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What happens if we try to tunnel through this?

Structural geology is an important subject to help rock mechanics

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Rock material description

Rock type
Wall strength
Weathering

Discontinuity description
Type
Orientation
Roughness
Aperture

Infilling
Infilling type / width

Rock mass description

Spacing
Persistence
Number of sets
Block size and shape

Groundwater
Seepage

Rock mass properties

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IGNEOUS ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Material strength

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Cannot be scraped or peeled

by hand; require more than
one blow of geological
hammer to fracture it.

Can be peeled and

fractured by hand
but with difficulty.

Can be peeled and

crumbled when
compressed by hand.

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ROCK STRUCTURE

Variable of structural geology. HUGE range of quality

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Stereonet projection

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Joint roughness

Slickensided in slate

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Roughness profiles and corresponding JRC

values (After Barton and Choubey 1977).

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Is joint roughness important?

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aperture

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Joint set

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Joint spacing

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Blocky Irregular

Tabular Columnar

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Water / seepage

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Excavation method

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Pre-splitting

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