Module 2 Analog Filters

Steps to design an analog low pass Butterworth Filter:

(1) Find the order of the filter N, from the given specifications.
(2) Round it off to the next higher integer.
(3) Find the transfer function H(s) for c = 1 rad/sec for the value of N.
(4) Calculate the value of cut-off frequency c.
(5) Find the transfer function Ha(s) for the above value of c by substituting in H(s).

Magnitude specifications for an

Analog low pass filter Digital low pass filter

Analog low pass filter specifications:

p - pass band edge frequency in radians/sec

s - stop band edge frequency in radians/sec
c - 3dB cut-off frequency in radians/sec
- parameter specifying allowable pass band
- parameter specifying allowable stop band
p - peak pass band ripple (pass band error tolerance)
s - peak stop band ripple (maximum allowable magnitude in the stop band)

Digital low pass filter specifications:

p - pass band edge angular frequency in Hertz

s - stop band edge angular frequency in Hertz
c - 3dB cut-off frequency in Hertz
p - peak pass band ripple (pass band error tolerance)
s - peak stop band ripple (maximum allowable magnitude in the stop band)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 1

Formulae:

Order of the filter N:

10 . 1
log .
10 1
N
s
log
p

log
N
s
log
p
log
N
1
log
k
p
, =
s
. .
10 1
= = .
10 1
. .
= (10 1)
. .
= (10 1)

=
(10 . 1)

List of Butterworth polynomials

N Denominator of H(s)
1 s+1
2 s + 2s + 1
3 ( + 1)( + 2 + 1)
4 ( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)
5 ( + 1)( + 0.61803 + 1)( + 1.61803 + 1)
6 ( + 1.931855 + 1)( + 2 + 1) )( + 0.51764 + 1)
7 ( + 1)( + 1.80194 + 1) ( + 1.247 + 1) ( + 0.445 + 1)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 2

1. Design an analog Butterworth filter that has a -2dB pass band attenuation at a
frequency of 20 rad/sec and atleast -10dB stop band attenuation at 30 rad/sec.
Solution:
= 2 dB (PB attenuation); = 20 rad/sec (PB frequency)
= 10 dB (SB attenuation) ; = 30 rad/sec (SB frequency)
Step 1:
To find the order of the filter N:
10 . 1
log .
10 1
N
s
log p

10 . 1 10 1
log . log 1.585 1 log(3.922) 0.5935
10 1
N 3.37
30 30 0.176 0.176
log 20 log 20

Step 2:
Rounding it off to the next higher integer; N=4.
Step 3:
The normalized low pass Butterworth filter for N=4 can be found from
Polynomials Table.
1
(s) =
( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)

Step 4:
Calculating the value of cut-off frequency c,

=
(10 . 1)

= = = .
= = . .
( . ) ( . ) ( . ) .

Step 5:
The transfer function Ha(s) for c = 21.3868 can be obtained by substituting
. in ( ).
1
(s) =
( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)

1
(s) =
+ 0.76537 21.3868 + 1 + 1.8477 21.3868 + 1
21.3868 21.3868

0.20921 10
(s) =
( + 16.3686 + 457.394)( + 39.517 + 457.394)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 3