IN TIlE UNITED STAlES DISTRICT counT Fon HIE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION
Docket No. 598
I
MOL
IN ne LONG OISTANeE
LI TIGATION All CAses
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Han. AnnA Diggs TAylor
NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION ANO PROPOSEO SETTLEMENT TO CERTAIN CURRENT ANO
FORMER CUSTOMERS OF ALLNET COMMUNICATION SERVICES, INC.

Order 01 the United Statp.s District Court for Ihe Eastern District of Michigan, PLEASE TAKE NOTICE THAT:
Ry
A ClASS acllon lawsul' has been fUad on bah,,11 d. corlsln 'ormer find current customers aORlnst Allnet Communlcallon
Services, Inc., formerly known as Combined Network, Inc. The Court hAl preUmlna,lly approved. leltlement of this 'awsult.
YOU ARE URGED TO READ THIS NOTICE CAREFULLY BECAUSE . IT AFFEC T S YOUR RIGHTS AND Will BE BINDING
ON YOU IN THE FUTURE.
L NOTICE OF A PENOING CLASS ACTION
A. DNertp"_"" L •••un
Plalnllffs have
IUed Annet. alleging that Allnet charged cuslomeJS lor cer'aln unanswered letephana caU., holding
lime, busy signets. and Cfmtrllr oftlc8 recordings (collecltvftly "unanswered calls". without adequately dlsdoslng eueh charon
to lhelr customers the pubHc. Plalnt"'!!f'ek to pre5ent their
or clafms for charges fOf' unanswered caAs, wei
own ••
a! t
�II::::r::�t,: .z��:I��:�����yA:'';�lf�:�=�:":,r��,c:t�r;r� AHnet has charged Its eubscrlbers f.lrly
and properry and has dlsclo� tun)' and '."'y he basis for Its tong distance charges. AHnftt has agreed 10 seltle PI.'ntlff,· suR
sole'y to avotd the expen'J8, Inconvenlonce andI dlsrupUon of further litigation.
This Nollce Is nol an expression 01 any opinion by 'hit Courl or thf'J merits of this 11II 811on or or the Settlement A reemeni.
' S t , rn a rr s
hour!': �h�n:,:::�, �� 6'':�����:B:,,::n�:a�:' g. ��tc��=':"�:'::'�:'�t� ':tr,,=-=!,. � /1 ;:. t���m: Boutevard.
Detroit. Michigan 48226.
•. The S.ttlement CI....
Plalntlfts and Alinel have entered Into a S�ttlement Agreement. which has been pre1lmlnarlly approved by the Court.
Under the Utfms 01 the Settlement Agreement, the parUes have agreed, lor purposes of settlement onty. I"a' Ihls autt h•• been
brought onbehalf of the toftowlng cla,� 01 persons slmltarly situated to Plalntl"' t the "Class"):
All persons and entities that SUMcribed to end utilited the long distance tetephone MrVk:e of AHnet or Its predecesSOf.
Combined Networ1t, Inc. (referred to coHectivety "Annet'·). at any tkne durlnQ the period March 2. 1981 through
H
December 31. 1985.
C. How 10 Rem.ln • C .... M.m......
w t t e
198 ft��� :�:�:�'tt ��:;,�"��:!=::�, t���::;;:. ��:���::a�� :�!�rn �":e��c!.�t! ����a�:��8y
parUclpate In this ttettlement and you wm be bound by the resulls ot the settlement and/or the laWllUlt.
D. How to EKCIuda Yoar.... From 1M Cl •••.
You Are not required to be member 01 the Clllss. Should you decide that you do nol want to be. mf'mber of the Class,
•
you must send an exclusl('ln notice that statfts your name. current address. And your desire to be excludl8d 'rom the Cla!'lsio Ihe
Clerk of the United States Dtstrlct Court for the Eastern Dls'rlct of Michigan at the address given at the and 0' this Notice.
postmarked no laler than June lB. 198ft " you choose to be excluded 'rom the Class, you may not participate In the settlement.
You will no1. howtMfr, be bound by any Judgment dlsmlsslng this action and you wilt rematn I,.. to pur_ your own behaH
on
any Mga' rights you may h.....
n. TERMS OF THE SETTLEMENT
c s t lm m
of 1�2��II:��:-Yt';='�::�:'�i :����� ���n�� �p :: : =�� ':."'7���{:t!:��R��::'i. �,:=)( U
benefits are available to Class members who propMly complete and m. a Proof 01 Claim In the manner described In Section
III be4ow. Class members may choose one benef it from the following options:
A. A slandardlzed credit toward Allnel long dlslanc.telephone service 0' 90 cftnl, lor each year 'rom 1981 through
1985 In which the Ctass memb9r� (Il was an Annet cuslomer; and (II) claims that ahe/he w.. charged by
Allnet for unanswered calls; or
B. A s'.""dardlztKI cash r.'und 0' 90 cents for each)'Par Irom 1981 through 1985In whtch It1e ele.. member: (I) WlIS
an Annet customer; Rnd «") claims that shelhe was chArged by Allnet lor UnR�!Wered calls; or
C. An lIem/led credit toward Aline' long distance telAphone service of 30 cents 'ot pach minute 01 unan.�red calls

���;; 1981 through December 31.1985) and 'or

��':=�::'��':!:�::t;:!l":,���::��ee:��/�:;��:r�:���r�I�
O. An /remlzfld cash r.fund of 30 ctmts for each minute of unanswered calls for which lhe Class membe, wa. chargPd
during the Class period (March 2, 19811hrouoh December 31. 1985) and lor which the Clast member ha.
not bRan prevtously reimbursed or credited.
To obtAin an IIemlled credIt or cash refund, the Cllts! member musl ltemlle and allest to ellch unanswered cltll 'Of which
• rpfund or credit Is claimed. It the tOlal credits clnlmf'Jd by Cln's mpmbers eJ(ceed $525.000. eltch Clas, membpr
clalmln" Soltlen'l8nl Credits will receive hls/her/ o r.'a share of the lotal Settlement Credits IIYAllable. It the 101AI ctlsh
f fI ' �' 175.�e8Ch Clnss member claiming a Cash Refund wtll recelvtt hls/her/ltl pro rllf.
�� �,� �f��!";�a��:; �s,:p��d:: ari:��
•

Class mftmb." .. nMd not be current Allnet cu!!lomers to claim the standardltlMl and It"ml,ed crftdltl Allnet will
automatically open an account lor any Cla!!s membf!r who reque,ts c,edlts and executes an authorltatlon 10 o� 'Wt"h
an Account. "'" eh,,. ""'mber Incur. lOcal telephon8 company �Cf'J charge m connecllon wilh U", Gp@f\lng 01 an AII".1
II
account. Allnet will ls�ue credit to the Clas.. mll9mher', act:f)Unt 10' 1M fun amount of .... ch tarvlcft cha'ge upon fII!C�P'
A
ol'� Iocat t�ephone companys bm lOf the !",vtce ctlll rge Anmt(" not r�DOMlbM for any other..w.e char� 'hat w." II
t
�;�=J :!.';�r::'ir:...��8r;t;:�:��\,:t!: =�,1ctI (up 10 maxJrnum of S240.OOO) end of II
administering the settlement described above.
The Sf'ltllemflnl Agrettment further provides thltl upon Iinal npproval 0' the seltlement. the Court ."." ante, a Judgment
dlsml!'lslng with prejudice An clalml of plaintiffs and members of the Class that hAve been or might have been asserted
In this acllon or refate 10 Allne"a billing And disclosure prllctlces lor unanswered cans.
Counsel for the Class hive Investlg"ted the 'acls and clrcumstances regarding the cl'dms egaln.. Allnet and thetr defenSM.
In ylpw ot those circumstances. ... tOf' the Cia,. have concfuded th.t thle settMment Agreement Ie ,.Ir and raesonable .nd In
coon
the best Interest. of the Clan.
III. HOW TO FILE A PROOF OF CLAIM
To reretve SettlemtH'1t Credtta a Cnh Refund. you must provIde all of the Informanon requested In lhe Proof 01 Cfalm
Of
al lhe end of this Holtee and r.turn It 10 the Clerk 01 tM Courl al Ihe addreu fndk:aled below. postm.... tced no lalllM'
than July 28. 19811. The PrOo' of Claim must be signed by lhe Class member " the Class member I, not In Individual, An
Of'.
authorized representative. An claims.re sublect to conflrmatton Ind �proval. PLEASE FILL OUT fHE CLAIM FORM CAREFUllY.
IV. NOTICE OF SETTLEMENT HEAIIING
A settlement hearing wttI be held on June 28. 1988 befor.the Honorab'e Judge Anna Olgg' Ta or, Un"ad StatM
a I T f- t
��::�r:���:r;�':t��:t2:��,:,:;:� �::: ::=������o.:.�� �o��=by ::'� �s:.�..:r�r::;:'�t::. �nd
adequnt •.
At the selllemenl hearing. counsel tor lhe Class shall petition the Court 'or an aWArd of aUorney!' feM and expenses not
�����::'orS ���:o�. a:��t1����$�f.;:' ��t :!�r;rn�":xt���:!I��c,:;,��al�d���'1:r',I�:'t�:�:lfree::.�. r�=r,::�:I::�nsM \
shall not reduce any of Ihe Settlement Credits or Cash Refunds avallabte to Class memhe'"
Any Class member wl!';hlng to appear and he heard at the Spltlement Hearing must file a notice of Intenllon to apPAAr \
with the Clerk 0' the Court, which nollce must be postmarked no later than June 18, 198f'- "Iuch CI.,s member
ohlp.clS 10 any one or mo,e terms 01 the Settlement Agreement. the notice of Intention to appflar must be BCC"ompanlftd by a
stalement 01 the basl'J tor this obJection. A Class member may nl'\o oblect 10 the Settlement Agre8mf'nt without
personally appearing at the Hearing by filing written obJections to the Settlement with Ihe Clerk of the Court no laler than
June 18. 1988. A copy of the obJection! In any case must also be �rved upon lead counset for the plalntl" clan. Sachno" Weaver
& Rubenstein. Ltd., AflenUon: Aline' S.Wemenf. 30 South Wacker Drive. Suite 2900, Chicago, 1111na1.60808. You will not be
heard at the Hearing entitled to conte!!! the Proposed Seltlement unless you me and
or your object� In
\181''''
accordance wllh th.foregoing Instructions.
V. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS NOTICE 011 THIS LA WSUIT
"you have any qup.sllons about this Notice. the attached Prool nt Claim, the ....w.ull or the A.t....lnehl. you may write to·
Ann g��=�E�
� :LUb�:7�1�:r;.��i SHOUlI) BE MAtlE TO AllNET, COUNSEL FOIl PLAINTIFF.,
011 THE COURT.
 We think you 'II find this issue to
be most informative and education­
al. At last we've devoted some space
to the subject of computer viruses.
But we've done it in a way no
other magazine has yet done. For
the first time, you can read what
goes through the mind of someone
who deliberately plants viruses in
computer systems. And you can also
see what measures are being taken
to thwart this person's efforts.
We're happy to announce yet
another 2600 computer bulletin
board, this one in the Washington
DC area. This one is PC­
P ursuitable and you can reach it at
(703) 823-6591. Hopefully, we'll
expand to the west coast by next
issue.
Remember that 2600 meetings
now take place on the first Friday of
the month only. See page 41 for
details. Turnout has been quite good
in recent months.

STAFFBOX

Editor-In-Chief
Emmanuel Goldstein

Office Manager Production Cover Art

Bobby Arwatt Mike DeVoursney Ken Copel

Writers: Eric Corley, John Drake, Mr. French, Chester

Holmes, Lex Luthor, Phantom Phreaker, Bill from RNOC,
David Ruderman, Bernie S., Silent Switchman, Mike Yuhas,
and the usual anonymous bunch.

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Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 3

 n Form
by Ross M. Greenberg
What Is a Trojan?
Back in the g o o d o l d d ays ( before
the re were c o m pute rs ) , the re was this
bunch of soldiers who had no chance of
beating a superior force or of even making
it i nto their fortress. They had this nifty
i dea: presen t the other s i de with a g ift.
Once the gift had been accepted, soldiers
hiding within the gift would sneak out and
overtake the enemy from within.
We can o n l y t h i n k o f the i ntel lectual
giants of the day who would accept a gift
large enough to h o use e n e m y soldiers
without checking its contents. Obviously,
they had l i ttle o p p o rtunity to watch old
World War II m ovies to see the same
device used over and over again.
C o ns i d e r t h e types o f people w h o
would b e thrilled a t t h e concept of owning
t h e i r own roug h h e w n , l a r g e w o o d e n
horse ! Perhaps they wanted t o b e t h e first
one on their block, or something silly like
that.
Anyway, you're all aware of the story of
The Trojan Horse.
Bringing ourselves a bit closer to the
reali ty we've all grown to know and love ,
there's a m odern day equivalent: getting a
gift from your B B S or user group which
contains a little gem which will attack your
hard disk, destroying whatever data it con­
tains.
In order to understand how a potential­
ly useful program can cause such damage
when corrupted by some m isguided soul,
i t's useful to understand how your disk
works, and how absurdl y e asy i t is to
c a u s e d a m a g e to t h e data contai n e d
thereon. So , a brief technical discussion o f
Page 4 2600 Magazine S ummer 1988
of Protection
the o peration of your disk is in order. For
those who aren' concerned , turn the page
or something.
Data is preserved on a disk in a variety
of d i fferent physical ways having to do
with how the data is encodi ng in the actual
recording of that data. The actual struc­
ture of that data , however, is the sam e
between MS-DOS m achines. Other oper­
ating system s have a diffe rent structure ,
but that doesn't concern us now.
Each disk has a num be r of "tracks " .
T h e s e a r e s o m e t i m es c a l l e d cyl i nders
from the old type I B Mers . These are the
sam e people who call hard disks DAS Ds
( D i rect Access Storage Devices), so we
can safely ignore their techno-speak, and
j ust c a l l t h e m tracks. Tracks c a n b e
thought of a s the individual little grooves
on an audio record, sort of.
Anyway, each track is subdivided into
a num ber of sectors. Each track has the
sam e number of sectors. Tracks are num ­
bered, as are sectors. Any given area on
"Typical Trojan programs
cause damage to your
data, and were designed
to do so by the worms
who writhe in delight at
causing this damage. "
the disk can be accessed if a request is
made to read or write data into or out of
Track-X, Sector Y. The read or write com­
mand is given to the disk controller, which
is an interface between the com puter itself
and the hard disk. The co ntroller figures
For You and Your Computer
out what commands to send to the hard
disk, the hard disk responds and the data
is read or written as directed.
The first track on the hard disk typically
will contain a small program which i s read
from the hard disk and executed when you
fi rst power up your m achin e . The powe r
u p s e q u e nce i s c a l l e d " b o o ti n g " y o u r
m achi n e , a n d therefore t h e first track i s
known as th e "boot track" .
In order to read i nformation from your
disk in a log i cal sequence , there has to be
s o m e s o rt of i n d e x . A n u n us u a l i n d e x
m e th o d w a s s e l e c t e d f o r M S - D O S .
I m ag i n e g o i n g t o t h e c a rd i n d e x i n a
l ibrary, looking up the title you desire , and
getti ng a place in another i ndex which tells
you where o n the racks the book is stored.
Now, when you read the book, you discov­
er that only the first chapter of the book is
there . In order to find the next c hapter of
the book, you have to go back to that mid­
dle i ndex, which tells you where the next
chapter is stored. This process continues
until you get to the end of the book.
Sounds pretty convolute d , right? You
bet! However, this is pretty much how MS­
DOS does its "cataloguing" of files.
The d i re c to ry structure o f M S - DO S
allows for you t o look up an item called the
"first cluster" . A cluster represents a set of
co nti g u o u s ("touching o r i n co ntact"
according to Random H ouse) tracks and
sectors. It i s the smallest amount of i nfor­
matio n which the fil e structure of M S-DOS
knows how to read or write .
Based on the first cluster number as
stored i n the directory, the first portio n of a
f i l e can be read. When the i nformati o n
contained there i n i s exhausted, M S-DOS
goes to that secondary i ndex for a poi nter
S ummer 1988
to the next cluster. That i ndex is called the
File Allocation Table, com monly abbreviat­
ed to " FAT" . The FAT contains an e ntry for
each cluster on the di sk. An FAT entry can
have a few values: ones which i ndicate
that the cl uster is unused, another which
i nd icate s that the associated clu ster has
be e n d a m ag e d s o m e h o w and t h a t i t
should be marked a s a "bad cluster" , and
a pointer to the next cluster for a given file.
This allows for what is cal led a linked l i st:
once you start looking u p clusters associ­
ated with a given fi le, each FAT entry tells
you what the next cluster is. At the end of
the linked list is a special indicator which
i ndicates that there are no more clusters
associated with the file.
There are actually two copies of the
FAT stored on your disk, but no one really
knows what the second copy was intend­
ed for. Often , if the first copy of the FAT is
corrupted for some reason , a clever pro ­
g ram m e r could recover i nformatio n from
the second copy to restore to the primary
FAT. These clever programmers can be
called "hackers" , and should not be con­
fused with the thieves who break into com­
puter systems and steal thi ng s , or the
"worms" [Joanne Dow gets credit for that
phrase !] who would get joy out of causing
you heartache !
But that heartache is exactly what can
happen if the directory (which contains the
pointer to the first cluster a fil e uses), the
FAT (wh ich c ontai n s that l i n ked l i st to
other a re a s on the disk which the f i l e
uses), or other areas of the d i s k g e t cor­
rupted.
And that's what the l i ttle worms who
create T rojan programs do: they cause
what at first appears to be a useful pro-
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 5
 Protecting
g ram to e ve ntually corrupt the im portant
parts of your disk. This can be as simple
as changing a few bytes of data, o r can
include wiping entire tracks clean.
Not all progra ms which write to you r
hard disk are bad ones, obviously. Your
word proce ssor, spreadsheet, database,
and utility progra m s have to write to the
hard d i sk. Som e of the DOS program s
(such as FOR M AT ) , if u sed i m prope rly,
can also erase po rtions of your hard disk
causing yo u m assive a m o unts of grief.
You'd be surprised what damage the sim ­
p l e " DEL" com m and c a n do with j u s t a
sim ple typo.
But what defines a Trojan program is
its delivery m echanism: the fact that you're
run n i ng s o m e t h i n g y o u d idn't e x pect.
Typical Trojan progra m s cause damage to
your data, and were designed to do so by
the worms who writhe in delight at causing
this damage . May they rot in hell -- a m i nd
is a terrible thing to waste !
Considering the personality required to
cause such damage , you can rest assured
that they have few friends, and even their
mother doesn't like to be in the same room
with them . They sit back and chortle about
the damage they do with a few other lowly
worm s. This is thei r entire social universe.
You should pity the m . I know that I do.
What is a Virus?
Troj a n progra m s a re but a d e l ivery
m echanism , as stated above . They can be
im plemented in a clever manner, so that
they only trigger the malicious part on a
certain date, whe n your disk contains cer­
tai n i nformation or whateve r. H oweve r
they're coded, though, they typically affect
the disk only in a destructive m anner o nce
triggered.
Page 6 2600 Magazine S ummer 1988
Yourself
A new breed o f p ro g ra m s has t h e
capability of n o t o n l y reserving m alicious
damage lor a given evenl's occurrence,
but of also replicating itself as well.
This i s what people refer to when they
mention the term "Virus Program".
Typically, a virus will spread itself by
replicating a portion of itself o nto another
program. Later, when thai normally safe
program i s run it will, in part, execute a set
of instructions which will infect other pro­
gram s and then pote n tially, trigger the
Trojan portion o f the program contai ned
within the virus.
The dange r of the virus program i s
twofold. First, it contains a Trojan which
will cause damage to your hard disk. The
second danger i s the reason why every­
one is busy building bomb shelters. This
danger i s that the virus program will infect
other program s and they in turn will infect
other program s and so forth. Since it can
also infect programs on your floppy disks,
y o u c o u l d u n k n o w i n g l y i nf e c t o t h e r
machines ! Pretty dangerous stuff, all right!
Kenneth van Wyck, one of the com put­
er folks ove r at Le high U n i versity, fi rst
brought a particular virus to the attention
o f the com puter com m unity. This virus
i nfects a program , which every M S-DOS
c o m p u te r m ust h ave , called
COMMAN D .COM. This i s the Com m and
L i n e I n te r prete r and is t h e i nte rface
between your keyboard and the MS-DOS
operating system itself. Whatever you type
at the C> prompt will be interpreted by it.
Wel l , the virus subverts this intended
function, causing the i nfection of neighbor­
ing COM MAND.COMs before continuing
with normal functionality of the com m and
you type d . Afte r a ce rta i n n u m b e r o f
From Infection
"infections" , the Trojan aspect of the pro­ son . I chal lenge them to upload a virus or
gram goes off , causing you to lose data. other Trojan horse to m y BBS that I can't
The program mer was clever. But still a disarm . It is doubtful the chall e nge will be
wo rm . And sti l l deserv i n g of co nte m pt take n : the profil e of such a perso n pro­
i nstead of respect. T h i n k of what good hibits the m from attacking those who can
purposes the program mer could have put fight back . Alas, having a g o w i th this
his or her talents to instead of creating this lowlife would be amusing for the five m in­
dam age. And consider what this program ­ utes it takes to d i sarm whateve r t h e y
mer m ust do, in covering up what they've i nvent.
done. They certainly can't tell anyone what "Go ahead , you good-for-nothing little
they've accom plished. Justifiable hom icide slimebucket: m ake my day ! "
comes to mind, but since the worm s they Alas, somebOdy o u t there o pted t o d o
must hang around are probably as disrep­ t h e cowardly thi ng a n d use t h e FLUSHOT
utable as they are , they must hold thei r l it­ programs as a vehicle fo r wrecki ng sti l l
tle creation a secret. more destruction on people like you . The
A pity. Ho pefu lly, the worm is losing F L USH OT3 program was red i str i b uted
s l e e p . O r g e tti n g a sore neck l o o k i n g along with a co m panion program to aid
b e h i n d t h e m wo n d e r i ng w h i c h of t h e i r you i n reading the documentation. It was
"friends" are gonna turn them i n . renamed FLUS HOT4. And the reader pro­
T h e Challenge t o t h e Worm gram was turned into a Trojan itself.
When I first released a program to try (continued on page 28)
to thwart the i r d e m e nted l i ttle efforts, I ,...""
... ....
"" ..
published this letter. What I say in it sti ll
holds:
"As for the designer of the vi rus pro­
gram : m ost l i kely an i m potent adolescent,
i ncapable of normal social relationships,
and attem pting to prove their own worth to
themselves through these types of terrorist
attacks.
" Never succeeding in that task (o r in
any other), since they have no worth, they
will one day take a look at themselves and
what they've done in thei r past, and k i l l
the m s e l ves i n disgust. T h i s i s a Good
Thing, since it saves the taxpayers' m o ney
which normally would be wasted on thera­
py and treatment of thi s m i screant.
"If they really want a challenge, they'll
try to destroy my hard disk on m y B BS,
instead of the disk of some innocent per-

Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 7

 th.e d.a.rk. sid.e
by The Plague
I'm sure you've heard about computer
viruses. But what you were probably fed
was misinfo rm a ti o n . This arti c l e wi l l
attempt t o de-mystify your pe rceptio n of
the computer virus, give you the facts, as
well as teach you how to create your very
own virus. This is not a second-hand or
bystander e xplanation of viruses; I have
had first-hand experie nce in the writing,
distribution, and tracking of my very own
virus, so I'm quite knowledgeable on the
subject. M o st viruses do destro y data.
They also spread som ewhat exponentially
when unnoticed and not controlled. The
beauty of the com puter virus is that it per­
fectly m i m ics a real virus or small organ­
ism , thus having the potential of being a
great tool in artificial intelligence. I will not
write about how to protect yourself from a
virus, because that would defeat the pur­
pose of thi s article , and anyone with com ­
mon sense already knows how to prevent
being i nfected.
Recently, viruses have been a very hot
issue in the m edia, but I assure you that
I'm n o t j u m p i n g o n t h e bandwago n
because my virus has been around long
before the term "com puter virus" was ever
mentioned in the media. The media has a
very shallow understanding of what a virus
is. Exam ple s of the media's reporting of
com puter viruses include the article in the
February 1, 1988 issue of Newsweek writ­
ten by William D. Marbach and Richard
Sandza called " I s your com puter infected?
Syste m s fal l to s i l e n t and contag i o u s
killers." Another report appeared on ABC
World News Tonight in late February, and
I must say that the com puter ani m ation
was quite good. It showed the virus (a pink
Page 8 2600 Magazine S ummer 1988
spiny blinking sphere) as it e ntered the
resistors on the m otherboard (come on,
are the se guys for real ? ) . This was fol ­
lowed by a g u y w h o clai m e d to be t h e
i nventor of the virus, which is absolutely
bogus, because the com puter virus was
not invented by any one perso n . I don't
even know why he decided to claim the
credit -- irs nothing to be proud of.
M y e xpe rie nce with viruses co m e s
from writi ng CyberAIDS, a virus for the
Apple II fam ily of com puters. This is the
fi rst and only virus for the Apple which
o perates under Pro DOS that I know of.
Due to ease of u se of the ProDOS MLI
( Machine Language I nte rface) , it was
i ncredibly easy to write the virus. This is
because I did n't need to deal with the
hardware directly, only make a few simple
system calls (Le., read block, write block,
o pen fil e , close file, etc. ) . The fact that
Pro DOS runs on the e ntire spectrum of
the Apple II fam ily also allows my virus to
reach the broadest audience available .
The ProDOS MLI i s ve ry s i m i l ar to the
operating systems of most personal com ­
puters, m ini-compute rs, and mainframes.
Thus the virus can be adapted to run on
any com puter, so don't make the sam e
m istake that the Apple community made ,
that is in thinking that a virus will never
appear for their computer. Operating sys­
tem s with similar calls and characteristics
as Pro D O S M L I are M S - D O S , U n i x ,
AmigaOOS, Atan's TOS, and Macintosh's
OS.
I was asked whether I had any moral
fee l i n g s a b o u t v i ruse s , or w h e t h e r I
thought that they were wrong , or evil, or
whatever. My feelings are the fol lowing : I
don't care one way or the other. If people's
 c:>f'V"ir'-1ses
data i s destroyed , the n so be i t. If people
are stupid e n ough to accept pirated soft­
ware, the n the y de serve to be p u n i shed.
The fact i s that m o st busi n e s s PC u sers
will never be infected w i th a virus u n l e s s
t h e y downloa d p u blic do m a i n or pirated
software. A l s o , busi n e s s e s m ay be affect­
ed if som eo n e in the organization decides
to i nfect t h e syste m , in w h i c h ca se the
destruct i o n is not preven t a b l e, because
the person d o i ng the i nfecti ng wou l d have
enjoyed des troying da ta even if viruses
didn't exist. A s for people who u se their
computers for ho m e/entertainment/hobby,
they are the o nes m o st su sceptible to the
viru s revo l ut i o n. They sho u l d be wary of
software that was not previo u sly tested by
other s . Nowa d a y s, i t' s beco m i n g qui te
d a ngero u s to a ccept s o f t w are 'off t h e
street'. I hate to u se t h i s expression, but
'viruses d o n't kill data, people kill data'. A
viru s i s perf e c t l y harmle s s u n l e s s i t i s
bei ng spread b y people wi l l i ngly/u nwi l l i ng­
l y. T h eref ore, p e o ple m u s t t a k e t h e
re spo n s i b i l ity t o protect them selves a n d
others by taking precauti o n s. Th i s w i l l not
be d i scussed i n this article.
Creating a virus i s by no m ea n s a s i m ­
ple project. Anyone who has e ver attem pt­
ed t o wr i t e a v i r u s , or a n y c y be r n et i c
orga n i s m for that m atter, w i l l tell y o u about
the d i fficu l t i e s and tribulations involved. If
anyt h i n g , I'm quite u p set that m ost peo p le
d o n ' t rea l i ze w ha t an acco m pl is h m e n t thi s
i s. One person even tol d m e , "Hey, any­
bo d y co uld wri te a viru s. T h e re a s o n I
never wrote one is becau se i t's wrong to
do s o." We l l , he wa s wro ng at the t i m e
becau se i t i s quite d ifficult t o wri te a virus
com pletely fro m scratc h. But perhaps thi s
article will al low anyone t o wri te a v irus by
Summer
giving the m at least a good start.
My m a i n concern abo u t my project was
how to track t h e s pread o f the viru s , i n
order t o gather data. T h i s data cou l d be
u se d in the future to m a ke better, stronger,
and m ore deceptive viruse s. The technolo­
gy behind the virus has com e a l o ng way
s i nce the 1970's. It's a field yet to be fully
explored and appreciated by the com puter
com m u n i ty. I, for o ne , h o p e that people
becom e m ore aware of the com pu ter virus
and that they take measures to protect
liThe beauty of
the computer virus
is that it perfectly
mimics a real virus
II
or small organism.
their data. The !deal scenar i o wo u l d be
compu ter compa nies rewri ting their o per­
ating system s to be virus-resi stant. In the
l o ng run, the computer virus may strength­
en o u r d ef e n s e s a g a i n s t d a t a l o s s ,
whether i t be due to viruses, trojan horses ,
power o utages, or unauthorized u sers. My
m ai n h o pe is that the threat of the viru s
w i l l h e l p curb software p iracy a n d a l l ow
software co m panie s to pro sper. If a per­
s o n k n o w s that he s t a n d s a c h a n ce of
be i ng i nfec te d by a c ce p t i n g pirated or
modem distributed software , he w i l l realize
that he's m uch better off buying the soft­
ware and receiving the docum e ntati o n as
well.
H ow The Virus Works
Before I go any further, let me just say that
(continued on next page)
1988 2600 Magazine I'al(e 9
 straight
a virus shou l d be written i n asse m bly lan­
g uage, 'C', o r a n y o the r l a n g u a g e that
al lows l ow-level functions (byte manipula­
tion, syste m ca lls, m e m o ry m o v e s ) . I
do ubt you can write a v irus in BAS IC o r
PASCAL (a troj a n horse m aybe, but cer­
tainl y not a virus). Viru s e s in the fut u r e
m ay be wri t t e n i!"l Prolog o r L I S P a n d
inco rporate artificial inte lligence . a trojan horse program simply wipes out
As an example, i'li discuss t h e
CyberAIDS virus, which was written p urel y
in 6502 A s se m bly. Cyb e r A IDS is a n
" ap p l i ca tion r e sid e n t' v i r u s ( s e e Virus
Types). Most viruse s must m ake them­
selves perf'1anentn the storage device i:1
order to continue reproduction. See !tie
Virus Types section for a detailed
description of the various Methods that
viruses use for reproduction and where
tiley may hide themselves
After attaching itself to a file or disk
that was previously u n i n fec ted , the actions
of any part i c ular virus may vary, but the
virus wi l l check the d is k co un ter b e fo re
pr oc ee ding to any intended action o ther
than rep rodu ct i o n The disk co unt e r , an
. copy of the virus has detonated, you are
individual byte som ewhere o n the infected
di sk , kee p s track of how many ti m e s the
viru s has acce s sed that particular di s k,
a n d thu s a s sure s t h at the vi r u s will not
d e tonate pre m aturely. So m e vir u s e s are
to tally h arm le s s and print a s i m pl e text
m e s sa g e ( such as the Macintosh virus),
while o thers are cr e ate d to cause h arm
a nd/o r to d e s tro y data (like CyberAIDS).
T he re are still o ther viru se s which were
not o ri g i na lly m eant to be destructive, but
due to the fact that they come between an
o p e r ating s y s t e m a n d it's applic atio n s
cau s e h a r m n o n ethe le s s. This harm is
u s u a l l y in the fo r m of system crashe s or
Page ]() 26()O Magazine Summer 1988
frc>IX1
the destruction of protected software (i.e .,
the Amiga vi rus, which wo uld not affect
standard disks but would destroy protect­
ed disks due to their non sta ndard f i l e /d isk
-
fo rm a t ) .
How The Virus Spreads
All v i r u se s sp read This is what m akes
.
them d i stinct from t roj a n horses. Whereas
your hard drive when you run it o nce or
twice, a v irus will attach itself to normal
applications o r disks and make them carri­
ers. Care must be taken t ha t the virus will
only infect one file each tim e the infected
ap;Jiication runs, rtlUS making sure that the
time before the original application exe­
cutes is kept to a minimum. This will a l l o w
the virus to go unnoticed during the user s '
da ily activities. You can run a virus-infect­
e d program a hundred t im e s and it will
behave n orm al ly with the e xc e ptio n that it
will make copies 01 the v iru s portio n and
attach itself to other disks/applications, but
when yo u run it the final time, it will per­
form its inten ded activity. Since only tha t
still left with perhap s doze ns o f i nfecte d
file s which will not d eto n a te until they are
run several hundred time s ( and thu s will
spread the virus even m ore).
T he be nefit s o f an a ppl ica t io n resident
v i ru s s u ch as Cybe rAI D S are s e v e ral.
Since no new files are ever created on the
disk by the virus, the user will prob ably not
notice a n yt hi n g is wro ng. Instead, normal
a p plicatio ns are m od ified b y the vir u s to
execute v i ra l cod e . When individual fi l e s
(non-text executable code fil e s) are infect­
, ed the viru s can be spread i n three ways:
,
(1) The man u al copying of the file from
disk to disk by the u ser. User-group disk
the sC>"CI.rce

distri bution can achieve the best res u l ts a. Make sure vol u m e is not write
when this method of reprod uction is used . protected
(2) The automatic copyi n g of viral code b. Make sure vo l u m e is on l i n e
Ily the viru s itse l f to non-i nfected files i n ( n o I/O error)
other drives or t h e hard d isk. U s ua l l y 2. I n cre m e n t d i s k c o u n te r ( S e e
s erves t o g ive the virus a better foothold NOT E 1) a n d go t o destroy (See NOTE2)
within a particular user's software l i brary. if necessary.
(3)The transfer of i n fected files o ver 3. Check for enough space on vol­
the m o de m . The i n fe c ti o n h as a g o o d ume.
c hance (wh e ther by acc i d e n t or o n pur­ 4 . Choose candidate f i l e .
plose ) of reachi ng public domain or pi rate a . Fi le m ust b e a system or appli­
bulletin boards . The d istri buti o n of that file cation fi l e .
wi l l be i ncredi b l e . I n fected fi les may also b . File m ust not be al ready infect­
b e s pread thro ugh LAN's ( L o c a l Are a ed (cho o se ap pro pri ate m e tho d for
Nletworks) . ide nti fying i nfected fil es) .
Application Resident Virus Outline c. Fi le m ust be small enough to
A. INI T I A L IZ E . a l l o w viral attac h m e n t (so t h a t t h e
1. F i n d curren t locat i o n o f virus i n appl icati o n and virus c o d e bo t h fit i n
m e mory. m e m o ry).
2. Relocate itself to predefi ned m e m ­ d . If the fi le is locked then unlock
ory locati o n . it.
3. M a ke sure D O S i s a c t i ve a n d C.INF ECT.
ready t o accept system calls. 1. Open candidate file .
4. Move original application header 2. Load first block of candidate fi le
i n to a m ai n . buffer.
1NThe V irus may 3. Take first (6 by1es) and save to
even call its creator alt.buffer (also known as S H ) .
4 . Calculate viral location in new fi le .
and allow the a . V i raI . Addr= Appl icatio n . S tarl. Addr
Length.of.Application 6
transfer of data 5.
+ +

Store a J U M P Viral. Addr at begin­

from t he infected n i ng of file.
" 6. Rewrite main.buffer.
sys tem. 7. Set file poi n ter to end of fi le (for
appe n d ) .
8. Wri te the alt.buff (6 bytes).
(6 by1es) back to ori g i nal m e m ory. 9 . Write the viral code afterwards.
10. Cl ose candidate file.
B. S EARC H . D . DESTROY (Optional).
1. C h o ose ra n d om vo l u m e (d i s k 1. Lock out Keyboard and Reset Key
,device). if possible.

(continued on next page)

Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 11
 2. Destroy data.
a. R e c o g n i z e all d i s k device s
( hard disks, floppies, 3 .5" , ram) .
b. Wipe out the directory ( FAT)
blocks of each device .
c. Wipe out key block for each file
in each d irectory block.
3 . Do graphics and music (optional).
a. Totally up to virus writer.
4. Present text message (optional ) .
a . Totally up to virus writer.
E . LEAVE.
1 . Jump back to Application.Start.Addr
a. T h u s conti nue as i f nothing
had happe ned.
NOTE 1 : The disk counter i s a particu­
lar byte on the disk that the virus uses to
hold the value of how many times that
vi rus has run with that particular disk
i nserted (active).
NOTE2: DESTROY or LEAVE is exe­
cuted depending o n the status of the disk
counter.
Virus Types
Application Resident:
H i d e s in a p p l i c at i o n s ( s e e Vi r u s
Outline). Patches an appli cation ( o r sys­
tem file, .EXE, .COM , . SYS file) so that the
virus i s appended at the end of the file and
a call to the virus is provided at the begin­
ning of the file. The original beginning of
the file i s saved to the end of the file as
wel l , as it w i l l be moved back ( S H is
m oved back to where JC is, see Figure 8)
i nto place at the beginning of the file when
the virus executes, thus allowing the appli­
cation to execute normally after the viral
chores are completed. Due to the different
position of the viral code in each infected
file ( because of different file lengths) and
Page 12 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
unless the viral code can run anywhere in
memory, it must be able to relocate itself
i nto a pre-set memory location where it will
run.
(a) Normal (not i nfected file)
t----t---------------------t----t
I SH I rest of application I EOFI
t----t---------------------t----t
(b) I nfected file
t----t---------------------t----t-·--t-----t
I JC I rest of application I SH I VC I
EOF I
t----t---------------------t----t----t-----t
SH = Standard Header (fi rst few bytes
of the original file's executable code) .
J C Jump Code (jum ps t o the address
=
of the virus).
VC Viral Code (see Virus Outline).
=
EOF End of File.
=
Boot Block Resident:
Activated upon boot . U sually loads
additional program code from other blocks
on disk. This is quite i nvisi ble as files are
never altered , and blocks used by the
vi rus on disk are designated as busy for
protecti on. The Amiga vi rus is a perfect
exam ple.
Memory R esident:
R e s i d e s in me m o r y . U s u a l l y a
terminate and stay utility that can be acti­
vated by any event (clock, keyboard , DOS
call). On multi-tasking systems (such as
Unix, Xenix, OS/2) it can be a background
task. It will usually allocate m e m o ry for
itself from the memory m anager.
(continued on page 14)
BUILDING A RED BOX
by J.R. ''Bob'' Dobbs
Essentially, the red box is a
device used to fool the phone com­
pany into thinking you are
depositing coins into a payphone.
Every time you drop a coin into a
payphone, the phone signals the
type of coin inserted with one or
more bursts of a combination of
1 700 hz and 2200 hz. The tone
bursts are coded as follows:
Nickel: One 60 millisecond
pulse
Dime: Two 60 millisecond puls­
es separated by 60 milliseconds
Qu arter: Five 35 millisecond
pulses separated by 35 millisec­
onds
How to Use It
Operation is simple. Simply dial
a long distance number ( some
areas require you to stick in a gen­
uine nickel first ) , wait for the
ACTS computer to demand your
cash, and press the "deposit" bu t­
ton on the red box for each coin
you want to simulate. The coin
signals are coupled from the red
box into the phone with a small
speaker held to the mouthpiece.
For local calls, either you must
first d eposit a genuine nickel
before "simulating" more coins or
place your call through the opera­
tor with 0 + 7d. Use some care
when the operator is on the line -­
sometimes they catch on to your
beeper ploy.
Summer 1988
Circuit Operation
Each time the pushbutton is
pressed, it triggers half of ICl, con­
figured as a monostable multivi­
brator to energize the rest of the
circuit for a length of time deter­
mined by the setting of the coin
selector switch. This in tum starts
the other half of ICl, configured as
an astable multivibrator, pulsing
on and off at regular intervals at a
rate determined by the SDk pot
between pins 12 and 13. The out­
put of the astable thus alternately
powers of IC2, configured as a
square wave oscillator, providing
the required 1700 hz and 2200 hz
to the op amp which acts as a
buffer to drive the speaker.
Construction
Assemble the circuit as you
wish. Component placement is not
critical. I found the easiest method
was to use point-to-point wiring
on a "universal" PC grid board
with solder ringed holes. Use sock­
ets if you aren't a whiz with a sol­
dering iron. Be sure to leave easy
access to the potentiometers for
alignment.
Alignment and Testing
For alignment, a frequency
counter and triggered sweep oscil­
loscope are extremely handy (but
not absolutely necessary ).
Install a temporary jumper from
+9v supply to pin 14 of IC2 and
temporarily disconnect the 0.01uF
(continued on page 22)
2600 Magazine Page 13

(continuedfrom page 12)
D OS Resid ent:
A virus that's patched i nto DOS and
infects any disk, file, or DOS on disk that's
accessed during the time that the i nfected
DOS is active. Since DOS is the program
which runs on the com puter 98% of the
tim e , it would be advantageous to add
viral code to a frequently executed portion
of DOS (such as Read Block code). The
infected DOS will usually attempt to patch
any DOS on disk and to m ake it infected.
Care must be taken to prevent crashes,
thus making sure the virus will only patch
DOS versions that can be succe ssfully
alte red by the virus. Any unrecognized
DOS on a disk should be left alone.
Application Oriented :
A virus that's integrated into an appli­
ca ti o n a n d w o r k s c l o s e l y w i t h i t .
Application orie nted trojan horses are
quite com mon, but viruses that are inte­
grated i nto an application are hardly ever
seen . For exam ple , a packing (file com ­
pression) program such a s ARC o r a ter­
m i nal p rogram that i n fects files before
packing or transm itting them .
Types o f Viral Action
Complete Disk Data Destruction:
Affects floppy, 3.5', hard disks, ram
disks. Usually the m o st co m m on action
take n by a viru s . It i s quick and is not
noticed until it is too late . Care m ust be
taken to prevent the user from prematurely
stopping the destruction by locking out the
keyboard or by giving a text message that
w i ll m ake t h e m fe e l c o m fortable (I. e . ,
' Loading Data Segm e nt", 'Checking for
files').
Page 14 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
how it's done
Slow Disk Data Deg radation :
Sim ilar to above , except data is slowly
destroyed on a disk with each activation of
the virus. Usually a disk block at a time,
but m ay be done a byte or even a bit at a
lime. This is perhaps the most sinister viral
actio n as it will take qu ite a long ti m e
before anyone notices anything is wrong.
Also known as the 'disk bit spray'.
Slow Memory Data D eg radation:
Data i n memory is m odified a byte or a
bit at a time . Usually done by a memory
resident or background task virus. This will
slowly destroy program code and data as
the person is working at the com puter.
Wei rd things may happen and usually data
i n t e g r i t y i s c o m p ro m i se d or program
crashes will occur at random times. This is
also known as the 'memory bit spray'.
Hardware Destruction:
A virus will attem pt to de stroy hard­
ware if possible. It usually attem pts things
like overloading the address or data bus
by atte mpti ng to activate all peri pheral
cards at the sam e tim e . 'Head Slam ming'
may also be done , a process which allows
older hard disks to have their read/write
heads slammed at high velocities i nto the
parking position or into the side of the disk
enclosure . If any mech anical parts are
pre s e n t in the co m puters ( re lays ) , the
virus will attem pt to wear out or jam these
devices by turning them on and off at very
high speeds. This may also destroy vari­
ous video and uart chips. Also , the virus
will attem pt to alter the tim e and date in
any clock card or chip, or even destroy the
pre - s e t con fi g u ration in batte ry-backed
ram.
and w hy
. C;.4t�� ()NE()FQtJR<
Modem manipulation : .· ·COIVIPOTER BULlETIN
A v i rus that usua l l y attacks B B S sys­ .. BOARDs ToDAVI<
..

tems and is a m e m o ry resident vi rus. It will

activate i tsel f d uri ng the time the B B S is
26QOBBS#1>
not i n use and play wi th the m odem and
the phone l i n e . I t does t h i n gs l ike cal l <9i4L��tJ�()60 . .
E u ro pe directly o r call the pol i ce over and
over. This vi rus may actua l l y ca use the 2600 BBS#2
infected pe rso n to go to j a i l o r i ncrease (CENriALOFFlCE)··· ·
t h e i r p h o n e bil l or both . T h e virus may 914';'234,:;3260
even cal l its creator and a ll ow the transfer *
of data from the infected system. 2600···.BBSIt3··· · ·
, .
.
.. . . ...

(YOYoP'fi4E>
.

That concludes this article. I h o pe you 402�564::4518

enjoyed it. I would l i ke to see so me m o re
viruses out there . To write and distribute a
virus you m ust lose every shred of moral
2600JmsIt4··
f i b e r, and if I k n o w the readers of this
(BEEHIVE)
.
. .. .

m agazine, there will be a com puter virus

·· '()3';'823�659i
plague i n the very near future. So have ALL ()PEN 24liOURS
fun, kids. I f you write a successful virus,
d o n ' t h esitate to re l e ase i t , a n d by a l l
m eans se n d t h e so u rc e c o d e t o 2600.
We'd l i ke to hear from you .

Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 15

 A READER 'S REPLY
by The Rancid G rapefruit
Que ry : "What happens to i n e p t c o m ­
puter cri m i nals who g e t caught?"
Answer: "They open u p 'security' com ­
panies and start preaching t o a n extremely
g u l l i ble p u b l i c -- usually casting the m ­
selves as so m e kind o f 'hacker e x pe rt'
whereas the only thing they are 'experts'
at is getting caught."
The opening com ments have absol ute­
ly nothing to do with Captain Zap, whose
reputati o n is i m peccable , and we m ost
certainly would not want people to m iscon­
strue the com ments as a vicious attack on
his person. Lord, no . .. .
O bviously, we disagree w i t h Captain
Zap's brilliant observations on the state of
"Hacking and Phreaki ng" . If we did agree
with h i m , we'd hardly be writing this swell
response , eh?
"The ongoing wave of com puter crim e
that is be i n g reported i n t h e m edia around
the world shows" the shallowness of the
m ed ia's never e nding quest for anything
that will titillate a technology-ignorant pub­
lic, and push u p the ratings of whateve r
publication or feed happens to be catering
to the public's fear of technology on that
particular occasion.
"An I n te rp re t a t i o n o f Com p u t e r
Hacking" is just that: Captain Zap's per­
sonal opinion on the subject. I n the first
several paragraphs, Zap essentially sum­
m arizes the opening chapter of almost any
g i v e n " Be g i n n e r ' s I n t r o d u c t i o n to
C o m puters" and s o m e h ow manage s to
pass off observations that have already
been made a few hundred times as his
own "ideas". The only real mystery to us i s
why he d e c i d e s o n " 1 6 . M e gabytes of
RAM" as an arbitrary amount of memory
Page 1 6 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
that "today's personal computers" are sup­
posedly equipped with.
T h i s l e a d s i n t o the " i nform a t i o n i s
power" spiel, and the inevitable arrival of
ISDN wherein phones and cc. m puters will
beco m e one glorious entity and l ive happi­
ly ever after.
All of this ends up with Zap giving you
his opinion on "The Dawn of Phreaking",
the usual mention of Drape r and blue box­
ing, fol lowed by a sum mary of the boxes
that matches slang to function, and term i­
nati n g with a si m pl i fi e d acco u n t of t o l l
fraud where Z a p babbles about t h e vari ­
ous OCC's for a whi le.
Although we were very i m pressed by
the programm ing ingenuity of the supplied
"Wargames dialer" listing , and find our­
selves constantly looking to the first sec­
tion of Zap's article when we feel lost or at
a need for guidance, we will regrettably
have to let it stand. Since aside from the
ill-chosen "highlights of yesteryear" there
is nothing there th a t hasn't been dis-
"Rarely is the purpose of
a conference to 'pass
information over to other
hackers that can work
on a problem and plan
for more tactical attacks
to the target system. ",
c u s s e d o r o t h e rw i s e s u m m arized t o o
many times in the past. A s such it would
be a waste of our time to do so yet again.
H a c k e r C o m m u n ic a ti o n s ! S h h h h h !
TO CAPTAIN ZAP
Secre t s bei n g exchanged I
W h i l e we d o n ' t d i s p u te t h e fact that
people do cal l each o t h e r , so m e t i m e s in
large groups hooked together o n a confer·
e nce (without paying for i t , g a sp l ) , rarely i s
the purpose o f a confere nce t o 'pass i n fo r ·
m ation o v e r to o t h e r hackers that c a n work
on a p ro b l e m and c o m p a re re s u l t s a n d
p l a n f o r m o re tactical attacks to th e ta r g e t
syste m : The u s u a l rea so n a co nf ere n ce
s t a rts i s beca u s e o n e k i d i s b o r n d a n d
v; a n l s to t a l k to a b u n c h of h i s pe e r :: at the
sa.m e ti m e . W!>at takes p l ac e s o n a : r-:l 0 st
:, n y (j i v e n nfere nce is a bu
(u:F:1 trlQ kds h a ra s s i �: g 1 S P S c pe r J
i n [uro pc .
8i dnnc: y'ing arl],c r",i'.: t h e' },
can ;\ r-'; :':, o f a t the m o r h : ri L
de
who IS flO/ some
anon t ri e friend o r re l a ti v e o f s o r:i rtn c y
who u n de rs ta n d s t h e concepts i n Jolved .
n o t o n l y the co m m a n d s · w h o thi 0 k s i t
w o u l d be a b l a s t to t u r n o ff C A M A o n a
few sw i t c h e s , o r d i s ru pt CO S MO S o pe ra
tio n s . A l l of t h i s potential dam age i s m ade
p o s s i b l e by t h e R B O C ' s t h e m s e l v e s ,
wh ich pro v i d e e x t re m e l y m i n i m a l s e c urity
that I S m o re o f a study I n fau l t y securi ty
tech n i q u e s and shoddy organization than
any k i n d o f o b stacle t o the potential hack­
er.
W h i l e 'co m puting power" i s n o w w i th i n
reach o f a vast n u m be r of p e o pl e , a l m o st
a 1 l of that 'vast n u m be r' are i g n o ra n t as to
t h e i r s y s te m ' s p o t e n t i a l . In f a c t , m o st
n e v e r g e t be y o n d r u n n i n g the i r s p r e a d ·
s h e e t o r d o i n g t a x e s o n t h a t wo nderful P C
w i t rl " 1 6 M B R A M " . And if t h e y e v e r do
sink into the s o r d i d d e p t h s o f d e p r a v i t y
S u m m e r 1 988
and actua l l y try som e t h i n g awful l i ke mak­
i n g a bil copy of someone e l se ' s program
and xeroxing its m anual , it's our pe rsonal
be l i e f that the wo rld will in a l l probab i l i t y
not com e to a n e n d . O f course , we c o u l d
be wrong
A l m o s t all po t e n t i a l hackers are l i tt l e
k i d s with a lot o f t i m e o n thei r hands. and
most o f those kids w i l l never get anywhere
becau se the y Jfe n o t b r i l l i a nt or in any
way gifted I c qard l e s s o f what
.. the public
th i n k 0 1 trlt?iT l The v a s t m ajority Of
that the
public v i e w s a s com pi Iter
9 C rl I U S G S are q U l :8 a v e rage
" s " I I ' I "� u p boa rds
th i e a l l i l d i bvi-i'd s " u se . And trle only rea
SCI: it's a pr::: b iem t o be g i n with i s because
trle ' ttlrealened' o rg a n i z atio n s o r ca m pa
n i l! s have ridiculously bad security.
Wh ile i t i s tr ue ttlii! 111 0re pe ople now
own p e r so na l com pute r s than at a n y other
t i m e I n h i s t o ry , trw o ve ra l l effect o f t h i s
i n f l u x o f n e w �Iackers i s n e g l i g i b l e . I n stead
of one kid a n n o y i n g h i s l o c a l CO f r o m
i nfo rm ation he found o n some boa rd , there
a re 10 kids u s i n g the same i nform a t i o n
fro m the same board to hara s s t h e sam e
C O . I n s h o rt, t h e re i s a d e l u g e of ' i d i o t
s a v a n t s ' w h o a r e c a p a b l e o f d o i ng n o
m o re d a m age t h a n tra i n e d chi m p s .
T h e B u l l et i n Board Systems
B u l l e ti n board syste m s ( B BS's) po se a
possible threat for the s i m p l e reason that
the m o r e h i g h l y s k i l l e d u s e rs w i l l p o s t
pote n t i a l l y dangero u s inform a t i o n i n a
( continued on next pUf{c)
2 6 0 0 Magazill e I'age 1 7
 A READER 'S VIEW
place where the "idiot savants" can read it.
The better versed user's reason for post-
i n g i t is ego g rati ficati o n . Regard less of
what he claims, the o n l y incenti ve he has
to post this i n formation is an ego boost.
He already knows t h a t t h e "idiot savants"
are going to do something stupid with the
i nformation, at worst sim pl y m aking it val -
ue less, d t best flexing their m uscles and
showing the i r target how vulnerable they
are to an outside attack,
G rante d , if B B S's didn't e x i st, m uch of
the t rouble vari o u s ;>eo p i e and com panies
now e x p e ri e nce wc uld v a n i s h along with
the i d iot savants". But the only thing the
" i nto a syste m .
boards real l y do i s provide a forum f o r t h e
m o reintelligent USe r S to bask i n the adora·
tion o f foo l s , T h e y are n o t s o m e great
organizEd c r i m e w"ve o f the futu re ; they
a r e s i m ply u se d L y s e v e r a l t ho u sa n d
bored kids, the g re 2 t m ajority of them try-
ing to l ive o u t s o m e k i n d o f powe r tri p
w h i l e thn re m a i n i n g m i n o rity congre gate
to g e t h e r be c a u s e t h e y l i k e b e i n g s u r -
rounded by tho se they view a s thei r peers,
I n s u m m ary, board s are a social medi-
u rn - n o t t h e f o r e f ro n t o f s o m e we l l
-
o rchestrated , nationwide attack on loop-
h o l e s i n " t h e s y ste m " . J u s t a bo u t a n y
i ssue of Soldier of FOi1une contain s all the
i nfor m ation you could possibly w an t about
w h e re t o o btai n b o o k s o n plastic e x p l o -
sive s , n e r v e g a s , special weapo n s , e lec-
tro n i c device s , and anything else that has
been dreamed u p . Y o u hardly need a B B S
in o rd e r to have acce s s to that kind of
knowledge. In fact n:ost of the i nformation
po sted o n t h e " d e a t h a n d d e structi o n "
subs of boards is a word-for-word copy of
so m e arti c l e that o r i g i n a l l y a p p e a re d i n
one o f these boo k s . The only cri m e taking
Page 18 2 600 Magazine Summer 1988
place is copyright i nfringem ent.
Specific Responses to
Some of Zap's Statements
Le t's cover Zap's state m e n ts one by
one:
.. " S u c h i nformation like d i a l - u p po rt
n u m be rs, logons, and passwords are com -
m o n i n fo r m at i o n ava i l ab l e to t h e m a i n
hacker population." No shit. I t's also com ·
mon i n fo rm ation avai l able to anyone who
calls up any of the carriers and reque sts it.
The logons and passwords are usually the
end result of credit card fraud , and have
nothing to do with the i ngenuity o f hacking
.. Zap's e ntire spiel o n board security,
the "select few", and the security of hacke r
boards takes place for the m o st part i n h i s
head and nowhere else. The only reason
m o s t pe o p l e never m ove i nto the se h a l -
l owed ranks is beca u se they have some·
how convi nced the m se lve s that t h i s i sn't
p o s s i b l e . The o n l y t h i n g s e parating y o u
f r o m anything y o u w a n t t o acce s s i s igno­
rance of how the sysops' m i nds functio n
and the reality o f how security works, a s
o pposed t o the ridicu l o u s fanta s i e s pre ·
sented by Zap .
Assu m i ng a sysop h a d no l ife outside
o f his board , and he got paid by the h ou r
to s i ft through all o f tho se records of h i s
potential users, all he d acco m pl i s h wou l d
'
be to weed o u t people who didn't know
how the syste m w o r ke d . An y o n e w h o
wanted acce ss a n d understood t h e basics
of how to falsify i nformati o n wou l d still gai n
e n tr y , a n d the e n d r e s u l t is a s e c u r i t y
breach . There is n o such thing as perfect
security. When anyone " b u i l d s a be tte r
m o u s e trap " , a few days late r an i nventive
person will "build a better m o u se " .
 OF THE ZAP AR TICLE
In any case, the security exam ples pre­
sented by Zap do not exist on any private
or "elite" phreak or hacker B B S now i n
existence . If t h e sysop claims that is what
they do, it's sim ply meant to scare poten­
tial users into submitting valid i nform ation
which the sysop doesn't bother to verify
beyond the telephone number.
... Disclaimers and Clauses: Whether
Zap's c o m m e nts o ri g i n ate from actual
ignorance or sim ply a desire to knowingly
m isinform , is u nknown to us .
A disclaimer, any disclaimer, will have
very little value in any kind of legal situa­
tion. While the sysop m ight feel better if
"it's not my fault" and "for i nformation pur­
poses only!" are splattered over every part
of his board, it isn't going to make any dif­
f e r e n c e to a ny j u d g e i n a ny c o u r t '
D iscl a i m e rs are n o t l e g a l l y b i n d i n g . All
they do is take up space and lull sysops
into a false sense of security.
Thinking you're safe because you have
a good disclaim er translates out to "igno­
rance is bliss" . If you haven't had any trou­
ble with law enforcement agencies to date ,
it only means that they don't know about
your existence ( buried as you are amongst
1 ,000 other quasi -legal B B S ' s ) , or that
they know and don't care because you
aren't doing anything that they're worried
about.
... Tele-Trial : I can't believe this! Zap,
where ya been for the last three years ?
Tele-Trial was a ridiculous "electronic tri­
off Blottoland and b e i ng declared " u n ­
cool !" (The horror!)
It is impossible for anyone to enforce
any " r u l i ng " o ve r a n y o n e e l se in t h e
modem com munity. The boards are n o t all
i nterconnected and what one person , or
group of people, declares as "law" on one
system , or set of systems, is utterly mean­
ingless to the hackers the next area code
over. And even to the people involved with
those specific systems, it only pe rtains to
them if they want to play the game . There
is nothing preve nting an "exiled" pe rso n
from picking up a new handle and starting
over.
Aside from the com p lete i m possibility
of enforcing such "rulings" over anyo ne
but the most brain-dam aged kids , all of
this is nothing more than a history lesson.
(continued on next page)
WI LL PAY
$ 1 ,000
F O R EARLI EST I N F O RMATIO N
LEAD I N G T O ARR E ST
A N D PROSECUTION
WITH I N NEW YORK AREA OF
•CALLING ROOM OPERATORS .'
•BLUE BOX OPERATORS ::
•COMPUTER HACKING INVADING � , .:. ! '
= •
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(2 1 2) 22 7·45 1 9
Ca l l
. ("tw..n 7:00 A.. M. and l l :OO .�l�
i2...

bunal " started by King B l o tto as a joke. �.CO

�NF1�D�ENT1�
�
UTY
A�STR
� ICTL
� Y MAI
� JInAIIU
_ialU ';!I .�;:
For whatever reaso n , he started taking THIS AD APPEARED IN A NEW
himself seriously and for a few months in YORK NEWSPAPER THIS
1 9 85 "Tele -Trials" were being held, i n SPRIN G . THE HUNT IS ON!
which "el ectro n i c executio n" took pl ace
and stupid kids cried about being thrown

Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 19

 RESPONDING TO THE
Tele-Trials have been over since the sum­
mer of 1 985.
As for Richard Sandza, T ele-Trial still
existed at the tim e of the publishing of his
articles for Newsweek. The 'Tele-Trial' he
was put on was sim pl y a conference of
abusive kids who felt that he had give n
hackers u n fair treatm e nt . I n re ta l iation
they thre ate ned h i m : a C aptain Quieg
posted his credit report and numerous kids
ran up bills on his cred it cards , sending
assorted junk to his house.
Hackers cannot 'perform the destruc­
tion' of anyone. All they can do is scare
the shit out of 'normal' people who are
shocked that a bunch of kids can get their
unlisted number, credi t cards, and various
other records, and abuse the m .
In a n y case, Sandza i s som e th i ng o f
an exception since he m anaged t o piss off
a large percentage of people who were in
a position to m ake l i fe hard for him i n
return. Most people w h o disagree with h i m
c a n write a com plaint t o Newsweek, b u t i f
you have t h e ability t o bring your displea­
sure to his perso nal attention , in a way
that w i l l e n s u re he g i v e s n o tice to it,
wouldn't you do the same thing? After all,
i t is n 't Ne wsweek y o u 're m ad a t , it's
R ichard Sandza. Some of you probably
wouldn't, but that's one of the fringe bene­
fits of being a hacker. I nstead of being
bound by 'the system's' rules and regula­
tions, you can get around it and let your
conscience be your guide (if you happen
to have a conscience ) .
.. 'And rem e m ber, t h e hacker can be
the best prevention for computer security
sickness and that a reformed hacker can
m ake for the best data processing security
person: Another token stab at self-promo-
Page 20 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
lion by Zap.
.. 'The boards in general have been a
m ajor problem in the control of information
due to the use of the boards by what so m e
m ay cal l ' i n f o r m a t i o n j u n k i e s ' . " What's
wro n g with people who want to col lect
inform ation ? Are you suggesting that arbi­
trary censorship wo uld be an i m p rove ­
ment?
.. 'One of the m ajor contributing fac­
tors involving computer abuse is the non­
education of the users in ethics: While it
m akes for a nice sweeping general ization,
this statement has little to do with reality.
Most "normal users' think no more of
copying a piece of software than they thi nk
of taping a copy of an album, or xeroxing a
page o u t of a copyrighted publ icati o n .
While a l l of these acts a re illegal, the re
are n ' t m a n y peo ple that actual l y care .
" Educating' peo ple is not going to eradi­
cate these problems.
As far as the phreaks and hackers are
concerned, the state m e n t is even m o re
lud icrous. While a m inority undoubtedly
j u stify their actions to the m s e l ves a s
'curiosity' and thus set their consciences
to rest, the greater percentage know that
in the course of doing whatever it is that
they happen to be doing at the mom ent,
they are com mitting crimes. And they don't
care.
Morality and ethics are subjects that
cannot be 'taught' to anyone. Each indi­
vidual has to make his or her personal
choices based u pon whatever tenets or
bel iefs they h a p p e n to e s p o u s e . V e ry
often people who function from a predom i­
nantly logical perspective com e to the con­
clusion that "right and wrong' are relative
to a given time and situation. As applied in
CAPTAIN ZAP AR TICLE
o u r society they typica l l y de note values
that m ost of our p resent po pulation su b­
scribes to . Why should anyone do som e ­
thing j ust because everyone else is d o i ng
it?
Ethics will always be u p to the individu­
al, who will i n many cases co m e to the
l o g i ca l c o n c l usion that he d oesn't care
what the rest o f so c i e t y c o n d ones or
acce pts , and i n stead o f b l i n d l y followi n g
t h e i r dictu m s he w i l l c h o o s e to t h i n k f o r
h i m se l f a n d pe rhaps arrive at conclusions
hacker o r phreak's prim ary m otivati o n is
e i ther a real hunger for knowledge, o r ego
gratification. I n neither case does m o n e ­
tary gain enter t h e picture. The pe o p l e you
rea l l y have to worry about are career cri m ­
inals. They aren't kids a n d they don't call
boards. I f a hacker is present i n your sys­
tem , the n a cri m i nal could easily gain entry
to your syste m as wel l . I f a n yt hi n g , yo u
should view it as a blessing that the hack­
e r has brought your lack of security to you r
a tt ention.

that don't coincide with what society hap­ The previous paragraph s h o u l d n ' t be
pe n s to find acceptable at that particular m i sco n s t r u e d as a m o r a l j u d g m ent o n
tim e . cri m i na l s . Persona l l y we couldn't care less
.. Accessing government and m i l i tary h o w yo u m ake yo u r l i v ing as l o n g a s
com pu te r s : Why it is that people com e to you're good at what y o u do .
the co nclusion that governm e n t com puters
should be bastion s of security we couldn't
begin to g uess. Whe n yo u speak of the
gove r n ment and m il itary, we p re s u m e you
mean our govern m e n t and m i l i tary ; you
k n o w , the o n e r u n by i n c o m pete n t s ,
bureauc rats , and other pape r pushers that \
excel at nothing e xcept wasting time and
m oney.
For so m e o n e who c a u ti o ns o t h e rs
agai nst m aking 'rash statem ents', Captain
Zap has apparently written an entire article
fil led with statements that neatly i gnore his
own dictu m .
Lastly, we'd l i ke t o bring u p one rele­
vant fact t h a t m ost ' se c u r i ty a n a l ysts'
m anage to ignore: hackers and phreaks
(fo r the m ost part) are not c ri m i nals. At
least that isn't the way they view the m ­
selves. W h i l e nobody lays awake nig hts
worry i n g about the fact t h a t today he's
cost a f e w p h o ne c o m pa n i e s so m e
m o n e y , a n d p e r h a p s w a s t e d syst e m A rtwork by J.R. " B o b " Dobbs
resources o n u n-authorized applications, a Red Box article on p age 1 3

Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 21

(continuedfrom page 13)
HOW T O B UILD
capaci tors from pins 5 and 9 o f
IC2. Power up the circui t .
Measuring the output from pin 5
of IC2 with the frequency counter,
adjust the 20k pot between pins 1
and 6 for an ou tput of 1 700 hz.
Now adjust the 20k pot between
pins 8 and 13 for an output of 2200
hz from pin 9 of IC2. Remove the
temporary jumper and re-attach
the capacitors to pins 5 and 9 .
(Note : if no frequency counter i s
a v a i l ab l e , t h e o u tp u t s c a n b e
adjusted b y e a r o n e a t a time b y
zero-beating the output tone with
a computer generated tone o f
known precision .)
Next, temporarily d i sconnect
the wire between pins 5 and 1 0 of
IC1 . Set coin selector switch in the
" N " (nickel ) p o s i t i o n . With the
oscilloscope measuring the output
from pin 9 of IC1 , adjust the 50k
pot between pins 12 and 13 of ICl
for output pulses of 60 millisecond
d u ra t i o n . R e c o n n e c t the w i r e
between pins 5 and 10. (Note: If no
scope is available, adjust the pulse
rate by ear u sing computer gener­
ated tones for comparison.)
The remaining adjustments are
made by ear.
Leave the selector swi tch in the
"N" position. Adjust the 50k pot
labelled "Dime" for a quick double
beep each time the pushbutton is
pressed.
F i n a l l y , s e t the s e l e c t o r to
Page 22 2 600 Magazine Summer 1988
" Q u a r t e r " . A d j u s t t h e 5 0 k pot
labelled "Quarter" until exactly 5
very quick beeps are heard for
each button press. Don't worry if
the qua rter beeps sound shorter
and faster than the nickel and
dime ones. They should be.
Conclusion
If all went well to this point,
your red box should be completely
aligned and functional. A final test
should now be conducted from a
payphone using the D ATL ( d i a l
access test line) coin test. Dial
09591 230 and follow the compu ter
instructions using the red box a t
the proper prompts. The compu ter
should correctly identi fy all coins
"simulated" and flag any anoma­
lies. With a li ttle di scretion, your
red box should bring you many
years of use. Remember, there's no
such thing as space change!
Parts List for Red B ox
Semiconductors
(2) 556 Dual Timer
( 1 ) 741 Op Amp
( 1 ) IN9 1 4 Switching Diode
Resistors
(6) 1 0k ( 1 ) 4 .7k
(2) l OOk
(4) 50k PC Mount Potentiometer
(2) 50k Multi-Turn Potentiometer
Capacitors
( 1 0) 0.01 uF ( 1 ) 1 .0 uF
(2) 1 0.0 uF Electrolytic
Miscellaneous
(2) 14 Pin Dip Socket
A RED BOX
(1) 8 Pin Dip Socket 0 ) Speaker or Telephone Earpiece
(1) 3-position Rotary Switch Circuit Board
( 1 ) M omentary Push - B utton Box
Switch (normally open) Mounting Hardware
(1) SPST Toggle Switch 9V Battery Clip

').o�,.F ..... ,
T

S ummer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 23

 TH ES E ARE
Reactions to Zap
Dear 2600:
After reading Captain Zap 's
article in your last issue I'm left
with the feeling that it was not
m e ant to inform . Rat h e r it
seems to me th at Zap wants to
scare legitimate users and peo­
ple in charge of security at var­
ious comp anies into believing
in the existence of an incredi­
b ly o r g a n iz e d a n d c om p l ex
organization that decides upon
wh o attacks what and makes
up l aws and regulations . I n
short, it looks to m e like Zap
d e s p e r a t e ly wants p e op le t o
believe that the big bad h ack­
ers are out there waiting to get
them (especially if they happen
to be Fortune 500 companies,
i n w h i c h c a s e t h e h ac ke r s
really have i t i n for them) , and
only Captain Zap and his secu­
rity company c an protect you
from u s , so by G o d ya b etter
h and h im s o m e c a s h and a
long term contract, or we'll eat
you alive!
Either t h a t or Zap is j u st
hopelessly out of it . In either
case I wouldn't put my security
into his hands.
Murdering Thug
and The BOY!
Circle of Deneb/
Digital Gang
Page U 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
Dear 2600:
Is Captain Zap for real? Is
this the same Captain Zap who
used to go by the name of Ian
M u rphy and is consulting on
computer security? U's a pretty
far- fetch e d picture of an evil
underground conspiracy. All of
the "elite" underground BBS's I
was on (and I was on several of
the exact same ones Captain
Zap was on) had no real check­
u p s on i d e ntity . M o st e v e n
skipped t h e c allb ack to verify
and a famous name could get
you on.
The FBI has some of the best
hacking info available and I'm
su re they would tra d e a few
trapped MCI codes and traced
computer passwords to get on
any system.
The biggest bull of the whole
article is: "Granted they did not
move the b ird [ satellit e ] , but
they d i d g a in a c c e s s t o the
rotation c ontrol for the satel­
lite . " Pure bull. Please see the
article I wrote for you on page
2 -52 (August '85) about moving
sat ellit e s . Tells exactly what
was misu ndersto o d . I know,
because I posted the "satellite
routing codes" .
The Shadow
Dear 2600:
In th e S p ring 1 9 8 8 issu e ,
2 6 0 0 p r e s e n t e d a n art i c l e
c a l l e d "Th e H a c ke r Thre a t "
TH E L E TT E R S
written by Captain Zap . While I
don't agree with the article . I 'm
glad you published it because I
like to see d iffere nt opinions
wh ic h p ro v o k e d i s c u s s i o n .
Aft e r r e a d ing t h e a r t i c l e I
decided to do a little research
on him.
C a p t a in Zap . w h o s e t r u e
name i s Ian M urphy. i s now a
computer sec urity consultant .
This was not always tru e. Until
the time of his arrest. he was a
hack (Taxi Driver) by trade and
a hacker by hobby. In 1 984 he
was convicted of credit card
fra u d . N o w . as a r e fo rm e d
h acker. h e a t temp ts t o h e l p
companies free t h e i r systems
from hackers. Recently. he has
b e e n active on m a ny B B S ' s .
inclu ding those sponsored by
2600. On Central Office BBS
he claimed that a rival comput­
e r s e c u rity c o n s u lta nt from
Detroit had been charged with
criminal sexu al conduct and
harassment . H e then threat ­
ened to sue that same consul­
tant for alleg e d s l a n d e r . He
also vigorously attacked The
T e l e c om S e c u rity Group
(TTSGl . a respected Newburgh
(NY) based consulting firm. for
having advertised in 2600 and
for being closely involved with
c o m p u t e r h a c k e r s . TTS G is
considering legal action against
Murphy.
Murphy has been profiled by
S ummer 1988
such periodicals as The Wal l
Street Joumal. and USA Today.
I n t h e s e int e rviews h e h a s
admitted to such acts as: mon­
itoring his ex-wife's telephone
with an illegal wiretap. break­
ing and entering a client corpo­
ration's facilities. and refUSing
to turn in information abo u t
alleged criminals .
I h ope this is of interest.
Yevgeny Zamyatin
For a rep ly to las t issue's
C ap tain Zap article. turn to
page 1 6.
Gripes and
Feedback
Dear 2600:
Hi. I am one of your numer­
ous subscribers and interested
re aders who has a few gripes
with the Spring 1 988 issue of
2600.
Altho ugh I don't mind the
new format and appreciate its
l arg e r size I t h ink it c o u l d
stand somewhat better editing.
"Th e Th r e a t of C om p u t e r
H a c k e rs . " O n e o r t w o n i c e
anecdotes but the rest should
h av e g o n e i n t o B y t e o r
C o mp u t e ! I m e a n y o u c a n
assume t h at y o u h ave more
enlightened r e a ders on that
s u bj e c t that d o n ' t n e e d a
" H C K- 1 0 0 B B S & Sys t e m s
Intro" .
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 25
 �c
"ROLM Phone System. " You
could h ave cut this to one or
two pages. About 50 percent of
the article is fluff, like the com­
plaints t h at p e ople can't use
t h e n e w p h o n e with t h o s e
weird b uttons . Times ch ange
faster than humans and some
of t h e complaints are hardly
worthy of the reader's time . So
w h a t if t h e info n u mb e r
changes from 246-3636 t o 632 -
6830?
Given a larger magazine this
wouldn't be so bad , but 2600 is
relatively small and so I'd pre­
fer more and shorter articles (if
they exist) .
OK. What I LIKE D :
"Monitoring TIRO. " Although I
am no p h reak I love to read
s t u ff like t h a t j u st t o k e e p
informed .
''VM/ CMS.'' Although I hope
I will never be on a system like
t h at it might come in h andy
sometime .
'Weathertrak. " Not my real
interest, but interesting never­
theless.
"From the 2600 Files." Fun
and informative.
"Happenings" and "Letters" .
These are my favorites.
I hope you don't mind a little
feedback from a reader.
Best of luck to you and your
mag.
Natuerlich !
Page 26 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
__ > L.J I �
We never mind getting com­
ments and criticism. It shows
that our subscribers are read­
ing the magazine. What more
could we askJor?
We presented Captain Zap's
article ("Threa t oj Comp u ter
Hackers") not as a revelation
but as an example oj what is
being said by some. We did
this with the intention oj open­
ing up a dialogue whiCh, judg­
ing Jrom the response in this
issue and on the boards, is
precisely what happened.
The ROIM article was meant
to illustrate more than the sim­
ple inconvenience oj having to
adjus t to some thing new. We
w ere attemp ting to point o u t
how it's becoming increasingly
common Jor the ins tallers oj
such systems to blatantly dis­
regard the needs oj the users
and just assume everyone will
fIgure it out in the end. Being
denied the freedom to select an
easy- to-remember phone num­
ber seemed particularly ironic,
considering user flexibility was
one oj the "advantages" oj this
new phone system.
By the way, another pag e
that we got lots oj comment on
was the reprint oj our six-cent
R CI p h o n e b i l l t h a t ' s b e e n
s ho w ing u p Ja i t hJu l ly here
every month Jor nearly t w o
years. Well, g uess w hat? RCI
mus t be reading these pages
 L E •• E I � S
because we suddenly s topped
g e t t ing t h e m . (Ma y b e w e
s hould reprin t our $200 Mel
bill and hope that goes away!)
(where x is any digit) will tell
you the number you're calling
from.
H ave fun and keep up the
good work.

A Useful Trick Your little tnck for getting an

Dear 2600: unrestricted dial tone is proba­
J u s t a n o t e fr o m a s u b ­ b l y the s ing le m o s t common
SCriber. I love 2600. It gives a t e c hn i q u e t h a t exis t s . A n d
lot of food for thought. w hat's s o remarkable about it
A contribution: On the AT&T is t h a t so many c o mp a n ie s
Horizon PBX (lately disc ontin­ s e e m c o mp l e t e l y u n a b l e o r
ued) there is a "toll-restriction" even unwilling t o put a s top to
feature . Ports can be connected it! We urge our readers to try
to a special card that enforces this on any sys tem that offers
toll-restriction: L e . , you can't any kind of dialing restrictions.
dial 1+ for long distanc e . The Please le t us know w ha t you
software knows about this too . fmd.
If you try to dial 1 + , you 'll get a We app rec i a t e t h e A NI
fast busy tone to let you know (A u t o m a t ic N u m b e r Ide n t ij­
i t ' s fo rb i d d e n . H owev e r , t h e cation) information. If readers
hardware i s expensive to modi­ from other parts of the country
fy and it's the software that know what their ANI numbers
gives the busy tone , so many are, please let us know. (In the
companies just let the software New York metro area, it's 958.)
do the toll-restriction and don't
bother buying the special hard­
ware . "Deluxe" Call
Mistake . If you are on such a
system and get the fast busy,
Waiting
Dear 2600:
j ust hang on the line for about
Enclosed is another example
30-45 seconds . P r e st o !
of how Ma Bell loves screwing
Unrestri c t e d dial t o ne . Most
the telecommunicating public .
people give up when they hear
This was clipped from "On Line
the fast busy.
Today" , the Compuserve maga­
Also, here in Atlanta the dig­
zine . On one page is a letter in
it a l exc h a n g e s (Northern
which the writer thanks anoth­
Telecom D M S - l OO 's) are pro ­
er correspondent for advice on
grammed so that 940-xxxxxxx
tem p o rarily s u s p e nding c a l l
(continued o n page 39)
Summer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 2 7
 P ro t e c t i o n
(continued from page 7)
I guess the programmer involved was
too cowardly to take me up on my offer
and prefers to hurt people not capable of
fighting back. I should have known that, I
suppose , but I don't normally think of peo­
ple who attack i nnocents. Normally, I think
of people to respect, not people to pity,
certainly not people who m ust cause such
damage in order to "get ofr.
They are be low conte m pt, o bviously,
and can do l ittle to help them selves out of
the m ire they l ive in.
Sti l l , a worm i s a worm .
About FLUSHOT
A Brief H istory
The o rigi nal incarnation of F L U S HOT
was a quick hack done i n my s pare time. It
had a couple of bugs in i t which caused it
to trigger when it shouldn't, and a few con­
ditions which I had to fix . A strangeness in
how CO M MA N D .COM processed certain
conditions when I " fa i l e d " an o pe rati o n
caused people to lose more data than they
had intended -- certainly not my i ntent!
"No matter what
software protection
you use, somebody
will find a way
around it one day. "
FLUSHOT was modified and became
FLUS HOT2. I t included some additional
protections, protecting som e other i mpor­
tant syste m files, and protecti ng agai n st
direct disk writes which can be u sed to cir­
cumvent FLUS HOT's protection m echa-
Page 28 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
F ro m
nisms.
Additionally, FLUSHOT2 forced an exit
of the program currently running instead of
a fail condition when you indicated that an
operation should not be carried out.
F L U S HOT2 was also now d istributed
i n the po pular archive format ( have yo u
re m e m b e re d to s e n d yo u r s h a reware
check i n to Phil Katz for his efforts? You
really should. It ain't that m uch money ! ) .
N e x t c a m e F L U S HOT3 . A b u g w a s
fixed which could h a v e c a u s e d c e rtai n
weird things when you denied direct disk
1/0 to certain portions of DOS 3.x.
The e n h ance m e nt s to F L U S HOT3
included t h e a b i l i ty t o e nte r a 'G' when
F L U S HOT was triggered . This a l l owed
FLU SHOT to become inactive until an exit
was called by the foreground ta s k . So ,
when you u sed som e trustworthy program
which did direct disk 1/0, you wouldn't be
pestered with con stant triggering after you
e nte r the 'G'. P ri marily this was a quick
hack to allow programs such as the FOR­
MAT pro g ram to run without F L U S H OT
being triggered each ti me it tried to do any
work it was suppo sed to .
Additionally, a CMOS RAM check was
i nstalled. If a foreground program attem pt­
ed to change CMOS m e m ory, you'd be
advised.
What the heck is CMOS m e mory, you
m i ght be aski n g . Good questio n . In AT
class and better m achines, certain i m por­
tant parameters (such as the type of hard
disk you're using, or how m uch mem ory
there is in your machine) are stored up i n
s p e c i a l n o n - v o l ati l e m e m o r y , c a l l e d
CMOS.
If this gets changed, you m ight have a
pro b l e m when you re boot. FL U S HOT3
C o m p u t e r U iru s e s
sends at least one little slimebucket back
to the d rawing b o a rd , because it wi l l
restore the CMOS and prevent this hassle
from occurring .
FLUSHOT + Features
and Enhancements
This rel ease of F L U S HOT has a new
nam e : FLUSHOT+. Because FLUS HOT4
was a Trojan, I opted to change the nam e .
Besides, FLUS HOT + i s t h e result of som e
real effort on m y part, i nstead of be i n g a
part-ti m e q u ick hack. I h o p e the e ffo rt
shows.
F L U S H OT is now table drive n . That
ta b l e is in a f i l e w h i c h I c a l l
FLUSHOTDAT. It exists in the root direc­
tory on your C : drive. However, I'll advise
you later on how to change its location so
that a worm can't create a Trojan to modi­
fy that file.
This file now al lows you to write and/or
read protect entire classes o f program s.
This m eans that you can write protect from
dam age all of your * .COM , * . E X E , * .BAT,
and *.SYS files. You can read protect all of
your *. BAT files so that a nasty program
cannot even d e te r m i n e what name you
used for FLUSHOT + when you invoked it !
Additionally, you can now autom atically
check p rograms when yo u first invoke
F L U S H O T + to d e te r m i n e i f t h e y ' v e
changed since y o u last looked a t them .
Called checksu m m in g , it allows yo u to
know imm ediately if one of the protected
programs has been changed when you're
not looking. Additionally, this checksum­
m ing can even take place each time you
load the program for execution.
Also , FLUS HOT + will advise you when
any program "goes TSR". TSR stands for
"Term inate and Stay Reside nt" , allowing
Summer 1988
po p-ups and other useful programs to be
created. A worm could create a program
w h i c h l e av e s a b i t of s l i m e be h i n d .
Programs l i ke Borland's S i d e K ick pro ­
gram , a wonderful program and certainly
not a Trojan or virus, is probably the best
known TSR. FLUSHOT + wi l l advise you if
any program attem pts to go TSR which
yo u haven't a l ready registered i n your
FLU SHOT. DAT file.
Finally, FLUSHOT + will also now pop­
u p a l ittle window in the m iddle o f yo ur
screen when it gets triggered. It also will
more fu l l y explain why it was triggered .
T h e p o p - u p w i n d o w m e ans t h a t y o u r
scre e n w o n ' t g e t screw e d u p beyo n d
reco g n i tion -- u n l ess you 're i n graph ics
m ode when it pops up. So rry, 'dems the
breaks !
Reg isteri ng FLUSHOT +
F L U S H O T + is n o t a free progra m .
You're encouraged t o use it, to distribute it
to your friends and co-workers. If you end
up not using it for so m e reason , let me
know why and I ' l l see if I can do some­
thing about it in the next release .
But, the right to use FLUSHOT + is con­
tingent upon yo u paying fo r the right to
use it. I ask for ten dol lars as a registration
fe e . T h is e n titles y o u to g e t the n e x t
u p d ate s h i p p e d w h e n avai l a b l e . A n d
allows you to pay me, in part, for m y labor
in creating the entire FLUS HOT series. I
don't expect to get my normal consulting
rate or to get a return equal to that of other
programs which I've developed and se ll
through more traditional channels. That's
n o t m y i n t e n t , or I w o u l d have m ad e
F L U S HOT + a com m e rcial program and
you'd be paying lots m ore money for it.
So m e people are u nco m fortable with
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 29

the shareware concept, or believe that
there ain't no such thing as Trojan or virus
programs, and that a person who profits
from the distribution of a program such as
FLUSHOT m ust be i n it for the money.
I 've created an alternative for these
folks. I'll cal l it "charityware" (first called
that, to m y knowledge, by Roedy G reenJ.
You can also reg i ster F L U S HOT + by
sending me a check for $10 m ade out to
your favorite charity. Be sure to include a
stamped and addressed envelope . I'll for­
ward the monies o nto them and register
you ful ly.
Of course , if you wish, you can send
me a check for more than $10. I'll cash it
gladly ( I 'm no foo/ ! ) .
Site Licensing of FLUSH OT +
So, you run the com puter department
o f a big corporation, you got a copy of
FLUSHOT + , decided it was wonderful and
that it did everything you wanted and sent
in your ten bucks. Then you distributed it
to your 1000 users.
Not what i s i ntended by the shareware
sch e m e . Each s i t e u s i n g F L U S HOT +
should be registered. That's ten bucks a
site, me bucko ! Again, make the check out
to charity if you're uncomfortable with the
idea of a program mer actually deriving an
income from their work.
H oweve r , if you've real ly g o t 1000
com puters, you should give me a call . As
m uch as I'd like to get $10 for each site,
that wouldn' be fair to you . So, quantity
discounts are available .
T h e FLUSH OT.DAT fi le
FLUSHOT + is table-driven by the con­
tents o f the FLUS HOT. OAT file. This file
normally exists in the root directory of your
C: drive ( C :\FLUSHOT.DAT).
Page 30 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
R Flu Shot F o r
A little later in this article you'll see how
to disguise the data file name, making life
tougher for the worm s out there . But for
the purpose of this article, we 'll assume
that the file is called C :\FLUSHOT. DAT.
The FLUSHOT + program will read this
data file exactly once . It reads the data
from the data file into memory and over­
write s the n a m e of the data file in so
doing. A little extra protection in hiding the
name of the file.
This data file contai n s a n u m be r of
l i ne s o f text. Each l i ne of text is of the
form :
(Command)=(fi lenam e)(options)
Com mand can be any one of the fol -
lowing characters:
P - Write Protect the file named.
R - Read Protect the file named .
E - Exclude the file named from match­
i ng P or R lines.
T - The named file is a legitimate TSR.
C - Perform checksum operations on
the file named.
The filename can be an ambiguous file
if you wish for all com m ands except the 'T'
and 'C' com mands. This means that:
C :\level l \* .COM
wil l specify all COM files on your C :
drive i n the level l directory ( o r its sub­
directories). Specifying :
C :\level 1 \*\*. EXE
would specify all EXE files in subdi rec­
tories under the C :\leve l l di rectory, but
would not include that directory itself.
You can also use the '?' operator to
specify ambiguous characters as in:
? :\usr\bin\? .COM
which would be used to specify files on
any drive in the \usr\bin directory on that
drive . The files would have to be single let-
P e rs o n a l
ter filename s with the extension of 'CO M ' .
Am bi g u o u s file nam e s are not al lowed
for the 'T' and 'C' opti o n s .
Protecting files from Write Access
U se the ' P = ' o ption to protect files from
write acce s s . To disallow writes to any of
your C O M , E X E , S Y S , and B A T f i l e s ,
specify l ines o f the form :
P = ' . CO M
P='.EXE
P = ' . SYS
P = ' . BAT
which protects these f i l e s on any disk,
i n any directory.
Protecting f i l es from Read Access
S i m i larly, you can u se the ' R ' com mand
to protect f i l e s from bei ng read by a pro­
gram ( i nc l u d i n g t h e a b i l i t y t o ' T Y P E ' a
file ! ) . To preven t read access to a l l of your
BAT files, use a line s u c h a s :
R = ' . BAT
C o m b i n ati o n s of R a n d P l i n e s a r e
"1challe nge them to
upload a virus or
other Trojan horse to
my BBS tha t I can 't
disarm. "
al lowe d , so the com bi nati o n of the above
l ines would prevent read o r wri te acce ss to
a l l batch fi l e s .
Ex c l u d i n g f i l e s
Program m e r s i n pa rt i c u l a r should find
u sa g e for the 'E' co m m an d . This a l lows
you to e x c l ude match i n g filenames fro m
o t h e r m a tch o pe r a ti o n s . A s s u m e y o u ' re
d o i n g develo p m e n t work in the C :\deve l o p
d i rectory .
C o m p u t e r s
Y o u c o u l d exclude F L U S HOT + fro m
be i n g t riggered by including a l i ne such a s :
E = C :\devel o p\' .-
O f c o u rse , you m i gh t have deve l o p ­
ment work on m a n y di sks u n d e r a directo­
r y of t h a t n am e . If y o u d o , yo u m i g h t
i nclude a l ine which looks l i ke :
E = ? :\develop\ ' ' ­
or
E = '\develop'
Checksumming fi les
T h i s l i n e is a l i ttle m ore co m p l i cated
t h a n o t h e r s a n d i n vo l v e s s o m e s e t u p
work. It's worth i t , thoug h !
A c h e c k s u m i s a m e th o d u s e d t o
reduce a f i l e ' s validity i nto a s i n g l e n u m ­
be r . A d d i ng u p the va l u e s of t h e b y t e s
which m ake up t h e fi le would be a Si m pl e
c h e c k s u m m e thod . Do i n g m ore com pl e x
m a t h e m a t i c s a l l o w s f o r m o re a n d m o re
c h e c k i n g i nform atio n to be incl uded i n a
tes t .
I f you u se a l ie o n the form :
C = C :\COM MAND.COM[12345)
then when F L U S HOT + first loads i t w i l l
check the val i d i ty o f the fi l e a g a i n s t t h e
n u m b e r i n t h e s q u are b r a c ke t s . I f t h e
c h e c k s u m calculated d o e s not m atch the
n u m be r prese nted , you ' l l be advised with
a triggering of FLUSHOT, whi ch presents
the co rrect checksum .
W h e n yo u f i r s t set up your
F L U S H OT. DAT fi l e , u se a d u m m y n u m be r
s u c h as 123 4 5 f o r each of t h e f i l e s you
' '
w i s h to checksum . T he n , whe n yo u r u n
F L U S H O T , you s h o u l d copy d o w n t h e
"erro ne o u s " checksu m pre se nted . The n ,
e d i t t h e F L U S HOT. D AT f i l e a n d repl ace
the d u m m y number with the actual check­
sum value you had copied down. Voi l a ! If
even one b yte i n the file i s changed, you'll
(continued on next page)
Summer / 988 2600 Magazine Page 3 /
 Cont r o l l i n g t h e
b e a d vi s e d t h e n e x t t i m e y o u r u n - : o n l y checksum t h i s f i l e when
FLU SHOT+. F L U S H O T + f i r s l l o ad s . ' , 1' a n d ' - ' a re
B u t wai t ! There's more ! equivalent.
When a 'checks u m m ed" f i l e i s loaded +: only checksum t h i s file w h e n it i s
by M S - DO S , i t wi il, by default, be check­ l o a de d and execute d , n o t w he n
sum med agai n . So, i f you had a l i ne such F L USHOT + first loads.
as: T h e refore , if you Wished to only check
C = C :\usr\bi nIW S. COM [ 1 2345 ] you r WS .COM file when yo u first l o a d e d
the v e n e r a b l e old WordStar pr o g ra m the F L U S H OT+ program , you'd specify a
( sti ll my :ditor of noice i) wouid be check l ine a s :
sum med e ach time you wellt II) ed!l a fiie C=C :\l. ; s, ' blrwi<iS 2345] , 1
O f c o u r s e , you m i 9 h t not want the O!
o '/ erlleao 0 1 tliat c��ecksLJm m i ng to tak .·' C=C :\ucr\hi r,' ws c0m l l
P ! C L 8 e ·:l c r li m e you l o a d a p ' o g r a rc ; f '/o u Vv S:-lP(j :.::·: f�c k s u m your o ro
n, G re !(y :; , a lew swi tche s have bee n " 13m callerj ' M YPRC(� E XE '
aj(:'�d. 1 he sWl tctes a r c placed i m rneo: \'V a s
u,�e(j,
(; t r e r the T in : Ie cne« surn line , C � C \pati·!'.�,�vP HnG ': X F. .
7.C :\usr\t:Jin\W:.i. GOMj i ;�345)( �;'''' itch) Reg istering a TSR program
i i ,E) ',8 sWi tche s are : Any unregi stered ! SF< prc'gram 'NiliCh
JL WI,! only cht·cksum tile file o n l y ' n ' i s run after FLLJ S HO T + WI!! cause a tngger
tlll� e s . O n l y one dlg:t aliowe a , when they 'go 1 S Ft . You ca[l register a
pro g ra m so no trigger g o e s off by specify
r·v. J lbn Du.h i ng II in a l ine such a s :
M.cc l ub "Bt:ncl lD. B B S
l\mt:terdam
8 0 M 13 63 (3:1 1)
20 1 � '-: 1 <; 1 T =C \usr\bin\lsr s\sk.com
ROT.Cnhurg
Arneu:foot
1 8 19 1 8 1" �
11 75 54 4';
which will k e e p FLUSHm ... trom com ­
Elndh(lVen
l..e;ckn
40 48 1 7 9 2
71 12 \ 1 25
plai n i n g about sk.com . Make sure t o take
Sittard 47 5 5 20 4 1 a look at the . T' optio n ,
' specified i n the
Amhen 8 5 23 3 3 77
Kampen 5 2 02 24 3 8 0 next section.
Gromngen 50 1 4 \ 1 4 5
Boom 22 90 34 04 6 Protecting the FLUSHOT , D AT file
Almdo 54 90 62 54 2
MICldd burg 1 1 80 3 4 33 6 Obvi0 usly, the weak l i n k in the chain of
Venlo 77 82 2 5 22
Zoctermoer 79 5 1 04 2 5 (3(12) the protecti o n w h i c h F L U S H OT + o ffe r s
Apel doom 15 21 1 8 1 1
Den Hug 7 0 29 5 0 8 8 y o u i s the FLUS HOT . DAT file.
I lclJlC1"' :t t 23 23 32
Alkmm ' 2 1 2 67 8 3 You would think that you'd want to pro·
tect the F L U S H O T . DAT file tram reads
Rotten.la.m 1 0 48 14 2� 6
Gouda ' 8 20 22 3 1 4
Emmcn
a nd writes a s specified above . However
'9 1 0 2 1 00 0
CPiM gg "4 42 3 8 60 (3 )
Ill M PC gg
MSX gg
;,2 86 1 4 2 1 (3)
20 98 25 02 (3 }
this, too , leaves a gapping security h ol e
Sha'1'!MZ.gg
CP/M SWBoo. 7 0 69 40 8 1
:· 2 40 38 86 6
m e m o ry could be searched for i t , and i t
P2000 gg
Olivetti gg
1 0 47 05 7 3 2 could be l ocated that way. A better alter­
79 5 1 75 7 5
Apple gg 1 5 62 24 2 1 (3 ) native exists. I n the d i stri bution p a c k a g e
NOS Hobby Scoop ] 5 45 39 5 (3)
Fido Genrd 47 84 23 0 1 (3) for F L U S HOT + e x i sts a program cal l e d
Fldo John 4 0 53 1 4 5 ] (l )
Fldo S<lnt.ech 34 89 8 1 9 F L U PO K f= . CO M . This program al lows y o u

Page 32 26{)O Magazinf S u mmer 1 988

Epidemic
to specify the new name you wish to call
the FLUSHOT. DAT file. Simply type :
FLU POK E (flushot name)
where (flushot name) represe nts the
f u l l path f i l e n a m e o f yo u r c o p y of
FLU SHOT+.
You'll be prom pted for the name of the
F L U S H O T . D AT f i l e . E n t e r the n a m e
you've selected (re m e m be r t o specify the
d i s k and d i rectory as part of the nam e ) .
Voilal Nothing could be easier.
Protection Recommendations
He re's a sam ple F L U S HOT. DAT f i l e,
basica l l y the same o n e i ncluded i n the
archive . Your actual checksums will differ,
and you may want to m odify what fi les and
directories are protected. Obviously, your
exact needs are diffe re nt than m ine , so
consider this a generic F L U S HOT.DAT :
P = * . bat
P=*.sys
P=*.exe
P=*.co m
R = *AUTO E X EC .BAT
R= *CON FIG .SYS
E = ?\dev\*
C=C:\COMMAND.COM(1 2345) ­
C=C:\l B M B IO.COM(1 2345)­
C=C:\l B MDOS .COM(1 2345)-
Running FLUSHOT +
For extra protection , after you've run
F L U P O K E , y o u s h o u l d rena m e the
FLU SHOT + program t o something unique
and meaningful to you , but not a worm .
Assum ing you didn't rename it, howev­
er, you co uld invoke the program sim ply
by typing :
FSP
when at the pro m pt. That's all there is
to it. When you're satisfied, you can add it
to you r AUTO E X E C . BAT file, after all of
Summer 1988
your trusted programs have run .
B u t there are some options you should
know about:
C hecking CMOS · How often?
The C MOS, as described earlier in this
article, is a spot where i n a worm can just
make thi ngs a bit m i serable for you when
you n e x t boot y o u r syste m . Howeve r ,
FLUSHOT + al lows y o u t o protect the con­
tents of your CMOS agai nst such a worm .
CMOS only exists on AT class and bet­
ter m achines l ! !
You m u st specify the '-C' option when
you i nvo ke the F L U S H O T + progra m in
o rder to have yo ur CMOS safeguarded.
There is a check done whenever ooS is
accessed to determine if the CMOS has
c h a n g e d . This c a u se s a s l i g h t pe rfo r­
m a nce penalty. However, this only hap­
pens once every 1 28 oo S accesses. You
can modify this ratio, to more or less, by
specifying a number after the '- C ' :
FSP -C 1 0
will check CMOS every ten accesses.
Intercepting Direct Disk Writes
Through I NT1 3
The default operation of FLUS HOT + is
to intercept and examine every cal l to the
direct disk routines. You can disable this
by including the '-F' switch on your com ­
mand line :
FSP -F
This is not reco m m ended, but exists
primarily for developers who can't use the
constant triggering o ne o f their programs
may cause .
What about INT26?
S im ilarl y, the same exists for the direct
writes which normally are only made by
DOS through interrupt 26. Again, I do not
recom mend you disable the checking, but
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 33
 U irus and Troj an
if you desire to do so , use the '-D' switch.
Turning off the header messag e
If you've no desire to see the rather
lengthy welco m e message which is dis­
played when you fi rst use F L U S HOT t ,
use the '-h' switch.
Allowing Trusted TSR's to Work
Normally, you'd load all of your trusted
TSR's before FLUSHOT + is l oaded from
w i t h i n yo u r A U TO E X E C . B AT f i l e .
However, you m ight want to use SideKick
once i n a while , removing it from memory
as you d e s i re . T h is co u l d cause so m e
pro blems, since SideKick, and programs
l i ke it, take over ce rtai n i n te rru pts , and
F L U S H OT t co u l d get c o n f u s e d a b o u t
whethe r t h i s is a vali d c a l l o r a cal l that
s h o u l d n ' t be a l l o we d . N o rm a l l y,
F L U S HO T t wi l l trigger on these calis,
which is safer, but can be annoying. I f you
use the special '-T' switch upon prog ram
i nvocation, then calls which trusted TSR's
'
(those specified with the 'T command in
= which will be screwed up by the '-' or ' t ' in
your F L U S H O T . DAT fi l e ) m ak e w i l l be
a l l owed . U nd e rsta n d , p l e a s e , that this
basica l l y means that cal l s m ade b y a
Trojan while a trusted TSR is loaded m ay
not be caught. Please , use this switch with
caution !
Disabling FLUSHOT +
There may be times when you're about
to do some work which you know wil l trig­
ger FLUSHOT t. And you m ight not want
to be bothered with all o f the triggering,
the pop-up windows, and your need to
respond to each trigger. If you look i n the
upper right hand corner of your screen ,
you'll s e e a 't' sign . This indicates that
FLUSHOT t i s m onitoring and attem pting
to protect your system . Depress the ALT
key three times. Notice that the 't' sign'
Page 34 2 600 Magazine Summer 1988
turned into a '-'? Well, FLUS HOT t is now
disabled, and will not trigger on any event.
If you de pre ss the AL T key three m o re
' '
tim es, you'll see the '-' tum back into a t ·
- each time you depress the AL T key three
t i m e s , F L U S HOT t w i l l toggle betwee n
being enabled and disabled.
Disabling FLUSHOT + Toggle Display
Alas, there a re g raphics appl ications
"A ll of the protectio n I
had wo uld have been
for na ugh t if I didn 't
u se the first line of
defense from these
worms : full and ade­
q uate back up . "
the u ppe r right hand corne r of your dis­
play. Therefore , if you depress the CTR L
key three times, yo u'll be able t o togg le
the display capability of FLUSHOT t . The
default co nfiguration of F L U S HOT t is to
'come up' with display turned on. You can
reverse this capability if you i ncl ude the '­
G' (for graphics) switch on your com m and
line when you run FLUSHOT t.
Interpreti ng a FLUSHOT + Trigger
So, you've run FLUSHOT +, and you're
at yo ur C> prom pt. Great! Now stick a
blank disk which you don't care about into
your A: drive and try to format it.
S u rprise ! F L U S HOTt caught the
attempt! You have three choices now: typ­
ing 'Y' al lows the o peration to co nti nue,
but the next o ne will be caught as well .
Pr e u e n t i o n
Typing a 'G' (for Go ! ) allows the operation
to continue, disabling F L U S HOT t until an
exit from the program is made . Whe n
FLU SHOT t is in the 'G' state , a 'G' will
appear in the upper ri g ht hand comer of
your screen.
Any otl1ef key wilt cause a failu re of the
operation to occ ur .
Whe n you've got F L U S HOT t running
and y o u g e t s i g n a l e d t h a t t h e re is a
problem , you s h o u l d t h i n k about what
m ight have caused the probl e m . S o m e
programs, l ike FOR MAT, o r t h e No rton
Utilities, P C -Tools, o r D R E P have ve ry
good reasons for doing direct reads and
writes to your hard disk. H owever, a public
domain checkbo o k accounting prog ram
doesn't. You'll have to be the judge of
what are legitimate operations and which
are questionable.
There is no reason to write to I B M B IO
or I BM OO S , right?
Wrong !
When yo u form at a disk with the 'IS'
option, those files are created on the tar­
get diskette. The act of creating, opening
u p , and writing those f i l e s w i l l tri g g e r
FLUSHOT t a s part of its expected o pera­
tion . There a re m a n y o t h e r l e g i t i m ate
operations which may cause FLUS HOT t
to trigger.
So will copying a CO M or EXE file if
you have those protected with a 'P=' com ­
mand. FLUSHOT t is not particularly intel­
l igent about what is allowed and what isn't.
That's where you , the pilot, get to decide.
Here's a fuller l isting of the m essages
which yo u m ight see when you're using
FLUSHOTt :
Checking ===)(fi lename)
This m essage is d i s p l ayed as
Summer 1988
FLUSHOT t checks the checksum on all of
t h e " C = " f i l e s w h e n you f i rs t i n v o k e
F L U S HOT t . T h e files m ust b e read i n
from disk, their checksum calculated and
t h e n c o m pared against the v a l u e y o u
claim the checksum should equal .
If the checksum does not equal what
you claim it should (which means that the
file may have been written to and m ight
therefo re be suspect) , a wi ndow will pop
u p in the m iddle of your screen :
Bad Checksum on (fi lename)
Actual Checksum Is: (checksum)
Press "Y" to allow, "G " to go til l exit,
any other key to exll
This m essage simultaneously advises
you there is a problem with the checksums
not matching , shows you what the check­
sum s h o u l d be , a n d t h e n awaits y o u r
response .
Except for the initial run of FLUS HOT t ,
if y o u type a 'Y' or a ' G ' , then the program
wil l load and execute . Typing any other
key will cause the program to abort and
you will be returned to the C> prom pt.
When FLUSHOT t is in the 'G' state, a 'G'
will appear in the upper right hand comer
of your screen.
If this is the initial run of FLUS HOT t ,
howeve r, you ' l l be advised of the pro ­
gram 's actual checksum , but FLUS HOT t
will conti nue to run, checking all remaining
"C=" files in the FLU SHOT. DAT file.
If you're running a program and you
see a screen like :
? WARNING ! TSR Request from a n
unreg istered prog ram!
Number of paragraphs of memory
requested (In decimal) are : (cnt)
(Press any key to continue)
you're being advised that a program is
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 35
 Con t r o l l i n g t h:
about to go TSR. If this is a program you
trust (such as S ide Kick, or KBHIT, or a
host of other TSR programs you've grown
to know and love), then you should con­
s i d e r i ng i n s ta l l i ng a 'T li n e i n t h e
'
=
FLUSHOT.DAT file so that future runs of
this program will not trigger FLUSHOT +.
However, if you get this m essage when
running a program you don't think has any
need to go TSR ( such as the proverbial
c h e c k bo o k bal a n c i n g p r o g ra m ), yo u
should be a l ittle suspicio u s . Having a
TSR program is not, in and of itself, some­
thing to be suspicious of. But having one
you don't expect --- well, that's a different
story.
M o st TSR's ' hook i nto' an interrupt
vector before they go TSR. These hooks
m ight interce pt and process key stroke s
('hotkeys'), or they m ight hook and inter­
cept direct disk writes them selves. In any
event, FLUS HOT + (in this version!) does­
n't have the smarts to do more than advise
you of the T S R ' i n g of the program . I f
y o u ' re t r u l y s u sp i c i o u s, r e b o o t yo u r
machine im mediately!
If a program attem pts to write directly
to the interrupts which are reserved for
disk writes, FLUSHOT + will also be trig­
gered and you'll see som ething like :
D i rect D i s k Write atte m pt by pro­
g ram other than DOS!
(From Interrupt (xx))
Press "Y" to allow, G to go till exit,
" "
any other key to fail.
where the (xx) represents either a 1 3
(indicating a direct B IOS write to the disk)
or a 26 (indicating a direct DOS write ) .
Again, pressing a 'V' or a 'G' allows the
operation to continue, pressing any other
key will cause the o pe ration to return a
Page 36 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
e
failed status to DOS , and the operation will
not take place . When FLUS HOT + is in the
'G' state, a 'G' wi ll appear i n the upper
right hand corner of your screen.
If an attempl is made to format your
disk, which may be a legitimate operatio n
made by the D O S FOR MAT prog ram ,
you'll see a message such as:
D i s k b e i ng formatted ! Are You
Sure?
Press "Y" to allow, "G " to go till exit,
any other key to fall.
which follows similarly to the direct disk
write o pe rati o n s . You sho uld q u e stion
whether the formal operation is appropri­
ate at the time and take whatever action
you think is best.
If one of your prolecled files is aboul lo
be written to, you'll see a message like :
Write access being attempted on :
(filename)
Press "Y" to al low, "G " to go till exit,
any other key to fail.
where (filename) represents the fi l e
you're trying 10 protect from these write
operations. Your red flag should fly, and
you should question why the program cur­
rently running should cause such an oper­
ation.
You may also see the same type of
m e s s a g e w h e n o n e of y o u r ' R e a d ­
Protected' files is being accessed:
Read Access being attempted on:
(filename)
Press "Y" to allow, "G" to go til l exit,
any other key to fail.
Again, the same red flag should fly, but
it doesn't m ean that you're infected with
som e nasty virus program ! It could be
something harm less or i nte nded. You'll
have to be the judge.
 Finally, you may see a me ssage like:
CMOS has been chang e d !
Hit "Y" to continue, a n y other k e y to
restore CMOS.
which i ndicate s that yo ur CMOS has
been changed while you weren't looki ng.
Or m aybe yo u were : i f you 're running a
setup program which changes the date or
the ti me, or the disk type attached to your
AT class machine , this message should
pop up. Losing your CMOS is not fatal , but
can be an annoyance . If you hit a 'Y', then
the new setting of the CMOS wi ll be stored
and you'll be able to continue, with alerts
to any other change to the C MO S . Any
other key will result in the original setting
of the CMOS be i ng restored.
How Good is FLUSHOT + , Real ly?
FLUSHOT + is a pretty handy piece of
cod e . But i t can 't absolute l y protect yo u
from a worm . No software can do that.
There are ways around F L U S H O T + .
I'm of tw o minds about discussing the m ,
since the worm s o u t there are reading this,
too . So I'll only discuss them in passi n g .
And I'll t e l l you what I u s e here t o protect
m yse lf from worm s. First, though , a l i ttle
story to tel l you what it's l i ke here , and
S ummer 1988
how I protect m yself from gett i ng wormed .
The Ram N e t B u l l etin Board System
site I run is open access. No need to reg­
i ster, or to leave yo ur phone n u m be r or
address, although a note to that effect i s
always appreciated. A s mentioned above ,
I dare the worm to try to affect the disk of
somebody who can fight back. A couple of
worm s have tried and I have a nice col lec­
tion of T rojans a nd viruse s . Obviously, I
run FLUS HOT + on my board, along with
checking incom ing files with CHK4 BO M B .
My procedure for testing o u t newly upload­
e d code i n vo l ves me d o i ng a back u p ,
i n stal l i ng all sorts o f software t o monito r
what is going o n , a n d dOing a checksum
on all files on the disk. I then try out all of
the code I get, primarily to determ ine if the
code is of high enough quality to be post­
e d . Afte r test i n g out a l l of the wee k ' s
u pl o a d s , I r u n the c h e c ks u m p ro g ram
again to determine i f any of m y files m ight
have been m odified by a worm 's virus pro­
gram .
Recently, what l ooked l ike a decent lit­
tle di rectory lister was posted to the board.
For some reason I've yet to fathom , direc­
to ry aid prog ram s see m to be the ones
(continued on next page)
2600 Magazine Page 3 7
 Y o u r C o m p u t e r
which have the h i g h es t percentage of
Trojans attached to them .
This di rectory aid program l isted m y
d irectories i n a wonderful tree structure,
using diffe rent colors for different types of
files. Nice program . When it exited , how­
ever, it went out and looked for a directory
with the word "FLU" in it. Once it found a
directory with a match in it, it proceeded to
try to erase all of the files i n that directory.
An assault! No big deal . That's what back­
u ps are for.
But it brings up an i nteresting point: I
was attacked by a clever worm , and i t
erased a bunch of files which were pretty
val uable. All of the protection I had would
have been for naught i f I didn't use the fi rst
line of defense from these worm s : ful l and
adequate backup.
I 've spent three years of my life devel­
o p i n g o n e particular software package .
I magine what would have happened if that
had bee n e rased by a worm ! Fortunately, I
m ake backups at least once a day, and
usually m o re frequently than that. You
should, too .
Now, I quaranti n e that m ac h i ne as
we l l . I spe n t a c o u p l e of d o l l ars and
bought a bunch of bright red floppy disks.
The basic rule around he re is that Red
Disks are the only disks that go into the
B B S m achine , and the Red Disks go into
no other machine. You see, I know that
the re is s o m e worm o u t there who is
gonna find some way to infect my system.
No m atter what software protection I use,
there is a way around it.
You needn't be concerned though -­
you're making backups on a regular baSis,
right? And you aren't asking for trouble. I
am , I expect to find it, and it is sort of
Page 38 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
C o u l d B e N e N t
amusing to see what the worms out there
are wasting their efforts o n .
A t this pOint, Trojans and viruses are
becom ing a hobby with me: watching what
the worm s try to do, figuring out a way to
defend aga i nst it, and then updating the
FLUSHOT series.
H owever, there is a pos sibility that the
FLUSHOT series (as well as other protec­
tion program s which are just as val uable)
are causing an escalation of the term s of
this war. The wo rms out t here a re sick
individuals . They m ust enjoy causing the
damage they do. But they haven 't the guts
to stand up and actually do something in
perso n . They prefer to hide behind a m ist
01 anonym ity.
But you have the ultim ate defense ! No,
not the FLUSHOT + progra m .
Full and adequate backupsl
There are a variety of very good back­
up programs which can save you m o re
work than you can i m a g i n e . I u s e the
FASTBACK+ program , which i s a great lit­
tle progra m . I backup 30 m egs once in a
while, and do an i ncremental backup on a
very frequent basis. There are a variety of
very good commerCial, public dom a i n , and
shareware backup prog ram s out the re .
Use them ! Because , n o m atter what soft­
ware protection yo u u se , so m ebody will
fi nd a way around it o n e day. B u t they
can't find a way aro u nd your backups.
And, if you (and everyone else) do regular
backups, you'll remove the only joy i n life
these worms have. They'l l kill hemselves,
hopefully, and an entire subspecies will be
wiped out -- and you'll be partially respon­
sible !
M y a d v a n c e t h a n k s f o r h e l p i n g to
extermi nate these l ittle slime buckets .
 S U M M E RT I M E LETT E RS
(continucdfrom pagc 2 7)

waiting (by d i al ing * 7 0 or I t' s a m a z i ng h o w p op u l a r

1 1 70) . O n t h e very n ex t page is t hese n u m be rs are in the hack­
a news r e l e a s e fr om B e l l c o re er world. We did a l i t t le check­
ab o u t deluxe call waiting . ing (we called 800 info) and got
which lies abo u t the newest 8 0 0 - 3 2 5 -3388 . Three t o l l -free
" m u lt H i e r e d " fe a t u re t o su s­ n u mbers ! Scar!! , is n't it ?
p e n d c a l l wait ing. A� usual . the
lia rs want t o c h arge fo r a "new"
fe a t u re w h i c h a l r e a dy e x i s t s . Wha t is Sprint
T h i s i s t y p i c a l o f t h e ge n i ll s
m i ne! o f M a B e l l . I h o p e t h a t
Up To ?
y o u w i 1 1 tl l u st ra t e t h i s a b u s(' i n D e ar 2 600:
you r s u rn rn e r issu e , T h e v (' 1)' d ay t hat I received
Also , I h av e m ix e d fe el i n g s vo u r Spring issu e , I a l s o go t my
reg a rd i ng t h e q u a rk rly fOrTn a !. S p r in t bill. 1 read y o u r issu e
H i l i , as u s u al , it ' s w o r t h the fi r s t. 0 1 '. · o u r s C' , and I didn't
w a it , t o u c h m y b ill u n til I re ad y o u r
GH l i t t le bl u rL abo u t Sp rint ' s
billing sy s t e m in your
We a c t u a l /!J d id p o i ll t
t ha i ' H a p pe ni ngs ' c ol u Il l I l . And was
i fl j u � l i c e o u t i n a p r e p i o u s I i n fo r a su rp rise ,
L'i '; ue. While i t is n ' t comp let ely My bill was a t ot al mess!
'J l ie (it s e e m s s 01 /t c body d i d S p r i n t h a d d O I 1C two t h ings t o
i' l l'crt ! some t h ing a W il e b i t cl ff­ m y b ill as far a s I c o u l d fathoIll
Ie, ,-' n t Uw l does b a s ica l l lJ t h e from t h e mess printed on t h o s e
s a m e !l t ing as the old " * 70"), it page s . 1 ) They h ad c h a rg e d m e
c er tainlu q u a l ifies as m i s lead­ fo r b u sy s i g n a l c a l l s . 2 ) Th ey
ing t he p u b l ic. had ch�pped up l a rge c a l l s inl�
4 o r 5 sma l l e r c a l l s .
I called Sprint r igh t a w ay
New Falwe l l a n d h a d it o u t w i t h t h e b il l i ng
Numbers p e rs o n . l i e g ave me c r e d i t fo r
a ll of t h e o n e m i n u t e b u sy c a l l s
D e ar 2600:
I j u st g o t a h o l d o f t h e new ( a b o u t 40 a l t o g e t h e r ) . As for
t o l l - fr e e n u m b e r s fo r .J e rry wh y t h ey d i d t h i s i n t h e fi r s t
pl ace I d o n ' t k n o w . Is t h e i r
F alwe l l ' s Al l Time G o spel I l o u r!
b i l l i ng c om p u t e r real ly t h a t
Th e y a r e 8 0 0 - 3 4 5 - 8 0 9 5 a n d
messed u p t h a t t h ey c a n t k e e p '
bOO - '1 5 : 3 -· 3 800 .
t ra c k of t h e s t a t u s of a c a l l?
A True B e ll e v e r
They m u st have a l o t of t h i s
happening, b e c a u se he gave
(((In tin ltcd on n ext {luge)
S u m m e r 1 988 2 6(){) MaKa zine PaKe 3 9
 2 6 0 0 L E TT E R S
me credit without too much of ble (something a Lot oj phone
a problem . p h re a ks w o uLd n o do u b t rel­
As for the c h opped up calls, i s h) . Le t ' s Jind o u t Jo r s u re .
t h a t ' s a different m a LL e r a l t o ­ Le t's a l l p u t them to t he tes t
g e t h e r . H e r e fu se d t o c h a nge and keep logs. In Jaci, w hy not
my b illing t o make t h e series of do iUo, all oj the companies ?
smaller c alls i nt o one big cal1....
I ' l l h ave to wri te the comp a ny if you have a letter for us ,
abo u t that one . send it to:
H e re i� wha: I w o u l d l ike yo u 2 6 0 0 Le t ters
guy s t o t h ink a b o u t : We a ll P. O. Box 99
I
know abo u t t h ose t h ieves wh o Middle Is land, NY 1 1 953
reprogram a b a nk ' s c om p u t e r O r sen d it e l e c t ro n ic a l ly
t o sh ave otT . 0000 1 p e r c e nt of usi ng our b u l l e t i n b o a rds or
all the a c c o u n t s in th e b a n k n e t wo rk addresses l is ted i n
and d ro p it i n t o a n o t h e r our stq[fbox.
a c c o ll n t fo r t h eu1 s e lve s . T h e
mn a l l amo u nt t a ke n fro m t h e
i n d i v i d u a l a c c o u n t s w i ll b e NORWAY n B S ') BY T O i l S DRAKE
Regen B y ie � 12 0'2 96
i n s i g n i fi c a n t fo r a n y o n e t o B I g Blue 2 42 66 H 8
C.ru;� &:- VL�ne. " 1 '5 1 6 1 0
n o t i c e , b u t t h e t o t a l a m o u nt DAr R B S 2 1 � 98 07
DA SAN 3 4\ 95 10
c a n be qu ite larg e . Well , h e re DuLahyslwkn 2 bS 92 SO
l·l . � b y D&l.I. Klubb 2 92 R9 52
we h ave a long d istance com ­ Hack" Unhmiied 2 24 37 4 0

pany that is c u tting u p callers '

Hluge,nmd R B B S 4 7 1 010 4 tl
lie Info H H S 3 75 4\ 74
l Iol S tuff B BS 2 30 M I)()
long cans into smaller c alls and Modul. 2 Fido 6 97 JJ 3 5
lJ. K RBS'S BY J O l i N DRAKi
then charging the c a llers more TBRS 348 9<1 00

for the first minute on all of the

I.ondon UndergmWld 863 0 1 98
Apple 2000 039<1 276306
Apple
s m a l l c a l l s . Th i s a m o u nt i s Black '[OlVer
0268 7789565
474 5 5 0 5

small a n d I d o n ' t re ally c are l1r: OUl.er i .lmi l5

A dwl PBB5
54 9 4845
<>1862 25 1 7 4

ab o u t it . B u t if t h ey ' re doing 444

Airtel
m 87 247 6 1 9
200 3439
this to ALL c a llers - - how much Mac Tel 0602 4 5 5444
Mega Anchovy 7 4 7 4662
are they a c t u ally ma king p e r TlVl b ghl Zorr, (5T) 7 8 8 08R4
BHS09 (ST) m05 7 360'25
month? Ahr-rnak Re.l.lt ly 09 5 9 7 66 9 5

Cray-Z Phreaker
204 87 5 5
<:>1 1 956 6537

S kunk Works
<>123 865 392
Dublin 885634

What you're impLy ing here is

800 BBS'S
THA NKS TO DE N NlS l'ROM LL
AND WHAI IN NEW YORK
a very serious matter. IF Sprint �DO 323 746-1 800 222-4921
SOO 365 6262 800 R42 � 1 5 1
is m Jact doing this , they could 8(l O 6 ] 2 72Z7

be Jacing an awJuL Lot oj tro u -

Page 40 260() Magazille Su mmer 1 988

 2 600
W A N TE D c o p i e d ( d e a d ) o r a l i v e !
TAP'S " C " & " D " elec . courses. Cassette
tape (TAP exclusive), & fac t sheets # 1 -
4 . H ave a n y or all? Contact me-will­
ing to pay good m o ney for orig ' s . B.
B a r t o n , 8 4 D a p h n e C re s . , B a r r i e ,
Ontario L 4 M 2Y9 . (705-726-66 1 7)
WANTED: A l l newer hard ware you
fi n d a m u s t t o quic k l y get rid o f .
P r o d u c t e v a l u a t i o n s a r e w e l c o m ed .
Also looking for Technics SL1 200 and
any i n forma tion related to pirate radio
( i n c l u d i n g s t o r i e s w r i t t e n by e x ­
pirates, gro u p s, equ i p m e n t i n forma­
tion, FCC) for a write-u p . David J o n
Hyams, E 9 1 1 6
· ··
Sprague Av.,
Apt. 111,
Spokane, WA: ·
99206
COPIE S
A b b i e
H o f f m a n ' s
"Stea I Th i s ,:,:,:,:,:::,:::::,:,:,:,:,:,:::,:,:,:,:,:,:1"":�:'=!':
Book" . $7 .95 + $2 shipping & handling.
M a rco, P . O . Box 1 2 1 1 , Westerly, RI
0289 1 .
FOR SALE: Ultimate blue box, Berry
Electronics M od el 3 1 2A trunk test set,
has rotary d ial / M F keypad, monitor
speaker. Uses L-C o scillators. V E RY
stable. Can be used as Std phone when
h ea d / h a n d s e t a d d ed . $ 25 0 . W r i t e :
Testset, 6 7 1 5 Eberlein Ave., Klamath
Falls, OR 97603.
WANTED: Any hacker and phreaker
s o ft w a re for I B M c o m p a t i b l e a n d
H ayes compatible mod e m . If you are
selling or know anyone who is, send
replies t o A . H . M o o n , 25 A m a ra n th
Crt., Toronto, ONT., Ca nada M6A 2Pl .
W O U LD YOU LIKE
SOME MO NEY? Big money? Send a
business sized S.A.S.E. to: J . Duffy, 408
M i chel l S t . , Rid l ey Park, P A 1 9 0 7 8 .
T h i s p l a n is completely LEG A L .
Q U A L ITY TAP RE P R I N T S .
C o m p l e t e s e t ( # 1 -9 1 ) p u n c h e d a n d
bound . H i g h quality copies with a l l
special su pplemental s . $75 / set,
s h i p p e d U PS o r U S PS o r $ 9 0 / s e t
s h i p p e d Fed e r a l E x p r e s s . M o ne y
orders o nly, payable t o Jeff. TZG, P.O.
Box 1 5 1 5, Columbus, NE 6860 1 - 1 5 1 5 .
WANTED: G-file "I3ctter H o m e s a n d
B1ueboxing Part 2" by Mark Taba s . I f
anyone can provid e a hardcopy,
please send i t to J RE, 1 447 G raber Dr.,
Cleveland, OH 441 07.
BACK
'
I S S UES, com-
��ete s et Vol . �;
Q U A L I T Y
from
postpaid via UPS or First Class Mai l .
C a s h / M O s e n t s a m e d a y, checks t o
Pete G . , P.O. Bo x 463, M t . Laurel, NJ
08054 . We are the original; all others
are copies !
FOR SALE: Okidata Microline 92 per­
s o n a l p r i n t e r . I n c l u d e s m a n u a l for
i n struct i o n s . Hardly u sed . M a ke an
offer and if it's reasonable, I will pay
postage. Matt K e l l y, 31 0 I sb e l l ,
Howell, M I 48843.
2600 MEETI N G S . First Frid a y of the
month at the Cit icorp Center-from 6
to 8 pm in the M arket (also known a s
t h e lobby with t h e tables where a l l o f
t h e weird os h a n g o u t ) . Located a t 1 53
East 53rd Street, New York City. Come
TO MAKE by, d r o p off articles, a sk quest i o n s .
Ca11 51 6-751 -2600 for still more info.
Deadline for Autumn Issue: 8/3 1/88.
S ummer 1988 2600 Magazine Page 41
 VI. K E E P YOUR A D D R E S S CURRENT
1 0 a s s i s t t h e C o u r t a n d t h e p a r t i e s in m a i n t a i n i n g an a c c u r a t e l i s t 01 the mp.rnbers of t h f' C!;}!';<;, pip a ,> '" notify t h � r:l N k 01
t h p Court of any r. h a n g e of address.
A l l Pl oofs of Claim�, E" x c luslon Noticp,,>. not icflo; of i n l fl n l i n n 10 appf"ilf. ob jec t i o ns. and <lrldre5s corrections should be
a ct d r es�f>d 1 0 :
C l e r k of t h e U n i t e d S t a l e s District Court
Eastern District 0' Michigan
Aline' C l a s s Action
P . O . Box 2 7 7 E N T E R E D BY ORDER O f :
F r a n k l i n , M ichigan 48025
Honorable A n n a Diggs Taylor. Judge
United Stales District Court
Eastern District of Michigan
Detroit, Michigan
Clerk
United Stales District Court
Eastern District of Michigan
Detroit. Michigan
Dated: March 30. 1 9 8 8
P R O O F OF CLAIM
T o participate i n t h e settlement. you must complete this Proof of C l a i m and mall it ( along w i t h t h e address label
below ) t o t h e Clerk of t h e United States District Court. Eastern District o f Michigan, A l l net Class A c t i o n ,
P . O. Box 2 7 7 . Franklin. Michig an 48025. Tbl. Proof or Claim muol '" _ t mork ed on or ",Ior. July 2', 1111. Please
print or type_
1. Name of claimant ____ _ _._�__ _ _ _ _ _
, ___ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _
Add ress __________ ___ _ ______ � _ ____ _ _ . _ _ .. _
Telephone number where you can be reached during bu�lne99 hOur9 ( __ ) . , __ _ _ _ _ __ __
. . .. _

Name and position of person completing t h i s form If claimant i s not an individual __ _ _ . � _ _ _ _ _ .

Allnet account number ____ __ _ _ _ _ ______________ ,_. ____ _ . __ _ _ _� _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _
. .
2. Check here it claimant Is currently an Allnet subscriber . _ __ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _

3. Please choose one of the four options listed below. Please provide the Information r equested .
A. __ Siondordi.ed Credll or B. _ _ ._. BI.ndordl.ed C •• h Retund
Subject t o the pro rata provisions set forth above i n Section II of the Notice of Settlement, a S t a n d a r d ized
Credit or Cash Refund equals 90 cents lor each year you were a customer.
(I) Please circle each year or part of a year i n which you wel e an Allnet customer.
1981 1983 1985
1 982 1984
( ii ) T olal number of years circled ___ _. ...

C. _ _ __ Itemized Credit or D. itemized C •• h Relund

S u b j ec t to the pro rata provisions set forth above In Section II of the Notice of Settlemen t . an Itemized Cred:, t
or Ca sh Refund e q u a l s 30 c e n l s f o r e a c h m i n u t e of unanswered calls f o r which you w e r e charged .
(II Provide the 'allowing Information lor each unanswered call lor which you were charged and have not received
a prior credit or refund. This Information may be provided by attaching caples of your bills with the calls
circled
Area Code
-�---�- � - -- . - - -- .. , ..
Date of Call And Number Called Number of Minutes

( II ) Total number of minutes listed __ _ _ � �_

( til ) Please altach copies 01 the bills lor each call listed. II you no longer have the bills, prOvide the Allnet access
code to which the calls were billed, or " an access code was not usAd. the tAlephone numl:'l�r to which
the calls were billed _ ..
4, I f yo u chose t h e .t.ndardized credit or itemized credit options. and you a r e n o t c u r r � n t l y an Aline! c u s t o m e r .
you mu st complete t h e f o l l o w i n g authorization f o r m :
I authorize Allnel 10 nollfy my local t e l e p h o n e c o m p a n y t h a t I am c h o o s i n g Allnet as m y P r i m a r y Long D i s t a n c e
C a r r i e r on t h e t e l e p h o n e number listed b e l o w . I understand t h a t :
(I) IfI Incur a telephone company service charge I n connection with the opening o f m y Allnel account, I will receive a
credit to be applied 10 my Allnet account lor the full amount of such service charqe upon submission to Allnel.
at the address to which this authorization form WAS senl, of a copy of the Invoice for such chRirge
( II I While Allnet will be m y Primary l onq Distance Carrier, I will also be able t o place call9 with A T & T or any olhp, c a r r l "' r 9
al any lime I wish.
( iii ) ImAy choose only one Primary Lonq Dlc;t�flcp. C a n ip.r lor the lic;lP.d lp.I"'phone numb'!r If I chao,"" Anoth�r r. ::I . nN 1�'Pr
on, t h i s ''If!I'!r.tion will be invali<1�I'"
(Iv) I m a y c. han g e t o another carriei' a t any t i m e . and. ,1 1 d o , m y local t '!lepho ne compmy M a y apply a servic. ... r.h�.gp.
(v) t may deSignate only one telephone number. The tetephone number listed below i s the one lor which I A m m A k ing this
designation
CuslomPf nAme _
Name 01 billing contact (" dlnerent I _ ._� _ �

Billing address __ � __ . _ _ __

Suite or apart ment no _ _ � ____ _ _ _ �_ , _ __ _ _ _. _ __ _ �

C ! l y _ ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S te t e � __ _ _

lnslal!31ron a d d r e s s ( if d.lferen I J __ ___ _

T e l E" p h o n e n u mbe r to be connected ( _ _ __ _ I _ _

DAIA Signature

C E RTIFICATION AND R E L E A S E
I certify u n d e r p e nal ty of p e r j u r y that I A m authorized to m A k e I h l s c l l'I l m , t h a t the c l a i m a n t was an A l l net c u s t o m e r a l
s o m e t i m e d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d M a r c h 2 , 1 9 8 1 1 hro u g h December 3 1 , 1 9 8 5 , Rnd t h a i t h e c l a i m a n t was c h a r ged for
u n a n sWNed calls for which n o credit or refund was previously recp.ived t f u r t h e r certify thai all Information I n t h i s Pr o o f of
C l a i m i s t r u e a n d correct t o t h e best of my knowledge, Information and belief; t h a i t h e c l a i m a n t d i d nol elect 10 be excluded from
t h e S e t t l e m e n t C l a s s ; t h a t t h e undersigned Is the claimant or i s authorized to execute and s u b m i t t h i s Proof of C l a i m on
c l a i m a n t ' s behalf; and that this claim is the only claim being s u b m i t t e d I n this set tlement by or on behalf of t h e c l a i m a n t .
I n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e r i g h t to receive benefits under the settlement, t h e c l a i m a n t expressly covenants and a g r e e s t h a t
h e / s h e / i t s h a l l not now or h e r e a f t e r i n s t i t u t e , m a i n t a i n or a s s e r t any c l a i m r e ( a t l n g t o the b i l l i n g of c l a i m a n t f o r
u n a n sw e re d c a l l s by Allnet d u r i n g the p e r i o d from March 2 , 1 9 8 1 t h rough December 3 1 , 1 9 8 5 . C l a i m a n t further r e l e a s ,," s a l l
c l a i m s a g a i n s t A l l n e t , i t s predecessors, successors, aff i l i a t es. a s s i g n s and I t s officers, directors. agents and e mployees.
pa st a n d present, that have been, might have been. are now or could be asserted I n t h e lawsuits described I n t h e Notice or
that relate i n any way t o t h e matters alleged In t h e complaints I n those lawsuits.

Page 42 2 600 Magazine Summer 1988

Ph otos by
Joh n Dra k
e

Sum mer 1988

2600 Magazine
Page 43
 1 80 u 1 336-U 1 4 9 TYlnet
1 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = === = = == = = =
1 ( 800 ) 34 5 - 3 8 78 T e l e x [ 1 20 u ]
I
• ( 800 ) 358-58 80 ??
• T HUNDER SEVEN ' S I ( 80 0 1 3ti8-3343 T h e Sour c e
•
• ( 800 ) 4 2 1 -0082 ' p l ease LOG I N '
i List Of NUlbers I
( 8 00 1 42 1 -0092 �i?
I Rev . l . u
I ( 800 ) 424 - 9494 Tel enet
I
Ii ( 800 ) 4 2 ti - 2 ti 38 So f t Sear c h
1 = = = = = = == = == == = = = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = 1
( 80 0 ) 4 44 - 44 7 2 Nov e l l
( 800 1 52 1 -2255 Aut o n e t
(800) 526-37 1 4 RCA
COlp i l e d as o f 5 / 4 / 8 8
( 80 0 ) 533-5294
( 800 ) 5 33- 52 95
( 800 1 533 - 5 29 6
+ - ----------------+
( 800 ) 5 3 3 - 5 2 '1 7
: ( 800 1 COMPUTERS :
( 80 0 ) 533-5298
+-----------------+
( 80 0 ) 533-5299
( 8 0 0 ) 543-0 0 1 0 C I N T I OH AD
( 80 0 1 222-00 1 1 ??
( 80 0 1 558-00 0 1 AQ r i d a t a
( 80 0 1 222-0555 Wor l d Bank Mal n f r a le
( 800 1 62 1 - 1 4 1 1 F ; eedol n e t wo r k 1 3 0 0 b au d o� l y t
( 80 0 ) 223-33 1 2 C i t i C or p
( 800 ) 6 2 1 - 4243 P a t h o l ogy C l e o
( 800 1 2 2 7-0074 R I 5 BBS
( 8 00 I ti2 1 -9080 Dat a l y n x
I BM 3708
( 80 0 ) 6 2 4 - 5 1 23 AT&T Mal l
( 800 ) 2 2 7 -3083

( 80 0 1 638-8369
( 80 0 ) 227 -3404 Bowlan N e t w o r k
GEn i e
( 80 0 ) 22 7 - 6544 [UnI X ]
( 80 0 1 826-8855 AM . Peop l e l l n k
( 80 0 1 2 2 8-0003 ?? 1300 b a ud on l y *
( 80 0 1 828-632 1 XEROX
( 80 0 ) 228-00 1 8 ??
( 800 ) 84 7 - 0 1 0 9 ??
( 800 ) 2 28-0329 ??
( 80 0 1 848-4480 COlpuse r v e
( 800 1 22 8 -06 1 6
[ D I AL : ]
Mar y l an d C . C .
( 80 0 1 852-0005
( 80 0 1 228-0748 ??
( 80 0 ) 228-0993 BCS
( 80 0 1 228-0994 BCS
+-----------------------+
( 80 0 1 228- 1 1 1 1 V i sa ( ? )
: V O I CE MESSAGE S Y S TEMS :
( 80 0 1 228- 1 1 7 0 ?? +-----------------------+
( 800 1 228- 1 657 PH I LNE T
( 800 ) 238-063 1 Tel enet ( 20 1 1 953-2222 VMB5
( 800 ) 32 1 - 1 646 ?? 1300 baud on l y .
( 3 1 7 ) 26 7 - 1 90 1 VMB5
( 8 00 ) 32 1 -3 9 1 0 ?? ( 4 1 5 1 330 - 783 1 VMBS
( 800 ) 325 - 4 1 1 2
( 4 1 5 1 338-70uO ASPEN
Easy l i n k
( 800 ) 327 -%38 Easynet
( 4 1 5 ) 463-60'3'3 VMBS
( 80 0 1 328-0024 ??
( 4 1 5 1 882 - 7 1 7 0 V"BS
YMBS
( 80 0 ) 328-0 1 3 7 1?
( 70 3 ) 9 3 4 - 3400
( 80 0 1 328-0 1 5 7 ??

800 ' 5 are MUCH b e t t e r •

( 80 0 ) 328-0 1 8 7 BWRR
. .

( 800 ) 328-i;198 ??

( 80 0 1 222 -03 1 1 ASPEN

( 80 0 ) 328-40 1 1 ??

( 800 ) 2 22 - 4663 VM85

Page 44 2600 Magazine Summer 1988
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( 80 0 ) 5 2 7 -6 1 78 M i d a s Touc h C r ed i t Chec k
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( 80 0 ) 7 3 2 - L255 " H i g h Seas " Op e r a t o r

Page 46 2600 Magazine Summer 1988

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