryphaena hippurus int GMx, CA, SA, EP, sfl, la 208, 316, 317
WP, IO
Family: Angiodictydae
Cichlasotrema ujati Pineda-Lpez & Andrade- Cichlasoma geddesi, Herichthys pearsei, Petenia splendida, int, rec GO mx 266, 284
Salas, 1989 Thorichthys helleri, Vieja fenestrata, V.intermedia, V.synspila
Family: Apocreadiidae
Barbulostomum cupuloris Ramsey, 1965 Lepomis microlophus, L.puctatus int GO la 2777
Crassicutis archosargi Sparks & Thatcher, 1960 Archosargus probatocephalus int GO ms, la 242, 319
Crassicutis cichlasomae Manter, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus int GMx, SA, EP mx 283
Crassicutis marina Manter, 1947 Eucinostomus gula, E.lefroyi, Gerres cinereus int GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl 208, 210, 235
Homalometron balistis (Manter, 1947) Balistes vetula int GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl 75, 208, 224
 Homalometron cryptum (Overstreet, 1969) Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon parra, H.plumierii, H.sciurus int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 75, 235
Homalometron elongatum Manter, 1947 Gerres cinereus int GMx, CA, EP sfl 208
Homalometron foliatum (Siddiqi & Cable, Haemulon aurolineatum, H.carbonarium, H.parra int GMx, CA, SA sfl 75, 235
1960)
Homalometron manteri Overstreet, 1970 Leiostomus xanthurus int GO ms 75, 236
Homalometron mexicanum Manter, 1937 Balistes capriscus, Stephanolepis hispidus int GMx, CA, EP sfl, wfl 75, 225, 235
Homalometron pallidum Stafford, 1904 Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Fundulus sp., Leiostomus xanthurus, int GMx, SE, NE, IUS, wfl, la, mx 225, 283, 316
Pogonias cromis SA, EP
Neoapocreadium viguerasi Zhukov, 1983 Balistes vetula int GO cu 3, 75, 354
Family: Aporocotylidae
Cardicola cardiocola (Manter, 1947) Calamus bajonado hrt GO sfl 208
Cardicola currani Bullard & Overstreet, 2004 Sciaenops ocellatus hrt GO ms 39
Cardicola laruei Short, 1953 Cynoscion arenarius, C.nebulosus hrt GO wfl 210, 225, 296
Cardicola palmeri Bullard & Overstreet, 2004 Pogonias cromis hrt GO ms 39
Deontacylix ovalis Linton, 1910 Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator bcv GO sfl 183, 208, 235
Elaphrobates euzeti Bullard & Overstreet, 2003 Lutjanus campechanus, L.griseus blv, hrt GO wfl, al, ms 38
Psettarium anthicum Bullard & Overstreet, Rachycentron canadum hrt GO ms 41
2006
Selachohemecus benzi Bullard & Overstreet, Carcharhinus limbatus hrt, kid GO wfl, ms 40
2006
Selachohemecus olsoni Short, 1954 Rhizoprionodon terraenovae hrt GO wfl 225
Family: Bathcotylidae
Bathycotyle coryphaenae Yamaguti, 1938 Coryphaena hippurus gil GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl, sepel, la, tx 44, 316, 3178
Family: Bivesiculidae
Bivesicula hepsetiae Manter, 1947 Atherinomorus stipes int GMx, SE, CA sfl 208
Bivesicula tarponis Sogandares-Bernal & Megalops atlanticus int, pcc GO wfl 151, 154, 309
Hutton, 1959
Family: Botulisaccidae
Botulisaccus pisceus Caballero, Bravo-Hollis, & Albula vulpes int, pcc GMx, EP sfl 235
Grocott, 1955
Family: Bucephalidae
Alcicornis carangis MacCallum, 1917 Carangoides ruber pcc GMx, CA cu 340
Bucephaloides callicotyle (Kohn, 1962) Pomatomus saltatrix int GMx, SA la 71, 249
Bucephaloides longoviferous (Manter, 1940) Sphyraena barracuda int, pcc GMx, CA sfl, la 71, 205, 249
Bucephaloides megacirrus Riggin & Sparks, Sciaenops ocellatus int, pcc GO wfl, ms, la, tx 71, 151, 186, 225,
1962 246, 249, 279,
300, 316
Bucephaloides paralichthydis Corkum, 1961 Paralichthys lethostigma int GO ms, la 67, 69, 249
Bucephaloides scomberomorus Corkum, 1968 Scomberomorus cavalla, S.maculatus pcc GO la, mx 71, 249
Bucephaloides strongylurae Hopkins, 1954 Strongylura marina int GO la, tx, mx 249, 316, 317

445
(continued )
 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

446
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Bucephaloides trichiuri Sogandares-Bernal, Trichiurus lepturus int, pcc GO ms, la 71, 249, 304, 316
1955
Bucephalus brevitentaculatus Corkum, 1967 Trichiurus lepturus pcc GO wfl, la 70, 224
Bucephalus cynoscion Hopkins, 1956 Bairdiella chrysoura, Cynoscion arenarius, C.nebulosus int, pcc, GO ms, la, tx 17, 70, 147, 245,
rec 316, 317
Bucephalus gorgon (Linton, 1905) Seriola dumerili, S.zonata int, pcc GMx, SE, EA, EP wfl, la 70, 224
Bucephalus kathetostomae (Manter, 1934) Kathetostoma albigutta int, pcc GO sflben, 202, 205
109121m
Bucephalus priacanthi Manter, 1940 Priacanthus arenatus int, pcc GO sfl 205
Bucephalus scorpaenae Manter, 1940 Scorpaena grandicornis, S.plumieri int, pcc GMx, CA, EP sfl, la 70, 205, 235
Bucephalus varicus Manter, 1940 Carangoides bartholomaei, C.ruber, Caranx crysos, C.hippos, int, pcc, GMx, CA, SA, EA, sfl, wfl, la 70, 151, 154, 175,
C.latus, Scomberomorus cavalla sto WP, IO 205, 224, 225,
235, 310
Dollfustrema gravidum Manter, 1940 Gymnothorax moringa int, pcc GO sfl, cu 205, 249, 340
Prosorhynchoides arcuatus (Linton, 1900) Pomatomus saltatrix, Scomberomorus cavalla, S.maculatus, int, pcc GMx, SE, NE, CA, sfl, wfl 71, 225, 235, 346
S.regalis, Sphyraena barracuda SA, WP
Prosorhynchoides bennetti (Hopkins & Sparks, Paralichthys albigutta, P.lethostigma int, pcc GO sfl, wfl, ms, la, 69, 71, 148, 151,
1958) mx 154, 210, 225,
235, 249, 208,
316
Prosorhynchoides caecorum Hopkins, 1956 Bairdiella chrysoura, Cynoscion arenarius, C.nebulosus, Microp- int, pcc GO wfl, ms, la, tx 17, 22, 71, 147,
ogonias undulatus, Sciaenops ocellatus 151, 154, 225,
246, 249, 300,
308, 316, 317
Prosorhynchus aguayoi Vigueras, 1955 Rypticus saponaceus int GMx, CA cu 340
Prosorhynchus atlanticus Manter, 1940 Mycteroperca bonaci, M.microlepis, M.venenosa int, pcc GMx, CA, SA sfl, wfl 205, 225
Prosorhynchus ozakii Manter, 1934 Epinephelus niveatus int, pcc GMx, CA, SA, EP sflben, 202, 205
164291m
Prosorhynchus pacificus Manter, 1940 Mycteroperca bonaci, M.microlepis int, pcc GMx, EP sfl, cu 235, 340
Prosorhynchus promicropsi Manter, 1940 Epinephelus itajara int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 205
Rhipidocotyle adbaculum Manter, 1940 Scomberomorus maculatus, S.regalis int, pcc GMx, EP sfl, la 205, 235
Rhipidocotyle angusticolle Chandler, 1941 Euthynnus alletteratus, Sarda sarda, Scomberomorus cavalla int GMx, EA, SA la, tx, mx 59, 71, 317
Rhipidocotyle baculum (Linton, 1905) Scomberomorus maculatus, S.regalis int, pcc GMx, SE sfl, wfl 205, 225
Rhipidocotyle barracudae Manter, 1940 Sphyraena barracuda int, pcc GO sfl, mx, cu 205, 317, 340
Rhipidocotyle capitatum (Linton, 1940) Euthynnus alletteratus pcc GO la 316
Rhipidocotyle lepisostei Hopkins, 1954 Atractosteus spatula, Mugil cephalus, M.curema int GO la 71, 316
 Rhipidocotyle lintoni Hopkins, 1954 Cyprinodon variegatus, Fundulus grandis, Menidia beryllina, int GO la, tx 71, 316, 317
Poecilia latipinna, Strongylura marina
Rhipidocotyle longicirrus (Nagaty, 1937) Sphyraena barracuda int, pcc GMx, CA, IO sfl, la 9, 71, 205, 210,
2499
Rhipidocotyle longleyi Manter, 1934 Sphyraena barracuda, Synagrops bellus int, pcc GO sfl, nepel-ben, 71, 202, 205, 346
255457m
Rhipidocotyle megagaster Corkum, 1968 Lophius americanus pcc GO neben 71
Rhipidocotyle nagatyi Manter, 1940 Euthynnus alletteratus int GO sfl, la 71, 205
Rhipidocotyle transversale Chandler, 1935 Membras vagrans, Menidia menidia, Strongylura marina, int GO wfl, la, tx, mx 57, 71, 151, 154,
S.notata, S.timucu 225, 308, 316,
317
Family: Callodistomidae
Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1856) Petenia splendida, Thorichthys helleri gbd GMx, CA, SA, EP mx 284
Family: Cladorchiidae
Cleptodiscus reticulatus Linton, 1910 Pomacanthus arcuatus rec GMx, SE, CA sfl, cu 208, 235, 342
Macrorchitrema havanense Vigueras, 1940 Holacanthus tricolor int GMx, CA cu 210, 337, 342
Family: Cryptogonimidae
Campechetrema herrerai Lamothe-Argumedo, Petenia splendida int GO mx 178, 284
Salgado-Maldonado, & Pineda-Lpez, 1989
Metadena adglobosa Manter, 1947 Lutjanus apodus, L.griseus, Paralichthys albigutta int, pcc GMx, BE, CA, SA sfl, wfl, mx 208, 225, 235, 289
Metadena brotulae (Manter, 1934) Brotula barbata, Lophius piscatorius int GO sfl 202, 208
Metadena crassulata Linton, 1910 Lutjanus analis int GMx, SE, CA sfl 183, 208
Metadena globosa (Linton, 1910) Cynoscion acoupa, Lutjanus griseus, L.mahogoni, L.synagris, int GMx, CA, EP sfl, la 208, 235, 289, 316
Ocyurus chrysurus
Metadena spectanda Travassos, Freitas, & Bairdiella chrysoura, Cynoscion arenarius, Micropogonias undu- int, pcc GMx, SA ms, la, tx 238, 245
Buhrnheim, 1967 latus, Sciaenops ocellatus
Metadena obscura Schroeder, 1971 Lutjanus griseus int, pcc GO sfl 289
Neochasmus olmecus Lamothe-Argumedo, Centropomus parallelus int GO mx 176
Pineda-Lpez, & Andrade-Salas, 1989
Neochasmus sogandaresi Overstreet, 1971 Morone saxatilis int, pcc GO ms, la 237
Oligogonotylus manteri Watson, 1976 Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Parachromis friedrichsthali, Thorich- int, rec GMx, CA, EP mx 283, 284
thys meeki, Vieja synspila
Paracryptogonimus americanus Manter, 1940 Lutjanus griseus, Ocyurus chrysurus int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl 235, 289
Pseudoacanthostomum floridensis (Nahhas & Ariopsis felis, Hexanematichthys assimilis int GMx, SA wfl, ms, mx 2, 66, 22510
Short, 1965)
Pseudocaecincola batallae Lamothe-Argumedo, Petenia splendida int GO mx 177, 284
Salgado, & Pineda-Lpez, 1991
Siphodera vinaledwardsii (Linton, 1901) Bairdiella chrysoura, Lutjanus mahogoni, Ocyurus chrysurus, int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, wfl, ms, mx 66, 151, 154, 208,
Opsanus beta EP 224, 225, 235,
310

447
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 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

448
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Tabascotrema verai Lamothe-Argumedo & Petenia splendida gbd, int GO mx 284

Pineda-Lpez, 1990
Family: Derogenidae
Derogenes crassus Manter, 1934 Foetorepus agassizii sto GMx, EP, WP sfl 202, 208
Derogenes varicus (Mueller, 1784) Helicolenus dactylopterus, Merluccius sp., Scorpaena maderensis, sto GMx, NE, SA, EP, sfl 202, 208
Setarches guentheri, Trachyscorpia cristulata, Urophycis regia AO, WP
Genarchella isabellae (Lamothe-Argumedo, Cichlasoma geddesi, C.octofasciatum, C.urophthalmus, Heri- int, sto GMx, CA, EP mx 156, 173, 283, 284
1977) chthys cyanoguttatus, H.pearsei, Parachromis friedrichsthali,
P.managuensis, Petenia splendida, Rhamdia guatemalensis,
Thorichthys helleri, T.meeki, Vieja fenestrata, V.synspila
Gonocerca crassa Manter, 1934 Ancylopsetta dilecta, Brotula barbata, Caelorinchus carmina- sto GMx, EA, SA, WP sfl, la 202, 208, 316
tus, Hippoglossina oblonga, Lophius piscatorius, Merluccius
bilinearis, Paralichthys sp., P.squamilentus, Saurida normani,
Setarches guentheri, Synodus intermedius, Urophyciscirrata,
U.regia, unknown synodontid
Gonocerca phycidis Manter, 1925 Bathygadus macrops, Caelorinchus carminatus, Coryphaenoides sto GMx, SA, EP sfl, neben, 18, 202, 208
mexicanus, C.zaniophorus, Malacocephalus laevis, M.occi- 4731170m
dentalis, Merluccius sp., Urophycis regia
Gonocercella atlantica Manter, 1940 Stephanolepis hispidus int GMx, SE sfl 208
Gonocercella trachinoti (MacCallum, 1913) Albula vulpes int, sto GMx, SE sfl 235
Hemipera nicolli (Manter, 1934) Chaunax pictus, Dibranchus atlanticus, Diplacanthopoma sto GO sfl 202, 208
brachysoma
Leurodera decora Linton, 1910 Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon aurolineatum, H.carbonar- pcc, sto GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, cu 208, 235, 345
ium, H.chrysargyreum, H.flavolineatum, H.parra, H.plumi-
erii, H.sciurus, Holocanthus tricolor, Lutjanus griseus, Para-
canthurus hepatus
Thometrema lotzi (Curran, Overstreet, & Font, Micropogonias undulatus sto GO ms, la 77
2002)
Family: Dictysarcidae
Dictysarca virens Linton, 1910 Gymnothorax funebris, Hippocampus erectus sbd GMx, CA sfl, cu 183, 208, 235, 345
Family: Didymozoidae
Allonematobothrium yucatanense Moravec, Epinephelus morio fin GO mx 220
Vidal-Martnez, Vargas-Vzquez, Vivas-
Rodrguez, Gonzlez-Sols, Mendoza-
Franco, Sim-Alvarez, & Gemez-Ricalde,
1997
 Didymocystis scomberomori (MacCallum & Scomberomorus maculatus, S. regalis wvs GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl, mx 2, 235
MacCallum, 1916)
Epithelionematobothrium fragile Skinner, 1975 Mugil cephalus bcv GO sfl 303
Family: Faustulidae
Antorchis urna (Linton, 1910) Holacanthus ciliaris, H.isabelita, Pomacanthus arcuatus, P.paru int, pcc GMx, SE, CA sfl, mx, cu 54, 210, 235, 342
Pseudobacciger harengulae Yamaguti, 1938 Clupeonella grimmi, Harengula clupeola int GMx, WP, IO sfl 86, 208, 210
Family: Fellodistomidae
Benthotrema plenum Manter, 1934 Unidentified lizard fish bcv, int GMx, SE sflben, 1064m 208
Claribulla longula Overstreet, 1969 Albula vulpes, Sphyraena barracuda int, pcc GO sfl 235
Echinobreviceca coelorhynchae Dronen, Blend, Caelorinchus caelorhincus int GO neben, 18, 98
& McEachran, 1994 448491m
Fellodistomum magnum (Manter, 1934) Unidentified eel int GO sflben, 548m 202, 208
Fellodistomum profundum (Manter, 1934) Argentina striata int GO sflben, 202, 208
175307m
Hypertrema ambovatum Manter, 1960 Synaphobranchus oregoni int, sto GMx, EA, WP ne, swben, 255
9141134m
Infundibulostomum spinatum Siddiqi & Cable, Haemulon sciurus int GMx, CA sfl 235
1960
Lissoloma brotulae Manter, 1934 Brotula barbata int GO sflben, 202, 208
144256m
Lomasoma gracilis (Manter, 1934) Peristedion miniatum int GO sflben, 202, 208
252274m
Lomasoma monolenei (Manter, 1934) Monolene antillarum int GO sflben, 202, 208
144286m
Lomasoma wardi (Manter, 1934) Caelorinchus carminatus, Urophycis regia int GO sflben, 202, 208
256458m
Megalomyzon robustum Manter, 1947 Lachnolaimus maximus sto GMx, CA sfl 208
Megenteron crassum Manter, 1934 Diplacanthopoma brachysoma int GMx, EA, NE sflben, 27, 202, 208
455549m
Megenteron manteri Harris & Dronen, 1999 Monomitopus agassizii int GO neben, 135
7831064m
Mesolecitha linearis Linton, 1910 Acanthurus coeruleus int GMx, CA sfl 183, 208
Monascus filiformis (Rudolphi, 1819) Decapterus punctatus int GMx, EA wfl 224
Proctoeces lintoni Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 Lagodon rhomboides rec GMx, CA sfl 235
Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Mycteroperca venenosa int, rec GMx, CA, EA, WP, sfl 208, 235
IO
Pycnadena lata (Linton, 1910) Calamus calamus int GO sfl 183, 208
Pycnadenoides calami Manter, 1947 Calamus bajonado gil GO sfl 20811
Steringotrema corpulentum (Linton, 1905) Archosargus rhomboidalis, Lagodon rhomboides int, pcc GMx, SE, EA sfl, wfl 151, 154, 225, 235,
310

449
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 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

450
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Tergestia acuta Manter, 1947 Carangoides bartholomaei int GMx, CA sfl 208
Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Auxis thazard, Euthynnus alletteratus, Thunnus albacares int GMx, CA, SA, EA, sfl, mx 208, 317
EP, WP
Tegestia pauca Texeira de Freitas & Kohn, 1965 Caranx sp. int GMx, SA mx 267
Tergestia pectinata (Linton, 1905) Bairdiella chrysoura, Caranx crysos, C.hippos, Oligoplites saurus, int, rec GMx, SE, NE, CA, sfl, wfl 151, 154, 208, 225,
Priacanthus arenatus, Selarcrumenophthalmus SA 235, 310
Family: Gorgocephalidae
Gorgocephalus manteri Zhukov, 1983 Kyphosus sectator int GO cu 354
Family: Gorgoderidae
Nagmia floridensis Markell, 1953 Dasyatis americana, D.sabina bcv GO wfl, ms, la 30, 34, 78, 212,
225, 316
Phyllodistomum carangis Manter, 1947 Carangoides ruber bcv, ubd GMx, EP sfl 208
Phyllodistomum lacustris (Loewen, 1929) Cichlasoma geddesi, C.urophthalmus, Gobiomorus dormitor, int, ubd GMx, IUS, EP mx 56, 283, 284
Vieja synspila
Phyllodistomum trinectes Corkum, 1961 Trinectes maculatus ubd GO la 68, 69
Xystretrum solidum Linton, 1910 Balistes capriscus, Lactophrys triqueter, Sphoeroides spengleri, kid, ubd GMx, BE, CA, SA sfl 183, 208, 235
S.testudineus, Stephanolepis hispidus
Family: Haploporidae
Culuwiya beauforti (Hunter & Thomas, 1961) Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, SE, SA sfl, al, ms, la 239, 259, 303
Culuwiya cichlidorum Aguirre-Macedo & Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Herichthys minckleyi, Oreochromis int GMx, CA mx 1
Scholz, 2005 aureus, O.mossambicus, O.niloticus, Parachromis managuen-
sis, Petenia splendida, Theraps coeruleus, Tomocichla tuba,
Vieja maculicauda, V.synspilum
Dicrogaster fastigata Thatcher & Sparks, 1958 Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, SE, SA, EP sfl, ms, la 238, 259, 303, 325
Hapladena invaginata Caballero, 1987 Paracanthurus hepatus int GMx, CA mx 54, 178
Hapladena leptotelea Manter, 1947 Pomacanthus arcuatus int GMx, WP sfl 208
Hapladena ovalis (Linton, 1910) Scarus coelestinus, Sparisoma rubripinne int GMx, CA sfl 183, 208
Hapladena varia Linton, 1910 Acanthurus coeruleus, Paracanthurus hepatus int GMx, CA sfl, cu 183, 206, 208,
34412
Intromugil mugilicolus (Shireman, 1964) Mugil cephalus int GMx, SA sfl, ms, la 252, 294, 30313
Megasolena hysterospina (Manter, 1931) Archosargus probatocephalus, A.rhomboidalis, Lagodon rhom- int GMx, SE, SA sfl, wfl, tx 151, 154, 199, 235,
boides 310, 317
Megasolena estrix Linton, 1910 Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator int GO sfl 183, 203, 208
Saccocoeloides sogandaresi Lumsden, 1963 Poecilia latipinna, P.reticulata int GMx, CA tx 190
Vitellibaculum spinosum (Siddiqi & Cable, Chaetodipterus faber int GMx, CA, SA sfl 235
1960)
 Family: Haplosplanchnidae
Haplosplanchnus adacutus Manter, 1937 Abudefduf saxatilis, Halichoeres bivittatus, H.maculipinna int GMx, CA sfl 204, 208
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus Manter, 1937 Calotomus spinidens, Nicholsina usta, Scarus coelestinus, S.gua- int GO sfl 204, 208
camaia, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, S.viride
Haplosplanchnus mugilis Nahhas & Cable, 1964 Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 303
Hymenocotta manteri Overstreet, 1969 Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, SE, SA, EP sfl, ms, la 235, 239, 303
Schikhobalotrema acutum (Linton, 1910) Strongylura marina, S.timucu, Tylosurus crocodilus int, rec GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl, wfl 183, 208, 225, 235
Schikhobalotrema elongatum Nahhas & Cable, Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 303
1964
Schikhobalotrema kyphosi (Manter, 1947) Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator int, pcc GO sfl 208, 235
Schikhobalotrema magnum Skinner, 1975 Mugil cephalus int GMx, CA, SA sfl 303
Schikhobalotrema obtusum (Linton, 1910) Acanthurus coeruleus, Paracanthurus hepatus int GMx, CA sfl 183, 204, 208
Schikhobalotrema pomacentri (Manter, 1937) Stegastes leucostictus, S.rectifraenum, S.variabilis int GMx, CA, EP, WP sfl 204, 208
Schikhobalotrema sparisomae (Manter, 1937) Gymnothorax funebris, Sparisoma chrysopterum, S.rubripinne, int GMx, CA, EP, EA sfl 204, 235
S.viride
Family: Hemiuridae
Adinosoma robustum (Manter, 1934) Bathygadus macrops, Chaunax pictus, Hippoglossina oblonga, sto GO sfl, neben, 18, 204, 208
Merluccius sp., Parasudis truculenta, Phycischesteri, Urophycis 473491m
regia
Anahemiurus microcercus Manter, 1947 Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Eucinostomus lefroyi int, sto GO sfl 208
Dinosoma rubrum Manter, 1934 Urophycis regia, unknown synodontid sto GO sfl 204, 208
Dinurus barbatus (Cohn, 1902) Coryphaena equiselis, C.hippurus, Sarda sarda sto GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl, cu 208, 345
Dinurus breviductus Looss, 1907 Coryphaena equiselis, C.hippurus sto GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, la, cu 208, 316, 345
Dinurus longisinus Looss, 1907 Coryphaena equiselis, C.hippurus sto GMx, CA, EP, WP, sfl, wfl, la 151, 154, 208, 316
IO
Dinurus scombri Yamaguti, 1934 Euthynnus alletteratus sto GMx, WP sfl, la 208, 316
Dinurus tornatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Coryphaena equiselis, C.hippurus sto GMx, SE, CA, IO sfl, wfl, la, cu 151, 154, 208, 308,
316, 345, 346
Dissosaccus laevis (Linton, 1898) Bathygadus macrops, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Nezumia cyrano, bcv, sto GMx, NE sfl, sw, neben, 18, 204, 208
Peristedion brevirostre, P.longispatha, P.miniatum, Scorpaena 2011170m
maderensis
Ectenurus americanus (Manter, 1947) Carangoides bartholomaei, Caranx crysos, Synodus foetens gil, sto GMx, CA sfl, mx 208, 235, 299
Ectenurus virgulus Linton, 1910 Bothus ocellatus, Carangoides bartholomaei, Caranx crysos, int, sto GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl, wfl 183, 208, 210, 224,
C.hippos, Clupeonella grimmi, Harengula clupeola, Ocyurus 235
chrysurus, Sardinella aurita, Selar crumenophthalma
Ectenurus yamagutii Nahhas & Powell, 1971 Caranx crysos, C.hippos, Lagodon rhomboides sto GMx, SA wfl 224
Genolinea anura (Manter, 1934) Argentina striata sto GO sfl 204, 208
Glomericirrus macrouri (Gaevskaya, 1975) Caelorinchus caelorhincus, C.caribbaeus, Malacocephalus occi- bcv, int, GMx, NE, EA, SA neben, 534m 18
dentalis, Nezumia aequalis sto

451
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 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

452
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Lecithochirium floridense (Manter, 1934)
Lecithochirium mecosaccum Manter, 1947
Lecithochirium microstomum Chandler, 1935
Lecithochirium parvum Manter, 1947
Lecithochirium synodi Manter, 1931
Lecithochirium texanum (Chandler, 1941)
Ancylopsetta dilecta, Antennarius radiosus, A.striatus, Bembrops int, sto GMx, SA ms, sflben, 66, 204, 220, 283,
gobioides, Brotula barbata, Calamus bajonado, Caranx latus, 73548m, 284, 332
Centropristis ocyurus, Chaunax pictus, Cichlasoma urophthal- mx
mus, Coryphaena hippurus, Cyclopsetta fimbriata, Diplectrum
bivittatum, D.formosum, Echeneis naucrates, Epinephelus
striatus, E.morio, Equetus lanceolatus, Euthynnus allettera-
tus, Haemulon album, H. aurolineatum, H.flavolineatum,
H.plumierii, H.sciurus, Halieutichthys aculeatus, Holocentrus
adscensionis, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus, Ptereleotris cal-
liura, Lonchopisthus micrognathus, Lophius piscatorius, Lut-
janus apodus, L.griseus, L.synagris, L.vivanus, Mycteroperca
microlepis, Ocyurus chrysurus, Ogcocephalus cubifrons, Per-
istedion imberbe, Polymixia lowei, Pontinus longispinis, Pria-
canthus arenatus, Prionotus stearnsi, Prionotus sp., Pseudupe-
neus maculatus, Scorpaena agassizii, S.brasiliensis, S.plumieri,
Selar crumenophthalmus, Syacium micrurum, S.papillosum,
Synodus foetens, S.poeyi, Trichopsetta ventralis, Tylosurus
crocodilus, Urophycis cirrata
Sciaenops ocellatus, Synodus foetens, S.poeyi sto GO sfl, wfl 208, 224, 225
Ancylopsetta dilecta, Anguilla rostrata, Centropomus undeci- sto GMx, SA, EP sfl, wfl, ms, 57, 151, 154, 208,
malis, Coryphaena equiselis, Epinephelus itajara, E.striatus, la, tx 224, 225, 235,
Lutjanus synagris, Megalops atlanticus, Mycteroperca bonaci, 254, 308, 316,
Oligoplites saurus, Pomatomus saltatrix, Synodus foetens, 317
Trichiurus lepturus
Archosargus rhomboidalis, Auxis thazard, Bairdiella chrysoura, sto GMx, CA sfl, wfl, la 69, 208, 224, 225,
Bathygobius soporator, Caranx crysos, Diplectrum formosum, 235, 316
Elops saurus, Epinephelus striatus, Eucinostomus gula, Euthyn-
nus alletteratus, Haemulon flavolineatum, Heteropriacan-
thus cruentatus, Lagodon rhomboides, Leiostomus xanthurus,
Lutjanus synagris, Micropogonias undulatus, Mycteroperca
bonaci, M.microlepis, Paralichthys albigutta, P.lethostigma,
Polymixia lowei, Priacanthus arenatus, Prionotus sp.,
Pseudupeneus maculatus, Scorpaena grandicornis, Synodus
foetens, Thunnus albacares
Opsanus beta, Paralichthys lethostigma, Synodus foetens int, sto GMx, SE sfl, wfl, la 69, 199, 208, 224,
235, 316
Euthynnus alletteratus, Sarda sarda, Selene vomer sto GMx, SA sfl, wfl, la, tx 208, 210, 225, 316,
317
 Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Peprilus alepidotus, P.burti sto GMx, SA, EP, WP wfl 224, 225
Lethadena profunda (Manter, 1934) Bathygadus macrops, Hemanthias aureorubens, Xenodermich- sto GO sfl, neben, 18, 202, 208
thys copei 491m
Merlucciotrema praeclarum (Manter, 1934) Merluccius bilinearis, Merluccius sp. sto GMx, SE, EA sfl 25, 202, 208
Myosaccium opisthonemae (Siddiqi & Cable, Sardinellaaurita sto GMx, CA, SA sfl 235
1960)
Opisthadena dimidia Linton, 1910 Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator sto GMx, CA, SE, EP, sfl 208, 235
WP
Paradinurus manteri Vigueras, 1958 Sphyraena barracuda sto GO cu 345
Parahemiurus anchoviae Pereira & Vaz, 1930 Anchoa lyolepis sto GMx, SA sfl 235
Parahemiurus merus (Linton, 1910) Abudefduf saxatilis, Bairdiella chrysoura, Brevoortia patronus, sto GMx, CA, SA, EP sfl, wfl, la 17, 151, 154, 183,
Caranx crysos, C.hippos, Cynoscion nebulosus, Harengula clu- 208, 224, 225,
peola, H.jaguana, Lagodon rhomboides, Ocyurus chrysurus, 235, 310, 316
Sardinellaaurita, Selarcrumenophthalmus, Synodus foetens,
Urophycis floridana
Saturnius maurepasi Overstreet, 1977 Mugil cephalus int, pcc GMx, CA, SA ms 243
Sterrhurus fusiformis (Lhe, 1901) Conger conger, Gymnothorax funebris, G.moringa, Muraena int, sto GMx, CA, EA, EP, sfl, la, cu 208, 316, 345
clepsydra WP
Sterrhurus havanensis Vigueras, 1958 Gymnothorax funebris sto GO cu 345
Sterrhurus latus Vigueras, 1958 Halichoeres bivittatus int GO cu 345
Sterrhurus loossi Vigueras, 1958 Gymnothorax funebris sto GO cu 345
Sterrhurus microcercus Manter, 1947 Fistularia tabacaria sto GO sfl 208
Sterrhurus monticelli (Linton, 1898) Pomatomus saltatrix, Prionotus scitulus int, sto GMx, SE wfl, ms 66, 225
Sterrhurus musculus Looss, 1907 Achirus lineatus, Ancylopsetta ommata, Anguilla rostrata, Aniso- int, pcc, GMx, CA, EA, WP sfl, wfl, mx, cu 208, 224, 225, 234,
tremus virginicus, Antennarius radiosus, Antennarius striatus, sto 235, 316, 319,
Bairdiella chrysoura, Bembrops gobioides, Brotula barbata, 345
Caranx hippos, Centropristis striata, Cyclopsetta fimbriata,
Diplectrum formosum, Echeneis naucrates, Epinephelus stria-
tus, Eucinostomus gula, Haemulon aurolineatum, H.parra,
Leiostomus xanthurus, Lepophidium profundorum, Lophius
piscatorius, Lutjanus apodus, L.campechanus, L.griseus, Men-
ticirrhus americanus, Micropogonias undulatus, Ogcocephalus
cubifrons, O.radiatus, Ophidion welshi, Opsanus beta, Orthop-
ristis chrysoptera, Paralichthys albigutta, Pontinus longispinis,
Porichthys porosissimus, Prionotus stearnsi, Prionotus sp.,
Scorpaena brasiliensis, S.plumieri, Sphyraena barracuda, Sya-
cium micrurum, S.papillosum, Synodus sp., S.foetens, S.inter-
medius, Urophyciscirrata, U.floridana
Sterrhurus ryptici Vigueras, 1958 Rypticus saponaceus sto GO cu 345
Sterrhurus texanus Chandler, 1941 Sarda sarda sto GO tx 59

453
(continued )
 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

454
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Stomachicola magnus (Manter, 1931) Cynoscion arenarius, Menidia beryllina, Paralichthys lethostigma, int, sto GMx, SE sfl, wfl, ms, 66, 69, 183, 186,
Synodus foetens la, tx 199, 225, 234,
244, 245, 316,
31914
Stomachicola rubeus (Linton, 1910) Gymnothorax funebris, G.moringa, Megalops atlantica, Synodus int, sto GMx, SE, BE, CA sfl, la, wfl 183, 208, 210,
foetens 31615
Theletrum fustiforme Linton, 1910 Pomacanthus arcuatus, P.paru sto GMx, CA sfl, cu 208, 210, 336, 345
Family: Hirudinellidae
Botulus microporus (Monticelli, 1899) Alepisaurus ferox sto GMx, EA, EP, WP, sfl 129
IO
Hirudinella ventricosa (Pallas, 1774) Acanthocybium solandri, Coryphaena hippurus, Cynoscion are- bcv, sto GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, ms, la 58, 129, 208, 229,
narius, Euthynnus sp., E.alletteratus, Istiophorus americanus EA, EP, IO 244, 317, 34616
Family: Lecithasteridae
Aponurus elongates Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 Chaetodipterus faber sto GMx, CA sfl, wfl 225, 235
Aponurus intermedius Manter, 1934 Chaunax pictus, unidentifed eel, unidentified sole sto GO sfl 202, 208
Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 Centropristis striata, Lagocephalus laevigatus, Membras vagrans, sto GMx, SA, EA, EP, sfl, wfl, la, tx 208, 225, 317, 319
Ocyurus chrysurus, Paralichthys albigutta WP, IO
Aponurus pyriformis (Linton, 1910) Anisotremus virginicus, Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Haemu- sto GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, ms 183, 241
lon carbonarium, H.macrostomum, H.parra, H.plumierii,
H.sciurus, Leiostomus xanthurus, Micropogonias undulatus
Dichadena acuta (Linton, 1910) Acanthurus coeruleus, Paracanthurus hepatus int GMx, CA sfl 183, 208
Hysterolecitha elongata Manter, 1931 Mugil cephalus sto GMx, SE, SA sfl, ms 199, 241, 303
Hysterolecitha rosea Linton, 1910 Acanthurus bahianus, A.coeruleus, Paracanthurus hepatus sto GMx, SE, CA sfl, cu 183, 208, 345
Lecithaster confusus Odhner, 1905 Alosa chrysochloris, Bairdiella chrysoura, Brevoortia patronus, int GMx, IO wfl, ms, la, tx 225, 241, 300
Lagodon rhomboides, Micropogonias undulatus, Morone mis-
sissippiensis, Sciaenops ocellatus, Urophycis floridana
Lecithaster helodes Overstreet, 1973 Mugil cephalus, M.curema int, pcc GMx, SA sfl, ms 241, 303
Lecithaster leiostomi Overstreet, 1970 Leiostomus xanthurus, Menidia beryllina, Urophycis floridana int, pcc, GMx, SE ms 236, 241
rec
Lecithophyllum pyriforme (Linton, 1910) Anisotremus virginicus, Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Chaet- int, sto GMx, SE, NE, CA, sfl, ms, cu 66, 208, 235, 345
odon ocellatus, C.sedentarius, Haemulon album, H.carbonar- EP
ium, H.chrysargyreum, H.macrostomum, H.parra, H.plumi-
erii, H.striatum, Micropogonias undulatus, Ogcocephalus
cubifrons, O.radiatus, Orthopristis chrysoptera, Paralichthys
dentatus, Prognathodes aya, Sphyraena guachancho
Macradena perfecta Linton, 1910 Acanthurus coeruleus int GMx, CA sfl 183, 208
Macradenina acanthuri Manter, 1947 Acanthurus coeruleus int GMx, CA sfl 208
 Family: Lepocreadiidae
Bianium lecanocephalum Vigueras, 1955 Aluterusscriptus int GMx, CA cu 341
Bianium plicitum (Linton, 1928) Chilomycterus schoepfii, Lagocephalus laevigatus, Sphaeroides int GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, wfl, ms 66, 151, 154, 208,
sp., S.spengleri, S.testudineus, Stephanolepis hispidus EP 210, 225, 235,
311
Bianium vitellosum (Sogandares-Bernal & Chilomycterus schoepfii, Lagocephalus laevigatus int GO sfl, wfl 151, 154, 235, 311
Hutton, 1959)
Cadenatella americana Manter, 1949 Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator int GO sfl, mx 178, 209, 210, 235
Cadenatella floridae Overstreet, 1969 Kyphosus sectator int, pcc GO sfl 235
Dermadena lactophrysi Manter, 1946 Acanthostracion quadricornis, Lactophrys triqueter int GMx, SE, BE, CA sfl, wfl 207, 208, 210, 225,
235
Enenterum aureum Linton, 1910 Kyphosus incisor, K.sectator int, rec GMx, SE, EP sfl 208, 235
Lepidapedoides nicolli (Manter, 1934) Epinephelus niveatus int GMx, CA, EA, EP sflben, 164m 202, 208
Lepidapedon caribbaei Blend, Dronen, & Caelorinchus caribbaeus int GO ne, nwben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 329393m
Lepidapedon desotoensis Blend, Dronen, & Coryphaenoides sp., C.zaniophorus int, pcc GO neben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 585732m
Lepidapedon elongatum (Lebour, 1908) Caelorinchus carminatus, Epigonus occidentalis, Laemonema int GMx, NE, EP sflben, 202, 208
barbatulum, Phycis chesteri 256671m
Lepidapedon lebouri Manter, 1934 Unidentified macrourid int GO sflben, 208
374521m
Lepidapedon levenseni (Linton, 1907) Epinephelus morio int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, mx 208, 220, 332
IO
Lepidapedon longivesicula Blend, Dronen, & Caelorinchus caribbaeus int GO nw, neben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 329393m
Lepidapedon mexicanensis Blend, Dronen, & Caelorinchus caelorhincus, Coryphaenoides carminifer, C.zanio- int GO neben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 phorus 436655m
Lepidapedon nezumiatis Blend, Dronen, & Nezumia aequalis, N.cyrano int GO neben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 6551170m
Lepidapedon rachion (Cobbold, 1858) Caelorinchus carminatus int GMx, NE sflben, 208
365576m
Lepidapedon zaniophori Blend, Dronen, & Coryphaenoides zaniophorus int GO neben, 19
Armstrong, 2000 586710m
Lepocreadium archosargi Pearse, 1949 Archosargus probatocephalus int GMx, SE ms 66
Lepocreadium brevoortiae Nahas & Short, 1965 Brevoortia patronus int GO wfl 225
Lepocreadium bimarinum Manter, 1940 Lachnolaimus maximus int GMx, CA, SA, EP sfl 208
Lepocreadium floridanus Sogandares-Bernal & Lagodon rhomboides int, pcc GMx, EA sfl, wfl, tx 154, 225, 235, 310,
Hutton, 1959 311, 319
Lepocreadium opsanusi Sogandares & Hutton, Opsanus beta int GMx, CA wfl 151, 154
1960
Lepocreadium pyriforme (Linton, 1900) Peprilus alepidotus, P.triacanthus, Sardinellaaurita int, pcc GMx, NE, CA sfl, ms 66, 235

455
(continued )
 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

456
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Lepocreadium sogandaresi Nahhas & Powell, Stegastes leucostictus int GO wfl 224
1971
Lepocreadium trulla (Linton, 1907) Cynoscion acoupa, Lutjanus campechanus, Ocyurus chrysurus int GMx, SE, BE, CA sfl, wfl, la 206, 208, 224, 235,
316
Multitestis chaetodoni Manter, 1947 Chaetodon capistratus, C.ocellatus int, pcc GMx, SE, BE, CA sfl 26, 208, 210
Multitestis inconstans (Linton, 1905) Chaetodipterus faber int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, wfl 26, 225, 235
Multitestis rotundus Sparks, 1954 Archosargus probatocephalus int, pcc GMx, CA, SA wfl, la, tx 151, 154, 311, 315,
316, 317
Myzoxenus lachnolaimi Manter, 1947 Caelorinchus carminatus, Lachnolaimus maximus int GMx, CA, SA sfl 208, 210
Myzoxenus vittellosus Manter, 1934 Calamus calamus, Decodon puellaris int GO sflben, 208
91109m
Neoapocreadium coili (Sogandares-Bernal, 1959) Balistes capriscus int GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl 224, 235
Neolepidapedoides macrum (Overstreet, 1969) Mycteroperca microlepis int GO sfl 29, 235
Opechona gracilis (Linton, 1910) Clupeonella grimmi, Peprilus alepidotus int GMx, SE sfl 183, 208, 225
Opechona menidiae Manter, 1947 Menidia beryllina, Membras vagrans int GMx, SE tx 317
Postporus epinepheli (Manter, 1947) Epinephelus morio, Mycteroperca bonaci int GMx, CA sfl, mx 208, 209, 210, 220,
235, 332
Postporus mycteropercae Manter, 1947 Mycteroperca venenosa int GMx, BE sfl 208
Pseudocreadium anandrum Manter, 1947 Calamus calamus int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 208
Pseudocreadium lamelliforme (Linton, 1907) Balistes capriscus int GMx, BE, CA sfl 207, 235
Pseudocreadium scaphosomum Manter, 1940 Stephanolepis hispidus int GMx, EP sfl 235
Rhagorchis odhneri Manter, 1931 Aluterus schoepfii, Monacanthus ciliatus int GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl 199, 208
Family: Megaperidae
Megapera gyrina (Linton, 1907) Acanthostracion quadricornis, Lactophrys trigonus GMx, BE, CA sfl 183, 201, 208
Megapera orbicularis (Manter, 1933) Acanthostracion quadricornis int GO sfl 201, 208
Megapera ovalis (Manter, 1933) Stephanolepis hispidus int GO sfl 201, 208
Megapera pseudura (Manter, 1933) Acanthostracion quadricornis int GO sfl 201, 208
Thysanopharynx elongatus Manter, 1933 Acanthostracion quadricornis int GMx, SE, CA sfl 201, 235
Family: Microphallidae
Levinseniella capitanea Overstreet & Perry, Opsanus beta int GO al, ms 256, present study
1972
Megalophallus diodontis Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 Sphoeroides testudineus int GMx, CA sfl 253, present study
Family: Microscaphidiidae
Hexangitrema pomacanthi Price, 1937 Pomacanthus arcuatus int, rec GMx, CA sfl 235
Family: Monorchiidae
Chrisomom albulae (Overstreet, 1969) Albula vulpes int, pcc GO sfl 89, 235
Diplomonorchis floridensis Nahhas & Powell, Symphurus plagiusa int GMx, SE, SA wfl 223, 224
1965
 Diplomonorchis leiostomi Hopkins, 1941 Archosargus rhomboidalis, Bairdiella chrysoura, Chasmodes int, pcc GMx, SE, SA sfl, wfl, ms, 69, 78, 146, 151,
saburrae, Gobiosoma robustum, Lagodon rhomboides, Leios- la, tx 154, 158, 223,
tomus xanthurus, Micropogonias undulatus, Orthopristis 224, 235, 300,
chrysoptera, Pogonias cromis, Stephanolepis hispidus, Sciaen- 310, 31617
ops ocellatus, Trinectes maculatus
Diplomonorchis sphaerovarium Nahhas & Ophichthus gomesi int GMx, CA, SA sfl 235
Cable, 1964
Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910 Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon album, H.aurolineatum, int, pcc, GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl 183, 206, 208, 210,
H.carbonarium, H.chrysargyreum, H.flavolineatum, H.mac- sto 235
rostomum, H.parra, H.plumierii, H.sciurus, H.striatum,
Synodus foetens
Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni (Manter, 1942) Chaetodon capistratus, C.ocellatus int GMx, CA sfl 206, 208
Hurleytrema catarinensis Amato, 1982 Trachinotus carolinus int, pcc, GMx, SA mx 285
sto
Hurleytrema pyriforme Overstreet, 1969 Trachinotus carolinus, T.falcatus int, pcc, GO sfl, mx 235, 285
sto
Hurleytrema shorti (Nahhas & Powell, 1965) Selene vomer int, pcc, GMx, SA sfl, wfl 223, 224, 235
sto
Lasiotocus beauforti (Hopkins, 1941) Lagodon rhomboides, Orthopristis chrysoptera int GMx, SE, SA wfl 146, 223
Lasiotocus glebulentus Overstreet, 1971 Mugil cephalus int GMx, SA sfl, al, ms 239, 303
Lasiotocus haemuli Overstreet, 1969 Haemulon plumierii, H.sciurus int, pcc GO sfl 235
Lasiotocus lintoni (Manter, 1931) Lagodon rhomboides, Orthopristis chrysoptera int GMx, SE wfl 199, 223, 224
Lasiotocus longicaecum (Manter, 1940) Anisotremus interruptus, A.virginicus int, rec GMx, SE, EP sfl 206, 208, 235
Lasiotocus longovatus (Hopkins, 1941) Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon aurolineatum, H.parra, int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl 146, 235
H.sciurus, Orthopristis chrysoptera
Lasiotocus minutum (Manter, 1931) Fundulus similis int GMx, SE wfl 151, 154, 199, 311
Lasiotocus mugilis Overstreet, 1969 Mugil cephalus int GMx, SE sfl 235, 303
Lasiotocus truncatus (Linton, 1910) Haemulon flavolineatum, H.plumierii, H.sciurus int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 235
Monorchis latus Manter, 1942 Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon plumierii int GMx, EP sfl 206, 208
Paraproctotrema brevicaecum Manter, 1942 Carangoides bartholomaei int GMx, CA sfl 206, 208
Postmonorchis orthopristis Hopkins, 1941 Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon aurolineatum, H.flavolinea- int, sto GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl 206, 208, 235
tum, H.parra, H.plumierii, H.sciurus
Proctotrema parvum Manter, 1942 Haemulon flavolineatum int GO sfl 206, 208
Proctotrema truncatum (Linton, 1910) Haemulon album, H.flavolineatum, H.plumierii, H.sciurus int, pcc GO sfl 206, 208
Pseudohurleytrema eucinostomi (Manter, 1942) Eucinostomus gula, E.lefroyi int, rec GMx, CA sfl 206, 208, 235
Zhukovtrema cabelleroi (Zhukov, 1983) Syacium sp. int GO mx 354
Family: Opecoelidae
Apertile holocentri (Manter, 1947) Sargocentron coruscum int GMx, SE sfl 208, 235
Bathycreadium nanaflexicollis Dronen, Rubec, Urophycis cirrata int GO nwben 101
& Underwood, 1977

457
(continued )
 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

458
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Buticulotrema stenauchenus Blend, Dronen, & Hymenocephalus italicus, Malacocephalus occidentalis, Nezumia int, pcc GO neben, 18, 21
McEachran, 1993 aequalis 364585m
Cainocreadium consuetum (Linton, 1910) Haemulon plumierii int GO sfl 183, 208
Cainocreadium gulella (Linton, 1910) Lutjanus analis, L.griseus int GMx, WP sfl 208, 28918
Cainocreadium lintoni (Siddiqi & Cable, 1960) Epinephelus striatus int, sto GMx, CA mx 299
Cainocreadium oscitans (Linton, 1910) Anisotremus virginicus, Archosargus rhomboidalis, Haemulon int, pcc GMx, CA, SA, EP sfl 73, 183, 208, 23519
carbonarium, H.chrysargyreum, H.plumierii, H.sciurus
Eurycreadium vitellosum Manter, 1934 Laemonema barbatulum int GO sflben, 455+m 202, 208
Genitocotyle atlantica Manter, 1947 Carapus bermudensis, Carapus sp., Haemulon flavolineatum, int GMx, CA sfl 208, 21020
Malacoctenus macropus, Opisthognathus sp., Syngnathus sp.
Genitocotyle cablei Nahhas & Short, 1965 Ancylopsetta ommata, Hippocampus erectus int GO sfl, wfl 225, 235
Hamacreadium confusum Overstreet, 1969 Lutjanus griseus, Ocyurus chrysurus pcc GMx, CA sfl 235, 289
Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910 Anisotremus virginicus, Lutjanus analis, L.apodus, L.campechanus, int, pcc, GMx, SE, EP, WP, sfl, mx 53, 183, 208, 235,
L.griseus, L.jocu, L.synagris, Ocyurus chrysurus sto IO 282, 299
Helicometra equilata Manter, 1933 Holocentrus adscensionis int GMx, CA, SE sfl 200, 208
Helicometra fasciata (Rudolphi, 1819) Bellator militaris, Prionotus alatus, P.carolinus int GMx, SE, EA, EP, sflben, 200, 208
WP 91110m
Helicometra robinsorum Overstreet & Martin, Ilyophis brunneus, Synaphobranchus oregoni int, sto GO ne, se, swben, 255
1974 8051134m
Helicometra torta Linton, 1910 Epinephelus adscensionis, E.morio, E.striatus int, pcc GMx, SE, CA, EP sfl, mx 200, 208, 220, 235,
332
Helicometrina execta (Linton, 1910) Anisotremus virginicus, Bathygobius soporator, Doratonotus int, pcc, GMx, SE, CA sfl 183, 200, 208, 235,
megalepis, Haemulon plumierii, H.sciurus, Halichoeres bivit- rec 289
tatus, H.pictus, H.poeyi, H.radiatus, Labrisomus bucciferus,
L.haitensis, L.kalisherae, Lachnolaimus maximus, Lutjanus
griseus, Mycteroperca bonaci, M.venenosa, Pareques umbro-
sus, Scartella cristata, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Trachinotus
falcatus
Helicometrina mirzai Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 Labrisomus nuchipinnis, Ogcocephalus cubifrons, Opsanus beta int, rec GMx, CA, EP sfl 235
Helicometrina nimia Linton, 1910 Apogon maculatus, A.pseudomaculatus, Balistes vetula, Cala- int, pcc , GMx, SE, CA, SA, sflben, 110m, 183, 200, 208, 235,
mus calamus, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Epinephelus morio, rec EP mx 283, 284, 289,
Lutjanus apodus, L.griseus, L.mahogoni, L.synagris, Ocyurus 332
chrysurus, Opisthognathus maxillosus, Opsanus beta, Scor-
paena agassizii, S.brasiliensis, S.grandicornis, S.plumieri, Ste-
gastes leucostictus, Syacium papillosum
Helicometrina parva Manter, 1933 Halichoeres bivittatus int GO sfl 200, 208
Macrourimegatrema gadoma Blend, Dronen, & Gadomus arcuatus int, pcc GMx, CA neben, 20
Armstrong, 2007 6371115m
 Manteriella crassa (Manter, 1947) Equetus lanceolatus, Haemulon carbonarium, Odontoscion den- bdt, int, GMx, CA sfl 208, 23521
tex, Pareques umbrosus sto
Neonotoporus yamagutii Manter, 1947 Selar crumenophthalmus int GO sfl 208
Nicolla halichoeri Overstreet, 1969 Halichoeres bivittatus, H.radiatus int GO sfl 235
Opecoelina helicoleni Manter, 1934 Helicolenus dactylopterus, Scorpaena maderensis int GO sflben, 202, 208
360576m
Opecoelina scorpaenae Manter, 1934 Trachyscorpia cristulata int GO sflben, 457m 208
Opecoeloides brachyteleus Manter, 1947 Upeneus martinicus int GMx, CA sfl 208
Opecoeloides elongatus Manter, 1947 Pseudupeneus maculatus int GMx, CA sfl 208
Opecoeloides fimbriatus (Linton, 1934) Bairdiella chrysoura, Menticirrhus americanus, M.littoralis, int, pcc, GMx, SE, NE, SA wfl, ms, la, tx 151, 154, 224, 225,
M.saxatilis, Micropogonias undulatus, Sciaenops ocellatus sto 241, 308, 311,
316, 317
Opecoeloides polynemi von Wicklen, 1946 Polydactylus octonemus int, sto GMx, SA tx 210, 317
Opecoeloides vitellosus (Linton, 1900) Micropogonias undulatus, Sciaenops ocellatus rec GMx, SE wfl, ms 246
Opecoelus atlanticus Zhukov, 1983 Pempheris klunzingeri int GO cu 354
Opegaster pritchardae Overstreet, 1969 Bathygobius soporator rec GMx, CA, SA sfl 23522
Opegaster synodi Manter, 1947 Synodus foetens int GO sfl 208
Podocotyle pearsei Manter, 1934 Malacocephalus occidentalis, Phycischesteri int GO sflben, 18, 202, 208
457672m
Pseudopecoeloides carangis (Yamaguti, 1938) Carangoides bartholomaei, C.ruber int GMx, CA, SA, EP, sfl 208
WP
Pseudopecoeloides equesi Manter, 1947 Equetus lanceolatus, Pareques umbrosus int GMx, CA sfl 208, 210, 235
Pseudopecoeloides gracilis Manter, 1947 Selar crumenophthalmus int GMx, SE, CA sfl 208
Pseudopecoelus manteri Sogandares & Hutton, Bairdiella chrysoura pcc GO wfl 151, 154, 308
1958
Pseudopecoelus priacanthi (MacCallum, 1921) Heteropriacanthus cruentatus, Priacanthus arenatus int GMx, EP, SA sfl 208
Pseudopecoelus scorpaenae (Manter, 1947) Scorpaena brasiliensis, S.grandicornis, S.plumieri int, rec GMx, SE sfl 208, 235
Pseudopecoelus tortugae von Wicklen, 1946 Caelorinchus carminatus int GMx, CA, EA sfl 208
Pseudopecoelus vulgaris (Manter, 1934) Ancylopsetta dilecta, Bellator militaris, Bembrops gobioides, int, sto GMx, WP se, swben, 202, 208, 255
Benthodesmus simonyi, Brotula barbata, Helicolenus dacty- 686699m,
lopterus, Laemonema barbatulum, Peristedion brevirostre, sflben,
P.miniatum, P.imberbe, Pontinus longispinis, Prionotus alatus, 91591m
P.stearnsi, Pronotogrammus sp., Synaphobranchus affinis, Tra-
chyscorpia cristulata
Tellervotrema armstrongi Gibson & Bray, 1982 Nezumia aequalis, N.cyrano bcv, int, GMx, EA neben, 18
liv, pcc 5341170m
Family: Opistholebetidae
Opistholebes adcotylophorus Manter, 1947 Diodon holocanthus int GO sfl 208
Pachycreadium crassigulum (Linton, 1910) Calamus bajonado, C.calamus, Decodon puellaris, Diplodus hol- int GMx, CA sfl 183, 208, 235
brookii

459
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 Checklist 1. Trematoda in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

460
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Family: Pronocephalidae
Barisomum erubescens Linton, 1910 Epinephelus morio, Holacanthus ciliaris, H.isabelita, Pomacan- int GMx, CA sfl, mx, cu 178, 183, 208, 210,
thus arcuatus, Scarus iseri 235, 332, 340
Pleurogonius candidulus (Linton, 1910) Holacanthus ciliaris, Pomacanthus arcuatus int GMx, CA sfl, cu 208, 210, 340
Family: Prosogonotrematidae
Prosogonotrema bilabiatum Vigueras, 1940 Ocyurus chrysurus sto GMx, CA cu 210, 335
Family: Sclerodistomidae
Sclerodistomum sphoeroidis Manter, 1947 Chilomycterus schoepfii, Sphoeroides spengleri, S.testudineus bcv, sto GMx, CA sfl, wfl 151, 154, 208, 225,
235, 310
Family: Zoogonidae
Brachyenteron parexocoeti Manter 1947 Parexocoetus hillianus int GO sfl 208
Brachyenteron peristedioni Manter, 1934 Peristedion brevirostre int GO sflben, 202, 208
247285m
Deretrema fusillus Linton, 1910 Abudefduf saxatilis, Decodon puellaris, Haemulon macrostomum, int GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl 183, 208
Ocyurus chrysurus, Priacanthus arenatus, Upeneus parvus
Diphtherostomum albulae Overstreet, 1969 Albula vulpes int, pcc GO sfl 235
Diphtherostomum americanum Manter, 1947 Archosargus rhomboidalis, Chasmodes saburrae, Gobiosoma int, rec GMx, SA sfl, wfl 151, 154, 208, 235,
robustum, Haemulon chrysargyreum, Lagodon rhomboides, 311
Opsanus beta, Stegastes leucostictus
Diphtherostomum anisotremi Nahhas & Cable, Acanthostracion quadricornis, Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon int, rec GMx, CA sfl, wfl 224, 235
1964 plumierii, H.sciurus
Diphtherostomum brusinae (Stossich, 1889) Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Haemulon parra int GMx, SA, EP, WP, sfl, mx 208, 283, 284
IO
Diplangus parvus Manter, 1947 Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulon carbonarium, H.flavolinea- int, pcc GMx, CA sfl 208, 235
tum, H.parra, H.plumierii, H.sciurus
Diplangus paxillus Linton, 1910 Anisotremus virginicus, Archosargus probatocephalus, Balistes int, rec GMx, CA sfl, tx 183, 208, 235,
vetula, Calamus calamus, Haemulon carbonarium, H.chrys- 31723
argyreum, H.flavolineatum, H.macrostomum, H.parra,
H.plumierii, H.sciurus
Glaucivermis spinosus Overstreet, 1971 Menticirrhus americanus int, pcc GO ms 240
Steganoderma hemiramphi Manter, 1947 Hemiramphus brasiliensis int GMx, CA sfl 208
Steganoderma nitens (Linton, 1898) Strongylura timucu, Tylosurus crocodilus int GMx, CA sfl 208, 235
Steganoderma parexocoeti Manter, 1947 Parexocoetus hillianus int GO sfl 208
1
Reported as the junior synonym Texanocotyle pogoniae by Simpson and McGraw (1979).
2
Reported as the junior synonym Laterocotyle padreinsulae by Simpson and McGraw (1979).
3
We consider the report of Lobatostoma kemostoma by Bunkley-Williams, Dyer, and Williams (1996) to be L.ringens, which we also have commonly observed in the north-central GMx.
4
Potentially also in SFL (immature specimens) (Hendrix and Overstreet 1977).
 5
May be conspecific with GMx material reported as Stephanostomum ditrematis.
6
Stephanostomum mediovitellarium reported by Vigueras (1955d) is considered a junior synonym of S.sentum by Sogandares-Bernal (1959).
7
Cribb and Bray (1999) suggested that this taxon belonged in Homalometron.
8
Considered a junior synonym of Bathycotyle branchialis by Gibson (2002).
9
Bartoli and Bray (2005) considered the species in Rhipidocotyle with Bucephaloides arcuatus of Manter (1940) as a junior synonym. Rhipidocotyle longicirrus reported as Bucephaloides longicirrus and Bucephalus longicirrus.
10
We consider all GMx references to Pseudoacanthostomum panamenense to refer to P.floridensis.
11
Perhaps an abnormal site for infection.
12
Nahhas and Carlson (1994) suggested that Hapladena megatyphion Vigueras, 1956 from GMx was a junior synonym.
13
Originally reported as Carassotrema mugilicolum.
14
Sparks (1958) suggested that this taxon also probably presents from Lepisosteus osseus.
15
New record for adults collected from Megalops atlantica from West and South Florida by R.Overstreet.
16
Ward (1954) reported the species as the pre-Linnaean name Hirudinella marina Garcin, 1730.
17
Nahhas and Powell (1965) stated that Stephanolepis hispidus (as Monacanthus hispidus) may be an accidental host.
18
Durio and Manter (1968) transfered Hamacreadium gulella to Cainocreadium.
19
Most recently, Cribb (2005a) considered Hamacreadium oscitans as a member of Cainocreadium; previously, Pritchard (1966) had considered the species the type species of Apopodocotyle, which Cribb (2005a) considered a
synonym of Cainocreadium.
20
Syngnathus sp. is the host species reported by Manter (1947) (Syngnathus robertsi).
21
Manter (1947) suggested that Haemulon carbonarium may not be a natural host.
22
AkenOva (2007) considered Opegaster pritchardae a junior synonym of Opecoelus pritchardae; however, we follow Cribb (2005a) and tentatively accept both genera.
23
Manter (1947) suggested that the host record in Calamus calamus may be an error.

461
462 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)

Checklist 2. Trematoda in reptiles from the Gulf of Mexico.

Site in Overall GMx References/

Taxon Hosts host geographic range range Endnotes

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Subclass: Aspidogastrea
Family: Aspidogastridae
Lophotaspis vallei (Stossich, 1899) Caretta caretta sto GMx, SA, EA wfl 349
Subclass: Digenea
Family: Brachycoeliidae
Cymatocarpus solearis (Braun, 1899) Caretta caretta int GMx, EA, EP, WP, sfl, wfl 16, 183, 188,
IO 210, 269 1
Family: Cladorchiidae
Schizamphistomoides spinulosus Chelonia mydas lin GMx, EA, EP, IO fl 13, 228 2
(Looss, 1901)
Schizamphistomum scleroporum Chelonia mydas lin GMx, CA, EA, WP cu 13, 131
(Creplin, 1844)
Family: Cryptogonimidae
Acanthostomum americanum Crocodylus acutus, int GMx, CA mx, cu 219
(Vigueras, 1956) C.moreletii, C.rhombifer
Caimanicola pavidus (Brooks & Alligator mississippiensis int GMx, IUS ms, la 31, 33, 37 3
Overstreet, 1977)
Timoniella loossi (Vigueras, 1956) Alligator mississippiensis, int GMx, CA la, mx, cu 31, 33, 37,
Crocodylus acutus, 219 4
C.moreletii, C.rhombifer
Protocaecum coronarium (Cobbold, Alligator mississippiensis sin GMx, IUS ms, la 31, 33, 37 5
1861)
Family: Gorgoderidae
Plesiochorus cymbiformis (Rudolphi, Caretta caretta clo, liv, rec, GMx, CA, SA, EA, sfl 16, 183, 210,
1819) sin, urt EP, WP, IO 269 6
Family: Microscaphidiidae
Angiodictyum parallelum (Looss, Chelonia mydas lin GMx, CA, EA fl 14, 228
1901)
Deuterobaris proteus (Brandes, 1891) Chelonia mydas lin GMx, CA, EA fl 108, 228
Microscaphidium reticulare (van Chelonia mydas int, lin GMx, CA, EA, WP cu 14, 131
Beneden, 1859)
Octangium sagitta (Looss, 1899) Chelonia mydas lin, sin GMx, CA, EA, fl 15, 108, 228
WP, IO
Polyangium linguatula (Looss, 1899) Chelonia mydas lin GMx, CA, SA, EA, sfl, fl, cu 14, 108, 131,
WP, IO 210, 228
Family: Pachypsolidae
Pachypsolus irroratus (Rudolphi, Caretta caretta int, sto GMx, BE, CA, EA, sfl, wfl 16, 183, 210,
1819) EP, WP, IO 269 7
Family: Plagiorchiidae
Enodiotrema megachondrus (Looss, Chelonia mydas int GMx, EA fl, cu 131, 228
1899)
Styphlotrema solitarius (Looss, 1899) Caretta caretta int GMx, EA sfl 188, 210
Family: Pronocephalidae
Adenogaster serialis Looss, 1901 Eretmochelys imbricata int GMx, EP cu 340
Cricocephalus albus (Kuhl & van Caretta caretta, Chelonia sto GMx, CA, EA, sfl, fl 183, 210,
Hasselt, 1822) mydas WP, IO 215, 228
Cricocephalus americanus Vigueras, Eretmochelys imbricata sto GO cu 340
1955
Cricocephalus megastomus Looss, Chelonia mydas sto GMx, CA, EA fl 228
1902
Desmogonius desmogonius Stephens, Chelonia mydas GMx, CA sfl 210
1911
 Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 463

Checklist 2. Trematoda in reptiles from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Site in Overall GMx References/

Taxon Hosts host geographic range range Endnotes

Diaschistorchis pandus (Braun, 1901) Caretta caretta, Chelonia sto GMx, CA, IO cu, sfl 14, 210,
mydas, Eretmochelys 340 8
imbricata
Glyphicephalus lobatus Looss, 1901 Chelonia mydas int GMx, EA fl 228
Glyphicephalus solidus Looss, 1901 Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys int GMx, EA cu 340
imbricata
Pleurogonius longibursatus Vigueras, Eretmochelys imbricata int GO cu 340
1955
Pleurogonius trigonocephalus Caretta caretta, Chelonia int GMx, EA, WP sfl, cu 188, 210,
(Rudolphi, 1809) mydas, Eretmochelys 340
imbricata
Pyelosomum cochlear Looss, 1899 Chelonia mydas clo, ubd GMx, EA, EP fl 108, 228
Pyelosomum longicaecum Luhman, Caretta caretta GO sfl 188, 210
1935
Pyelosomum renicapite (Leidy, 1856) Dermochelys coriacea GMx, NE, EA tx 210
Family: Proterodiplostomidae
Pseudoneodiplostomum groschafti Crocodylus rhombifer sin GMx, EP mx, cu 219
Moravec, 2001
Family: Rhytidodidae
Rhytidodes gelatinosus (Rudolphi, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys int GMx, CA, EA, EP, sfl, cu 16, 188, 210,
1819) imbricata WP, IO 269, 340 9
Rhytidodoides intestinalis Price, 1939 Chelonia mydas gbd, int GMx, EP fl 228
Rhytidodoides similis Price, 1939 Chelonia mydas gbd GMx, WP fl 228
Family: Spirorchiidae
Carettacola bipora Manter & Larson, Caretta caretta blv, hrt GO sfl 188, 210
1950
Hapalotrema synorchis Luhman, Caretta caretta hrt GO sfl 188, 210
1935
Learedius learedi Price, 1934 Chelonia mydas blv, hrt GMx, BE, CA, EP fl 108, 228
Learedius similis Price, 1934 Chelonia mydas blv, hrt GMx, BE, CA fl 228
Neospirorchis pricei Manter & Caretta caretta hrt GO sfl 210, 211
Larson, 1950
Family: Telorchiidae
Orchidasma amphiorchis (Braun, Caretta caretta int, sto GMx, SE, CA, SA, sfl, wfl, 51, 183, 188,
1899) EA, EP, WP, IO mx 199, 210,
269
1
Also reported as the junior synonym Cymatocarpus undulatus.
2
The collection locality of material reported by Nigrelli (1941) is Florida, according to Dyer, Williams, and Bunkley-Williams (1991, 1995), Dyer etal. (1995)
and Dyer (1995). This comment applies to the following trematodes: Angiodictyum parallelum, Octangium sagitta, Polyangium linguatula, Schizamphisto-
moides spinulosus, Enodiotrema megachondrus, Cricocephalus albus, Cricocephalus megastomus, Glyphicephalus lobatus, Pyelosomum cochlear.
3
Reported by some as Acanthostomum pavidum. IUS report from Alachua County, Florida.
4
Acanthochasmus loossi was considered Acanthostomum loossi by Brooks and Overstreet (1977), Timoniella loossi by Brooks (1980) and in the checklist, Timo-
nella (Maillardiella) loossi by Brooks and Holcman (1993), and Pelaezia loossi by Moravec (2001).
5
Also reported as the junior synonym Acanthostomum coronarium. IUS report from Alachua County, Florida.
6
Also reported as the junior synonym Phyllodistomum cymbiforme.
7
Also reported as the junior synonyms Pachypsolus ovalis and Pachypsolus tertius.
8
Also reported as the synonym Wilderina elliptica Pratt, 1914 by Mehra (1932).
9
Also reported as the junior synonyms Rhytidoes gelatinosum and R.secundus.
 Checklist 3. Digenea in birds from the Gulf of Mexico.

464
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Subclass: Digenea
Family: Cyathocotylidae
Mesostephanus appendiculatoides (Price, 1934) Ardea alba, A.herodias, Gavia immer, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, bfb, cec, clo, GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl, ms, la 5, 72, 126, 151,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Pandion haliaetus, Pelecanus erythro- lin, sin 152, 154, 167,
rhynchos, P.occidentalis, Phalacrocorax auritus 210, 251, 273,
326
Mesostephanus cubaensis Alegrat, 1941 Phalacrocorax auritus int GO cu 342
Mesostephanus fajardensis (Price, 1934) Sterna maxima int GO tx 97
Mesostephanus microbursa Caballero, Grocott, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P.occidentalis cec, clo, lin, GMx, SE, EP wfl, la, tx 72, 95, 126, 170
& Zerecero, 1953 sin
Mesostephanus yedeae Dennis & Penner, 1971 Pelecanus occidentalis sin GO wfl 84
Neogogatea pandionis Chandler & Rausch, 1948 Pandion haliaetus sin GMx, IUS wfl 126, 163
Family: Cyclocoelidae
Cyclocoelum obscurum (Leidy, 1887) Aythya collaris, Calidris canutus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, asc, bcv, int GMx, EP, WP wfl, tx 10, 91, 103, 126,
Limnodromus griseus, Numenius americanus, Rallus elegans 187, 196
Neoallopyge americanensis Dronen & Blend, Himantopus mexicanus asc, lng GO tx 94
2005
Family: Dicrocoeliidae
Lyperosomum oswaldoi (Travassos, 1920) Numenius americanus bdt, liv GMx, SA tx 91
Lyperosomum sinuosum Travassos, 1917 Eudocimus albus, Numenius americanus, Rallus longirostris pan GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, wfl, al, la, tx 46, 91, 136, 139,
331
Family: Diplostomidae
Bursacetabulus morus Tehrany, Dronen, & Morus bassanus sin GO tx 324
Wardle, 1999
Bursatintinnabulus bassanus Tehrany, Dronen, Morus bassanus, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos sin GO wfl, tx 95, 324
& Wardle, 1999
Family: Echinostomatidae
Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 Haematopus palliatus GMx, EP, WP tx 102
Drepanocephalus spathans (Dietz, 1909) Phalacrocorax auritus sin GMx, SE, CA, SA wfl 326
Echinochasmus dietzevi Issaitschikoff, 1927 Ajaia ajaja, Anhinga anhinga, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Egretta sin, sto GMx, SE sfl, wfl, ms, la 126, 170, 251, 291,
thula, Mycteria americana, Pandion haliaetus, Pelecanus 293
erythrorhynchos, P.occidentalis
Echinochasmus donaldsoni Beaver, 1941 Egretta caerulea, Mycteria americana, Pelecanus occidentalis clo, lin, sin GMx, IUS sfl, tx 95, 99,174, 216,
292
Echinochasmus schwartzi Price, 1931 Rallus elegans, R.longirostris cec, lin, sin GMx, SE, NE wfl, al, ms, la, tx 10, 136, 139, 331
 Echinochasmus skrjabini Oschmarin, 1947 Gavia immer sin GMx, SE wfl 126, 167
Euparyphium anhingae Premvati, 1968 Anhinga anhinga int GO wfl 270
Euparyphium capitaneum Dietz, 1909 Anhinga anhinga dud, sin GMx, SE, SA wfl 126
Himasthla alincia Dietz, 1909 Calidris canutus, Gavia immer, Tringa flavipes sin GMx, SE, NE, SA wfl, la 126, 176, 189
Himasthla catoptrophori Dronen, Badley, & Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GO tx 93, 103
Wardle, 1998
Himasthla quissetensis Miller & Northup, 1926 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GMx, SE, NE wfl 45
Himasthla rhigedana Dietz, 1909 Numenius americanus int GMx, EA, IO tx 91
Ignavia venusta Freitas, 1948 Ardea alba, A.herodias, Mycteria americana, Nyctanassa viola- kid, urt GMx, CA, SA sfl, wfl, la 126, 194, 293
cea
Microparyphium facetum Dietz, 1909 Ajaia ajaja, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Buteo lineatus, Caracara clo, lin, sin GMx, SE, SA sfl, wfl 46, 72, 119, 126,
cheriway, Egretta thula, Eudocimus albus, Gavia immer, Hali- 163, 167, 170,
aeetus leucocephalus, Mycteria americana, Pandion haliaee- 291, 293
tus, Pelecanus occidentalis
Stephanoprora conciliate (Dietz, 1909) Sterna maxima int GMx, SA tx 97
Stephanoprora denticulata (Rudolphi, 1802) Ajaia ajaja, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Egretta thula, Gavia immer, cec, clo, lin, GMx, SE, EA sfl, wfl, la, tx 72, 95, 126, 151,
Larus argentatus, Mycteria americana, Pandion haliaetus, sin 153, 163, 167,
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P.occidentalis, Rynchops niger, 189, 291, 293,
Sterna maxima 305
Family: Gymnophallidae
Gymnophallus deliciosus (Olsson, 1893) Larus argentatus GO wfl 151
Paragymnophallus kinsellai Ching, 1995 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus cec, lin GO wfl 62
Parvatrema borinquenae Cable, 1953 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus GMx, SE, CA wfl 45, 62
Family: Heterophyidae
Acanthotrema cursitans (Holliman, 1961) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GO sfl, wfl 45, 169, 314 1
Acanthotrema hancocki (Martin, 1950) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GMx, SE wfl 45, 169
Acanthotrema martini Sogandares-Bernal, 1959 Rynchops niger int GO wfl 305, 314
Ascocotyle angrense Travassos, 1916 Aix sponsa, Ardea alba, Butorides striatus, B.virescens, Cas- sin GMx, NE, SA wfl, ms, la, mx 126, 293, 312
merodias albus, Egretta thula, E.tricolor, Nyctanassa violacea,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Pandion haliaetus
Ascocotyle ampullacea Miller & Harkema, 1962 Eudocimus albus sin GMx, SE wfl, mx 46, 286
Ascocotyle chandleri Lumsden, 1963 Ajaia ajaja, Egretta caerulea sin GO sfl, tx, mx 90, 191, 286, 287,
291
Ascocotyle gemina Font, Overstreet, & Heard, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Egretta caerulea, E.rufescens, E.thula, cec, clo, lin, GMx, SE sfl, wfl, ms, la, 99, 120, 126, 170,
1984 Nyctanassa violacea, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Rallus lon- pro, sin tx, mx 286, 292, 293
girostris
Ascocotyle leighi Burton, 1956 Butorides virescens, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos cec, lin, sin GMx, SE, EP wfl, la, tx, ms, 126, 151, 170, 286
mx
Ascocotyle mcintoshi Price, 1936 Ajaia ajaja, Ardea alba, Egretta caerulea, Eudocimus albus sin GMx, IUS sfl, wfl, mx 46, 274, 286, 291,
293
Ascocotyle megalocephala Price, 1932 Ardea alba, A.herodias sin GMx, CA sfl, mx 286

465
(continued )
 Checklist 3. Digenea in birds from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

466
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Ascocotyle nunezae Scholz, Vargas-Vzquez, Ardea alba int GMx, CA, EP mx 286, 288
Vidal-Martnez, & Aquirre-Macedo, 1997
Ascocotyle pachycystis Schroeder & Leigh, 1965 Rallus elegans, R.longirostris cec, sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl, al, ms, tx 10, 63, 139, 331
Ascocotyle sesquiordoi Mellen & Dronen, 1987 Mycteria americana cec, lin GO tx 216
Ascocotyle tenuicollis Price, 1935 Ardea alba, A.herodias, Buteogallus anthracinus, Egretta caeru- lin, liv, sin GMx, SE, NE, CA, sfl, wfl, tx, mx 96, 126, 180, 286,
lea, E.thula, E.tricolor, Phalacrocorax brasilianus SA 288, 293
Caiguiria himantopae Dronen, Blend, & Davis, Himantopus mexicanus int GO tx 96
2005
Cercarioides cochleariformis (Rudolphi, 1819) Sterna maxima int GMx, SA tx 97, 260 2
Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) Larus argentatus sin GMx, NE, EA, AO, wfl 117, 151, 153
WP, IO
Galactosomum cochleariformum (Rudolphi, Fregata magnificens, F.minor, Morus bassanus int GMx, SE, CA, SA sfl, wfl 126, 151, 154, 184,
1819) 198, 210, 260,
268 3
Galactosomum darbyi Price, 1934 Pelecanus occidentalis cec, clo, lin, GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl, la, tx 72, 95, 210, 260
sin
Galactosomum fregatae Prudhoe, 1949 Fregata magnificens, F.minor, Larus atricilla, Pelecanus occiden- clo, rec, sin GMx, SE, CA, EP, wfl, la, tx 72, 95, 151, 153,
talis WP 194, 210, 260
Galactosomum puffini Yamaguti, 1941 Pelecanus occidentalis sin GMx, CA, EP, WP tx 95
Galactosomum spinetum Braun, 1901 Larus atricilla, Rynchops niger, Sterna nilotica asc, bcv, sin GMx, CA, SA sfl, wfl 187, 196, 210, 260,
305
Neostictodora huttoni Sogandares-Bernal, 1959 Rynchops niger GO wfl 210, 305
Phagicola diminuta (Stunkard & Haviland, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Egretta caerulea, E.tricolor, Hydranassa sin GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl, la, tx, 139, 153, 210, 268,
1924) tricolor, Nycticorax nycticorax, Phalacrocorax auritus, Rallus mx 287, 292, 293,
longirostris 308, 321, 331
Phagicola longa (Ransom, 1920) Ajaia ajaja, Ardea alba, A.herodias, Buteo jamaicensis, Egretta cec, clo, lin, GMx, NE, EP sfl, wfl, ms, la, 5, 72, 95, 99, 126,
caerulea, Gavia immer, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Mycteria sin tx, mx 151, 153, 154,
americana, Nycticorax nycticorax, Pandion haliaetus, Pele- 167, 170, 244,
canus erythrorhynchos, P.occidentalis, Phalacrocorax auritus 251, 272, 286,
291, 326
Phagicola macrostomus Robinson, 1956 Ajaia ajaja, Cathartes aura, Mycteria americana, Pelecanus occi- cec, lin, sin GMx, SE, EP sfl, wfl, tx, mx 90, 95, 126, 280,
dentalis 286, 287, 291
Phagicola mollienesicola (Sogandares-Bernal & Nycticorax nycticorax cec, sin GO wfl, la 126, 307
Bridgman, 1960)
Phagicola nana Ransom, 1920 Ardea alba, A.herodias, Buteogallus anthracinus, Egretta caeru- clo, lin, sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl, ms, tx, 99, 121, 126, 170,
lea, E.thula, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Ixobrychus exilis, mx 286, 287, 292,
Morus bassanus, Mycteria americana, Pelecanus erythrorhyn- 293
chos, P.occidentalis
 Phocitremoides butionis Cable, Conner, & Ball- Ajaia ajaja, Phalacrocorax auritus, P.brasilianus GMx, CA tx 90, 113
ing, 1960
Pholeter anterouterus Fischthal & Nasir, 1974 Ardea alba, Egretta caerulea, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P.occi- sin GMx, CA sfl, wfl 95, 118, 170, 261,
dentalis 292, 293
Pygidiopsis pindoramensis Travassos, 1929 Ajaia ajaja, Ardea herodias, Nyctanassa violacea, Nycticorax lin, sin GMx, CA, SA, EP sfl, wfl 126, 291
nycticorax, Pandion haliaetus
Scaphanocephalus expansus (Creplin, 1842) Pandion haliaetus sin GMx, SE, IO wfl 126, 163
Stictodora cablei Dronen, Blend, Gardner, & Sterna maxima int CA, GMx tx 97
Jimnez, 2007
Stictodora lariformicola Sogandares-Bernal & Gavia immer, Larus argentatus, L.atricilla, L.delawarensis, lin, sin GMx, CA wfl 126, 167, 313
Walton, 1965 Sterna maxima
Family: Microphallidae
Androcotyla arenariae Deblock & Heard, 1970 Arenaria interpres sin GO sfl 83
Diacetabulum riggini (Dery, 1958) Arenaria interpres, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Rallus longi- liv, sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl 45, 85, 136, 151,
rostris 187, 196
Endocotyle bushi Kinsella & Deblock, 1997 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus int GO wfl, tx 92, 103, 165
Gynaecotyla adunca (Linton, 1905) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Eudocimus albus, Larus atricilla, sin GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl, wfl, la 45, 46, 136, 139,
Rallus longirostris 149, 210
Levinseniella byrdi Heard, 1968 Ammodramus maritimus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Rallus cec, clo, lin, GMx, SE wfl, al, ms, tx 10, 23, 136, 137,
elegans, R.longirostris rec, sin 139, 331
Levinseniella deblocki Heard & Kinsella, 1995 Rallus longirostris cec GO wfl, al, ms 140
Levinseniella hunteri Heard, 1968 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Charadrius wilsonia cec GO wfl, la, tx 45, 103, 138
Longiductotrema floridensis (Deblock & Heard, Rallus longirostris sin GO sfl 82
1969)
Maritrema patulus Coil, 1955 Athene cunicularia, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Rallus lon- sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl 45, 126, 136
girostris
Maritrema prosthometra Deblock & Heard, 1969 Rallus longirostris sin GMx, SE, NE al, ms, la, tx 139, 331
Megalophallus pentadactylus Cable, Connor, & Rallus longirostris sin GMx, CA sfl 136
Balling, 1960
Megalophallus reamesi Overstreet & Heard, 1995 Arenaria interpres, Pluvialis squatarola, Rallus longirostris cec, sin GMx, SE, NE, CA sfl 136, 253
Metamaritrema ammospizae (Hunter & Vern- Ammospiza maritima GMx, SE ms 23, 149
berg, 1953)
Microphallus nicolli (Cable & Hunninen, 1938) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Larus delawarensis sin GMx, SE wfl 45, 151
Microphallus turgidus (Leigh, 1958) Ajaia ajaja, Bucephala albeola, B.clangula, Butorides virescens, cec, lin, sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl, al, ms, 45, 46, 72, 95, 126,
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Egretta caerulea, Eudocimus la, tx 139, 141, 291,
albus, Mergus serrator, Nyctanassa violacea, Pelecanus occi- 292
dentalis, Rallus longirostris
Numeniotrema kinsellai Bush & Threlfall, 1984 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GO wfl 45, 48
Odhneria odhneri Travassos, 1921 Calidris canutus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Gavia immer cec, lin, sin GMx, SE, SA, CA wfl, tx 45, 103, 126, 165,
167
Odhneria raminellae (Dery, 1958) Rallus longirostris cec GMx, SE, NE sfl 136, 139

467
(continued )
 Checklist 3. Digenea in birds from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

468
Site Overall References/
Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Probolocoryphe glandulosa (Coil, 1955) Arenaria interpres, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Eudocimus sin GMx, SE, CA sfl, wfl, tx 46, 91, 103, 136,
albus, Numenius americanus, Rallus longirostris 142, 331
Testiculoporus cedarkeyensis Kinsella & Deblock, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus sin GO wfl 165
1997
Family: Opisthorchiidae
Erschoviorchis lintoni (Gower, 1939) Gavia immer, Mycteria americana liv, pan GMx, SE, NE, AO wfl 126, 167
Pachytrema sanguineum (Linton, 1928) Larus atricilla, Rallus longirostris, Sterna maxima gbd, sin GMx, NE sfl, wfl 136, 151, 153, 184,
187, 196
Plotnikovia fodiens (Linton, 1928) Gavia immer liv, pan GMx, SE wfl 126, 167
Family: Philophthalmidae
Natterophthalmus andersoni (Dronen & Penner, Sterna maxima eye GO wfl, tx 97, 100
1975)
Parorchis numenii (Dronen & Badley, 1979) Numenius americanus bfb, lin GO tx 91 4
Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll, 1906) Arenaria interpres, Calidris canutus, Catoptrophorus semipalma- clo, lin, rec GMx, SE, NE sfl, wfl, al, ms, 45, 46, 91, 97, 103,
tus, Eudocimus albus, Gavia immer, Larus argentatus, Limno- la, tx, cu 126, 136, 139,
dromus griseus, Numenius americanus, Nyctanassa violacea, 150, 151, 187,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Phalacrocorax auritus, Phoenicopterus 194, 326, 331,
ruber, Rallus longirostris, Sterna maxima 336, 338
Philophthalmus larsoni Penner & Trimble, 1970 Larus atricilla eye GO wfl 265
Pygorchis americanus Dronen, 1985 Ajaia ajaja clo GO tx 90
Family: Prosthogonimidae
Prosthogonimus ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) Aix sponsa, Anas fulvigula, Ardea herodias, Athene cunicu- bfb, clo, lin, GMx, SE, NE, EA, sfl, wfl, ms, tx 10, 103, 123, 126,
laria, Aythya collaris, Caracara cheriway, Catoptrophorus ovi, sin SA, AO 166, 167, 168,
semipalmatus, Dendrocygna bicolor, Egretta caerulea, Falco 170, 251, 292,
sparverius, Gavia immer, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Porzana 327, 328, 331
carolina, Rallus elegans, R.longirostris
Family: Psilostomidae
Psilochasmus oxyurus (Creplin, 1825) Anas fulvigula, A.platyrhynchos, Aythya marila sin GMx, SE, EA, AO, wfl 126, 166, 271
WP, IO
Trifolium travossosi Vigueras, 1940 Anhinga anhinga giz GO cu 336
Family: Renicolidae
Renicola glandoloba Witenberg, 1929 Larus atricilla, Sterna hirundo, S.maxima, S.nilotica kid GMx, EA wfl 151, 187, 196
Renicola glandoloboides Byrd & Heard, 1970 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Rallus longirostris int, kid GO wfl, tx 49, 103
Renicola hydranassae Lumsden & Zischke, 1963 Hydranassa tricolor, Rallus longirostris kid GO sfl, wfl, la, tx 136, 194, 331
Renicola pollaris Kontrimavichus & Gavia immer kid GMx, SE wfl 126, 167
Bakhmeteva, 1960
Renicola ralli Byrd & Heard, 1970 Ajaia ajaja, Pandion haliaetus, Rallus longirostris bcv, clo, kid, GMx, SE sfl, wfl 49, 126, 136, 163,
lin 291
 Renicola thapari Caballero, 1953 Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P.occiden- kid GMx, SE, CA wfl, ms, tx 72, 95, 126, 251
talis
Family: Schistosomatidae
Austrobilharzia terrigalensis Johnston, 1917 Gavia immer blv GMx, SE, WP wfl 126, 167
Austrobilharzia penneri Short & Holliman, 1961 Rallus longirostris blv GMx, NE, EP wfl, tx 331
Austrobilharzia variglandis (Miller & Northup, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos blv GMx, NE, EA, EP ms 251
1927)
Gigantobilharzia huttoni (Leigh, 1953) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P.occidentalis blv GO sfl 179, 181
Family: Strigeidae
Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800) Ardea herodias, Nycticorax nycticorax int GMx, SE, EA, AO, wfl, cu 126, 342
IO
Apharyngostrigea duboisi Vigueras, 1944 Butorides virescens int GO cu 342 5
Apharyngostrigea multiovata (Vigueras, 1944) Ajaia ajaja, Egretta caerulea, E.rufescens, E.thula lin, sin, pro GO sfl, tx, cu 64, 99, 291, 292,
342
Apharyngostrigea pipientis (Faust, 1918) Ardea alba, Botaurus lentiginosus, Hydranassa tricolor clo, lin, sin GMx, WP sfl, wfl, la 126, 194, 293
Apharyngostrigea simplex (Johnston, 1904) Ardea herodias, Egretta caerulea lin, sin GMx, WP, IO sfl, wfl, tx 99, 126, 292
Cardiocephalus brandesii (Szidat, 1928) Thallasseus maximus, Sterna maxima int GMx, CA, SA la, tx 97, 194
Cardiocephalus medioconiger Dubois & Larus argentatus, L.atricilla, Sterna forsteri, S.maxima sin GO cu 342
Vigueras, 1949
Cardiocephalus megaloconus Cable, Connor, & Larus argentatus, L.atricilla, Sterna forsteri, S.maxima sin GMx, CA wfl, cu 104, 194, 196, 187 6
Balling, 1960
Cotylurus aquavis (Guberlet, 1922) Larus atricilla int GMx, SE, NE wfl 187
Parastrigea brasiliana (Szidat, 1928) Ardea herodias sin GMx, SA sfl, wfl 126
Parastrigea diovadena Dubois & Macko, 1972 Eudocimus albus sin GMx, CA wfl, cu 46, 105
Strigea gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Butorides virescens int GMx, NE, AO, SA, cu 334
EA, EP, WP, IO
Strigea strigis (Schrank, 1788) Ajaia ajaja GMx, IUS, CA, EA tx 90
Schwartzitrema schwartzi (Vigueras, 1940) Anhinga anhinga, Fregata magnificens int GO tx, cu 336, 342
Swartzitrema seamsteri Chandler, 1951 Fregata magnificens GO tx 61
Family: Typhlocoelidae
Polycyclorchis eudocimi Pence & Bush, 1973 Eudocimus albus tra GO wfl 46, 262
1
The species Stictodora cursitans and S.martini were transferred to Acanthotrema by Sohn, Han, and Chai (2003).
2
Pearson (1973) discussed the status of Galactosomum cochleariformum from frigate birds and terns and indicated that some authors considered those from the two hosts as separate species; consequently, we tentatively are
keeping those from the two different host groups separate. We follow Dronen etal. (2007) and list specimens from a tern as Cercarioides cochlariformes, even though the species is probably not correct.
3
Manter (1930) reported the host as Fregata aquila, which is probably F.magnificens.
4
Dronen and Badley (1979) established a new species in a new genus as Paratrema numenii. Kanev, Radev, and Fried (2005) considered Paratrema a junior synonym of Parorchis and did not accept P.numenii because it was
similar to P.asiaticus Strom, 1927. This problem requires additional study, so we consider Parorchis numenii (Dronen and Badley, 1979) a new combination until the status is confirmed.
5
Dubois (1966) considered Apharyngostrigea duboisi a junior synonym of A.pipientis.
6
MacInnis (1959, 1966), after examining loaned specimens of Cardiocephalus brandesii reported by Lumsden and Zischke (1963), considered those specimens as C.megaloconus. Considering that the Cuban specimens of
C.medioconiger infect the same birds reported from Puerto Rico and the GMx and the recent reports of C.brandesii by Dronen etal. (2007) and others, we suggest the entire Cardiocephalus complex in the region be reevalu-
ated.

469
470
Checklist 4. Digenea in mammals from the Gulf of Mexico.

Site Overall References/

Taxon Hosts in host geographic range GMx range Endnotes

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Subclass: Digenea
Family: Brachycladiidae
Campula palliata (Looss, 1885) Grampus griseus, Stenella attenuata, Steno bredanen- bdt, liv, GMx, SE, EA wfl 125, 353
sis, Tursiops truncatus pan
Hadwenius tursionis (Marchi, 1873) Grampus griseus, Steno bredanensis int GMx, CA, SE, EA, IO wfl 125, 353 1
Nasitrema lanceolata Neiland, Rice, & Holden, 1970 Feresa attenuata sin GMx, SE wfl 124
Family: Brauninidae
Braunina cordiformis Wolfe, 1903 Stenella attenuata, Tursiops truncatus dud, sto GMx, SE wfl, ms 122, 151, 154, 155,
213, 244, 347, 353
Family: Cladorchiidae
Chiorchis fabaceus (Diesing, 1838) Trichechus manatus cec, lin GMx, CA, NE, SA, wfl 122, 151, 154 2
EA
Family: Cyathocotylidae
Linstowiella szidati (Anderson, 1944) Didelphis virginiana, Procyon lotor sin GMx, IUS la 192, 295
Mesostephanus appendiculatoides (Price, 1934) Didelphis virginiana, Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE wfl 151
Family: Echinostomatidae
Baschkirovitrema incrassatum (Diesing, 1850) Lontra canadensis, Mustela vison sin GMx, SE, SA, EA wfl, al, la 122, 295 3
Echinochasmus schwartzi Price, 1931 Ondatra zibethicus, Oryzomys palustris sin GMx, SE wfl, la, tx 60, 88, 161, 263
Euparyphium beaveri Yamaguti, 1958 Mustela vison dud GMx, NE la 193
Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) Mustela vison, Procyon lotor sin GMx, EA, AO, WP la 295
Family: Gymnophallidae
Gymnophalloides heardi Ching, 1995 Oryzomys palustris sin GO wfl 62
Family: Heterophyidae
Acanthotrema cursitans (Holliman, 1961) Didelphis virginiana, Oryzomys palustris, Procyon sin GO sfl, wfl 169, 161
lotor
Ascocotyle angrense Travassos, 1916 (complex) Ondatra zibethicus, Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE, NE wfl, la 122, 161, 307, 312
Ascocotyle mollienisicola (Sogandares-Bernal & Bridg- Oryzomys palustris sin GO wfl 161
man, 1960)
Ascocotyle pachycystis Schroeder & Leigh, 1965 Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl, ms 42, 63, 290
Cryptocotyle concava (Creplin, 1825) Mustela vison sin GMx, EA la 295
Phagicola diminuta (Stunkard & Haviland, 1924) Ondatra zibethicus, Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE, NE wfl, tx, mx 60, 133, 151, 287 4
Phagicola longa (Ransom, 1920) Didelphis virginiana, Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE ms 133, 151, 244 5
Pholeter gastrophilus (Kossack, 1910) Feresa attenuata, Grampus griseus, Stenella attenuata, bcv, sto, GMx, SE, EA wfl, ms 65, 125, 155, 244, 353
Steno bredanensis, Tursiops truncatus wvs
 Family: Microphallidae
Carneophallus bilobatus Cable, Connor, & Balling, 1960 Procyon lotor sin GMx, CA wfl 122
Gynaecotyla adunca (Linton, 1905) Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor, Sigmodon hispidus sin GMx, SE wfl 122, 133, 149, 151,
161, 160
Levinseniella deblocki Heard & Kinsella, 1995 Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor lin GO wfl, al, ms 140
Maritrema heardi (Kinsella & Deblock, 1994) Oryzomys palustris sin GO wfl 164, 329
Maritrema prosthometra Deblock & Heard, 1969 Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE wfl, la 82, 122, 161, 329
Microphallus basodactylophallus (Bridgman, 1969) Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor, Sigmodon hispidus sin GMx, SE wfl, ms, la 122, 141, 160, 161,
244, 295, 329 6
Microphallus nicolli (Cable & Hunninen, 1938) Oryzomys palustris sin GMx, NE wfl 161
Microphallus turgidus (Leigh, 1958) Procyon lotor sin GMx, SE sfl, ms 133, 141, 182, 244 7
Odhneria odhneri Travassos, 1921 Oryzomys palustris sin GMx, SE, NE, SA wfl 161
Probolocoryphe glandulosa (Coil, 1955) Oryzomys palustris, Procyon lotor, Sigmodon hispidus sin GMx, SE sfl, wfl 122, 131, 142, 160,
161
Family: Notocotylidae
Catatropis johnstoni Martin, 1956 Oryzomys palustris cec GO wfl 161, 162
Paramonostomum pseudalveatum Price, 1931 Ondatra zibethicus cec GMx, EA la 263
Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Barker & Laughlin, Ondatra zibethicus cec GMx, EA la 295
1911)
Family: Nudacotylidae
Nudacotyle novicia Barker, 1916 Sigmodon hispidus sin GMx, SE wfl 160
Nudacotyle undicola Dailey, Vogelbein, & Forrester, 1988 Trichechus manatus sin GO wfl 11, 79, 122
Family: Opisthorchiidae
Amphimerus speciosus (Stiles & Hassal, 1896) Procyon lotor bdt, liv GMx, IUS la 295
Family: Opisthotrematidae
Cochleotrema cochleotrema Travassos & Vogelsang, 1931 Trichechus manatus lng GMx, NE, SA wfl 11, 12, 122, 274 8
Moniligerum blairi Dailey, Vogelbein, & Forrester, 1988 Trichechus manatus sin GO wfl 11, 79, 122
Family: Plagiorchiidae
Plagiorchis muris Tanabe, 1922 Sigmodon hispidus sin GMx, SE wfl 160
Family: Schistosomatidae
Heterobilharzia americana Price, 1929 Lynx rufus, Mustela vison, Procyon lotor blv GMx, SE wfl, la, tx 122, 134, 275, 295
Family: Troglotrematidae
Sellacotyle vitellosa Sogandares-Bernal, 1961 Mustela vison sin GO la 295, 306
1
Fernndez, Balbuena, and Raga (1994) transferred Synthesium tursionis to the genus Hadwenius.
2
Mora-Pinto in an unpublished thesis considered records of Chiorchis fabaceus by Mignucci-Giannoni etal. (1999) from Puerto Rico to represent Chiorchis groshafti.
3
Because Baschkirovitrema incrassatum is reported from Africa and South America from inland, terrestrial mammals, it is probably not an estuarine species.
4
Experimental infection reported by Hutton (1964) in Mesocricetus auritus.
5
Experimental infection reported by Hutton (1964) in Mesocricetus auritus, Rattus norvegicus, Felis catus, and Didelphis virginiana.
6
Reported as Carneophallus basodactylophallus by Shoop and Corkum (1982).
7
Reported as Carneophallus turgidus by Leigh (1958) and Harkema and Miller (1962).
8
Also found in the nares of Trichechus manatus. Price (1932) reported as Opisthotrema cochleotrema from tropical America; exact location unknown.

471
472 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list in alphabetical order for families in major groups and
species in families.
Host taxon
Phylum: Chordata (Craniata)
Class: Actinopterygii
Family: Acanthuridae
Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855
Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Prionurus punctatus Gill, 1862
Family: Achiridae
Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Family: Acropomatidae
Synagrops bellus (Goode & Bean, 1896)
Family: Albulidae
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Alepisauridae
Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, 1833
Family: Alepocephalidae
Xenodermichthys copei (Gill, 1884)
Family: Anguillidae
Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)
Family: Antennariidae
Antennarius radiosus Garman, 1896
Antennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794)
Family: Atherinidae
Atherinomorus stipes (Mller & Troschel, 1848)
Family: Apogonidae
Apogon maculatus (Poey, 1860)
Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley, 1932
Family: Argentinidae
Argentina striata Goode & Bean, 1896
Family: Ariidae
Ariopsis felis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Hexanematichthys assimilis (Gnther, 1864)
Family: Atherinopsidae
Membras vagrans (Goode & Bean, 1879)
Menidia beryllina (Cope, 1867)
Menidia menidia (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Balistidae
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789
Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Batrachoididae
Opsanus beta (Goode & Bean, 1880)
Porichthys porosissimus (Cuvier, 1829)
Family: Belonidae
Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792)
Strongylura notata (Poey, 1860)
Trematode
Hysterolecitha rosea
Dichadena acuta, Hapladena varia, Hysterolecitha rosea, Macradena perfecta, Mac-
radenina acanthuri, Mesolecitha linearis, Schikhobalotrema obtusum
Dichadena acuta, Hapladena invaginata, H.varia, Hysterolecitha rosea, Leurodera
decora, Schikhobalotrema obtusum
Ichthyotrema vogelsangi
Sterrhurus musculus
Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Phyllodistomum trinectes
Rhipidocotyle longleyi
Botulisaccus pisceus, Chrisomom albulae, Claribulla longula Diphtherostomum albulae,
Gonocercella trachinoti
Botulus microporus
Lethadena profunda
Lecithochirium microstomum, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Bivesicula hepsetiae
Helicometrina nimia
Helicometrina nimia
Fellodistomum profundum, Genolinea anura
Pseudoacanthostomum floridensis
Pseudoacanthostomum floridensis
Aponurus laguncula, Opechona menidiae, Rhipidocotyle transversale
Lecithaster leiostomi, Opechona menidiae, Rhipidocotyle lintoni , Stomachicola magnus
Rhipidocotyle transversale
Homalometron mexicanum, Neoapocreadium coili, Pseudocreadium lamelliforme,
Xystretrum solidum
Diplangus paxillus, Helicometrina nimia, Homalometron balistis
Diphtherostomum americanum, Helicometrina mirzai, H.nimia, Lecithochirium
synodi, Lepocreadium opsanusi, Levinseniella capitanea, Siphodera vinaledwardsii,
Sterrhurus musculus
Sterrhurus musculus
Bucephaloides strongylurae, Rhipidocotyle lintoni, R.transversale, Schikhobalotrema
acutum
Rhipidocotyle transversale

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Strongylura timucu (Walbaum, 1792)
Tylosurus crocodilus (Pron & Lesueur, 1821)
Family: Blenniidae
Chasmodes saburrae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
Scartella cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Bothidae
Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)
Monolene antillarum Norman, 1933
Trichopsetta ventralis (Goode & Bean, 1885)
Family: Bythitidae
Diplacanthopoma brachysoma Gnther, 1887
Family: Callionymidae
Foetorepus agassizii (Goode & Bean, 1888)
Family: Carangidae
Carangoides bartholomaei (Cuvier, 1833)
Carangoides ruber (Bloch, 1793)
Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815)
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766)
Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831
Caranx sp.
Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Selarcrumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)
Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758)
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)
Seriola zonata (Mitchill, 1815)
Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874)
Carapus sp.
Family: Centrarchidae
Lepomis microlophus (Gnther, 1859)
Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes, 1831)
Family: Centropomidae
Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792)
Family: Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758
Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787
Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860
Prognathodes aya (Jordan, 1886)
Family: Chaunacidae
Chaunax pictus Lowe, 1846
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 473
Trematode
Rhipidocotyle transversale, Schikhobalotrema acutum, Steganoderma nitens
Lecithochirium floridense, Schikhobalotrema acutum
Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Diphtherostomum americanum
Helicometrina execta
Ectenurus virgulus
Lomasoma monolenei
Lecithochirium floridense
Hemipera nicolli, Megenteron crassum
Derogenes crassus
Bucephalus varicus, Ectenurus americanus, E.virgulus, Paraproctotrema brevicaecum,
Pseudopecoeloides carangis, Tergestia acuta
Alcicornis carangis, Bucephalus varicus, Phyllodistomum carangis, Pseudopecoeloides
carangis, Stephanostomum cubanum, S.ditrematis, S.manteri
Bucephalus varicus, Ectenurus americanus, E.virgulus, E.yamagutii, Lecithochirium
parvum, Parahemiurus merus, Stephanostomum ditrematis, Tergestia pectinata
Bucephalus varicus, Ectenurus virgulus, E.yamagutii, Parahemiurus merus, Stephano
stomum ditrematis, S.megacephalum, Sterrhurus musculus, Tergestia pectinata
Bucephalus varicus, Lecithochirium floridense, Stephanostomum ditrematis, S.mega-
cephalum
Tergestia pauca
Monascus filiformis
Stephanostomum microcephalum
Lecithochirium microstomum, Manteria brachyderus, Tergestia pectinata
Ectenurus virgulus, Lecithochirium floridense, Parahemiurus merus, Tergestia pectinata
Hurleytrema shorti, Lecithochirium texanum
Bucephalus gorgon
Bucephalus gorgon
Cotylogaster basiri, Hurleytrema catarinensis, H.pyriforme, Lobatostoma kemostoma,
L.ringens, Stephanostomum ghanensis
Cotylogaster basiri, Helicometrina execta, Hurleytrema pyriforme, Lobatostoma rin-
gens, Stephanostomum tenue
Genitocotyle atlantica
Genitocotyle atlantica
Barbulostomum cupuloris
Barbulostomum cupuloris
Neochasmus olmecus
Lecithochirium microstomum
Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni, Multitestis chaetodoni
Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Multitestis chaetodoni
Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Adinosoma robustum, Aponurus intermedius, Hemipera nicolli, Lecithochirium
floridense
(continued )
474 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Family: Chlorophthalmidae
Parasudis truculenta (Goode & Bean, 1896)
Family: Cichlidae
Cichlasoma geddesi (Regan, 1905)
Cichlasoma octofasciatum (Regan, 1903)
Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Gnther, 1862)
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854
Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983)
Herichthys pearsei Hubbs, 1936
Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)
Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Linnaeus,
1758)
Parachromis friedrichsthali (Heckel, 1840)
Parachromis managuensis (Gnther, 1867)
Petenia splendida Gnther, 1862
Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987
Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864)
Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918
Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912)
Vieja fenestrata (Gnther, 1860)
Vieja intermedia (Gnther, 1862)
Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905)
Vieja synspila (Hubbs, 1935)
Family: Clupeidae
Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque, 1820)
Brevoortia patronus Goode, 1878
Clupeonella grimmi Kessler, 1877
Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829)
Harengula jaguana Poey, 1865
Sardinellaaurita Valenciennes, 1847
Family: Congridae
Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758)1
Family: Coryphaenidae
Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Cynoglossidae
Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Cyprinodontidae
Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepde, 1803
Family: Dasyatidae
Dasyatis say (Lesueur, 1817)
Family: Diodontidae
Chilomycterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792)
Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Echeneidae
Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758
Trematode
Adinosoma robustum
Cichlasotrema ujati, Genarchella isabellae, Phyllosdistomum lacustris
Genarchella isabellae
Crassicutis cichlasomae, Culuwiya cichlidorum, Diphtherostomum brusinae, Genar-
chella isabellae, Helicometrina nimia, Homalometron pallidum, Lecithochirium
floridense, Oligogonotylus manteri, Phyllosdistomum lacustris
Genarchella isabellae
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Cichlasotrema ujati, Genarchella isabellae
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Genarchella isabellae, Oligogonotylus manteri
Culuwiya cichlidorum, Genarchella isabellae
Campechetrema herrerai, Cichlasotrema ujati, Culuwiya cichlidorum, Prosthenhystera
obesa, Pseudocaecincola batallae, Tabascotrema verai
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Cichlasotrema ujati, Genarchella isabellae, Prosthenhystera obesa
Genarchella isabellae, Oligogonotylus manteri
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Cichlasotrema ujati, Genarchella isabellae
Cichlasotrema ujati
Culuwiya cichlidorum
Cichlasotrema ujati, Culuwiya cichlidorum, Genarchella isabellae, Oligogonotylus man-
teri, Phyllosdistomum lacustris
Lecithaster confusus
Lecithaster confusus, Lepocreadium brevoortiae, Parahemiurus merus
Ectenurus virgulus, Opechona gracilis, Pseudobacciger harengulae
Ectenurus virgulus, Parahemiurus merus, Pseudobacciger harengulae
Parahemiurus merus
Ectenurus virgulus, Lepocreadium pyriforme, Myosaccium opisthonemae, Parahemiu-
rus merus
Sterrhurus fusiformis
Dinurus barbatus, D.breviductus, D.longisinus, D.tornatus, Lecithochirium microsto-
mum
Bathycotyle coryphaenae, Dinurus barbatus, D.breviductus, D.longisinus, D.tornatus,
Hirudinella ventricosa, Lecithochirium floridense, Stephanostomum coryphaenae,
Tetrochetus coryphaenae
Diplomonorchis floridensis
Rhipidocotyle lintoni
Multicalyx cristata
Bianium plicitum, B.vitellosum, Sclerodistomum sphoeroidis
Opistholebes adcotylophorus
Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Family: Eleotridae
Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede, 1800
Family: Elopidae
Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766
Family: Engraulidae
Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann & Marsh, 1900)
Family: Ephippidae
Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)
Family: Epigonidae
Epigonus occidentalis Goode & Bean, 1896
Family: Exocoetidae
Parexocoetushillianus(Gosse, 1851)
Family: Fistulariidae
Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Fundulidae
Fundulus grandis Baird & Girard, 1853
Fundulus similis (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Fundulus sp.
Family: Gerreidae
Eucinostomus gula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Eucinostomus lefroyi (Goode, 1874)
Eugerres plumieri Cuvier, 1830
Gerres cinereus (Walbaum, 1792)
Family: Gobiidae
Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837)
Gobiosoma robustum Ginsburg, 1933
Family: Haemulidae
Anisotremus interruptus (Gill, 1862)
Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Haemulon album Cuvier, 1830
Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830
Haemulon carbonarium Poey, 1860
Haemulon chrysargyreum Gnther, 1859
Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823)
Haemulon macrostomum Gnther, 1859
Haemulon parra (Desmarest, 1823)
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 475
Trematode
Phyllodistomum lacustris
Lecithochirium parvum
Parahemiurus anchoviae
Aponurus elongatus, Lobatostoma ringens, Multitestis inconstans, Vitellibaculum spino-
sum
Lepidapedon elongatum
Brachyenteron parexocoeti, Steganoderma parexocoeti
Stephanostomum trompeteri, Sterrhurus microcercus
Rhipidocotyle lintoni
Lasiotocus minutum
Homalometron pallidum
Crassicutis marina, Lecithochirium parvum, Pseudohurleytrema eucinostomi, Sterrhu-
rus musculus
Anahemiurus microcercus, Crassicutis marina, Pseudohurleytrema eucinostomi
Pleorchis magniporus
Crassicutis marina, Homalometron elongatum
Helicometrina execta, Lecithochirium parvum, Opegaster pritchardae
Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Diphtherostomum americanum
Lasiotocus longicaecum
Aponurus pyriformis, Cainocreadium oscitans, Diphtherostomum anisotremi, Dip-
langus parvus, D.paxillus, Genolopa ampullacea, Hamacreadium mutabile, Heli-
cometrina execta, Homalometron cryptum, Lasiotocus longicaecum, L.longovatus,
Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Leurodera decora, Monorchis latus, Postmonorchis orthop-
ristis, Stephanostomum lopezneyrai, Sterrhurus musculus
Genolopa ampullacea, Lecithochirium floridense, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Procto-
trema truncatum
Genolopa ampullacea, Homalometron foliatum, Lasiotocus longovatus, Lecithochirium
floridense, Leurodera decora, Postmonorchis orthopristis, Sterrhurus musculus
Aponurus pyriformis,Cainocreadium oscitans, Diplangus parvus, D.paxillus, Genolopa
ampullacea, Homalometron foliatum, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Leurodera decora,
Manteriella crassa, Stephanostomum sentum
Cainocreadium oscitans, Diphtherostomum americanum, Diplangus paxillus, Genolopa
ampullacea, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Leurodera decora
Diplangus parvus, D.paxillus, Genitocotyle atlantica, Genolopa ampullacea, Lasiotocus
truncatus, Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Leurodera decora, Postmonorchis
orthopristis, Proctotrema parvum, P.truncatum
Aponurus pyriformis, Deretrema fusillus, Diplangus paxillus, Genolopa ampullacea,
Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Aponurus pyriformis, Diphtherostomum brusinae, Diplangus parvus, D.paxillus,
Genolopa ampullacea, Homalometron cryptum, H.foliatum, Lasiotocus longovatus,
Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Leurodera decora, Postmonorchis orthopristis, Sterrhurus
musculus
(continued )
476 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Haemulon plumierii (Lacepde, 1801)
Haemulon sciurus (Shaw, 1803)
Haemulon striatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Orthopristis chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Hemiramphidae
Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hyporhamphus roberti (Valenciennes, 1847)
Family: Heptapteridae
Rhamdia guatemalensis (Gnther, 1864)
Family: Holocentridae
Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)
Sargocentron coruscum (Poey, 1860)
Family: Istiophoridae
Istiophorus americanus (Latreille, 1804)
Family: Kyphosidae
Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831)
Kyphosus sectator (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Labridae
Decodon puellaris (Poey, 1860)
Doratonotus megalepis Gnther, 1862
Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch, 1791)
Halichoeres maculipinna (Mller & Troschel,
1848)
Halichoeres pictus (Poey, 1860)
Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner, 1867)
Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792)
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch, 1791)
Family: Labrisomidae
Labrisomus bucciferus (Poey, 1868)
Labrisomus haitensis (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1928)
Labrisomus kalisherae (Jordan, 1904)
Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard,
1824)
Malacoctenus macropus (Poey, 1868)
Family: Lepisosteidae
Atractosteus spatula (Lacepde, 1803)
Family: Lophiidae
Lophius americanus (Valenciennes, 1837)
Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758
Trematode
Aponurus pyriformis, Cainocreadium consuetum, C.oscitans, Diphtherostomum aniso-
tremi, Diplangus parvus, D.paxillus, Genolopa ampullacea, Helicometrina execta,
Homalometron cryptum, Lasiotocus haemuli, L.truncatus, Lecithochirium floridense,
Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Leurodera decora, Monorchis latus, Postmonorchis ortho
pristis, Proctotrema truncatum, Stephanostomum sentum
Aponurus pyriformis, Cainocreadium oscitans, Diphtherostomum anisotremi, Diplan-
gus parvus, D.paxillus, Genolopa ampullacea, Helicometrina execta, Homalometron
cryptum, Infundibulostomum spinatum, Lasiotocus haemuli, L.longovatus, L.trun-
catus, Lecithochirium floridense, Leurodera decora, Postmonorchis orthopristis, Proc-
totrema truncatum, Stephanostomum sentum
Genolopa ampullacea, Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Lasiotocus beauforti, L.lintoni, L.longovatus, Lecithophyl-
lum pyriforme, Sterrhurus musculus
Steganoderma hemiramphi
Lobatostoma ringens
Genarchella isabellae
Helicometra equilata, Lecithochirium floridense
Apertile holocentri
Hirudinella ventricosa
Cadenatella americana, Deontacylix ovalis, Enenterum aureum, Megasolena estrix,
Opisthadena dimidia, Schikhobalotrema kyphosi
Cadenatella americana, C.floridae, Deontacylix ovalis, Enenterum aureum, Gorgoceph-
alus manter, Megasolena estrix, Opisthadena dimidia, Schikhobalotrema kyphosi
Deretrema fusillus, Myzoxenus vittellosus, Pachycreadium crassigulum
Helicometrina execta
Haplosplanchnus adacutus, Helicometrina execta, H.parva, Nicolla halichoeri, Ster-
rhurus latus
Haplosplanchnus adacutus
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina execta, Lobatostoma ringens, Nicolla halichoeri
Helicometrina execta, Lepocreadium bimarinum, Megalomyzon robustum, Myzoxenus
lachnolaimi
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina execta
Helicometrina mirzai
Genitocotyle atlantica
Rhipidocotyle lepisostei
Rhipidocotyle megagaster
Gonocerca crassa, Lecithochirium floridense, Metadena brotulae, Sterrhurus musculus

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Family: Lutjanidae
Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828)
Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792)
Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860)
Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier, 1828)
Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828)
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791)
Family: Macrouridae
Bathygadus macrops Goode & Bean, 1885
Caelorinchus carminatus (Goode, 1880)
Caelorinchus caelorhincus (Risso, 1810)
Caelorinchus caribbaeus (Goode & Bean, 1885)
Coryphaenoides carminifer (Garman, 1899)
Coryphaenoides mexicanus (Parr, 1946)
Coryphaenoides sp.
Coryphaenoides zaniophorus (Vaillant, 1888)
Gadomus arcuatus (Goode & Bean, 1886)
Hymenocephalus italicus Giglioli, 1884
Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843)
Malacocephalus occidentalis (Goode & Bean,
1885)
Nezumia aequalis (Gnther, 1878)
Nezumia cyrano Marshall & Iwamoto, 1973
Family: Megalopidae
Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847
Family: Merlucciidae
Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill, 1814)
Merluccius sp.
Family: Monacanthidae
Aluterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792)
Aluterusscriptus (Osbeck, 1765)
Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill, 1818)
Stephanolepishispidus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 477
Trematode
Hamacreadium gulella, H.mutabile, Metadena crassulata, Stephanostomum casum
Hamacreadium mutabile, Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Metadena
adglobosa, Stephanostomum tenue, Sterrhurus musculus
Elaphrobates euzeti, Hamacreadium mutabile, Lepocreadium trulla, Sterrhurus muscu-
lus
Elaphrobates euzeti, Hamacreadium confusum, H.gulella, H.mutabile, Helicometrina
execta, H.nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Leurodera decora, Metadena adglobosa,
M.globosa, M.obscura, Paracryptogonimus americanus, Stephanostomum casum,
Sterrhurus musculus
Hamacreadium mutabile
Helicometrina nimia, Metadena globosa, Siphodera vinaledwardsii, Stephanostomum
tenue
Hamacreadium mutabile, Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, L.microsto-
mum, L.parvum, Metadena globosa, Stephanostomum casum
Lecithochirium floridense
Aponurus laguncula, Deretrema fusillus, Ectenurus virgulus, Hamacreadium confusum,
H.mutabile, Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Lepocreadium trulla,
Metadena globosa, Paracryptogonimus americanus, Parahemiurus merus, Proso-
gonotrema bilabiatum, Siphodera vinaledwardsii, Stephanostomum casum, S.inter-
ruptum
Adinosoma robustum, Dissosaccus laevis, Goncerca phycidis, Lethadena profunda
Gonocerca crassa, G.phycidis, Lomasoma wardi, Lepidapedon elongatum, L.rachion,
Myzoxenus lachnolaimi, Pseudopecoelus tortugae
Glomericirrus macrouri, Lepidapedon mexicanensis
Glomericirrus macrouri, Lepidapedon caribbaei, L.longivesicula
Lepidapedon mexicanensis
Gonocerca phycidis
Lepidapedon desotoensis
Gonocerca phycidis, Lepidapedon desotoensis, L.mexicanensis, L.zaniophori
Macrourimegatrema gadoma
Buticulotrema stenauchenus
Gonocerca phycidis
Buticulotrema stenauchenus, Glomericirrus macrouri, Gonocerca phycidis, Podocotyle
pearsei
Buticulotrema stenauchenus, Glomericirrus macrouri, Lepidapedon nezumiatis, Teller-
votrema armstrongi
Dissosaccus laevis, Lepidapedon nezumiatis, Tellervotrema armstrongi
Bivesicula tarponis, Lecithochirium microstomum
Gonocerca crassa, Merlucciotrema praeclarum
Adinosoma robustum, Derogenes varicus, Gonocerca phycidis, Merlucciotrema prae-
clarum
Rhagorchis odhneri
Bianium lecanocephalum
Rhagorchis odhneri
Bianium plicitum, Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Goncercella atlantica, Homalometron
mexicanum, Megapera oralis, Pseudocreadium scaphosomum, Xystretrum solidum
(continued )
478 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Family: Moridae
Laemonema barbatulum Goode and Bean,
1883
Family: Moronidae
Morone mississippiensis Jordan & Eigenmann,
1887
Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792)
Family: Mugilidae
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836
Family: Mullidae
Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793)
Upeneus martinicus (Cuvier, 1829)
Upeneus parvus Poey, 1852
Family: Muraenidae
Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1840
Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829)
Muraena clepsydra Gilbert, 1898
Family: Myliobatidae
Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill, 1815)
Family: Ogcocephalidae
Dibranchus atlanticus Peters, 1876
Halieutichthys aculeatus (Mitchell, 1818)
Ogcocephalus cubifrons (Richardson, 1836)
Ogcocephalus radiatus (Mitchill, 1818)
Family: Ophichthidae
Ophichthus gomesi (Castelnau, 1855)
Family: Ophidiidae
Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Lepophidium profundorum (Gill, 1863)
Monomitopus agassizi (Goode & Bean, 1896)
Ophidion welshi (Nichols & Breder, 1922)
Family: Opistognathidae
Lonchopisthus micrognathus (Poey, 1860)
Opisthognathus maxillosus Poey, 1860
Opisthognathus sp.
Family: Ostraciidae
Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Paralichthyidae
Ancylopsetta dilecta (Goode & Bean, 1883)
Ancylopsetta ommata (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885)
Hippoglossina oblonga(Mitchill, 1815)
Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
Trematode
Eurycreadium vitellosum, Lepidapedon elongatum, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris, Stephano
stomum lineatum
Lecithaster confusus
Neochasmus sogandaresi
Culuwiya beauforti, Dicrogaster fastigata, Epithelionematobothrium fragile, Haplos-
planchnus mugilis, Hymenocotta manteri, Hysterolecitha elongata, Intromugil mugili-
colus, Lasiotocus glebulentus, L.mugilis, Lecithaster helodes, Rhipidocotyle lepisostei,
Saturnius maurepasi, Schikhobalotrema elongatum, S.magnum
Lecithaster helodes, Rhipidocotyle lepisostei
Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Opecoeloides elongatus
Opecoeloides brachyteleus
Deretrema fusillus
Dictysarca virens, Schikhobalotrema sparisomae, Sterrhurus fusiformis, S.havanensis,
S.loossi, Stomachicola rubeus
Dollfustrema gravidum, Sterrhurus fusiformis, Stomachicola rubeus
Sterrhurus fusiformis
Multicalyx cristata
Hemipera nicolli
Lecithochirium floridense
Helicometrina mirzai, Lecithochirium floridense, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Stephano
stomum sentum, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Sterrhurus musculus
Diplomonorchis sphaerovarium
Gonocerca crassa, Lecithochirium floridense, Lissoloma brotulae, Metadena brotulae,
Pseudopecoelus vulgaris, Sterrhurus musculus
Sterrhurus musculus
Megenteron manteri
Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense
Helicometrina nimia
Genitocotyle atlantica
Dermadena lactophrysi, Diphtherostomum anisotremi, Megapera gyrina, M.orbicu-
laris, M.pseudura, Thysanopharynx elongatus
Megapera gyrina
Dermadena lactophrysi, Xystretrum solidum
Gonocerca crassa, Lecithochirium floridense, L.microstomum, Pseudopecoelus dilecta
Genitocotyle cablei, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Adinosoma robustum, Gonocerca crassa
Aponurus laguncula, Lecithochirium parvum, Metadena adglobosa, Prosorhynchoides
bennetti, Sterrhurus musculus

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884
Paralichthys sp.
Paralichthys squamilentus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1842
Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syacium sp.
Family: Pempheridae
Pempheris klunzingeriMcCulloch, 1911
Family: Percophidae
Bembrops gobioides (Goode, 1880)
Family: Peristediidae
Peristedion brevirostre (Gnther, 1860)
Peristedion imberbe (Poey, 1861)
Peristedion longispatha (Goode & Bean, 1886)
Peristedion miniatum (Goode, 1880)
Family: Phycidae
Phycischesteri Goode & Bean, 1879
Urophyciscirrata(Goode & Bean, 1896)
Urophycis floridana (Bean & Dresel, 1884)
Urophycis regia (Walbaum, 1792)
Family: Pleuronectidae
Oncopterus darwini Steindachner, 1874
Family: Poeciliidae
Poecilia latipinna(Lesueur, 1821)
Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859
Family: Polymixiidae
Polymixia lowei Gnther, 1859
Family: Polynemidae
Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858)
Family: Pomacanthidae
Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Holacanthus isabelita (Jordan & Rutter, 1898)
Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795)
Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787)
Family: Pomacentridae
Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Stegastes leucostictus (Mller & Troschel, 1848)
Stegastes rectifraenum(Gill, 1862)
Stegastes variabilis(Castelnau, 1855)
Family: Pomatomidae
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Priacanthidae
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepde, 1801)
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 479
Trematode
Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Bucephaloides paralichthydis, Lecithochirium parvum, L.synodi, Prosorhynchoides ben-
netti, Stomachicola magnus
Gonocerca crassa
Gonocerca crassa
Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Zhukotrema cabelleroi
Opecoelus atlanticus
Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoulus vulgaris, Sterrhurus musculus
Brachyenteron peristedioni, Dissosaccus laevis, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Dissosaccus laevis
Dissosaccus laevis, Lomasoma gracilis, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Adinosoma robustum, Lepidapedon elongatum, Podocotyle pearsei
Gonocerca crassa, Lecithochirium floridense, Stephanostomum lineatum, Sterrhurus
musculus
Lecithaster confusus, L.leiostomi, Parahemiurus merus, Sterrhurus musculus
Adinosoma robustum, Derogenes varicus, Dinosoma rubrum, Gonocerca crassa, G.phy-
cidis, Lomasoma wardi, Stephanostomum lineatum
Lobatostoma ringens
Rhipidocotyle lintoni, Saccocoeloides soganderesi
Saccocoeloides sogandaresi
Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum
Opecoeloides polynemi
Antorchis urna, Barisomum erubescens, Manteria brachyderus, Pleurogonius candidulus
Antorchis urna, Barisomum erubescens
Leurodera decora, Macrorchitrema havanense
Antorchis urna, Barisomum erubescens, Cleptodiscus reticulatus, Hapladena leptotelea,
Hexangitrema pomacanthi, Pleurogonius candidulus, Theletrum fustiforme
Antorchis urna, Theletrum fustiforme
Deretrema fusillus, Haplosplanchnus adacutus, Parahemiurus merus
Diphtherostomum americanum, Helicometrina nimia, Lepocreadium sogandaresi,
Schikhobalotrema pomacentri
Schikhobalotrema pomacentri
Schikhobalotrema pomacentri
Bucephaloides callicotyle, Lecithochirium microstomum, Lobatostoma ringens, Proso-
rhynchoides arcuatus, Sterrhurus monticelli
Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Pseudopecoelus priacanthi
Bucephalus priacanthi, Deretrema fusillus, Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Pseu-
dopecoelus priacanthi, Tergestia pectinata
(continued )
480 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Family: Pristidae
Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794
Family: Ptereleotridae
Ptereleotris calliura (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)
Family: Rachycentridae
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Scaridae
Calotomus spinidens (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1840)
Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes, 1840
Scarus iseri (Bloch, 1789)
Scarusguacamaia Cuvier, 1829
Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840)
Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider,
1801)
Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1840)
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Family: Sciaenidae
Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacepde, 1802)
Cynoscion arenarius Ginsburg, 1930
Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830)
Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepde, 1801)
Equetus lanceolatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Leiostomus xanthurus (Lacepde, 1802)
Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847)
Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch & Schneider,
1801)
Micropogonias undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier, 1830)
Pareques umbrosus (Jordan & Eigenmann,
1889)
Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Scombridae
Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832)
Auxis thazard (Lacepde, 1800)
Euthynnus sp.
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)
Trematode
Multicalyx cristata
Lecithochirium floridense
Psettarium anthicum, Stephanostomum imparaspine, Tormopsolus filiformis
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus
Hapladena ovalis, Haplosplanchnus brachyurus
Barisomum erubescens
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus
Schikhobalotrema sparisomae
Hapladena ovalis, Schikhobalotrema sparisomae
Haplosplanchnus brachyurus, Schikhobalotrema sparisomae
Bucephalus cynoscion, Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Lecithaster confusus, Lecithochirium
parvum, Metadena spectanda, Opecoeloides fimbriatus, Parahemiurus merus, Proso-
rhynchoides caecorum, Pseudopecoelus manteri, Siphodera vinaledwardsii, Stepha-
nostomum interruptum, Sterrhurus musculus, Tergestia pectinata
Bucephalus cynoscion, Cardicola laruei, Hirudinella ventricosa, Metadena spectanda,
Pleorchis americanus, Prosorhynchoides caecorum, Stephanostomum interruptum,
Stomachicola magnus
Bucephalus cynoscion, Cardicola laruei, Parahemiurus merus, Pleorchis americanus,
Prosorhynchoides caecorum, Stephanostomum interruptum
Lepocreadium trulla, Metadena globosa
Lecithochirium floridense, Manteriella crassa, Pseudopecoeloides equesi
Aponurus pyriformis, Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Homalometron manteri, H.pallidum,
Lecithaster leiostomi, Lecithochirium parvum, Sterrhurus musculus
Cotylogaster basiri, Glaucivermis spinosus, Lobatostoma ringens, Opecoeloides fimbria-
tus, Stephanostomum sentum, Sterrhurus musculus
Opecoeloides fimbriatus
Opecoeloides fimbriatus
Aponurus pyriformis, Cotylogaster basiri, Diplomonorchis leiostomi , Lecithaster con-
fusus, Lecithochirium parvum, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Lobatostoma ringens,
Metadena spectanda, Opecoeloides fimbriatus, O.vitellosus, Prosorhynchoides caeco-
rum, Stephanostomum interruptum, Sterrhurus musculus, Thometrema lotzi
Manteriella crassa
Helicometrina execta, Manteriella crassa, Pseudopecoeloides equesi
Cardicola palmeri, Cotylogaster basiri, C.dinosoides, Diplomonorchis leiostomi,
Homalometron pallidum
Bucephaloides megacirrus, Cardicola currani, Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Lecithaster
confusus, Lecithochirium mecosaccum, Metadena spectanda, Opecoeloides fimbria-
tus, O.vitellosus, Prosorhynchoides caecorum
Hirudinella ventricosa
Lecithochirium parvum, Tergestia laticollis
Hirudinella ventricosa
Dinurus scombri, Hirudinella ventricosa, Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, L.texa-
num, Rhipidocotyle capitatum, R.nagatyi, Tergestia laticollis

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)
Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829)
Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815)
Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1793)
Thunnus albacares(Bonnaterre, 1788)
Family: Scorpaenidae
Pontinus longispinis Goode & Bean, 1896
Scorpaena agassizii Goode & Bean, 1896
Scorpaena brasiliensis Cuvier, 1829
Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier, 1829
Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833
Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789
Family: Scyliorhinidae
Cephaloscyllium ventriosum (Garman, 1880)
Family: Sebastidae
Trachyscorpia cristulata (Goode & Bean, 1896)
Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809)
Family: Serranidae
Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Diplectrum bivittatum Valenciennes, 1828
Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766)
Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)
Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)
Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828)
Epinephelus mystacinus (Poey, 1852)
Epinephelus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828)
Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792)
Hemanthias aureorubens (Longley, 1935)
Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860)
Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean, 1879)
Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pronotogrammus sp.
Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Family: Setarchidae
Setarches guentheri Johnson, 1862
Family: Sparidae
Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792)
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 481
Trematode
Dinurus barbatus, Lecithochirium texanum, Rhipidocotyle angusticolle, Sterrhurus tex-
anus
Bucephaloides scomberomorus, Bucephalus varicus, Prosorhynchoides arcuatus, Rhipi-
docotyle angusticolle
Bucephaloides scomberomorus, Didymocystis scomberomori, Prosorhynchoides arcu-
atus, Rhipidocotyle adbaculum, R.baculum
Didymocystis scomberomori, Prosorhynchoides arcuatus, Rhipidocotyle adbaculum,
R.baculum
Lecithochirium parvum, Tergestia laticollis
Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris, Sterrhurus musculus
Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense
Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoelus scorpaenae, Sterrhurus
musculus
Bucephalus scorpaenae, Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium parvum, Pseudopecoelus
scorpaenae
Derogenes varicus, Dissosaccus laevis, Opecoelina helicoleni
Bucephalus scorpaenae, Helicometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoelus
scorpaenae, Sterrhurus musculus
Multicalyx cristata
Derogenes varicus, Opecoelina scorpaenae, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Derogenes varicus, Dissosaccus laevis, Opecoelina helicoleni, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Aponurus laguncula, Lecithochirium floridense, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense
Lecithochirium parvum, Sterrhurus musculus
Helicometra torta
Lecithochirium microstomum, Prosorhynchus promicropsi, Stephanostomum promi-
cropsi
Allonematobothrium yucatanense, Barisomum erubescens, Helicometra torta, Heli-
cometrina nimia, Lecithochirium floridense, Lepidapedon levenseni, Postporus epi-
nepheli, Stephanostomum dentatum
Stephanostomum admicrostephanum
Lepidapedoides nicolli, Prosorhynchus ozakii, Stephanostomum microstephanum
Cainocreadium lintoni, Helicometra torta, Lecithochirium floridense, L.microstomum,
L.parvum, Sterrhurus musculus
Lethadena profunda
Lecithochirium microstomum, Lecithochirium parvum, Postporus epinepheli, Proso-
rhynchus atlanticus, P.pacificus
Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Neolepidapedoides macrum, Prosorhynchus
atlanticus, P.pacificus
Helicometrina execta, Postporus mycteropercae, Proctoeces maculatus, Prosorhynchus
atlanticus, Stephanostomum dentatum
Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Prosorhynchus aguayoi, Sterrhurus ryptici
Derogenes varicus, Gonocerca crassa
Cotylogaster basiri, Crassicutis archosargi, Diplangus paxillus, Lepocreadium archo-
sargi, Megasolena hysterospina, Multitestis rotundus
(continued )
482 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calamus bajonado (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Calamus calamus (Valenciennes, 1830)
Diplodus holbrookii (Bean, 1878)
Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766)
Stenotomus chrysops (Linneaus, 1766)
Family: Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771)
Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829
Family: Stromateidae
Peprilus alepidotus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Peprilus burti Fowler, 1944
Peprilus triacanthus (Peck, 1804)
Family: Synaphobranchidae
Ilyophis brunneus Gilbert, 1891
Synaphobranchus affinis Gnther, 1877
Synaphobranchus oregoni Castle, 1960
Family: Syngnathidae
Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810
Syngnathus sp.
Family: Synodontidae
Saurida normani Longley, 1935
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)
Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887
Synodus sp.
Family: Tetraodontidae
Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Sphaeroides sp.
Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785)
Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Trichiuridae
Benthodesmus simonyi (Steindachner, 1891)
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Triglidae
Bellator militaris (Goode & Bean, 1896)
Prionotus alatus Goode & Bean, 1883
Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1771)
Trematode
Cainocreadium oscitans, Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Diphtherostomum americanum,
Lecithochirium parvum, Megasolena hysterospina, Steringotrema corpulentum
Anahemiurus microcercus, Aponurus pyriformis, Cardicola cardiocola, Lecithochirium
floridense, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Lobatostoma ringens, Pachycreadium crassigu-
lum, Proctoeces maculatus, Pycnadenoides calami, Stephanostomum sentum
Anahemiurus microcercus, Aponurus pyriformis, Diplangus paxillus, Helicometrina
nimia, Lecithophyllum pyriforme, Lobatostoma ringens, Myzoxenus vittellosus,
Pachycreadium crassigulum, Proctoeces maculatus, Pseudocreadium anandrum, Pyc-
nadena lata, Stephanostomum sentum
Pachycreadium crassigulum
Diplomonorchis leiostomi, Diphtherostomum americanum, Ectenurus yamagutii,
Lasiotocus beauforti, L.lintoni, Lecithaster confusus, Lecithochirium parvum, Lepo-
creadium floridanus, Megasolena hysterospina, Parahemiurus merus, Proctoeces lin-
toni, Steringotrema corpulentum
Lobatostoma ringens
Bucephaloides longoviferous, Claribulla longula, Paradinurus manteri, Prosorhyn-
choides arcuatus, Rhipidocotyle barracudae, R.longicirrus, R.longleyi, Stephanosto-
mum gracile, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithophyllum pyriforme
Lecithocladium excisum, Lepocreadium pyriforme, Opechona gracilis
Lecithocladium excisum
Lepocreadium pyriforme
Helicometra robinsorum
Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Helicometra robinsorum, Hypertrema ambovatum
Dictysarca virens, Genitocotyle cablei
Genitocotyle atlantica
Gonocerca crassa
Ectenurus americanus, Genolopa ampullacea, Lecithochirium floridense, L.mecosac-
cum, L.microstomum, L.parvum, L.synodi, Opegaster synodi, Parahemiurus merus,
Sterrhurus musculus, Stomachicola magnus, S.rubeus
Gonocerca crassa, Sterrhurus musculus
Lecithochirium floridense, L.mecosaccum
Sterrhurus musculus
Aponurus laguncula, Bianium plicitum, B.vitellosum
Bianium plicitum
Bianium plicitum, Sclerodistomum sphoeroidis, Xystretrum solidum
Bianium plicitum, Megalophallus diodontis, Sclerodistomum sphoeroidis, Xystretrum
solidum
Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Bucephaloides trichiuri, Bucephalus brevitentaculatus, Lecithochirium microstomum
Helicometra fasciata, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Helicometra fasciata, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris
Helicometra fasciata

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Prionotus sp.
Prionotus scitulus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
Prionotus stearnsi Jordan & Swain, 1885
Family: Uranoscopidae
Kathetostoma albigutta (Bean, 1892)
Class: Chondrichthyes
Family: Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus limbatus (Mller & Henle, 1839)
Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson,
1836)
Family: Dasyatidae
Dasyatis americana Hildebrand & Schroeder,
1928
Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur, 1824)
Class: Reptilia
Family: Alligatoridae
Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801)
Family: Cheloniidae
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Crocodylidae
Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier, 1807
Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807
Crocodylus moreletii Dumril and Bibron, 1851
Family: Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)
Class: Aves (the Sauropsida clade of the Reptilia;
including the class Aves and excluding the order
Testudines and the clade Crocodylotarsi)
Family: Accipitridae
Buteo jamaicensis (J.F.Gmelin, 1788)
Buteo lineatus (J.F.Gmelin, 1788)
Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe, 1830)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 483
Trematode
Lecithochirium floridense, L.parvum, Sterrhurus musculus
Sterrhurus monticelli
Lecithochirium floridense, Pseudopecoelus vulgaris, Sterrhurus musculus
Bucephalus kathetostomae
Selachohemecus benzi
Selachohemecus olsoni
Nagmia floridensis
Nagmia floridensis
Caimanicola pavidus, Timoniella loossi, Protocaecum coronarium
Carettacola bipora, Cricocephalus albus, Cymatocarpus solearis, Diaschistorchis pandus,
Hapalotrema synorchis, Lophotaspis vallei, Neospirorchis pricei, Orchidasma amphi-
orchis, Pachypsolus irroratus, Plesiochorus cymbiformis, Pleurogonius trigonocepha-
lus, Pyelosomum longicaecum, Rhytidodes gelatinosus, Styphlotrema solitarius
Angiodictyum parallelum, Cricocephalus albus, C.megastomus, Desmogonius desmogo-
nius, Deuterobaris proteus, Diaschistorchis pandus, Enodiotrema megachondrus,
Glyphicephalus lobatus, G.solidus, Learedius learedi, L.similis, Microscaphidium
reticulare, Octangium sagitta, Pleurogonius trigonocephalus, Polyangium linguatula,
Pyelosomum cochlear, Rhytidodoides intestinalis, R.similis, Schizamphistomoides
spinulosus, Schizamphistomum scleroporum
Adenogaster serialis, Cricocephalus americanus, Diaschistorchis pandus, Glyphicepha-
lus solidus, Pleurogonius longibursatus, Pleurogonius trigonocephalus, Rhytidodes
gelatinosus
Acanthostomum americanum, Timoniella loossi
Acanthostomum americanum, Timoniella loossi
Acanthostomum americanum, Timoniella loossi
Pyelosomum renicapite
Phagicola longa
Microparyphium facetum
Ascocotyle tenuicollis, Phagicola nana
Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Microparyphium facetum, Phagicola longa, P.nana,
Renicola thapari
Ascocotyle angrense, Echinochasmus dietzevi, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Neogo-
gatea pandionis, Phagicola longa, Pygidiopsis pindoramensis, Scaphanocephalus
expansus, Stephanoprora denticulata, Renicola ralli
(continued )
484 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)
Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)
Host taxon
Family: Anatidae
Aix sponsa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anas fulvigula Ridgway, 1874
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758
Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809)
Aythya marila (Linnaeus, 1761)
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816)
Family: Anhingidae
Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766)
Family: Ardeidae
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758
Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758
Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett, 1813)
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Butorides virescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Egretta thula (Molina, 1782)
Hydranassa tricolor (Muller, 1776)
Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Cathartidae
Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Charadriidae
Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820
Himantopus mexicanus (Muller, 1776)
Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Ciconiidae
Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Falconidae
Caracara cheriway (Jacquin, 1784)
Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Fregatidae
Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914
Family: Gaviidae
Gavia immer (Brunnich, 1764)
Family: Laridae
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763
Trematode
Prosthogonimus ovatus
Prosthogonimus ovatus, Psilochasmus oxyurus
Psilochasmus oxyurus
Cyclocoelum obscurum, Prosthogonimus ovatus
Psilochasmus oxyurus
Prosthogonimus ovatus
Echinochasmus dietzevi, Euparyphium anhingae, E.capitaneum, Schwartzitrema
schwartzi,Trifolium travossosi
Ascocotyle angrense, A.gemina, A.mcintoshi, Ascocotyle megalocephala, A.tenuicollis,
Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Echinochasmus dietzevi, Ignavia venusta, Mesostephanus
appendiculatoides, Microparyphium facetum, Phagicola diminuta, P.longa, P.nana,
Pholeter anterouterus, Stephanoprora denticulata
Apharyngostrigea cornu, A.simplex, Ascocotyle gemina, Ascocotyle megalocephala,
Echinochasmus dietzevi, Ignavia venusta, Microparyphium facetum, Parastrigea
brasiliana, Phagicola diminuta, Prosthogonimus ovatus, Pygiodopsis pindoramensis,
Stephanoprora denticulata
Apharyngostrigea pipientis
Apharyngostrigea duboisi, Ascocotyle leighi, Microphallus turgidus, Strigea gracilis
Apharyngostrigea multiovata, A.simplex, Ascocotyle chandleri, A.gemina, A.mcintoshi,
A.tenuicollis, Echinochasmus donaldsoni, Phagicola diminuta, P.longa, P.nana,
Pholeter anterouterus, Microphallus turgidus, Prosthogonimus ovatus
Echinochasmus dietzevi, Microparyphium facetum, Stephanoprora denticulata
Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Phagicola diminuta, Renicola hydranassae
Ascocotyle gemina, Ignavia venusta, Microphallus turgidus, Parorchis acanthus,
Pygiodopsis pindoramensis
Apharyngostrigea cornu, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Parorchis acanthus, Phagi-
cola longa, P.mollienesicola, Pygiodopsis pindoramensis
Phagicola macrostoma
Acanthoparyphium spinulosum
Caiguiria himantopae, Neoallopyge americanensis
Megalophallus reamesi
Ascocotyle sesquiordoi, Echinochasmus dietzevi, E.donaldsoni, Erschoviorchis lintoni,
Ignavia venusta, Microparyphium facetum, Phagicola longa, P.macrostoma, P.nana,
Stephanoprora denticulata
Microparyphium facetum, Prosthogonimus ovatus
Prosthogonimus ovatus
Galactosomum cochleariforme, G.fregatae, Schwartzitrema seamsteri
Austrobilharzia terrigalensis, Echinochasmus skrjabini, Erschoviorchis lintoni, Himas-
thla alincia, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Microparyphium facetum, Odhneria
odhneri, Parorchis acanthus, Phagicola longa, Plotnikovia fodiens, Prosthogonimus
ovatus, Renicola pollaris, Stephanoprora denticulata, Stictodora lariformicola
Cardiocephalus medioconiger, C.megaloconus, Cryptocotyle lingua, Parorchis acanthus,
Stephanoprora denticulata, Stictodora lariformicola

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued )
Host taxon
Larus atricilla Linnaeus, 1758
Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758
Sterna forsteri Nuttall, 1834
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758
Sterna maxima Boddaert, 1783
Sterna nilotica J.F.Gmelin, 1789
Family: Pelecanidae
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789
Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766
Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson, 1831)
Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)
Family: Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758
Family: Rallidae
Porzana carolina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rallus elegans Audubon, 1834
Rallus longirostris Boddaert, 1783
Family: Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (J.F.Gmelin,
1789)
Limnodromus griseus (J.F.Gmelin, 1789)
Numenius americanus Bechstein, 1812
Tringa flavipes (J.F.Gmelin, 1789)
Family: Strigidae
Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782)
Family: Sulidae
Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783)
Overstreet, Cook, and Heard ~ 485
Trematode
Cardiocephalus medioconiger, Cardiocephalus megaloconus, Cotylurus aquavis, Galac-
tosomum fregatae, Galactosomum puffini, Galactosomum spinetum, Gynaecotyla
adunca, Pachytrema sanguineum, Philophthalmus larsoni, Renicola glandoloba
Acanthotrema martini, Galactosomum spinetum, Neostictodora huttoni, Stephanoprora
denticulata
Cardiocephalus medioconiger, C.megaloconus
Renicola glandoloba
Cardiocephalus medioconiger, C.megaloconus, Pachytrema sanguineum, Philophthal-
mus andersoni, Renicola glandoloba, Stephanoprora denticulata, Stictodora larifor-
micola
Galactosomum spinetum, Renicola glandoloba
Ascocotyle gemina, A.leighi, Bursatintinnabulus bassanus, Echinochasmus dietzevi,
Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, M.microbursa, Phagicola longa, P.nana, Pholeter
anterouterus, Renicola thapari, Stephanoprora denticulata
Echinochasmus donaldsoni, Galactosomum darbyi, G.fregatae, G.puffini, Mesostepha-
nus yedeae, Microparyphium facetum, Microphallus turgidus, Phagicola macrostoma
Drepanocephalus spathans, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, M.cubaensis, Parorchis
acanthus, Phagicola diminuta, P.longa, Phocitremoides butionis
Phocitremoides butionis
Parorchis acanthus
Prosthogonimus ovatus
Ascocotyle pachycystis, Cyclocoelum obscurum, Echinochasmus schwartzi, Levinseniella
byrdi, Prosthogonimus ovatus
Ascocotyle gemina, Austrobilharzia penneri, Diacetabulum riggini, Echinochasmus
schwartzi, Gynaecotyla adunca, Levinseniella deblocki, Longiductotrema floriden-
sis, Lyperosomum sinuosum, Maritrema patulus, M.prosthometra, Megalophallus
pentadactylus, M.reamesi, Microphallus turgidus, Odhneria raminellae, Pachytrema
sanguineum, Parorchis acanthus, Phagicola diminuta, Probolocoryphe glandulosa,
Renicola glandoloboides, R.hydranassae, R.ralli
Androcotyla arenariae, Diacetabulum riggini, Megalophallus reamesi, Parorchis acan-
thus, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Cyclocoelum obscurum, Himasthla alincia, Odhneria odhneri, Parorchis acanthus
Acanthotrema cursitans, A.hancocki, Cyclocoelum obscurum, Diacetabulum riggini,
Endocotyle bushi, Gynaecotyla adunca, Himasthla catoptrophori, H.quissetensis,
Levinseniella hunteri, Maritrema patulus, Microphallus nicolli, M.turgidus, Nume-
niotrema kinsellai, Odhneria odhneri, Paragymnophallus kinsellai, Parorchis acan-
thus, Parvatrema borinquenae, Probolocoryphe glandulosa, Prosthogonimus ovatus,
Renicola glandoloboides, Testiculoporus cedarkeyensis
Cyclocoelum obscurum, Parorchis acanthus
Cyclocoelum obscurum, Himasthla rhigedana, Lyperosomum oswaldoi, L.sinuosum,
Parorchis acanthus, P.numenii, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Himasthla alincia
Maritrema patulus, Prosthogonimus ovatus
Bursacetabulus morus, Bursatintinnabulus bassanus, Galactosomum cochleariforme
Mesostephanus fajardensis
(continued )
486 ~ Trematoda (Platyhelminthes)

Checklist 5. Gulf of Mexico host-trematode list. (continued)

Host taxon Trematode

Family: Threskiornithidae
Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus, 1758) Apharyngostrigea multiovata, Ascocotyle chandleri, A.mcintoshi, Echinochasmus
dietzevi, Microparyphium facetum, Microphallus turgidus, Phagicola longa, P.mac-
rostoma, Phocitremoides butionis, Pygiodopsis pindoramensis, Pygorchis americanus,
Renicola ralli, Stephanoprora denticulata, Strigea strigis
Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ascocotyle ampullacea, A.mcintoshi, Gynaecotyla adunca, Lyperosomum sinuosum,
Microparyphium facetum, Microphallus turgidus, Parastrigea diovadena, Parorchis
acanthus, Polycyclorchis eudocimi, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Class: Mammalia
Family: Delphinidae
Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874 Nasitrema lanceolata, Pholeter gastrophilus
Grampus griseus (G.Cuvier, 1812) Campula palliata, Hadwenius tursionis, Pholeter gastrophilus
Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846) Braunina cordiformis, Campula palliata, Pholeter gastrophilus
Steno bredanensis (G.Cuvier in Lesson, 1828) Campula palliata, Hadwenius tursionis, Pholeter gastrophilus
Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) Braunina cordiformis, Campula palliata, Pholeter gastrophilus
Family: Didelphidae
Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792 Acanthotrema cursitans, Linstowiella szidati, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Phagi-
cola longa
Family: Felidae
Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777) Heterobilharzia americana
Family: Muridae
Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Ascocotyle angrense, Echinochasmus schwartzi, Paramonostomum pseudalveatum,
Phagicola diminuta, Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis
Oryzomys palustris (Harlan, 1837) Acanthotrema cursitans, Ascocotyle angrense, A.mollienisicola, Catatropis johnstoni,
Echinochasmus schwartzi, Gymnophalloides heardi, Gynaecotyla adunca, Levinsen-
iella deblocki, Maritrema heardi, M.prosthometra, Microphallus basodactylophallus,
M.nicolli, Odhneria odhneri, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, 1825 Gynaecotyla adunca, Microphallus basodactylophallus, Nudacotyle novicia, Plagiorchis
muris, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Family: Mustelidae
Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777) Baschkirovitrema incrassatum
Mustela vison Schreber, 1777 Baschkirovitrema incrassatum, Cryptocotyle concava, Euparyphium beaveri, Heterobil-
harzia americana, Isthmiophora melis, Sellacotyle vitellosa
Family: Procyonidae
Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthotrema cursitans, Amphimerus speciosus, Ascocotyle angrense, A.pachycystis,
Carneophallus bilobatus, Gynaecotyla adunca, Heterobilharzia americana, Isthmio-
phora melis, Levinseniella deblocki, Linstowiella szidati, Maritrema prosthometra,
Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Microphallus basodactylophallus, M.turgidus,
Phagicola diminuta, P.longa, Probolocoryphe glandulosa
Family: Trichechidae
Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 Chiorchis fabaceus, Cochleotrema cochleotrema, Moniligerum blairi, Nudacotyle
undicola
1
The record of Conger conger is based on a misidentification; the true identity of the host remains unknown.